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Wildlife Management Units in Southeastern Mexico

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Wildlife Management Units in Southeastern Mexico Peer Edited:In My Opinion The Tragedy of the Commons: Wildlife Management Units in Southeastern Mexico MANUELWEBER,' Departamento de Ecologiay SistematicaTerrestre, El Colegiode la FronteraSur, ECOSUR-UnidadCampeche, C.P. 24000, Campeche, Campeche,Mexico GABRIELAGARCIA-MARMOLEJO, El Colegio de la FronteraSur, ECOSUR,C.P. 24000, Campeche, Campeche, Mexico RAFAELREYNA-HURTADO, Department of WildlifeEcology and Conservation,University of Florida,Gainesville, FL 32611, USA Abstract In 1997 the Mexicanfederal government implemented a system of wildlifeuse and conservationunits (UMAs[from its name in Spanish])as a nationalstrategy to promotewildlife management, biodiversity conservation, and ruraldevelopment in Mexico.We providea critiqueof the first8 years of UMAoperations. We argue that UMAshave resultedin increasedintroduction of exotic species in an attemptto diversifythe sport-huntingopportunities and failedto economicallybenefit local communities.A lack of technicalcapabilities needed to conduct wildlifepopulation studies and evaluationsto assess harvest rates, favoritismin establishingthe UMAnetwork, and the lack of institutionalregulation have also impactedprogram success. We propose some solutionsthat could enhance the performance of UMAsand wildlifemanagement and conservationin Mexico.(WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN34(5):1480-1488; 2006) Key words communities,conservation, exotics, hunting,management, Mexico, UMAs,wildlife. Wildlife management is subject to diverse administrative a challenge. In many ways, some of the most basic wildlife schemes at an international level. In general, most conservation and management questions pointed out by A. international wildlife management systems are conducted S. Leopold in the 1950s still remain unresolved (Leopold as extensions of agriculture and forestry to maintain wildlife 1959). The Mexican Constitution considers wildlife as a of economic significance. Access to this resource is regulated "patrimony of the nation for all Mexicans," creating what through law enforcement and hunting licenses (Geist 1985, might be considered by some as a de facto "Tragedy of the 1988). In the United States, for example, the apparent Commons" (Hardin 1968). contradiction of private ownership of land and public Wildlife in Mexico and the of wildlife is several adminis- Management ownership managed through UMA Concept: An Overview trative schemes such as cooperative wildlife management units, private game ranching, and fee hunting (Messmer et During the last part of the 1990s, a period characterized by al. 1998). However, some of these systems (such as private intensive restructuring of environmental legislation in game ranching) have contributed to social polarization to Mexico, a number of wildlife programs were implemented. the detriment of the poorest sections of society. Geist (1985) The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources and Weber (1993) argued that in some private wildlife (SEMARNAT [from its name in Spanish]) formed a influential management systems, wildlife conservation is relegated to working group of wildlife biologists, managers, come with some enhancing wildlife production systems as a simple function ranchers, and bureaucrats to up possible of the National for Wildlife of supply and demand. In these cases, exotic species are programs. One these, Program Productive Diversification of the Rural introduced, natural predators are extirpated, artificial Conservation and its name in SEMARNAT selection and breeding are favored over natural wildlife Sector (PDP [from Spanish]; was in 1997 as a wildlife mating systems, land is privatized, and access to areas and 1997) implemented comprehensive conservation The PDP was a welcome initiative resources that were previously public is limited to the program. that for interested in wildlife wealthiest sectors of society. provided promise people and conservation in Mexico. Its main was Wildlife management in the tropics is still in its infancy management goal to while (Robinson and Bodmer 1999). While some progress in preserve biodiversity simultaneously creating "diversified" economic for the rural sector of understanding the natural history and ecology of some of opportunities The PDP was a around 3 Mexico's most ecologically and economically important society. long-term plan developed main the UMA its name in wildlife species has been achieved in the past 30 years (e.g., subprograms: 1) (from Spanish the see Galindo-Leal and Weber 1998, Weber and Gonzalez for Wildlife Management and Use Units) system, 2) on and the 2003, Ceballos and Oliva 2005, Sainchez-Cordero and program Priority Species Recovery Plans, 3) creation of "Wildlife Sanctuaries" as another in the Medellin 2005, Valdez et al. 2006), the sustainable figure of national areas and management of wildlife populations in the country remains system protected (Lozano-Dominguez Garcia-Angel 1999, INE-SEMARNAT 2000). 1 E-mail:[email protected] One of the most important components of the PDP 1480 WildlifeSociety Bulletin* 34(5) programwas the launch of the UMAs as a land extension of states (e.g., Oaxaca, Chiapas) are located there, some still federal, private, communal, or leasing agreements to allow experiencing extreme poverty (Comisi6n Econ6mica para rational wildlife management and use (extractive and non- America Latina [CEPAL] 1982, Stedman-Edwards 2000). extractive). The program has 2 components: extensive and Social unrest still is prevalent in some areas (Haenn 1999, intensive UMAs. An extensive UMA allows for imple- Stedman-Edwards 2000). As a result, some of the most menting in situ conservationand management programsfor serious wildlife conservation problems, such as the fastest free-ranging wildlife. An intensive UMA allows for an ex rate of habitat destruction and widespread wildlife overex- situ approachto manage wildlife in captivity(SEMARNAT ploitation by subsistence hunters, can still be found there. 1997). The Direcci6n General de Vida Silvestre (DGVS; Yet some of the largest tractsof continuous tropical forest in the Mexican equivalent of the United States Fish and Mesoamerica remain here (Leopold 1959, Escamilla et al. Wildlife Service) was charged with UMA implementation 2000, Reyna-Hurtado 2002, Weber 2005). and regulation. In our opinion, it was in great part because of the pressure The UMAs rapidly gained popularity. Currently about exerted on SEMARNAT by the well-organized group of 12% of the total land area of Mexico (some 237,000 km2) is ranchers from northeastern Mexico (ANGADI [from its under this land tenure and management system (SEM- name in Spanish for the National Association of Diversified ARNAT 2005). However, the UMA system, as the national Cattleman]) that the UMA system was created and first strategy for wildlife use and conservation, has never been implemented in northeast of Mexico. Currently some thoroughly evaluated (Gonzalez et al. 2003, Garcia- privately owned UMAs in several northern states, such as Marmolejo 2005). Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, and Tamaulipas, are well managed Based on recent study cases in southern Mexico (Gonzalez for sport hunting of abundant species, such as Texas white- et al. 2003, Garcia-Marmolejo 2005) and our personal tailed deer, white-winged dove (Zenaida asiatica), several experienceworking in the region for more than 10 years, we quail species, and waterfowl. Most of ANGADI's members argue that a new "Tragedy of the Commons, Mexican are wealthy landownerswho make a living from enterprises Style" has emerged under the UMA concept. We argue that apart from their ranches (<http://www.angadi.com.mx>). UMAs have negatively impacted wildlife conservation and However, implementing the UMA concept in southeast- rural development in the impoverished communities where ern Mexico has been problematic. Most land here is in they have been implemented. We analyze the history of the communal hands known as ejidos, where poverty, depen- UMA concept, then we look at the "translocation"of the dence on government for subsides, ignorance, and apathy concept from north to south, its technical and social toward most government-dictated initiatives is common. implementationflaws, and provide exampleson how, where, Concomitantly, the overwhelmingbiological diversity of the and when UMAs have negatively impacted wildlife tropics creates more possibilities for productive diversifica- conservation and management in Mexico. Finally, we look tion than a single focus on sport hunting as in the northern at possible alternatives to improve the concept's perfor- states. For example, the sport hunting offered in some mance. UMAs in Campeche and Quintana Roo to United States hunters includes a hunting bag of some 12 species of birds Almost Two Different Countries: and wildlife Northern and Southern Mexico mammals, plus sightseeing (e.g., jaguar [Panthera onca]), visits to Mayan archaeological sites, and In many ways Mexico is like 2 different countries. Biogeo- other ecotourism activities. graphically,ecologically, and economically,northern Mexico is as different from the south as it can be. Most wildlife in Problems Associated With the of the UMA the north of Mexico is of Nearctic origin; some ecosystems Implementation Concept are similar to those found in the southeasternUnited States, UMA Management Plans and some of the most economically important development Each UMA must have a management plan approvedby the centers (e.g., cities of Monterrey and Guadalajara)with a DGVS upon which to base the development of wildlife relativelystable social
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