RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY

FACULTY OF GEOGRAPHY, LOMONOSOV MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

No. 04 [v. 06] 2013 GEOGRAPHY ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY

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2 2 GES 04|2013 Russia University, Faculty ofGeography Lomonosov State Moscow Kasimov Nikolay S. The Netherlands Sciences, ofAppliedEarth Department of University Delft Technology Kroonenberg Salomon, Faculty ofScience, Czech Republic University, Masaryk Konečný Milan of Geography,Institute Russia Russian Academy ofSciences, A. Kolosov Vladimir of Geography,Institute Japan ofEducation, University Hokkaido Himiyama Yukio Tunisia Association of Tunisian Geographers, Hayder Adnane Chinese Academy ofSciences, China Guo Hua Tong ofEcologyandEvolution, Russia Institute Russian Academy ofSciences, Gunin Petr D. ofGeography,Institute Russia Russian Academy ofSciences, Gritsay Olga V. Faculty ofGeography, Russia Lomonosov State University, Moscow D’yakonov KirillN. Faculty ofGeography, Russia Lomonosov State University, Moscow Dobrolubov Sergey A. Geography andGeoecology, Russia St-Petersburg State University, Faculty of Dmitriev Vasily V. ofPlymouth,University UK Brian Chalkley furGeographie,Institut Germany Ludwig Universitat Munchen, Maximilians Baume Otfried, Pacific ofGeography, Institute Russia Russian Academy ofSciences, PetrBaklanov Ya. ofdeserts, Institute Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Academy ofSciences, Babaev Agadzhan G. Faculty ofGeography, Russia Lomonosov State University, Moscow S. Tikunov Vladimir EDITORSINCHIEF: EDITORIAL BOARD

(Secretary-General) Russia ofGeographyInstitute Russian Academy ofSciences KotlyakovM. Vladimir Finnish Meteorological Institute, Finland Zilitinkevich Sergey S. ofEnvironmentalInstitute Geosciences, Russia Russian Academy ofSciences, Viktorov Alexey S. Geographic Institute, Chile Military Vargas RodrigoBarriga et SciencesHumaines” France Université duHavre – UFR “Lettres Thorez Pierre of Geography,Institute Russia Russian Academy ofSciences, Tishkov A. Arkady of Geography,Institute Russia Russian Academy ofSciences, OlgaN. Solomina Ukraine of Sciences, of Geography Institute Academy National Ukrainian Rudenko Leonid G. and Regional Studies, Poland University Warsaw, Faculty ofGeography Andrzej Richling Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić”, Serbia AcademySerbian ofSciencesandArts, Radovanovic Milan diGeografia, Italy Instituto Universita degliStudidiRoma “La Sapienza”, Palagiano Cosimo ofGeography,Institute Mexico National Autonomous ofMexico, University Palacio-Prieto Jose ofGeography,Institute Russia Russian Academy ofSciences, Nefedova TatyanaG. Faculty ofGeography, Russia Lomonosov State University, Moscow Mironenko Nikolay S. Faculty ofGeography, Azerbaijan State University,Baku Mamedov Ramiz Faculty ofGeography, Russia Lomonosov State University, Moscow Malkhazova Svetlana M. ofBehavioral Sciences,Institute USA ofColoradoUniversity atBoulder, O’Loughlin John Belgique Université Libre deBruxelles Vandermotten Christian 115.01.2014 9:17:23 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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3 Vedat Caliskan Vitaly S.Belozerov, VladimirS.Tikunov, Alexander A.Cherkasov, Aydyn Ibrahimov, P.Dmitry Nesterenko, Nikolay I.Alexeevsky S.Orlov Dmitry Svetlana M.Malkhazova, Varvara A.Mironova, Vladimir A.Kolossov Yuri N.Farion, Viktor M.Chekhniy Leonid G.Rudenko, Alexandr G.Golubtsov, A.Lisovskyi, Sergei Evgenia A.Marunyak, Bernd Cyffka, ChristianRumbaur, Kuba, MarkusDisse Martin Larissa S.Evseeva P.Sergey Gorshkov, LaurentTouchart, OlgaI.Mochalova, Yu. Andrey Ozerskiy, A.Khitrov Dmitry Vadim Yu. Rumiantsev, Alexey A.Golubinsky, MikhailS.Soldatov, Alexandre Husson, Takvor Soukissian Vitaliy A.Ivanov, MikhailV. Shokurov, VladimirA.Dulov, VladimirN.Kudryavtsev, GEOGRAPHY NEWS AND REVIEWS SUSTAINABILITY ENVIRONMENT CONTENTS URBANIZATION . .RUSSIA .IN ...... GEOINFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE STUDY OF ASPECTS OF ETHNIC . . . . .OF .THEBASIN VOLGA .RIVER ...... CHANGE OF THE FLOODPLAIN AREAS ALONG THE LENGTH OF SOME RIVERS ...... MAPPING MONITORING .RUSSIA:AND NATURAL .IN .DISEASES .FOCAL . 4 ...... IGU REGIONAL CONFERENCE IN KYOTO AUGUST 49, ...... PROGRAM ...... LANDSCAPE PLANNING IN UKRAINE: THE FIRST LANDSCAPEPLANNING APPROACH. .SERVICES ECOSYSTEMAND .THE ...... 77 . . . SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF RIVER OASES ALONG THE TARIM RIVER P.R. CHINA . . .RUSSIA .PONDSIN . TOMANMADEFROMSEAS ...... 65 . . . CENTURYXXI . .CENTURY .XVIII OF . THEEND . THE ...... 48 . . . CHANGES OF MAMMAL IN BIODIVERSITY THE EUROPEAN RUSSIA REGION SEA BLACKIN THE ...... ATMOSPHERIC . MODELING FOR ADVANCE WARNING OF WEATHER DISASTERS

Tatyana V. Kotova, Tatyana 03 103 2013 . .

Natalya V. Shartova, ...... 91 ...... 31 ...... 19 ...... 13 .

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4 4 GEOGRAPHY Natalya V.Shartova 1 * Gory,Leninskie 1, Tel: +7(495)9392123 Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991,Russia,Moscow, Tel: +7(495)9392354 Moscow State University, 119991,Russia,Moscow, Gory, Leninskie 1, University, 119991,Russia,Moscow, Gory, Leninskie 1, Tel: +7(495)9394717 People’s healthremains avitallyimportant and anindicator ofsustainabledevelopment. health isafundamentalcondition, theresult, 22 June2012,emphasized thenotionthat de Janeiro heldinRio on20– Development, Nations Conference on Sustainable The outcome document of theUnited rate. morbidity mapping, atlas, medical-geographical manifestation inagiven region. allows oneto ofadisease estimate therisk mapthat a syntheticmedical-geographical isreflected in in Russiabynaturallyoccurring Federation. The degree ofepidemichazard for oftheRussian eachof83subjects that allowdetailedanalysisofthesituation incidence dynamicsandnosological profiles infections andmapsof incidence ofcertain Atlas containsmapsofthemeanannual regional levels for thelast15years. The in thepopulationatbothnationaland and syntheticmapsshowsdiseaseincidence of diseases. ofanalytical, Aseries integrated, the epidemiological situationinanumber presents for of assessmentandmonitoring Focal Diseases” andpotential thatthisAtlas AtlasofRussia medical-geographical “Natural method for compilation ofmapsfor a 3 2 Svetlana M.Malkhazova INTRODUCTION KEY WORDS: ABSTRACT. MONITORING AND MAPPING NATURAL FOCAL DISEASES IN RUSSIA: Department of Landscape Geochemistry and Soil Geography, andSoil ofLandscapeGeochemistry Department Faculty of ofComplex Mapping, Faculty Laboratory Scientific ofGeography, Lomonosov ofBiogeography,Department Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow State Corresponding author The paperdiscussesamapping naturalfocal diseases, atlas 3 ,

Dmitry S.Orlov Dmitry ; e-mail: [email protected]; e-mail: 1 , Varvara A.Mironova 1 migrants from epidemic-prone areas, many- addition, there isagrowingIn inflowof have never donebefore” [Bogomolov, 2008]. of infections thatexistinthenature asthey never beforelike have approached sources diseases. “Humans have comecloserto the conditions for thespread ofnaturalfocal foci andthecreation ofepidemiological among ofthepopulationandnatural led to asignificant increase ofcontacts and growth ofrecreational pressure) have areas around thecities, theexpansion regions, intensive construction suburban (e.g., theeconomicdevelopment ofnew recent decades, increasing humanactivities full remediation ofthefocal territory. In for activities disease outbreaks andconduct to preventrecommendations mass necessary and to provide with publichealthauthorities of epidemichazard ofnaturalecosystems task–to evaluate therisk has animportant landscapes. Therefore, medicalgeography ofnatural agents andvectors are part to humanhealth;whiletheir risk a serious Numerous naturalfocal diseasesrepresent of thepopulation. that may have anadverse effect onthehealth be paidto research ofenvironmental factors [UN, 2012]. Therefore, specialattention should areconcerns immediate, personal, andlocal outcomes are readily assessableandhealth environmental, becauseits andsocialpolicy economic, forcriterion theimpact measuring 1* ,

Tatyana V.Kotova 2 ,

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5 the initialinformation and theuseofdifferent Differences andincompleteness of inquality representation. level ofdetailcartographic isnotconsistent inreliabilityand the territory whole, itmay bestated that thecoverage of studies ofnaturalfocal diseasesfor Russiaasa level. ofthestatuscartographic terms In mappingatthefederal (national) overview limitedmapping onlyandisextremely inthe is significant inthefieldofregional andlocal in particular, mappingofnaturalfocal diseases mapping, the nationalmedical-geographical of experience methodological andpractical etal., 2011,etc.].Shartova However, thescientific- and etal., 2011b; Malkhazova Malkhazova 1964; Prokhorov, etal., 2001, 1968;Malkhazova the information iswell developed [Vershinsky, conjugate mappingstudies, andsynthesisof mathematical statistics, analysis, multivariate uses thelandscapeapproach, methodsof mappingthat basis ofmedical-geographical extensive. The scientificandmethodological mappingisrather medical-geographical the SovietandRussianmedical-geographic information technologies. of The experience geographical, etc.) approaches withgeographic and specific(statistical, landscape, medical- methods (system, integrated, historical, etc.) atlas mapping, combininggeneralscientific ofsuchstudiesis aspect important One models. using mathematicalandcartographic ofnaturalfocal patterns distribution diseases aboutthespatial obtaining newknowledge information and the medical-geographical andmethodsofsynthesizing the principles These questionsincludethedevelopment of of naturalfocal diseasesremain unanswered. in thepastdecade, many research questions Despite theincreased attention to thisissue areas atdifferent spatialandtemporal levels. andspatialstructure ofthefocal distribution, natural andsocioeconomicbackground oftheir of thegeography ofnatural focal diseases, to protect publichealthrequires investigation measures and thedevelopment ofsanitary oftheepidemiological situation Monitoring ofinfections,risk dueto naturalconditions. trafficthatalsoelevatein international the fold increase flows, oftourist andincrease . Dmgahc n socioeconomic conditions. and 3. Demographic conditions. 2. Natural section. 1. Introductory thematic blocksand110maps: According to thesegoals, theatlashasseven    the atlaswere asfollows: main goalsassociated withthecompilationof thatinfluence it. conditions andfactors The into considerationasetof as awholetaking ofnaturalfocal distribution diseasesfor Russia of theAtlasisto thespatiotemporal reflect etal., 2012]. al., 2012;Malkhazova The purpose etal., et 2011b;Kotova al., 2011a;Malkhazova et 2010;Malkhazova andKotova, [Malkhazova inanumberofpublications described related to thecompilationofatlasare Diseases”. The conceptandthemainissues geographical atlasofRussia “Natural Focal onthecompilationofamedical- working Lomonosov State is University Moscow Currently, theFaculty ofGeography atthe i.e., atthenationallevel, isstilllacking. of naturalfocal diseasesfor Russiaasawhole, showingthegeography summary cartographic ofnaturalfocaldistribution diseasesinRussia,a products thatreflect the several cartographic and Kotova,2010].Despitetheexistence of the RussianFederation[Malkhazova territory ofnaturalfocaldistribution diseaseswithin it difficultto obtainacomplete pictureofthe methodological mappingapproaches make

general andinsomemodelregions. diseases inthepopulationRussia analysis oftheincidencenaturalfocal danger to humans; foci andassessmentoftheirpotential regions; identificationofthemostactive ofRussiaandsomeits the territory mapping ofnaturalfoci ofinfections in spread ofnaturalfocal infections; inthe natural andsocioeconomicfactors systematization andanalysisoftherole of 115.01.2014 9:17:23 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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6 6 GEOGRAPHY modeling; and4)medical-geographical methods; 3)mathematical-cartographic ofmapping 2)selection Russian territory; parasitic naturalfocal diseaseswithinthe analysis ofthedatabaseon infectious and following steps: 1)preparation, update, and includedthe onthe section The work interpretation ofsatellite images. andarchival andtheresults material; report, of maps ofthefederal andregional atlases;field, the naturalenvironment; previously compiled availablematerials to theauthors:mappingof addition,theatlasused other diseases). In the population(for infectious andparasitic the statisticsondiseaseincidencein Human Well-Being representing Surveillance, onCustomers’Service Protection Rights and indicators andthedataofFederal the ROSSTAT statisticsonsocioeconomic The background datafor theatlasincluded for anumberofdiseases. and monitor theepidemiological situation discusses thepotential oftheatlasto assess material. obtained cartographic This paper in general. This allowsfor analysisofthe incidence have beencompiledfor Russia To date, themapsonnaturalfocal disease ontheatlasincludesseveralThe work stages. 1:4 000and1:10000,respectively. for themapsofindividual regions are are 1:20000and1:30000, ofRussia scales ofthemapsfor theterritory graphs, material.charts, andtext The main implemented inthemapssupplemented by ofthethemesis A significant part preventive measures for naturalfocal diseases. 7. Organization ofpublichealthsystem and 6. Disease incidenceinthepopulation. diseases. 5. rangesofnaturalfocalDistribution 4. Agents andvectors offocal diseases. OF SECTION OF SECTION RATE”“MORBIDITY DATA AND MAPPING METHODS morbidity for 1996–2010, andthetypological morbidity analysis oftherelative parameters ofdisease modeling, the of mathematical-cartographic ofdynamicswasdoneusing thedata types ofmaps on the The compilationofaseries disease incidenceatthenationallevel. to compare specificyearsof andvariations with itsowncolor, itpossible whichmakes linear diagram where eachyear isdepicted mean annualvalues. Thus, eachregion hasits of thevaluesincidencedatafrom the reflect thepositive andnegative deviations The linediagrams for thefederal subjects cases inrelation to theaverage annualvalue. inthenumberof showvariations morbidity The mapsofthemultiannualdynamics for eachadministrative unit. and reflecttherelative andabsolute values were method compiledusingthecartogram The mapsofthemeanannualmorbidity units (federal ofRussia). subjects map ofnosological profiles oftheadministrative Russian Federation, andonecomprehensive natural focal infections, themostrelevant to the maps onthedynamicsofincidence containssix addition,thesection dynamics. In focal infections andanother–itsmultiannual natural average incidenceofcertain long-term groups ofmaps;onethemapsshows The section Rate”“Morbidity includesseveral trichinosis, echinococcosis). trichuriasis, tapeworm infection, taeniasis, toxocariasis, (diphyllobothriasis, opisthorchiasis, beef tetanus, tularemia) andeightparasiticdiseases fever, ornithosis, pseudotuberculosis, anthrax, encephalitis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, Q Asia, tick-borne ofNorth rickettsiosis borne fever withrenal syndrome [HFRS],tick- Lyme disease, brucellosis, hemorrhagic in themaps:14infectious diseases(rabies, Twenty nosological two unitswere covered integrated andsynthetic(assessment)maps. mapsand compilationof analytic (inventory) stages:compilationof two be broken.in The process ofthemaps’ compilationmay analysis basedonthecompiledmaps. 115.01.2014 9:17:23 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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7 sets of specific natural focal diseases in the sets ofspecificnaturalfocal diseasesinthe The mapofthenosological profiles showsthe opisthorchosis, andtrichuriasis. Lyme disease, HFRS, beeftapeworm disease, Russian Federation: tick-borne encephalitis, ofthe six diseasesrelevant to theterritory ofthisparameter forin thedistribution the identified themainspatiotemporal patterns we have[1997]. Atthisstageofwork, methodology introduced by V.S. Tikunov usingthe classification ofdiseasemorbidity

NOSOLOGICAL PROFILESOFFEDERALSUBJECTS OF THE RUSSIANFEDERATION

12 40 48 24 36 48 32 Fig. 1. A fragment of the map “Nosological profiles of federal subjects of the Russian Federation” Russian the of subjects federal of profiles “Nosological map the of 1.Fig. Afragment DISTRIBUTION OF diseases The charts for thefederal are labeledwithnumericcharacters The shown charts ne[tto subjects themaplegend Y EARS 7 1 14 5

4 56 18 DISEASES ON YEARS lyme disease brucellosis hemorrahgic fever with renal syndrome (HERS) opisthorchiasis tularemia Asia ofNorth tick-borne rickettsiosis no data leptospirosis encephalitis no cases -

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I I 19 17 12 9 2 7 18 13 8 3 statistics. Becauseofthe nature ofthe Morbidity” are basedonthenational The mapsincludedinSection “Disease horizontally –bytheyears (Fig. 1). bynosological units(diseases)and vertically year for 11years. areThe matrices arranged absence ofadiseaseinthepopulationfor each the form showingthepresence ofamatrix or oftheFederalcontext presented subjects in RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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8 8 GEOGRAPHY confideness oftheendemicterritories. improve theunderstandingofnatural identify themostaffected regions, and area,of aspecificdiseaseinparticular can evaluate thegeneralcharacteristic for agiven period. With theirhelp, one represent thelevel ofdiseaseincidence of theRussianFederation. These maps basic mapunitsare theadministrative units principle, the the administrative-territorial andsubmissionbasedondata collection TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS less than1 less than1 Fig. 2. The incidence of tick-borne encephalitis: A: mean annual incidence (a map fragment) (a map incidence annual mean A: encephalitis: tick-borne of incidence The 2. Fig. incidenceper100000 Meanannualcases 1-8 1-5 1997-2010гг. Meanannualcases 12-24 34-56 5-10 62-95 10-16 118-176 20-36 245-415 841,4 No cases reflects themostcommonnatural focal infections indifferentcertain regions. It ofmanifestationunits andfrequency of of therepresentativeness ofthenosological national level andcanbeusedinassessment naturalfocal diseasesattheimportant ofthemost ofthedistribution teristics Map “Nosological Profiles” showscharac- new temporal data. These mapscanbeeasilyupdated with 115.01.2014 9:17:23 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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DINAMICS OF TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS INCIDENCE. 1997-2010 SCALE 1:40 000 000

The types of dynamics of tick-borne encephalitis incidence (1997 - 2010 .)

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Fig. 2. The incidence of tick-borne encephalitis: B: the types of dynamics of the disease (a map fragment) 115.01.2014 9:17:23 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 10 GEOGRAPHY 0 the distribution rangesofthemainhosts,the distribution onincidence, theatlascontainssections limitation, alongwiththemaps ondisease order toboundaries. In overcome this large area) doesnotallowusingthenatural population atasmallscale(i.e., a covering the information ondiseaseincidenceinthe of theenvironment. However, thenature of bytheparametersare primarily determined than thatofspecificdiseases, whoseranges ofthepopulationrather characterization This representation istheepidemiological of thespread ofnaturalfocal diseases. not sufficientelementintheassessment the RussianFederation, but isanecessary units,territorial asthefederal of subjects for suchlarge themorbidity Mapping measures. for theoptimizationof planningcontrol different regions, whichprovides atool outbreaks oftick-borne encephalitisin of thedegree ofepidemic ofuniformity in total). This mapgives anindication inamplitude, etc.fluctuations –five taxa increase, withsignificant orinsignificant population for agiven (decrease, period dynamics ofthediseaseincidencein bythereferencecharacterized pathofthe analysis oftheresults. is Eachsubtype from theestimated indicesandsemantic reflects different oftaxaderived subtypes encephalitis incidenceparameters (Fig. 2B) Russian Federation bythedynamicsof classificationoftheon thetypological over 14years.of themorbidity The map The map(Fig. the distribution 2A)reflects Russian Federation (Fig. 2). dangerous naturalfocal infections inthe encephalitis,borne i.e., oneofthemost the mapsshowingincidenceoftick- diseases, letusconsider incidence ofcertain For example, inorder to analyze the opisthorchiasis. as well asbytick-borne encephalitis and and HFRSthatoccurinmost is played byLyme disease, leptospirosis, maps’ analysishasshown,theleadingrole infections inRussia,amongwhich,asthe parts of parts Russia, recreational load. development andtheareas affected bythe measures, especiallyin the areas ofnew andtargetedhealth monitoring preventive analysis canbeusedfor of thepurposes spread oftheterritories. risk The results of diseases andthedegree ofspecific diseases the persistence inthemanifestation ofthe Taken together, themapsallowassessing ofRussiaasawhole. territory regions oftheRussianFederation andinthe nosoforms ofnaturalfocal diseasesinthe for thespread ofthebasic of theterritory 5) outmedicalandgeographic analysis carry of diseaseincidence; representationcartographic ofthedynamics 4) identify themostvisualways of the current naturalfocal diseases; mo mathematical-cartographic deling for of dynamicsdiseaseincidenceusing 3) forecast incidencebasedonthetypes absolute andrelative terms; inboth 2) quantifydiseasemorbidity asawhole; country oftheRussianFederationsubjects andthe over thepast15years atthelevel ofthe diagnosed naturalfocal diseasesobserved ofthemost thespectrum 1) determine allowsto: Morbidity” ofmaps The compiledseries “Disease natural focal diseases. ofthefocidistribution andspread ofthe ofin depthassessmentofthecharacter regional andmore detailedmapswith federal level willbesupplemented bythe thefuture,of Russia.In themapsat map ofnaturalfocal diseasesintheterritory end, anintegrated medical-geographical rangesofdiseases and,distribution inthe This approach allows creating mapsof natural andsocioeconomicdeterminants. vectors, anddiseaseagents, andtheir CONCLUSION  115.01.2014 9:17:24 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 1. Vershinsky, B.V. of naturalfocal (1964).Mapping diseasesin thestudyofgeography in the 12. platform. United Nations(2012).UNSustainabledevelopment knowledge The future 11. Tikunov, V.S. incartography. (1997).Modeling Mosc. Univ. Press. 405p. 10. Prokhorov, B.B. (1968).Principles andmethodsofmappingcomprehensive medical- 9. S.M.,Kotova, Malkhazova, T.V., Tikunov, V.S.8. (2011b).Naturalfocal of diseases:thedraft S.M.,Kotova, Malkhazova, T.V., Mironova, V.A., N.V., Shartova, N.V. Ryabova, (2011a).Medical- 7. S.M.,Kotova, Malkhazova, T.V. (2010).“Naturalfocal diseases” in atlasmappinginRussia. 6. andgeographical analysisofareas S.M.(2001).Medical :mapping, Malkhazova, assess- 5. N.V. S.M.,Shartova Malkhazova, (2011).Regional specificfeatures ofpopulation health: 4. S.M.,Kotova, Malkhazova, T.V., Mironova, V.A., Orlov, D.S., N.V., Shartova N.M.(2012). Kisileva, 3. Kotova, T.V., S.M.,Orlov, Malkhazova, D.S., N.V. Shartova, (2012).Atlasofnaturalfocal dis- 2. Bogomolov, B.P. (2008).Naturalfocal infectious diseases–aregional andglobalissueof 1. 1 REFERENCES USSR // Medical geography.USSR //Medical pp. Results. Prospects. 62–98. –Irkutsk, abledevelopment.un.org/futurewewant.html we want.Resolutionadopted bytheGeneral Assembly on27July2012.http://sustain- pp. 154–184. geographical mappingIrkutsk, //Principlesgeographical healthassessmentofterritories andmethodsofmedical- conference. July2009.Perm, Perm, Gent.29June–5 Vol. 2.pp. 480–484. of Territories: //Proceedings experience scientific andpractical oftheIntern. GIStheory SustainableDevelopment atlasofRussia.InterKarto/InterGIS-17. medical-geographical Bul University.letin ofMoscow 5,Geography. Series No. 4,pp. 16–23. geographic atlasofRussia “Natural focal diseases”: theconceptandinitialresults // SSCRASPress.3–4 July2010.Rostov-on-Don: pp. 306–312. //Proceedingsexperience scientificconference. oftheIntern. Salzburg, Rostov-on-Don, of SustainableDevelopment Territories: andpractical InterKarto/InterGIS-16. GIStheory ment, forecast, M.,Nauchnyi Myr. 240p. pp. 106–11. assessmentand mapping.medical-geographical Problemy regionalnoy ecologii, No. 1, pp. 486–489. July2012.Smolensk, Saint-Diй-des-Vosges 26June–4 Smolensk, //Proceedings andpractice scientificconference. oftheIntern. development: GIStheory Natural focal ofatlasmapping. diseaseincidence:methodological aspects Sustainable pp. 16–26. ofRussia/Proceedingseases. studyfor Mapping the territory oftheRGS, Vol. 144,No. 1, our time. http://www.terramedica.spb.ru/5_2008/bogomolov.htm Svetlana M.Malkhazova several textbooks, andmedicalenvironmental atlases. author ofover 250 scientific publications, including10books, biogeography, ecology, andmedicalgeography. Sheisthe University. The mainresearch interests relate to the problems of Biogeography, Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov State Moscow Sciences. Sheis Professor, of Headofthe Department has adegree ofGeographical ofDoctor 115.01.2014 9:17:24 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 12 GEOGRAPHY 2 Tatyana V. Kotova Dmitry S.Orlov Dmitry Natalya V. Shartova Varvara A.Mironova Kuril Islands,Kuril 2009; The NationalAtlasofRussia,2007,2009,etc.). Autonomous Region –Ugra, 2006;Atlasof of theKhanty-Mansiysk AtlasofResources andEnvironment, 1998;Atlas chapters (World products asamanaging editor, aneditor, oranauthorofindividual increation ofcomplexcartographic papers andparticipated biogeographic, andecological mapping. Shepublishedover 180 Mapping. The mainarea ofresearch interests isintegrated thematic, present sheisLeading ofIntegrated Researcher oftheLaboratory Geography, Lomonosov State since1964.At University Moscow the authorof30scientificpublications. populationhealth.Sheis problems ecologyandurban ofurban geography andhumanecology,inrelation to the particularly State University. Hermainresearch interests are inmedical Soil Geography, Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow and ofLandscapeGeochemistry Researcher attheDepartment publications. and evolutional parasitology. Sheistheauthorof30 scientific mappingandecological endemic diseases, medico-geographical problems related to nosogeography ofnaturalfocal andnatural research interests includemedicalgeography, especially Geography, Lomonosov State University. Moscow Hermain ofBiogeography,Researcher attheDepartment Faculty of publications. and environmental epidemiology. Heistheauthorof20scientific main scientificinterests includeecology, medicalgeography of Geography, M.V. Lomonosov State University. Moscow His in2008.AtpresentUniversity heisScientificResearcher, Faculty graduated from theLomonosov State Moscow is PhD inGeography, attheFaculty works of isPhD inGeography, sheisScientific isPhD inGeography, sheisScientific 115.01.2014 9:17:24 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 Corresponding author gory,Leninskie 1,1199911, Tel. [email protected] +74959391533,e-mail: bigger floodplainareas. order, withhigherorder corresponding to average floodplainareas andthe stream theestablishing dependencesbetween allowed wasestimated.along therivers It change oftheaverage floodplainareas For several rivers inthe Volga river basin, map wascompiledusingtheobtainedresults. within theentire were extent calculated anda changesofstream more order than200km, rivers ofthe Volga basin,whichhaslengthof 9907 riversinthe Volga riverbasin.For 96 scheme, were calculated for themouthsof stream order, according to theScheidegger order, to thisorder hasbeenproposed. The of theriverwithaparticular within thepart of thearea ofafloodplainmassif, averaged technique, ofconformity basedonaprinciple of floodingisgreat importance. The whicharethe territories underthethreat [email protected] e-mail: State University, Moscow, gory, Russia;Leninskie 1,1199911, Tel. +74959391001, greater frequency, depth,anddurationof ecological damage. The lossincreases with considerable social, economic, and and economy. floodscancause River hydroecological safety ofthepopulation season ofayear withagreater to risk isahydrological highwater period Spring regime. 2 P.Dmitry Nesterenko 1* 3 ABSTRACT. KEY WORDS: INTRODUCTION RIVER BASIN ALONG SOME RIVERS OF THE VOLGA CHANGE OF THE FLOODPLAIN AREAS Head of the Department ofHydrology, HeadoftheDepartment Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia;

The estimationofthearea of

Volga; floodplainareas; water 1* , Nikolay I.Alexeevsky Let usassumethat,atsomewater level Russian roubles andmore. in the Volga riverbasincanreach 200million dangerous naturalandsocialphenomenon offlooding,risk annualdamagesfrom this basin includesthezones withrathersmall of the Though theterritory Volga river basic assets[Dobrovolsky, Istomina, 2007]. valleys oftherivers, andgrowing costof with growing population,settlingarea in alsoincreases 2000].It flooding [Taratunin, on thefloodplain.Difference located objects and thesocialindustrial level andisnotadangerfor thepopulation stream islimited withthelow-water period or annualfloodingoftheboth sidesofthe floodplain riverchannels, for whichperiodic Volga river basin, there prevail (80%)broad- (broad-floodplain, altered, the orincised). In ofariverchannel geomorphological type The valueofΔ (in cm)Δ N depends onthesize oftheriver(itsrank of water levels ontheriver segment. It Δ At water level starts. flooding ofariversegment withtheinitial example, at watershed area RIVER BASIN FREQUENCY OF FLOODS IN THE VOLGA H Sh characterizes anaturalrangeofchange characterizes ) [Nesterenko, Kositsky, 2010]andthe 2 H =0,04 F <15 000 км F . In the Oka riverbasin,for theOka . In F + 160 [Samokhin, 2006]. +160[Samokhin, H H mn dependsona

m 2

, thisdifference is H < H H p m , thewater –H mn H = H m p 115.01.2014 9:17:24 , 5

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1 14 GEOGRAPHY 4 of Δ significantly influencethespatialchange basin (according to V.D. doesnot Zajkov) ofwater regimeThe type ofthe Volga flooding. seasonal maximaofwater levels thatcancause are abrupt,andbanksare highandcancontain of thearea becausetheslopesofsuchrivers incised channels, there isnodangerofflooding small orcompletely absentfloodplain.For the withavery incisedchannel type the extended of the Volga belongsto basinchannelnetwork channels changesslightly. Approximately 15% watershed area about 5%oftherivernetwork. Within the basin,alteredriver segments occupy ofrivers the a slopecomposedofsolidrocks). In Volga there isusually side (ontheopposite bank, channels usuallyhave afloodplainonone ischaracteristic. river withalteredThe rivers zones, Δ of theriversthisbasinhave identical H because the overwhelming majority majority becausetheoverwhelming H ofbroad-floodplain andaltered river Fig. 1. The map of the duration of floodplain flooding in the Volga River basin River Volga the in flooding floodplain of duration the of 1. map Fig. The F = const and in the floodplain =constandinthefloodplain (Vetluga, Mologa) are Mologa) flooded for more than (Vetluga, Only occasionallyfloodplainsofsomerivers islonger(10–30days). Chuvashiya, thisperiod Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, and Udmurtiya, Tver regions, thePerm territory, Republicof Kirov,the Kaluga, Moscow, and Ryazan, for lessthan10days) In ischaracteristic. of thefloodplains(onaverage, itproceeds flooding For ofthebasin,short themostparts floodplains doesnotexceed 50days (Fig. 1). the durationofflooding Volga basin anddynamics..., 1999], the data[Morphology occurs onahighfloodplain.According to discharge andwater levels atwhichflooding degree, anddurationofwater thefrequency flowdefines, ofriver distribution to agreater type. The intra-annual to theKazakhstan exception; there, thewater regime belongs represent thesoutheast oftheterritory medium-size riversinthesouthand Small-and flow(EastEuropeanriver type). ofthe oftheintra-annualdistribution type 115.01.2014 9:17:24 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 of itsflooding. Value of theregime characterizes is mostobjectively Q ofchannel-forming water discharges interval corresponds toThis frequency thehighest conditions ofsteady floodingofafloodplain. water discharge average) (long-term for in thiscaseitispossibleto evaluate daily withthehydrologicalterritories posts. Only floodplains canbeestimated onlyfor the offloodingthe The frequency Volga basin offlooding.as riverswithnorisk fragmentary, them whichallowsconsidering have Ural Mountains nofloodplainsortheyare mountain riversofthewestern slopeofthe climatic conditions. The mountainandsemi- not affected hydro- byfloodinginthemodern orare seldom floodedinahighwater periods Volgograd andtheSamararegions are very 30 days. Floodplains ofsomesmallriversinthe this parameter is characteristic forthis parameter ischaracteristic therivers Chalov,[Vlasov, 1991]. The maximalvalueof discharges doesn’t exceed 27 days. Recurrence ofwater that durationoffloodingfloodplains frombasin inperiod 1877to 1980hasshown Data processing on132postsinriver Volga durationoffloodingfloodplains.period) averagecharacterizes (for thelong-term corresponding durationofthephenomenon Q by thepower equation(Fig. 2): the size oftheriver(itsarea, stream order Recurrence ofthewater discharge 5 Fig. 2. Dependence of the size of the top interval interval top the of size the of Dependence 2. Fig. bff bff on stream order ( of channel-forming water discharges [Vlasov, Chalov, [Vlasov, 1991],which, inlong-term, =

2 1.76 N Q Sh 0.72 bff . varies from varies 0,01%to 7,5% N Sh ) in the Volga river basin river Volga the ) in Q bff is connected with with isconnected Q Q bff bff and N

Sh ) of floodplains thearea(or basin)dependencesbetween to identifyregional purpose, itisnecessary The problem analysisshowsthatfor this and large rivers. located inthevalleysofsmall,territories average, for characteristic large defining thisimportant damages. Nowadays, there are nomethodsof (or nonlinear)increase ofsocialandeconomic increase inthisarea isassociated withalinear flooding control. thingsbeingequal, the Other for oftheinvestments necessary efficiency estimating potential damageandeconomic evalu for the the river valleysisofhighimportance of riverwater discharges, in thesize (stream order) ofthefrequency andKama. With anincrease Oka, Vyatka, in theuppercoursesofrivers White, the tributaries shorter than10km. shorter the tributaries The information onthearea offlooding adapted andincisedchannels. on broad-floodplain channelscompared to somewhat. ismuchgreaterThe frequency where N A. Scheideggerscheme)usingformula: We estimated thestream order (according to Hydrological scrutiny, 1966]. [The network inthe than10km Volgashorter basinriver the dataonnumberoftributaries order toIn test thisstatement, we used hydrological phenomenon). (and potential damagesfrom thisdangerous Federation regions orindividualriverbasins offloodplainareas withintheRussian parts it possibleto identifypotentially flooded and theirsize (length,stream order) make oftheriverswithinterritory distribution corresponding value for ariversegment with the parameters (average area offloodplain existence ofconsistent dependencesbet ween IN THE VOLGA RIVER BASIN THE CHANNEL NETWORK Sh =1+log ation of flooding damage. Such data allow ation offloodingdamage. Suchdataallow S isthetotal numberof 2 S F , f andthestr N Sh N ) and between the ) andbetween Sh =const eam order. The Q bff increases and the F f in in 115.01.2014 9:17:24 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 16 GEOGRAPHY 6 similarity. basin to estimate theirhydrographic the mouthsof9907riversin Volga This procedure for wasconducted Value ofstream order N Sh inthemouth Table 1. Distribution of the rivers (according to the value of stream order in the mouth) mouth) the in order stream of value tothe (according rivers the of Table 1. Distribution 01 11573 698 1282 1898 1918 1312 1 695 1–2 384 2–3 3–4 4–5 5–6 6–7 41 7–8 23 9 5 2 2 10–11 0 11–12 1 12–13 13–14 14–15 15–16 16–17 17–18 –08 aai o vial 816 Dataisnotavailable 89 9–10 1 – 158 8–9 1 >18 Fig. 3. The map of stream order in the Volga River basin River Volga the in order stream of map The 3. Fig. with thecorresponding Number oftherivers value ofN in the Volga River basin Sh are associated withanincrease ofthe of thestream order (Fig. 3). The changes we estimated changes (longer than200km), For 96largest riversofthe Volga basin Value ofstream order N Sh inthemouth with thecorresponding Number oftherivers value ofN Sh 115.01.2014 9:17:25 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 example, from 5,1to 5,7orfrom 12,2 to were defined,(for changed within unity the riversfor whichthe floodplainareas were obtained. If Oka) Pahra,their length(theriversMoskva, and ofthe tributaries Volga riverdependingon The estimates ofthefloodplainareas ofthe the program. the area wascalculated automatically by the floodplainareas were delineated and settlements, ofvegetation, andcharacter featurescharacteristic –relief, borders of graphical coordinates, then,according to map) wasgeoreferenced to thegeo- the program, theraster image(topographic programusing asoftware AcrView GIS3.2.In were used. out The calculationwascarried riverbasinterritory 000 scale, for theOka 1:50 river mouthsinthe Volga basin,rank the Volga delta.For ofthe themajority of the floodplainandVolgo-Ahtubinskaya through riverbranchesischaracteristic Dischargebecause ofinflowingtributaries. rivers from theirbeginnings to mouths hydr of majority size (stream for segments oftheriverswithchanging For thecalculation ofthefloodplainareas not exceeded 10. number oftheriverswith number oftherivershave does notexceed 1). 7(Table The maximal 7 RIVERS FLOODPLAIN AREAS ALONG SOME Fig. 4. Relation between the average area average the between Relation 4. Fig. of floodplains of the Volga basin rivers rivers basin Volga the of floodplains of and their stream order order stream their and order), 67t ological parameters ofthe thestr opographic maps, N N Sh Sh eam orderof N =3 Sh >11does • 5. The

F N f

Sh

at floodplain river average area oftheOka river-segment channels. For example, the ofthe valleys andgeomorphological type on themorphological features oftheriver the dependenceoffloodplainarea existing dispersionofthepointsspecifies with theincrease inthestream order. The of theaverage floodplainarea coincides Fig.function. 4indicates thattheincrease bynonlinearincreasingand isdescribed floodplains dependsonthestream order Change oftheaverage areas ofthe order (e.g., was compared according to thestream 12,6), theiraverage valuewasdefined. It for definingthe streamof order average areas ofthefloodplainsand The the between establisheddependency the changeofchanneltype. N 34.31.0007). and Universities (theprojectno. 11.G. SchoolsScientists intheRussianHigher ofLeadingunder theSupervision of the ScientificResearchState Support Federation GovernmentGrantfor the project no. 12-05-00069)andtheRussian Foundation for BasicResearch (the bytheRussianThe studyissupported the populationinareas offloodingrisk. thevalueofbasicassetsandconsidering of floodplainfloodingandpotential damage basin through assessingthefrequency indifferentofthe actions parts Volga river possible to planflood-control objectively potentially affected is byflooding. It altered intheriver valleys territories possible to estimate theareas ofman- dependence channel geomorphologicalUsing type. information anddataontheriver oftheriver valleyswithhydrographicparts CONCLUSION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Sh N =13,isequalto 7,3km Sh =12isequalto 13,5km 5 or12)(Fig. 4).  F the riversopensprospects f =f F f ( for theunstudied N Sh 2 ) itwould be , whichisdueto 2 , andfor 115.01.2014 9:17:25 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 18 GEOGRAPHY 8 . Vlasov, B.N, ofRussiabased R.S.Chalov. divisionoftheEuropean territory (1991).Districts 9. Taratunin, oftheRussianFederation. A.A.(2000).Flooding intheterritory Yekaterinburg. 8. M.A.(2006).Geneticfeatures Samokhin, ofthelevel regime formation oftherivers invari- 7. water resources oftheUSSR. Surface The hydrological study. (1966). Vol. 12. The Lower Volga re- 6. water resources oftheUSSR. Surface The hydrological study. (1966). Vol. Ural 11.Middle 5. water resources oftheUSSR. Surface The hydrological study. (1966). Vol. 10. The Upper 4. Nesterenko, D.P., oftheriver A.G.Kositskiy. (2010).Channelnetwork Volga anditsindica- 3. ofRussiaand oftheEuropean anddynamicsofchannelstherivers part Morphology 2. Dobrovolsky, S.G.,M.N.Istomina. (2006). World flooding. Moscow: 1. “GUOS” Publishing REFERENCES State University Bulletin. Series 5.Geography.State Bulletin.Series University N6. on theflowconditionsofchannel-forming water discharges ontherivers. The Moscow “Aerokosmoekologiya” Publishing House, 375p. M.V. Lomonosov State University, Moscow 31p. ingeographical sciences.ous regions ofthePhD Moscow: dissertation ofRussia.Abstract gion andthe Part. 1. WesternThe Lower Kazakhstan. Volga region. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. andPriural’e.Mountains Leningrad: Part. 1.Kama. Gidrometeoizdat. Volga area. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat. State 21–24,2010). (April University Moscow Council onproblems processessity oferosion, attheLomonosov channel, andestuary tion features. ofthe Materials VIII Scientificseminarofyoung scientistsattheInteruniver- educational institutions.” RussianFederal for GeodesyandCartography. Service the adjacentstates. (1999). ofscale1:2000000from The Map aseries for“Maps higher House, 255p. Nikolay I.Alexeevsky Dmitry P. Dmitry Nesterenko river channelandmouthprocesses. ofhydrologyresearch and hydroecology, isinthetheory and (Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov State His University). Moscow 1995, heisProfessor ofHydrology andHeadoftheDepartment DSc degree in1994(from State Since University). theMoscow University, graduated in1978, andreceived hisPhD in1981and his research isonwater regime ofriversandfloodplains. Geography, Lomonosov State University). Moscow The focus of ofHydrology (Facultyhe isEngineer attheDepartment of University, graduated in2009withaMaster’s degree. Since2010, studied attheLomonosov State Moscow studiedatLomonosov State Moscow 115.01.2014 9:17:26 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 centrographic andothermethods. with of populationsettlementthecountry ethnic groups, andchangesinthegeography transitionin urbanization level ofurbanization, analyzes the inRussia.It ofurbanization aspects geoinformation technologies instudiesofethnic University, Terzioglu Campus, 17020,Canakkale, Turkey Moscow; [email protected] synthesize knowledge, andintegratesynthesize knowledge, itinthe to monitor ethnicprocesses, important very To effectively address issues, inter-ethnic itis are thecatalystsfor socialandethnicprocesses. compared to ruralareas...” [Lappo, 2005].Cities torespect thenationalorigin, population “Cities concentrate muchmore mixed, in diverse. As noted by G.M. Lappo, particularly people coexistingwitheachother. Citiesare isamosaicofdifferent world The modern processes.and historical economic,on thesocio-political, cultural, adominantinfluence hasoften ethnic factor processes, and otherfactors. Atpresent, the the nature ofmigration, demographic bythecourseofurbanization, is determined of thepopulationRussianFederation The transformation oftheethnicstructure transition, modeling, geography ofsettlement. ni zation, ethnicprocesses, urbanization 3 * 2 Vitaly S.Belozerov Aydyn Ibrahimov 1 9 ABSTRACT. KEY WORDS: INTRODUCTION OF URBANIZATION IN RUSSIA IN THE STUDY OF ASPECTS ETHNIC GEOINFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES Corresponding author Department ofGeography, Department Mart Onsekiz Faculty Canakkale andArts, ofSciences Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia119991 Caucasian FederalNorth University, Russia,355029Stavropol, Kulakova prosp., 2;

The paper discusses the use of The paperdiscussestheuseof Geoinformatics, system, urba- 3 , VedatCaliskan 1 , Vladimir S. Tikunov, Vladimir ; e-mail: [email protected]; e-mail: 3 2* system is based on knowledge aboutethnic system isbasedonknowledge inRussia. ofurbanization ethnic aspects This goalinthestudyof system isthepriority The creation ofaGIS-basedmonitoring and assured validtheoretical conclusions. used provided for oftheresults thereliability literature andperiodicals. The setofthedata publishedinthescientific Oblast; andmaterial of the Yamal-Nenets AD, andoftheAstrakhan (AD), Autonomous Districts Khanty-Mansiysk Committees oftheStavropol Kray, ofthe of theRussianFederation; theState Statistics documents: theState StatisticsCommittee the information containedinthefollowing The research presented herein isbasedon R. Popov, andothers. N.A.Sluka, Treyvish,A.I. Yu.L.Pivovarov, Ye.N.Pertsik, to thearea studies:G.M.Lappo, ofurban authors madesignificant contribution other, inthisarea. are Many well known V.A. Tishkov, O.I. Vendina, L.L.Rybakov, and V.A. Avksentyev, V.S. Belozerov, P.M. Polyan, Many authors, suchasL.A.Arutyunyan, sociologists, ethnologists, andgeographers. been addressed bymany nationalscientists: The problem ofethnicprocesses inRussiahas geographic studiesofethnicprocesses. tool inmodern technology isanimportant social andstate systems [Belozerov 2001].GIS RESEARCH METHODS , Alexander A.Cherkasov 1 , 115.01.2014 9:17:26 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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2 20 GEOGRAPHY 0 based on componentofoursystem was The software ofurbanization. aspects of ethnicprocesses, includingtheethnic 2011]. This approach allowsdetailedstudy information stored inageodatabase[Butler, productsandappliesthemto the software utilizes geoinformation andmathematical using geospatialandstatisticalanalysis ofethnicprocessesMulti-scale monitoring structure atdifferent levels. territorial oftheethnic 4) assessmentandmonitoring inRussiaanditsregions;urbanization models oftheethnicdimensions ofthespatial-temporal3) construction and itsregions; ofthepopulationRussia ethnic structure 2) compilationofthegeodatabaseon framework; cartographic preparation collected; of thematerial of creation ofthespatialgeodatabasebased ofthelogical structureand1) selection this GISapplicationare: 2012]. of The mainsteps oftheconstruction its components[Belozerov, Panin, Cherkasov, specific features ofthearchitecture andof affecting theprocess.factors The system has inRussiaandother ofurbanization aspects it integrated many different ofgeographic types which improved datamanagement were organized logically andhierarchically, thedataindatabase and lineobjects); utilized vector dataformats (polygon, point, through geostatisticalanalysis. Oursystem the system canbeaccessedandrendered efficient dataretrieval. The data stored in spatial andnon-spatialdataenables A geodatabase(e.g. fileorpersonal)stores mapping ofprocesses have diverse functionality. ethnic processes; thetools for modeling and features thatfacilitate ofmulti-scale monitoring especially spatial. hasanumberof This product withdata, modelfora well-defined working information systems, has otherpowerful like ArcGIS Spatial Analyst (ESRI). ArcGIS SpatialAnalyst because because ArcGIS, ArcGIS, users) that use GIS to solve current issues and everyday problems. everyday and issues current tosolve GIS use that users) (end- employees regular and system, the maintaining and developing experts, technical be can users GIS problems. real solving for plication out who people work and products design with software their ap- and methods components: hardware, software, data,users, approach herein described includesfive key GISsystem, theGIS-monitoring any working demographic 2011].As processes [Rauzhin, [Panin,of ethno-demographic 2005]and schemes ofthegeoinformation monitoring instrumental inthecreation oftheconceptual Caucasus Federal of theNorth was University laboratory “Population and GIS Technologies” presented inFig. 1. ofthe The experience features oftheethnicstructureRussiais developed andthatcomprehensively reflects approachmonitoring thatwe have A conceptualschemeoftheGIS-based tables ofArcGIS.in theattribute associated non-spatialinformation isstored component are assigned auniqueID;the upthespatial thatmake geographic objects closed andhomogeneousobjects.All be shownaspolygons; polygons represent lines represent thatcannot narrow objects small to beshownaslinesorpolygons; represent thatare geographic objects too similar to traditionalpapermaps. Points Data representation inavector modelis analytical problems (Andrianov, 2004). insolvingcomplex important particularly relationships withinthisdatamodelwere ofitselements. Spatial initial characteristics features the inasinglespacewhilepreserving and work rules prepared in accordance with specific tasks. specific with accordance in prepared rules work and plan awell-designed on depends application GIS the of nomic) by many entities to organize and support available data. available support and toorganize entities many by isused DBMS DBMS; use also can and data, of sources and types other with data spatial integrates GIS management, data spatial of process the In sources. other from taken or suppliers, mercial com- from user, purchased the by prepared and collected be can data tabular with associated data) (geographical position spatial totools. access easy (GUI) for interface user agraphical and (DBMS), (maps), visualization system and analysis queries, spatial supporting tools management database a information, geographic manipulating and entering for tools are software the of ponents com- Key information. (spatial) geographic visualize and analyze, case). our (in computers desktop anetwork by connected or toseparate servers centralized from platforms, computing of types different on work applications 1 Hardware: is a computer that is running GIS. Nowadays, GIS GIS Nowadays, GIS. isrunning that isacomputer Hardware: Methods: the success and effectiveness (including socio-eco- (including effectiveness and success the Methods: Operators: wide application of GIS technology is not possible with- Data: is the most important component of GIS. Data on the the on Data GIS. of component important most isthe Data: tostore, needed tools and functions the provides software: GIS 1

. The inourGIS spatial objects 115.01.2014 9:17:26 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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2 Federation in2010,sinceitisthemostuseful division (ATD)territorial oftheRussian in Russiawasbuiltonthe administrative- of theethnicdimensions urbanization approachThe GIS-monitoring for thestudy coordinate system.the Cartesian approach are tiedto thelocalconditionsin 1 Fig. 1. The conceptual scheme of GIS for monitoring of the ethnic aspects of urbanization in Russia in urbanization of aspects ethnic the of monitoring for GIS of scheme 1. conceptual Fig. The Stavropol Kray [SK], Khanty-Mansi and Khanty-Mansi Yamal-Stavropol [SK], Kray regions Oblast[AO],the key (Astrakhan structureforis basedontheterritorial approach GIS-monitoring The cartographic and allowsmostconsistent analysis. for 1959,1970,1979,1989,2002,and2010, for dataintheGISenvironment comparing 115.01.2014 9:17:26 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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2 22 GEOGRAPHY 2 of the urban ethnicstructureofRussia”of theurban are ofRussia”,ethnic structure and “Dynamics The blocks “Urbanization”, ofthe “Dynamics andMoscow). administrative districts; KMAD, and YNAD –atthelevel ofcitiesand for Russiaandtheregions (AO, KChR, SK, features oftheethnicstructure” containdata ethnicstructure ofRussia”,urban and “Regional ethnic structureofRussia”, ofthe “Dynamics the blocks “Urbanization”,of The “Dynamics related fields(Fig. to eachotheronthekey 2). tables each withasetoftwo-dimensional thematic blocks. We identifiedfour blocks, ofits This information definedtheselection identification ofspecificinformation available. The design ofthelogical required structure the AO, KMAD, SK, YNAD, KChR, Moscow, etc. census datafor RSFSR,RussianFederation, of measure. This statement refers to the formats,consistency parameters, andunits The statisticalforms differ inregularity, sources, eachwithitsowncharacteristics. original information includesstatistical the original information. andderived The etc.). databasecontainsboth The attribute Republic[KChR], Moscow, Karachai-Cherkess Nenets ADs[KMAD and YNAD, respectively], Fig. 2. The thematic blocks of the attribute GIS database for monitoring of the ethnic aspects aspects ethnic the of monitoring for database GIS attribute the of blocks thematic The 2. Fig. of urbanization in Russia urban network atthetimeofcensuses network urban The firstblockcontainsinformation onthe Russian Federation andcities). (subjects modelsoftheATDthe cartographic ofthe spatial database. The firstthree blocksare names andcontent oftheblocks inRussia. urbanization Table 1presents the ofcomponents ontheethnicaspects thematic divisionsthatincludecartographic approachGIS-monitoring the determined (KChR). districts territorial ofthe This structure AO;regions national andagro-industrial –SK, Petersburg), industrial-agro multi-ethnic ethnic centers ofthecapitals(Moscow, St. of thepopulation[KMAD and YNAD], multi- intensive changesintheethnicstructure developedcurrently industrially andwith chosen asthestudyareas: theregions the research. The following regions were addresses aseparatesub-block region in includes five Each additionalsub-blocks. structure” isthemostcomplexbecauseit The block “Regional features oftheethnic and separately for areas. urban ethnic structureofthepopulationingeneral regionspopulation ofthecountry’s andthe ATD andprovide statisticalgeodataonthe levels oftheRussianFederationterritorial utilized intheGIS-application at different 115.01.2014 9:17:26 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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2 of Russia in the process of urbanization. of Russiaintheprocess ofurbanization. ofdifferentanalyze theparticipation regions transition. itpossibleto makes This typology features the urbanization andurbanization ofethnicgroups a typology of interms we have ofurbanization, aspects developed oftheethnic on thequantitative characteristics inRussia.Based ofurbanization ethnic aspects enabled acomprehensive analysisofthe application useofthisGIS-monitoring The population). oftheurban ethnic structure population intheseregions, especiallythe under study(theethnicstructureofthe basisoftheATDcartographic oftheregions thematic blockincludesthe The fourth populationanditsregionalurban features. Russia, especiallytheethnicstructureof ofthepopulationin the ethnicstructure the regions. blocksreflect two The next and theshare populationin oftheurban 3 ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS ritorial district district ritorial 4.5. Agro-industrial nationalter- regions industrial-agro 4.4. Multi-ethnic regions industrial-agro 4.3 Multi-ethnic capitals centers ofthe 4.2. Multi-ethnic 1897–2010, network Urban oped regions 4.1. Currently devel- industrially ATD ofRF tion ethnicstructure 4. Regional features ofthepopula- RF ture ofcities oftheethnicstruc- 3. Dynamics ture ofRussia oftheethnicstruc- 2. Dynamics 1. Urbanization Table 1. The structure of the thematic components of the GIS-monitoring approach approach GIS-monitoring the of components thematic the of Table 1. structure The Block for studying ethnic aspects of urbanization in Russia in urbanization of aspects ethnic studying for studied regions MD NDATD ofthese KMAD, YNAD KMAD, YNAD Territories of West Siberia Moscow, St. FRgosADo FEthnicstructure ofpopulation,Eth- ATD ofRF RF Regions Petersburg Territorial CRATD ofregions, KChR level OATD ofregions, AO KATD ofregions, SK tricts cities, anddis- population ofurban Ethnicstructure City tricts cities, anddis- tricts cities, anddis- and districts regions, cities, YNAD ATD ofKMAD, tricts, cities tricts, municipal dis- ATD ofcities, of operation modern RussiaintheXXmodern of oftheterritory inrapidurbanization extent, to agreaterethnoses participated, orlesser occurred in1958[Popov, 2005].Eachofthe transitionin Russia The overall urbanization – – divided into thefollowing groups: process,urbanization theethnosesmay be inthe thenatureBy ofparticipation –

Level ethnoses, whose Latvians,andLithuanians); Azerbaijanis, Georgians, Uzbeks, Armenians, Moldavians, or earlier si ethnoses withearlyurbanization tran- sition withlate urbanization tran-ethnoses and Germans); and 1979 was recorded inthecensuses of1970 tion that was recorded inthe1959census

recorded in (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, (Russians,Belarusians, Ukrainians, (1959–2010) population nic structureofurban ofpopulation,Eth- Ethnic structure of regions (1959–2010) (1959–2010) population, nic structureofurban ofpopulation,Eth- Ethnic structure (1959–2010) population, nic structureofurban ofpopulation,Eth- Ethnic structure (1959–2010) population nic structureofurban ofpopulation,Eth- Ethnic structure population ofregions regions, Ethnicstructureofurban ofpopulation Ethnic structure (1959–2010) population nic structureofurban population Number ofpopulation,share ofurban Number ofagglomerations1897–2010, population ofregions regions, Ethnicstructureofurban ofpopulation Ethnic structure (Ossetians, Tatars, Laks, Balkars,

urbanization transition urbanization transition the censuses th –XXI Data th centuries. of 1989, 115.01.2014 9:17:26 5

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. Fig. 3. The level of urbanization and the urbanization transition of the ethnoses in Russia 2 0 1 4

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2 ethnoseswithchanging, over along – were identifiedwiththisapproach: geography ofsettlement. The following groups that have deferent ofchangesin intensity the center ofgravity ofthepopulationgroups also identifyingthedisplacementvector of in thestate of “balance” or “imbalance”, but ofRussiaare the ethnoseslivinginterritory This methodallowsnotonlyassessingwhether centrographic method[Polian, Treyvish, 1990]. thestudy, 1997].In we usedthe [Tikunov, inRussia ofurbanization of theethnicaspects ofmonitoring aspects modeling isoneofthekey The spatial-temporal andmathematical 87,9% ofthepopulationRussia. transitioncomprise urbanization underwent Together withGroups IIandIII,thepeople who ethnoses inGroup Iis81,5%ofthepopulation. 2011].Currently,[Cherkasov, theshare ofthe processes of theethnosesinurbanization inclusion withaphase-gate was occurring possible to inRussia state thaturbanization groups. Overall, basedonthistypology, itis processesurbanization wascommonto all the trend toward agreater involvement in life thanothers. ofurban earlier orbit However, factors, someethnoseswere includedinthe to different andsocio-economic historical the individualethnosesinRussia(Fig. 3).Due revealed differences level of inurbanization of theethnicdimensionsurbanization Analysis ofthequantitative characteristics – b) a) 5

Bashkirs); and Buryats, Udmurts, Kabardians, ranges from 45,1to 49,9% –urbanpopulation to urbanization ethnoses Dargins, etc.) [Belozerov, 2012]. Cherkasov, population ethnoses period oftime,period geography ofsettlement urbanization in2010 ethnoses withthefailedtransition to Kumyks, andKalmyks); 2002, and2010

with 45,0%share oftheurban approaching thetransition (Maris, Ingushs, Chechens, Ingushs, (Maris, (Mordovians, Lezgins, : (Adyghes, the subsequentyears. eastward until1989andto thewesta shift in oftheRussianpopulation: in thedistribution the pointmethodshowed thesametrends trends byothermodels;thus, are supported center moved to thelevel of1970. These 2010,the coincided withthatin1979.By gravity oftheRussiansettlementin2002 there to thewest; wasashift thecenter of east to thewest. 1989and2002, Between of gravity haschangeditsvector from the ofthecountry.1989, center After part the Russiansettlementreached thecentral continued until1989,whenthecenter of of theregion) and, to theeast then,theshift (thewestern part Republic ofBashkortostan the Orenburg ofthe region ontheterritory of toof settlementshifted thenorth-west took placein1959–1970. country The center of theRussiansettlementto theeastof time. ofthecenterThe largest ofgravity shift with settlementgeography changing over settlement for Russians, astheethnicgroup Let usconsiderthecenter ofgravity of undergone transition. the urbanization population;theyhave of theurban notyet of gravity ofthepopulationhave alowshare The ethnoseswitharelatively stablecenter not yet transition. completed theurbanization At thesametime, Avars andChechenshave stagesofurbanization. transition intheearly urbanization population astheyunderwent oftheurban ahighproportion comprise geography, andAzerbaijanis Armenians rapidly changing, inthelastdecades, settlement theethnoseswith transition.In urbanization settlement ishigh;allofthemhave undergone of theethnoseswithchanging geography of Currently, theshare population oftheurban ethnoses witharelatively stablecenter of – ethnoses withrapidlychanging, inthelast –

and Bashkirs). (Fig.and Bashkirs). 4). gravity ofthepopulation(Tatars, Kazakhs, Chechens, Armenians, andAzerbaijanis); decades, geography ofsettlement(Avars, and Germans); (Russians, Jews, Belarusians, Ukrainians, 115.01.2014 9:17:26 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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2 26 GEOGRAPHY 6 115.01.2014 9:17:26 5 . 0 1 . 2 Fig. 4. The centers of gravity of the population settlement in Russia, 1959–2010 0 1 4

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2 2 Belozerov, V.S. CaucasuswithGIS// ethnicprocesses (2001). Monitoring oftheNorth 2. Andrianov, D.Ye. (2004).Processing andanalysis inGIS/D.Ye. andA.P. Andrianov 1. Gureev 1959, 1970,and1979indicate aconsistent geography ofsettlement. The censusesof with arapidlychanging, inthelastdecade, alsobelongto theethnosesArmenians to thesouth-west.only aslightshift and remained almost atthesamelevel with equilibrium center ofgravity reached certain of theOrenburg region. 2002–2010,the In the center moved part to thenorth-western and direction changedto thenorth-east in1970–2002,the its south-western part; regionfrom theeastofAstrakhan to ofthecenter ofgravitya shift ofAzerbaijanis in1959–1970,there was east ofthecountry: the geography ofsettlementto thenorth- rapidchangein underwent of Azerbaijanis settlement. For example, thecenter ofgravity changing, inthelastdecades, geography of Union Trasncaucasus republics have arapidly The titularethnosesoftheformer Soviet Republic ofBashkortostan. ofthe Russia waslocated inthecentralpart in of gravity ofsettlementUkrainians the trend continuedand, in2010,thecenter thesubsequentperiod, In Bashkortostan. Chelyabinsk Region andtheRepublicof ofthe in 2002,itmoved to theboundary time, itsdirectionchangedsignificantly and, this during its vector to thenorth-west; 1989,thecenterAfter ofgravity changed ofKazakhstan. moving eastinto theterritory 1970 to 1989, thecenter ofgravity was Fromthe Chelyabinskregion inKazakhstan. west andstopped border attheeastern of to 1970,thecenter moved to thenorth- center ofgravity ofsettlement.From 1959 inthe ethnos hashadasignificant shift changing geography ofsettlement. This included inthegroup ofethnoseswith forUkrainians, alongtime, have alsobeen 7 REFERENCES ceedings of the International Conference.ceedings oftheInternational –SSU. –P. 226. Pro- mosaic, ofhighlandcountries: geopolitics, andsecurity Settlement, ethno-cultural p. 77–82. anddataprocessing// Methods M.:HotLine– systems. ofarticles. Collection Telecom, 12-06-00310. by thegrant RFBR This studywassupported Federation. and migration processes intheRussian of theinter-ethnic, ethno-demographic, aimedatregulation andstabilization making to decision- provide analyticalsupport ethnic processes inRussia. This system would information system for ofthe monitoring creation ofaunifiedspecialized geographic research forThe prospects include further peoples ofRussia. ofthe analyzing thesettlementpatterns modeling,method ofsettlementdistribution the centrographic method, and, withthe centers ofgravity ofthepopulationwith processes,the urbanization modelingofthe in the ethnicgroups bytheirparticipation inRussiaallowed groupingof urbanization oftheethnicdimensions the monitoring new statisticsappears. This approach to update dataas to quickly the flexibility models; GISprovides forof cartographic mathematical methodsintheconstruction forpresent theuseof agreat opportunity Geographic information technologies oftheoblast. part northern andin2010,itwasthe the centralpart; the Volgograd Oblast;in2002itmoved to of was located inthesouth-western part 1989,thecenter direction.In north-eastern rapidlyinthesettlement beganto shift 1979, thecenter ofgravity oftheArmenian oftheRostov oblast.After part eastern position ofthecenter ofgravity inthesouth- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONCLUSIONS  115.01.2014 9:17:26 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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2 28 GEOGRAPHY 8 1. Popov, 11. Polyan, P.M., Treyvish, A.I.(1990). The centrographic method ofresearch struc- ofterritorial 10. Panin, A.N.,Furschik, M.A. (2011).GISfor areas: thestrategic managementofmulti-ethnic 9. Panin, A.N.(2005). The atlasinformation system processes inthe “Ethno-demographic 8. Lappo, G.M.(2005). // bytheendofXXThe outcomes ofRussianurbanization century 7. A.A.(2011). Cherkasov, The mainfeatures inRussia// oftheethnicdimensionsurbanization 6. Butler, Data+.–494p. J. –Moscow: Allison.(2011).Designing geodatabasesfor transport. 5. Belozerov, V.S., Panin, A.A.(2012).GISinthestudyofethnicprocesses A.N.Cherkasov, in 4. Belozerov, V.S., inRussia ofurbanization A.A.(2012).Studyofethnicaspects Cherkasov, 3. 1 . Tikunov, V.S. incartography. (1997)Modeling Press, University –M.,Moscow 405p. 13. ofdemographic I.G.(2011).Multi-scalemonitoring processes Rauzhin, inRussiausingGIS 12. textbooks. monitoring. Hepublishedmore than150scientific works, including8monographs and andmigration processes,resettlement, ethno-demographic andgeoinformation in 1998,hehasorganized andnationalconferences 8international ontheissuesof the editor boards ofoneandamembertheeditorial offour scientific journals. Beginning tures: development andapplication//Proc. ofAS.No. 2.–P. 92–105. andprospects //ArcReview.opportunities –M.No. 2(58). StavropolThesis ofPh.D. Kray”: (Geography Science).–Stavropol. Dissertation –21p. and P. OGI.–P. Polyana (Eds.). –Moscow: 187–214. –settlementmigration //O. theterritory Glezer Russia anditsregions intheXX century: 2011”: Abstracts. V.I. Press. (Ed.). University Dobrenkov –M.,Moscow –P. 666–667. ScientificConference andRussia:International Global socialturbulence Readings– “Sorokin –P.2012, Smolensk. 276–280. //Proceedings experience Conference.practical oftheInternational June26–28, Smolensk, Russia // –18”“InterCarto-InterGIS of SustainableDevelopment Territories: and GIStheory –Stavropol,The Journal SSUPress. –pp. 183–188. with thehelpofGIStechnology //BulletinoftheStavropol State University, Issue80(3): technology: technology: Thesis ofPh.D. (Geography Science).–Stavropol. Dissertation –24p. and P. OGI.–P. Polyana (Eds.). –Moscow: 215–245. –settlementmigration //O. theterritory Glezer Russia anditsregions intheXX century: R. (2005).UrbanizationoftheRussianregions // inthesecondhalfofXX century Vitaly S.Belozerov Federal Migration Service ofRussiaforFederal theStavropol Service Kray. Migration Heis ofthe Council for undertheDepartment Advisory Migration Stavropol Territory, etc. Heisregional oftheCommunity Chairman ProcessesRegion, Migration in Russia, The EducationalSystem of indifferentincorporated atlases: The EthnicAtlasoftheStavropol projects.international Someofhisresearch results have been Federal University. HehasledanumberofRussianand Caucasus Affairs andAcademic oftheNorth Development ofNaturalSciences,Institute and Vice Provost for Academic ofEconomicandSocialGeography ofthe Head ofDepartment is Doctor ofGeographical Sciences, isDoctor Professor, 115.01.2014 9:17:26 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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2 9 patents, and computer programs. certificates, Resettlement ofPeoples inRussia”. Heistheauthorof20scientificworks, including including AtlasofRussia”,“Migration andtheatlasinformation system “The technology. ofthematicmaps andatlases, inaseries hasbeenincorporated work His involved inthestudyofethnicprocesses inRussiaandtheapplicationofGIS of Development Territories: GIS andPractical Experience”.Theory Hehasbeen the ESRIConference inRussiaandtheCISInterCarto-InterGIS “Sustainable conferencesa memberofRussianandinternational and competitions, for example, andin14languages.of theworld 500 scientificworks, including14monographs, texbooks, andmanualsin28countries and Practical Experience” placebothinRussiaandabroad. thattake Hepublishedover conferences InterCarto-InterGIS of “Sustainable Development Territories: GIS Theory universities. Hehasbeenorganizing, beginning in1994,theannualinternational journals.Russian andinternational Helecturedatanumberofnationalandinternational Geographical boards Union.Hehasbeenamemberofthe editorial International of9 and amemberoftheCommission onGeographic Scienceofthe Information currently, Association Cartographic ofthecommission International isChairman environmental andnatural-resources atlasesofRussia.Hewas Vice-President and, Technology oftheRussianFederation Government for thedevelopment of Alexander A.Cherkasov Vladimir S. Tikunov International Day of GIS and International Migrants Day. Migrants Day ofGISandInternational International Heis He isoneoftheorganizers oftheannual events atNCFU: development, oftheterritories, investment etc. certificates planning,of territorial master planning, landuse and preparation planningdocuments–theschemes ofterritorial inanumberofprojects, includingtheparticipated planningSSU territorial “CSTP-SSU”. Hehas ledand atcenter for strategic Department Head oftheCartography Center Head oftheStudentScientificInnovation “TerraGIS”, ofNaturalSciences.and geoinformatics oftheInstitute Heis Caucasus Federal incartography andInstructor University modeling. Heisalsoarecipient ofthe Award inScienceand Anuchin Award for inmathematicalcartographic hiswork – Autonomous District Yugra, etc. Heisarecipient oftheD.N. ofRussia,AtlastheKhanty-Mansi Economic Development chief of Vol. 3),Environmental AtlasofRussia,Socio- thematic mapsandatlases:NationalAtlasofRussia(editor-in- hasbeenusedinmany work projects.international His System for Geography. HehasledanumberofRussianand State University, andDirector oftheCenter ofthe World Data Laboratory, Geography Faculty ofM.V. Lomonosov Moscow is Professor, HeadoftheIntegrated Mapping is a faculty member of the North memberoftheNorth isafaculty 115.01.2014 9:17:27 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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3 30 GEOGRAPHY 0 of tourism potential of the Gallipoli Peninsula. potentialof tourism in21scientificconferences. oftheGallipoli Heparticipated conferencesinternational andsymposia. different andpoliticalgeography. issuesofsocial-economic indifferent Heparticipated 130scientificpaperson He istheauthorofamonograph andnearly andatextbook of theGeography University. DivisionoftheNaturalandHumanitiesFaculty ofChanakkal Aydyn Ibrahimov University in Izmir.University From 1996to thepresent time, heisProfessor Vedat Caliskan 20 papersondifferent issuesofgeography, includingassessment Heistheauthorofover monographstwo andonetextbook. geography andgeography oftourism ofculture. Hepublished University.Faculty research His interests ofChanakkal include Professor oftheGeography DivisionoftheNaturalandHumanities andfrom 2012,hehasbeenAssociatehas beenSeniorInstructor the IshikCollege inIstanbul. From 2004to thepresent time, he From 2002to 2004,hewasHeadoftheGeography Divisionof the master programs anddoctoral there andreceived hisPh.D. the HumanitiesFaculty in1991,studied ofIstanbulUniversity of theGeography Division of theHumanitiesFaculty ofEge scientific research in Turkey. From 1993to 1996,hewasProfessor FromCountries). 1993,hehasbeeninvolved inteaching and ofScienceDegreeDoctor in1992(Regional Policy ofDeveloping ofGeographyin theInstitute oftheRAS.Hereceived hisHigher program1988 to candidacy 1991, hewasinthehigherdoctoral Political Geography ofForeign University. ofBaku Countries From for Economicand was appointed HeadoftheDepartment received hisPh.D. in1975(Regional Policy of Turkey). 1981,he In andentered University Baku graduate studiesin1972.He after his graduation from the Geography Division of hisgraduation after from theGeography Divisionof graduated from theGeography Faculty of 115.01.2014 9:17:27 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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3 Kudryavtsev 1 the Azov-Black Searegion.the Azov-Black system for warning early weather disasters in elementofapossible become animportant couldAcademy ofSciencesUkraine) Hydrophysical (National Institute the Marine regional modelingoftheatmosphere in forecast are discussed. The operational forecast anditsadvantagesover theglobal three days oftheregional inadvance. Quality wasalsopredicted off thecoastofCrimea catastrophic ofNovember storm 11,2007 five days before thetragic events, andthe Region, Russia,July7,2012waspredicted is shownthatthefloodinginKrasnodar in theBlackSearegion are presented. It forecast ofcatastrophic weather events well known how much effort ismadeto howmucheffort well known Disasters, is 2013;Shaw etal., 2013]).It Eliminations ofConsequences ofNatural for CivilDefense, and Emergency Ministry Organization, 2012;RussianFederation. 2006; Basher, 2006; World Meteorological Strategy forInternational Disaster Reduction, and globallevels (see, e.g., [United Nations are discussedatthescientific, national (Early Nowadays, EWS Warning Systems) processes.atmospheric disasters, Searegion, Azov-Black mesoscale systemmodels, ofweather warning early disasters, regional mesoscaleatmospheric * 3 2 Vitaliy A.Ivanov Federation 1 KEY WORDS: ABSTRACT. INTRODUCTION DISASTERS IN THE BLACK SEA REGION FOR ADVANCE WARNING OF WEATHER ATMOSPHERIC MODELING Corresponding author Hellenic Centre for Research, Marine ofOceanography, Institute Athens, Greece Russian State Hydrometeorological University, SaintPetersburg, Russian HydrophysicalMarine Institute, Sevastopol, Ukraine Means for Means operationalregional 1,2 forecast ofweather , TakvorSoukissian 1 , Mikhail , Mikhail V. Shokurov , e-mail: [email protected], e-mail: 3 1 , Vladimir A.Dulov Crimean coast.AsCrimean aresult ofthisdisaster, of11Novemberstorm 2007near the Another impressive exampleisahazardous andthussaved many lives. Krymsk conclusion abouttheimpendingdisaster in system would have allowed a to make Institute, 2013].Regional warning early Hydrophysical website [Marine the Internet five days before thefloodatfree accesson forecast hadappeared ofrainfallintensity Schursky, 2012].However,[Volosukhin, the than 170lives andhugeeconomic damage Russian Federation causedalossofmore Region, of 6–7July2012intheKrasnodar predictioncapabilities.of modern Flooding from thepointofviewitsrelevance and Sea region would beanaturalstep both system ofweather disasters intheBlack ofaregionalDevelopment warning early e.g., etal., [Clark 2012]). dangerousthunderstorms for aviation (see, about violentstorms, rainfallsand heavy conditions traditionallyfocus onwarning and subregional disasters related to weather systemsal., ofregional warning 2013].Early are givenEWS in[Golnaraghi,2012;Shaw et successful implementationsofthenational 2006; Waidyanatha, 2010]). The most 2006;UnitedDisaster Nations, Reduction, Strategy for[United NationsInternational number ofpapersanddocuments(see, e.g., are ina described ofEWS and principles andtsunamis. earthquakes The structure create systems reliable of warning early 1* , Vladimir N. , Vladimir 115.01.2014 9:17:27 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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3 32 ENVIRONMENT 2 warning ofweather disasterswarning inthe Azov- element ofthefuture system of early (MHI),asapossible of SciencesUkraine Hydrophysical ofNationalAcademy Institute atmosphere, whichalready existinMarine of operationalregional modellingofthe aimsto present themeansThis article more detailedspatial-temporal resolution. to useregional mesoscalemodelswitha weatherextreme phenomena,itisnecessary weather disasters. To improve of prediction for iscritical regional predicting This fact 2012]. to theircoarsespatialresolution [Clark, ofprecipitationwind speedandintensity due models underestimate valuesof extreme However, globaloperationalforecasting withaleadtimeofseveral days.cyclones development andmovement ofsynoptic and30km. This canreliably50 km predict weather forecast withaspatialresolution of Weather Forecast ECMWF National center ofAtmosphericResearch) ( operational centres, suchas Currently, theleadingglobalweather forecast region ofinterest (see, 2012]). e.g., [Clark, forecastterm ofmeteorological fieldsinthe areliable short- model capableofmaking of weather disasters isanatmospheric system warning elementofanearly A key where many accidentshappened. Strait, Sevastopol Bay andothercoastalareas dangersforthe extreme vessels intheKerch That allowed conclusionsabout to make Institute, 2013]three days before thestorm. Hydrophysicalaccess onthewebsite [Marine infreeheight appeared ontheInternet al., 2008].However, theforecast ofthewave et This sadlistcanbecontinued[Ovsienko than 20membersofthecrews were missing. “Khash-Izmail”, “Nakhichevan” sankandmore ships severely damaged. Dry-cargo “Kovel”, Tanker “Volgoneft-123” loadedwithoilwas thousand tons ofsulfursankinPort-Kavkaz. ship more thantwo “Volnogorsk” carrying of fueloilspilledinto thesea.Dry-cargo thousandtons Straitandtwo the Kerch tanker “Volgoneft-139” spitted inhalf National Center forEnvironmental Prediction/ ( European Center forMediumrange ), are implementingaglobal NCEP/NCAR and weather centers, suchas Nowadays, theleadingglobaloperational are discussed. and reliabilityoftheregional forecast system contained theirpredictions. The capabilities show thattheforecast ofMHIobviously Searegion disasterstwo intheAzov-Black the atmosphere. The examplesabove ofthe relation to systems ofglobalmodeling offorecastin terms ofweather disasters in belowaswell astheadvantages described regionalterm meteorological forecast is Black Searegion. The MHIsystem ofshort- the used for forecast, for iscurrently 50km resolution models oftheglobalatmospheric Range Weather Forecasts, 2013]).Spatial Center, 2013;European Centre for Medium- at thewebsites [Environmental Modeling and other(seeforecast given description sounding oftheatmosphere, satellite data ground-based measurements, vertical the atmosphere allavailable dataisused: times aday. order to In analyze thestate of The forecast 6hours, four ismade every forecasts withaleadtimeofupto 15days. ECMWF Research for bothscientific research of the U.S. NationalCenter ofAtmospheric and Forecasting), have beendeveloped by variant, modern modelandits moremesoscale atmospheric conditions for theregional models. of globalforecast are usedasboundary thiscase, theresults In resolution upto 1km. for asinglesmallregion andhave aspatial regional mesoscalemodelswhichare run to use weather phenomena,itisnecessary order toIn improve theforecast ofextreme coarse spatialresolution. wind speedandprecipitation dueto their models underestimate values of theextreme days. However, globaloperationalforecasting reliably withaleadtimeoffewcyclones development andmovement ofsynoptic This resolution allowsusto the predict METEOROLOGICAL FORECAST SYSTEM OF SHORT-TERM NCEP/NCAR make globaloperationalweather make and 30 km for and30km WRF (Weather Research (Weather NCEP/NCAR ECMWF and MM5 115.01.2014 9:17:27 5 . 0 1 . 2 . 0 1 4

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3 MM5 etal., 2012b]. [Ivanov rivers The results of leading to floods intheCrimean extreme [Efimov, Barabanov, 2009],precipitation [Efimov etal., 2008],breeze circulation of25–30Septembertropical 2005 cyclone processes events andextreme –quasi- studies ofindividualmesoscaleatmospheric Sea region inMHI,wasusedfor retrospective MM5 Group, 2013;Fovell, 2013; Wilson, 2013]. Predictionon theweb pages[Mesoscale whichareCentral andSouthAmerica, given for ofAsia, theUnited States andsomeparts 2004], aswell asregional operationalforecasts of theGreenland andAntarctic[Box etal. and climate researches inthehighlatitudes the examplesofsuchadaptationare synoptic especially orographic peculiarities. Among intheregion, surface of theunderlying well asamore detailedsettingofproperties ofphysicalparameterization processes, as themostappropriate schemesforselecting region, whichimpliesto aparticular The mesoscalemodelmustbeadapted other physical processes. and moisture intheuppersoillayer and layer,and inthesurface thetransfer ofheat layer boundary atmospheric the planetary fluxes ofmomentum,heatandmoisture in formation, cumulusconvection, turbulent the process ofcloudsandprecipitation the transfer ofIRandvisiblesolarradiation, realistically accounts schemes.numerical It atmosphere usingthehigh-quality and transfer ofheatandmoisture inthe airmovement modeldescribes atmospheric etal., 2008].Mesoscale analyses [Skamarock operational forecasts andregional re- mesoscale weather phenomena,andfor with theuseof operationalforecastMesoscale ismade discussed in[Shokurov, 2011]. measurements intheBlack Searegion was 2012a]. Verification ofmodelsusingdirect etal.,2003, nearGelendzhik[Ivanov of the12-meter rogue waves on1February used to analyze theconditionsofformation 3 and model, whichwasadapted to theBlack WAM modelscalculationswere MM5 model withaspatial system ofweather disasters intheAzov- warning be usedasanelementof early The forecast above system can described rate waspublished5days before. the dataabouthazardous precipitation was published3days before the event, and information aboutthiscatastrophic storm presented infree access. ontheInternet The precipitation were intensity obtainedand fields ofwindspeed, wave heightand of bothdisasters intheform ofprognostic Russia.Predictions 6–7 July2012inKrymsk, coastandthefloodof 2007 offtheCrimean region –thesevere of11November storm natural disasters happenedintheBlackSea majorregional above-mentioned the two offorecast the period During performing, of waves withdiscrete timeof3hours. of rainfall, alsoheights, anddirection periods and directionattheheightof10m,intensity temperature attheheightof2m,windspeed the fieldsofpressure atthesea level, air Hydrophysical Institute, 2013]. This site shows athttp://vao.hydrophys.org Internet [Marine and digital formats inopenaccessonthe Forecast results are available ingraphical e.g., [WAMDI Group, 1988;Holthuijsen,2007]. made using waves forecast for thewholeBlackSeaarea is additionto theweather forecast,In wind 2011 theleadtimewasincreased to 5days. andinthemiddleof resolution of3km, forecasts for region theCrimean witha making beginning of2011we alsostarted with theforecast leadtimeof3days. the In for theentire BlackSearegion was10km 2007 using weather forecast intheBlackSearegion in theoperational to perform MHI started using the results were repeatedly tested byhindcasts conditions. Forecastas lateral boundary the resolution 6hours of0,5°–0,5°for every NCEP/NCAR GFS mesoscale features. We usetheresults ofthe allows to analyze bothweather and patterns the wholeBlackSea(39°–49°N,25°–45°E) Computational arearesolution covers of10km. WRF WAM MM5 model. operationalforecast with model. Spatialresolution model ofwindwaves (see, and 115.01.2014 9:17:27 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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3 34 ENVIRONMENT 4 impending disasters. did notallowto draw conclusionsaboutthe show thattheresults oftheglobalforecast ofdisasters.the predictions We willalso presented onthesite unambiguouslymean to showthattheresults oftheforecast Black searegion. We examples willusetwo atmospheric circulation.atmospheric The shapeand centers ofglobalanalysisandforecast of even more andnational intheinternational reliably predicted for upto three days and occurrence andmovement are ofcyclones, Currently synopticprocesses, suchas 2003and9–10November 1981. of 9October eventsExamples ofsuchextreme are storms result incatastrophic quite storms seldom. Sometimestheyareoften. intense, butthey over the oftheBlackSeaquite Western part the BlackSearegion – “southern” pass cyclones of Suchsynopticsituationistypical Crimea. the oftheBlackSeaand Western part over Aegean Sea,itmoved to theNorth-East “southern” Having cyclones. emerged over the oftheso-called belongs to acategory passage, which withacyclone connected disastrous of11November storm 2007was cloudiness from satellite, Meteosat the andsatellite imagesof based observations meteorological analysisbasedonground- from thestandard mapsofoperational etal., 2008].As follows discussed in[Ovsienko was the storm Synoptic situationduring OF 11NOVEMBER DISASTROUS STORM edsa3961(5 6:00 00:00 6:00,9:00 15:00 6:00 12:00 9:00 12(25) 20(28) 10(23) 20(28) 6:00 6:00 27 35(38) 33976 20(27) 15360 37018 34712 23(32) 24(28) 33910 33998 33983 Feodosia Sulina 33946 Tuapse 33924 Mariupol Genichesk Ai-Petri Kerch Chernomorskoye Simferopol eerlgclsainWOCd idsed / Time UTC Wind speed, m/s WMOCode Meteorological station 2007 Table 1. Maximum wind speeds 11 2007 speeds November wind Table 1. Maximum measurements were carr measurements were the meteorological stations(see Table. 1). These bystandard isconfirmed measurements at It results ofcalculationswiththeglobalmodel. the real windspeedsignificantly exceeded the thefigures isobviousincomparing that 2013]. It 11 November Surface Winds 2007[Ocean Team, satellite scatterometer atthetimeof03:35UTC, over theBlackSeaobtainedfrom the 25 m/s. Fig. 1bshowsamapofthewindspeed wind speedover theBlackSeadoesnotexceed using globalmodelsfor the othertimepoints, from thefigure, andalsofrom thecalculations Archive System, 2013].As Distribution itfollows November 2007[NOAA Operational Model of 0,5°–0,5°atthetime06:00UTC on11 center NCEP/NCARwitharesolution American global operationalanalysisandforecast ofthe the BlackSealevel according to themodelof Fig. 1ashowsamapofwindspeedat10mabove represents.danger suchstorm consequently, underestimation ofthe waves and,of theenergy ofthesurface the wave modelcausesunderestimation speeds over theBlackSeaasinputdatafor windspeeds.extreme The useoflowwind leadsto anunderestimation of(50 km) However, coarseresolution ofglobalmodels the globalmodelofoperationalforecast. conditions, whicharefrom taken boundary bythe the mesoscalemodelisdetermined behavior insidethecomputationalarea of large isfairly insize,the cyclone andits were almostidentical. This isbecause intheglobalandregionalcyclone forecasts oftheconsidered movement trajectory ied out every 3or ied outevery QuikSCAT 115.01.2014 9:17:27 5 . 0 1 . 2 0

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3 Only contours of wind speed exceeding 15 exceeding contours windspeed of Only m/s 1 areshown infig. UTC 11, onNovember 06:00 of time 2007. [Marine Hydrophysical Institute, 2013]. resulting from windspeed of Map c – spatial resolution) [Ocean Surface Winds Team, 2013]. satellite 11, derived November from measurements of windspeed of Map b – 2007 (QuikSCAT scatterometer, 12,5 km UTC 11, onNovember 06:00 of a time 2007. Archive Model System, Distribution Operational [NOAA 2013]. fo operational global resulting from windspeed a – of Map Fig. 1. Wind field during the catastrophic storm. 5 b a c regional operational forecastregional operational using recast NCEP/NCAR GFS with 0,5°–0,5° spatial resolutionat spatial recast NCEP/NCAR GFS with0,5°–0,5° a and1 and 9mrespectively. maximum wave heightswere 5m Strait, where the many shipssank, theKerch the mesoscalemodel. In for theglobalmodeland7mfor in Sevastopol area reached 5m maximum significant wave height figures. According to thefigure, the same colorscaleisusedinboth resolution. Note thatthe of 10km forecast of basedontheoperationalstorm 3 days beforethe Internet the the wave forecast presented on used asaninput.Fig. 2bshows global modelof0,5°resolution was wind speed November 11, WAMof atatimeof10:00UTC on calculations for inputs various of significantvariants wave height using the field witharesolution of10km were usedto predictthewindwave forecast Results oftheatmospheric models. was alsohigherthaninglobal other timepoints, thewindspeed wind speedreached 32m/s. For figure proves thatthemaximum Hydrophysical Institute, 2013]. This UTC on11November 2007[Marine at 10mlevel atthetimeof06:00 the regional forecast for windspeed 35 m/s. Fig. 1cshowstheresults of wind speedinGenicheskequaled particular,m/s. In themaximum speed reached andexceeded 30 The measured valuesofwind maximum (inparentheses) values. The tableshowstheaverage and 6 hoursandlasted for 10minutes. c MM5 model with 10 km spatial resolution at a WAM MM5

of 2007. In Fig.2007. In 2athe . Fig. two 2 shows mesoscale model NCEP/NCAR GFS 115.01.2014 9:17:27 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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3 36 ENVIRONMENT 6 impending disaster. MM5 whiletheregionalstorm, forecast basedon hazardous contain predictionsofanextremely height. As aresult, theglobalforecast didnot more significant underestimation ofthewave wind speedintheglobalforecast causedafar Therefore, inthiscaseunderestimation of the windspeed(see, e.g., [Holthuijsen,2007]). is approximately to thesquare proportional of thesignificant wave AsKerch. height itisknown wavelong-term development from Istanbulto coastappeared off theCrimean asaresult of the entire wave fetch. T ofSouth-Westunder theimpact windalong As aresult thewavesNorth-East. remained significantly to shifted the thecyclone period for approximately 24hours. this During waves travelled over about800kilometers 06:00 and10:00respectively. However and 2showthefieldsofwindwaves at adjacent to theBosporus. Note thatFig. 1 the KerchStraittravelled from theregion from suchanalysis, thewaves at thatarrived Sea basinwith1hourdiscreteness. As follows the evolution ofthewave fieldfor theBlack obtained through theforecast allowtracing The mapsofwindwaves parameters et al., maps 2013]onthebasis ofbaric Region was discussedin[Kuklev Krasnodar Synoptic conditionsofthe disaster in REGION OF 6–7 JULY DISASTROUS FLOOD IN KRASNODAR and a – wind from global operational forecast; b – wind from windfrom forecast; operational b – global windfrom a – WAM Fig. 2. Results of the forecast of wind waves for November 11, November UTC. 2007, for waves 10:00 wind of forecast the of Results 2. Fig. models clearly indicated the indicated the modelsclearly Contours show significant wave height, arrowsindicate thewaves of direction 2012 hus the wind waves hus thewindwaves , the vicinity ofNovorossiyskvicinity isabout60mm. The where the2days sumofprecipitation inthe isshown inFig.quantities ofprecipitation. It 4a modelsshowedprediction insignificant forecast. However, the both globalprognostic modelsandregional such synopticconditionswere predicted by Station, 2013]. featuresThe large-scale of an opensite [DundeeSatellite Receiving The satellite imageswere obtainedfrom Center, Services Data andInformation 2013]. Sciences online datasystem [Goddard Earth precipitation wasmadeusingtheGiovanni underconsideration. period The mapof inthe the evolutiondescribe ofthecyclone Meteosat the localizationofcatastrophic rainfall, and precipitation over days, two whichdepicts a cyclone, Fig. 3showsastandard weather mapofthe meteorological reasons oftheflood. deeper andmore adequate interpretation of modelingallowsto obtaina atmospheric will beshownbelowthatregionalof Azov. It a process ofconvection over theheated Sea area, explainingthe “halt” by ofthecyclone rainsonalimitedmain causeoftheheavy al., 2013]considerthiscircumstance asthe almost didn’t shift. et The authorsof[Kuklev 6–7 July,During thecenter ofthecyclone Sea andslowlymoved to theSouth-West. Region, wasformed to theEastofBlack precipitationcaused extreme inKrasnodar of theglobalforecast. which The cyclone, satellite imagesofcloudiness, which MM5 map oftheaverage of intensity forecast with10forecast resolution. km NCEP/NCAR GFS global global 115.01.2014 9:17:27 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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3 satellite images of cloudiness in the thermal range [Dundee inthethermalrangesatellite [Dundee cloudiness of images according to thedirectmeasurements atthe Center, Services Information 2013].However, SciencesDataand data [Goddard Earth estimates basedontheIR-radiometer that thismapwasobtainedthrough indirect the mapinFig. shouldbeemphasized 3b. It ofprecipitation followssame quantity from 7 c – 6 July 2012, 6July c – 12:00, 2012,18:00, 6July d – 2012, 7July e – 2012, 7July f – 00:00, 06:00 a – Standarda – analysis meteorological operational of 2012, 6July map for 12:00 UTC; c d [Goddard Sciences Center, Earth Data Services andInformation 2013]; a b e f b – Map of average intensity of precipitation for two days days average of two precipitation of intensity for Map b – Fig. of situation. 3. synoptic Characteristics of Results ofmesoscaleoperational forecast and 171mminKrymsk. 275mminGelendzhik, mm inNovorossiysk, precipitation wasmuchhigher. reached 283 It meteorological stations, the2days sumof MM5 Satellite Receiving Station, 2013] (UTC): points time for model with 10 km resolution aremodel with10km 115.01.2014 9:17:27 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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3 38 ENVIRONMENT 8 c b a global modeling, becauseitrequires ofimpossible intheframework analysis. This explanationisalso only onstandard meteorological conclusions of[Kuklev, 2013]based under considerationdisagree with the This explanationofthephenomenon flood. this thatcausedthecatastrophic which lasted for was several hours. It convection rainfalls andlocalheavy initiated deepcumulus This airlifting nearNovorossiysk. ridge Markhotsky move upward the encountering after the South-West to airflowstarted physicalatmospheric characteristics, fieldsofthree-dimensional from theanalysisofcalculated thiscase,weather event. asfollows In interpretation ofthedisastrous an adequate meteorological analysis, allowsobtaining inturn, physics ofthephenomena.Such allows to thoroughly investigate the from theforecast, clarifying italso processes etal., [Clark 2012].Apart directcalculationofthese perform are parameterized, regional models processes ofcumulusconvection globalmodels, whereUnlike the disaster. at meteorological the stationsduring consistent withthemeasurements predictions ofglobalmodelsandare is three timeshigherthanthe ofNovorossiyskthe vicinity which daystwo sumofprecipitation in before thedisaster. showsthe It 5daysfree accessontheInternet precipitation mapwaspresented in shown inFig. 4b. thesame Exactly – b resolution; 0,5° forecast operational 0,5°– of –global a c – c – resolution; precipitation sum for 6–7 July 2012. July 6–7 for sum precipitation WRF Fig. 4. Forecast results of 2 days 2days of results Forecast 4. Fig. MM5 hindcast of 5 km resolution operational forecast operational 10 of km 115.01.2014 9:17:27 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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3 convection. According to thefigures, deep visualize theprocess ofdeepcumulus to thedensecumulonimbusclouds, which areasbrightest oftheimagescorrespond images ofcloudiness(see Fig. 3). The situation iswell consistent withthesatellite the sametime, thisinterpretation ofthe accounting for theregional orography. At 9 velocity is shown incolor andcontoursvelocity isHorizontal shown windspeed using streamlinesandvertical 2012 7July of time surface synoptic for UTC. 00:00 above theunderlying meters atthelevel 400 of speed b – airflow a – zoomed fragment of Fig. 4c (2 days sum of precipitation); Fig. 5. Localization of catastrophic rainfall and its mechanism its and a b resulted inadisastrous flood. for several hoursand it working above kept 6–7July,during themechanism described hardlyrainfalls. moved Sincethecyclone deep cumulusconvection local andheavy up to 14cm/s. This, initiated the inturn, speed atahighvertical rising they started ridge, air volumesattheMarkhotsky arrived direction near Novorossiysk. nearNovorossiysk. direction When the related hadSouth-West to cyclone scale andcontour lines. The airflow speedisshownwithcolor vertical is shownwithstreamlines while level of400meters. Horizontal speed the fieldofairflowspeedat shows rainfallonasmallarea.heavy It Fig. 5billustrates themechanismof Schursky, 2012,Kuklev, 2013]. [Volosukhin, actually was observed precipitationof extreme events the sametime, significant localization enough to identifysuchasmallarea. At of radiometer is0,25°–0,25°thatnot Fig. 2b),becausethespatialresolution from satellite IR-radiometer data(see quantitative underestimation ofrainfall This circu area.localized into onlyabout20km days sumexceeding 200mm,were the heaviest rainfalls, withthetwo However,exceeded 100mmis50km. daysthe two sumofprecipitation size ofthearea,characteristic where be seenfrom Fig. 4cand5a,the precipitation.of extreme As itcan smallareagives oflocalization avery fragment. Note thattheforecast Fig. 4c, whileFig. 5ashowsitszoomed days sumofprecipitation isshownin resolution. The obtainedmapof2 using the regional forecast, we madeahindcast which follow from theresults of To illustrate andverifytheconclusions the area ofNovorossiysk. rainfalltookthat theheavy placein wasinthisperiod to 6:00on July7.It least 18hours, from 12:00onJuly6up cumulus convection continuedfor at mstance mighthave ledto a WRF model of 5 km modelof5km 115.01.2014 9:17:28 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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4 40 ENVIRONMENT 0 forecasting for theBlackSearegion for all We ofshort-term shallconsiderthequality prediction wasimpossible. or traditionalmeteorological analysis, such same time, intheframeofglobalforecast Atthe ofNovorossiysk. rainfalls inthevicinity presented predictionofdisastrous acorrect the microphysics processes oftheatmospheric Thus, theregional forecast into account taking DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Fig. 6. Results of the operational forecast of MHI for 2007–2013. for MHI of forecast operational the of Results 6. Fig. leave nodoubtthattheforecast ofabnormal “false alarms”. Atthesametimegraphs figure, theforecast system doesnotissue depending ontime. As follows from the point closestto Novorossiysk ispresented sum ofprecipitation for themodelgrid 2007to July2008). December The daily from intheperiod didnotwork temporarily since 2007tillpresent days (thesystem inthearearainfall intensity ofNovorossiysk Fig. 6showstheresults offorecasting of the timeofoperationsystem inMHI. 115.01.2014 9:17:28 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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4 Daily precipitation totals in grid point of the model which is the closest to Novorossiysk to closest the is which model the of point grid in totals precipitation Daily 1 115.01.2014 9:17:28 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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4 42 ENVIRONMENT 2 7 confirm highreliabilityof thesystem for7 confirm valuesoftheforecast.abnormal Fig. 6and 2007 iseasyto intheform detect of the catastrophic on11November storm 45° N,36,6°E.As canbeseeninthefigure, Kerch Straitinthepointwithcoordinates forecast ofsignificant wave heightnearthe easily identified. Fig. 7showstheresults of rainfall on7July2012couldbe intensity Fig. 7. Results of the operational forecast of MHI for 2007–2013. for MHI of forecast operational the of 7.Fig. Results for Searegion theAzov-Black withthe weather forecastimplemented ashort-term et al., 2012].Atpresent, MHIhasalready models[Clark several ofnumerical variants can beimproved usingparallelcalculationof oftheforecast thatthequality isknown It in MHI. regionalshort-term forecast implemented 115.01.2014 9:17:29 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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4 Significant waves height in the Black Sea in area near the Kerch Strait Kerch the near area in Sea Black the in height waves Significant 3 115.01.2014 9:17:29 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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4 44 ENVIRONMENT 4 . Efimov V.V., Stanichnyi S.V., Shokurov M.V., Yarovaya ofaQuasi-Tropi- D.A. 7. (2008).Observations Efimov V.V., Barabanov V.S.6. (2009). Breeze circulation intheblack-sea region. Physical Environmental Center Modeling (2013).GlobalForecast System, National Weather Ser- 5. Dundee Satellite ReceivingStation(2013).DundeeUniversity,4. http://www.sat. UK, ofthe2010Hazardous A.J. etal. (2012).AnOverview Clark, Weather Testbed Experimental 3. Box, J.E., Bromwich D.H., massbalance L.-S.Bai(2004).Greenland ice sheetsurface 2. systems for warning BasherR.(2006).Globalearly naturalhazards: systematic andpeo- 1. to theglobalforecast. The useofsuch predictions, andtheiradvantagescomparing and reliabilityofmesoscaleatmospheric Sea region to demonstrate thehighquality catastrophic weather events intheBlack This paperusestheexamplesoftwo forecast system. ofimprovementdirections for theMHI [Holthuijsen, 2007]. These are theobvious appropriate wave modelshouldbesupplemented by oftheBlackSeainforecastpart area, the to involve SeaandNorth-Western theAzov waves (see, e.g., order [Holthuijsen,2007]).In exceeds halfthelengthofdominantsurface Seabasin,where thedepth the Azov-Black for wave forecast of inthedeepwater part be noted that (see, e.g., shouldalso [Ivanov, 2012b]).It implemented for area theSouthCrimea modeling asaninput.Suchsystem isalready uses theresults ofmesoscaleatmospheric realistic flowisneeded, modelofriver which additionto theresultsIn oftheforecast, a with ahighspatialresolution are notenough. in mountainousareas, precipitation forecasts shouldbestressed thatforIt floodforecasting models.atmospheric parallel useof REFERENCES cal Cyclone over theBlackSea.RussianMeteorology andHydrology, 33,No. 4,pp. 233–239. Oceanography 19,No. (Springer), 5,pp. 289–300. vice, NOAA, USA,http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/index.php?branch=GFS dundee.ac.uk Forecast Program Bull. Experiment. Amer. Spring Meteor. Soc., 93,pp. 55–74. 109, DOI:10.1029/2003JD004451. 1991–2000: applicationofPolar MM5mesoscalemodelandin-situ data.J. Geophys. Res., Phil. ple-centred. Trans. R.Soc. A(2006).364,pp. 2167–2182,doi:10.1098/rsta.2006.1819. SWAN WAM MM5 or and can onlybeapplied WAVEWATCH WRF mesoscale models Grant 11.G34.31.0078. the RussianFederation Governmentunder of Ф53/117–2013 andMega-grant contract fundamental researchunderthe ofUkraine oftheState Fund support forwith partial based windenergy potential (COCONET)” the highanddeepsea),coupledwithsea- protectedof marine areas (from theshore to project “Towards COast to COast NETworks under GrantAgreement No. 287844for the Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under theEuropean Community’s Seventh V.V. Efimov. wasperformed This work undertheguidanceofProfessorUkraine, Atmosphere ofMHINAS andOcean ofthe ofInteraction of theDepartment forecast wascreated bytheemployees the system ofregional meteorological that The authorsgratefully acknowledge Black Searegion. system for weather disasters intheAzov- warning an elementofaprospective early couldbecome oftheNASUkraine Institute Hydrophysicalthe atmosphere in theMarine means ofoperationalregional modelingof from catastrophic weather events. The in humanlossesandeconomicdamage forecasts couldleadto significant reduction ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  115.01.2014 9:17:29 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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4 23. Shaw R., Mallick F., Shaw R.,Mallick Approaches Reduction inBangladesh,Eds. Islam A.(2013).Disaster Risk 23. Skamarock, W.C. etal. oftheAdvanced (2008).Adescription Research WRF version 3. 22. for RussianFederation. CivilDefense, andEliminations ofConse- Emergency Ministry 21. S.N.,Fashchuck Ovsienko D.Ja., A.A.,Petrenko ZatsepaS.I.,Ivchenko O.A. of11 (2008).Storm 20. Surface Winds Ocean Team (2013).Center for Satellite Applicationsand Research, NOAA 19. NOAA Archive OperationalModel System (2013).NOAA, Distribution USA,http://no- 18. Prediction Mesoscale Group (2013).NCAR/MMMReal-Time Modeling Web Page. National 17. weather forecast Hydrophysical (2013).5-day Institute Marine over theBlackSea.Atmo- 16. L.V., S.B., Moskalenko Melnikov Kuklev V.A., Kuzevanova N.I.,Stanichny S.V. (2013).Effects 15. Ivanov V.A., I.A.,Prusov Ovcharenko A.V., Shokurov M.V. (2012b).Simulationofthecata- 14. Ivanov V.A., Dulov V.A., KuznetsovS.Yu., S.F., Dotsenko 13. Shokurov M.V.,Y.V., Saprykina Ma- 12. Partnerships inMulti-Hazard GolnaraghiM.(2012).Institutional Early Warning Systems. 11. Center (2013).NASA,USA,http:// Services SciencesDataandInformation Goddard Earth 10. Fovell Sciences, andOceanic ofCalifor- University ofAtmospheric R.(2013).Department 9. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts orga- (2013).Intergovernmental 8. 5 Rajib Shaw,Rajib Fuad AminulIslam.Springer, Mallick, 363p. mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/arw_v3.pdf) National Center Research, ofAtmospheric June2008,113p. (available onlineatwww. NCAR Tech. Meteorology andMicroscale Note Division, NCAR/TN-475+STR,Mesoscale andemergencies. populationsatrisk Moscow,and alerting Russia,45p. (inRussian). quences ofNaturalDisasters (2013). The conceptofanintegrated system ofinforming State Institution “N.N. ZubovState Oceanographic Institute”), 211,pp. 307–339(inRussian). graphic/ecological analysisofoilspill. Proceedings (Federal ofState Oceanographic Institute November, 2007,inSraitofKerch:chronology ofevents, mathematical modelingandgeo- (NESDIS),NOAA, USA,http://manati.star.nesdis.noaa.govSatellite Service andInformation mad1.ncep.noaa.gov USA, http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/prod/rt/pages/rt.html Center for Research for Atmospheric Corporation andUniversity Research, Atmospheric http://vao.hydrophys.orgUkraine, Hydrophysical Institute, ofMarine Sevastopol, Department Interaction sphere-Ocean Research Institute, Russia),10,No. 1,pp. 81–92(inRussian). problemsdata (1955–2012).Actual from inremote space(Space sensingoftheEarth CaucasiancoastoftheBlackSeaonbasislong-term and precipitation intheNorth conditions synopticprocesses onthethermal of atmospheric andwind(dynamicfactors) No. 8(inRussian). strophic NASofUkraine, floodsintheregion Dopovidi coastofCrimea. oftheSouthern Black Sea.Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 5,No. 1,pp. 84–111. linovsky V.V., Polnikov V.G. waves inthe killer assessmentofencountering (2012a).Risk Holthuijsen L.H.,2007, Waves inOceanicandCoastal Waters, Cambridge Univ. Press, 387p. Golnaraghi, Springer, 245p. A Compilation ofSeven NationalGoodPractices andGuidingPrinciples. Ed. Maryam disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/ nia, Los Angeles, USA,http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~fovell/WRFchinook/latest/run.html http://www.ecmwf.int/about/overview/nization, London, UK, 115.01.2014 9:17:29 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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4 46 ENVIRONMENT 6 World Meteorological Organization (2012). Reduction 31. WMODisaster Risk Work Plan Wilson T. Sciences, andOceanic ofCalifor- University ofAtmospheric (2013).Department 30. WAMDI Group (1988). The WAM model–A 29. Third generationofoceanwave prediction Waidyanatha N.(2010). Towards sys- ofintegrated warning early atypology functional 28. Volosukhin V.A., O.M. Schursky (2012).Floods intheKuban.Problems andchallenges. 27. Strategy for United Early NationsInternational (2006).Developing Disaster Reduction 26. ofEarly United Nations(2006).GlobalSurvey Warning Systems. Anassessmentofcapaci- 25. Shokurov M.V. modelingoftheatmosphere (2011).Mesoscale intheBlackSearegion. 24. recent ofthemis “Oceanography oftheBlackSea”. (2012–2015), Geneva,5July2012,10р. nia, Los Angeles, USA,http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~wilson28/BOULDER/main.html model. Phys. Journal Oceanogr., 18,pp. 1775–1810. tems. J. Infrastructures, Int. Critical Vol. 6,No. 1,pp. 31–51. 29,No.Hydrotechnika, 4,pp. 6–9(inRussian). http://www.preventionweb.net/files/608_10340.pdf Warning 27–29March 2006,Bonn,Germany, Systems: AChecklist. 13р.Available at ewc3/Global-Survey-of-Early-Warning-Systems.pdf the United Nations),46р.,available athttp://www.unisdr.org/2006/ppew/info-resources/ tem for allnaturalhazards of prepared (A report attherequest oftheSecretary-General towardsties, buildingacomprehensive sys- gapsandopportunities warning globalearly Sevastopol,25, MHINASofUkraine, pp. 91–117(inRussian). Ecological safety ofcoastalandshelfzones andcomprehensive useofshelfresources, Vitaliy A.Ivanov Mikhail Mikhail V. Shokurov He istheauthorofabout70scientific publications. processesmodeling ofthemesoscaleatmospheric over thesea. Hydrophysical Institute. The focus ofhisresearch isinnumerical atMarine Department Interaction Atmosphere-Ocean themost scientific publicationsincludingbooksandtextbooks; resources.marine ofover 350 He istheauthorandco-author processes, ecologyoftheenvironment, anddevelopment of of theseashelfwithfocus onseacurrents, long-wave includeresearch activities inhydrophysics ofMHI.His Department Engineering Bureau ofMHI,andHeadShelfHydrophysics State University,Moscow Designing & Director ofInstrument Research Director oftheSevastopol BranchoftheLomonosov Hydrophysical (MHI)(Sevastopol, Marine Institute Ukraine), of theNationalAcademy HeisDirector of ofSciencesUkraine. , Dr. Sc., Professor (hydrophysics), isAcademician , Dr. Sc., isLeading Scientistofthe 115.01.2014 9:17:29 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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4 7 national conferences andbooks orchapters inbooks. several andproceedings paperspublishedinscientificjournals and ofinternational national projects, mainlyas scientificcoordinator researcher. orprincipal Heisauthorof offshore windandwave energy. in over 30research Hehasparticipated European and Takvor Soukissian Vladimir N.Kudryavtsev Vladimir A.Dulov design systems andimplementationofoceanmonitoring and of seawaves andclimate parameters, wave extreme analysis, research interests includestochastic modellingandforecasting Engineering attheNTUA, byNTUA co-organized and HCMR. His Technology” ofNaval oftheDept. Architecture andMarine the postgraduate studiesprogram Scienceand “Marine Hellenic Centre for Research (HMCR).Heisalsolecturer in Marine holds aresearch ofOceanography positionattheInstitute of the National Technical ofAthens(NTUA). University Since1995he ofNavalthe Dept. Architecture Engineering atthe andMarine about 120scientificpublications. remote of sensingoftheocean.Heisauthorandco-author layers, passive microwaveand oceanicboundary andactive researchInstitute. His interests: air-sea atmospheric interaction, Hydrophysical Marine scientist atRemote SensingDepartment, Hydrometeorological University, St.Petersburg, alsoleading publications. Heistheauthorandcoauthorofover 100scientific surface. layers nearthe sea boundary sensing ofthesea,turbulent ofwaves,wave andnonlinearinteractions breaking remote includeresearchactivities onwindwaves withthefocus on graduatingafter from Physical Moscow Technical Institute. His He hasbeeninvolved inthefieldstudiesofseasince1979 of AppliedPhysics Hydrophysical Institute. oftheSeaatMarine , Dr. Sc., isResearch Leader oftheLaboratory holdsaPhD Hydrodynamics from inOcean , Dr. Sc., isprofessor atRussianState 115.01.2014 9:17:29 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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4 48 ENVIRONMENT 8 Husson in the early modern period from the history from period thehistory modern in theearly dramatically distinguishesRussian history the agriculture [Milov, 2006]. This feature center historic on ofthe country’s impact offset theadverse naturalto partially expansion,which hashelpedterritorial oftheXVI–XIX isitsfast centuries history processes oftheRussian One ofthekey onnature.mammals, humanimpact biogeographical research, andhistorical species. increased dueto theemergence ofnew significantly, butthebiological has diversity area ago, centuries two have notchanged inthestudy of large mammals observed rangesofthemajority The distribution data. withcontemporary in comparison oftheGeneralLandSurvey,the materials century, containedin the endofXVIII on thefaunaofEuropean Russiaat * Corresponding author. 119992, Moscow, Russia;tel. 8(495)9395440, fax8(495)9392390 of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky 27–4, prospect, to thebeginning oftheXIXcentury, ofRussianHistory Faculty4. Department tel. 8(495)9395440,fax9392390 Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky 27–4,119992,Moscow, prospect, Russia; 3. University Paris IPanthйon-Sorbonne, France. Faculty ofHistory, Lomonosov Moscow, Russia; tel. 8(495)9395440,fax 8(495)9392390 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lomonosovsky 27–4,119992, prospect, 2. The RussianState Archive ofAncientDocuments(RSAAD). Faculty ofHistory, fax: 8(495)9328836 Leninskiye Gory, 1,119234,Moscow,University; Russia;tel.: 8(495)9394717, ofBiogeography,1. Department Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow State Vadim Yu.Rumiantsev INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUNDINTRODUCTION KEY WORDS: ABSTRACT. XXI CENTURY) (THE END OF THE XVIII CENTURY – IN THE EUROPEAN RUSSIA CHANGES OF MAMMAL BIODIVERSITY 3 , Dmitry A.Khitrov , Dmitry

The paperinvestigates thedata

General LandSurvey, 1 *,

e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: Alexey A.Golubinsky 4 direction of environmental history [Rackham, [Rackham, direction ofenvironmental history researchrapidly developing interdisciplinary regions existandconstitute oftheworld a inotherRussia, althoughsimilarworks previously of discussedbythehistorians composition ofthefaunahasnotbeen The questionofhowitaffected the to theSouthandEast. kilometers settlement moved many hundreds of where ofagricultural theboundaries country growth ofthe occurred intheEuropean part century. continued into thenext The main 1988]andthisprocess 4 times[Vodarskii, the total area ofarablelandincreased almost century, anduntiltheendofXVIII century country. Sincethebeginning oftheXVII especially intheSouthandEastof lands anddeveloping newagricultural areas, by involving intheagricultural useavast agrarian nature oftheeconomy, wassecured growth, whilemaintainingalmostexclusively changed theenvironment. population Rapid of thestudyhowhumanimpact interesting fromit very thepointofview of otherEuropean countries, andmakes 2 , Mikhail S.Soldatov , Mikhail 1 , Alexandre 115.01.2014 9:17:30 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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4 distinguish theborders oflandholdings, the addition to itspurely task–to utilitarian that,in For important us, itisparticularly et al., 2011]. different-scalepreserved maps[Golubinsky all levels were supplemented withwell- dachas), andthegeneralized of materials andplansof (field notes oflandsurveyors documents andboththeprimary the ETR, of covers themajor part description survey consisting ofmore than1,3millionunits. The Russia, archival complexofpre-revolutionary more than50years andwasthelargest in1765,theGLScontinuedforStarted (hereinafter,the GeneralLandSurvey GLS). systematically presented of inthematerials onwards. particular, century In theyareXVIII sourceshistorical from thesecond halfofthe from canbecollected the spatial distribution territory. However, theinformation ontheir on thenumberofanimalsthatlived onthat Onlylimited information isavailable in part. ofthis opiniononly allow testing thevalidity anddeforestation. Sourcesof theterritory withtheagricultural development linked half oftheXIXcenturies, andthiswasdirectly decreased –first significantly intheXVIII ETR) ofRussia(hereinafter,the European territory view hasformed offauna thatthediversity literature andhistorical Thus, inthefiction the Lubavskii [1996,etc.]. of M.K. trend wasmostfullyembodiedintheworks process oftheRussiancolonization. This featuresas oneofthecharacteristic ofthe the reductionofnumberwildanimals singled outthemassive deforestation and on thehistorians. V.O. [1987] Kluchevskii quite common, italsohadavisibleimpact Nekrasov, andI.A.Bunin.Having become S.T. Aksakov, P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky, N.I. literature, for example, inthebooks by outinRussianclassical This ideawascarried declineofbiologicalled to asharp resources. view thattheeconomicdevelopment has thepublicopinion,there stable isafairly In etc.]. ...,2010;Ouchley,2001; Extinctions 2010, 9 (“ process thesurvey as witnessesduring “ local population,according to theso-called receivedoften information directlyfrom the can suggest,however, thatthesurveyors regulated andalmostnotdocumented. We itself,survey and, unfortunately, waspoorly thenthe was considered lessimportant thiswork the taskofaJuniorSurveyor; situation” ofeachthelandholdingswas following way. The review ofthe “internal oftheENweresection inthe collected Data onthewildlife that we findinthe ‘Full’ volumes, theyare omitted.surviving ofthe upthemajority thatmake sections the of theEN.In “Concise” and “Pavlovian” and “Full” and, partly, inthe “Cameral” sections available inthe “Notes to theGeneralPlan”, ofL.V.to thetypology [1965],itis Milov not cited inallvolumes oftheEN.According Unfortunately, this “additional” information is reliability. scientific, which designates itsratherhigh thatwe wouldpurposes nowidentifyas all thisinformation isgathered withthe it thearea were recorded. iscrucialthat It the listsof lands, humansettlementsandpopulation, EN), inadditionto theinformation onthe called (district), “Economic Notes” (hereinafter, generalized documentsofeachuezd textual the In and ontheirownobservations. ofthelocalpopulation based onthereports settlements, of dataoneachthesurveyed hadto gatheranextensiverange surveyors “ EN intheform ofeach ofthe description The listofwildlife speciesisgiven inthe ‘Full’ local landlords. the peasantcommunitiesorbailiffs of educated peasants, theheadmenof often were amongthemostinformed elected and status ofagriculture, etc. forestry “ the ofthesedocumentsdescribes type are found [Milov, 1960]. The most detailed –now,documents survived only400 ofthem only asmallnumberoftheseinteresting skazki dacha poverennye krestyane ” ofthepeasantswhoserved (reports) ” (i.e., alandholding); sometimesit animals , birds and ”). Unfortunately,”). fishes Poverennye presented 115.01.2014 9:17:30 ” 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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5 50 ENVIRONMENT 0 Mammals The ENmentionsthree classesof wildlife: the GLS. of basedonthematerials wildlife oftheETR changesofthe of studiesthehistorical This paperisthefirstinaplannedseries animals waslimited to 3or4peruezd. as arule, ofthelist thenumberofvariants estates wereneighboring copied. Moreover, the smallvillages, thedatafrom thelarge the non-populated holdings, aswell as other information. We canassumethatfor the dataoncrafts, rental obligations, and where theform required ofthedescription were composed, asarule, for thesettlements, landholdings. of thesurveyed The “ specificallyforthe faunawascollected each thattheinformation on seemsunlikely list. It excluded thespeciesinforests from the dachas withfew forests whenthesurveyors that thedifferences the mainlyconcern lists coincide. The specialresearch revealed many cases, dachas, in neighboring these NN”. inthedescription as itiswritten In forests, andfishintheriversare thesame had anotation: animalsandbirds“the inthe or onthecontrary, were ignored bythem, theattention attracted ofthesurveyors, 2. To distinguishtheanimals thatparticularly each ofthem. to ofoccurrence evaluate of thefrequency than onespecies),mentionedintheEN,and same nameintheENmay refer to more 1. To compilealistofnamesanimals(the in theEN. were:The mainobjectives to thepresent day usingthedatacontained from century thelate XVIII fauna oftheETR changes inthecompositionofmammals ofthestudyisto estimateThe purpose the aspects. for thehumansindifferentand important number) for theconvenience oftheanalysis ofspecies fauna, smallenough(interms research beingacomponentofthe object, the the work, and Fishes , or (Osteichthyes). Atthefirststageof animals mammals (Mammalia), (Mammalia), were asa selected Birds (Aves) skazki ” included 4 randomly selected recordsincluded 4randomlyselected from mentioned animals. Acontrol sample, which to compileasufficientlycomplete listof excluded). This technique hasallowed us (the references were to otherdescriptions containingthelistofspecies description than theaverage for theuezd andwiththe with thepercentage offorests no lower Only thepopulated dachas were selected, land ownership. for theuezds withthelowfragmentation of dachaswasincreased,selected especially average). For smallvolumes, thenumberof record on per25pagesofthemanuscript, fromselected eachvolume oftheEN(one 25th–35thlandholdingwas was made:every absence inanother. So, amechanicalsample oftheuezd andits of thespeciesinonepart reflect thereal state ofaffairs–thepresence some cases, thedifferences inthelistscan sparsely wooded landholdings)and(2)in species may beexcluded inthetreeless or dacha(e.g., theforestuse inaparticular be incomplete dueto thestructureofland lists ofanimals, specificto theuezd, may ispossiblethat(1)the achieving ourgoal. It a representative sampleissufficientfor handle eachvolume oftheENentirely – discussed earlier, to itseemsunnecessary inmindthestructureofdata Keeping of theexistingdataisexaminedhere. Moscow, Russia.For eachofthem,onlypart Archive (RSAAD), ofAncientDocuments archive intheRussianState in theSurvey EN containinginformation ofinterest to us, completecomplete setsofthe ornearly where weThe provinces have oftheETR, containedintheEN. mammals oftheETR This paperexplores theinformation on revealed changes. andto analyze distribution themodern of animalsintheENwithdataontheir 3. To compare thedataondistribution attempt to explainthis. andto despite theobviousimportance MATERIALS AND METHODS 115.01.2014 9:17:30 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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5 sample; 13 – Modern border of Russia 9 – Mountain areas; 10 – Borders of provinces included in the sample; zone.Subzones: Steppe 7–8 – forest-steppe; 6 – forest; 11 – Borders of uezds; 12 – Uezds included in the coverage orsetofspeciesanalyzed. by themwere fragmented ofarea interms [1959; 1966,etc.]). However, thedataused Russia (for example, ofS.V. theworks Kirikov changesofthewildlifeof dataonhistorical of previously usedbythezoologists asasource shouldbenotedcoverage. thattheENwere It regarding itslevel ofdetailandterritorial XIXcenturies, –early oftheXVIII the period uniqueforof zoogeographic observations, thesampleprovides aset oftheETR, territory in Fig. 1.Althoughitdoesn’t cover thewhole isshown material oftheactual distribution within them,and330dachas. The territorial The sampleincludes7provinces, 33uezds species ofanimalswere found. each volume, this–no new confirmed 3 – southern taiga; 4 – sub-taiga (mixed forest); 5–6 – Broad-leaved (mixed taiga; sub-taiga southern forest); 4 – 3 – 5–6 – Vegetation zones andsubzones. 1–5 – Taiga zone. 1 Fig. 1. The studied sample on the map of the modern vegetation zones and subzones of the ETR ETR the of subzones and zones vegetation modern the of map the on sample 1. studied Fig. The (Vegetation zones and types ..., 1992, modified). 1992, ..., types and zones (Vegetation Subzones: 1 – northern taiga; middletaiga;Subzones: 2 – northern 1 –

7 – northern (bunch-grass-turf) steppe; 8 – middle (dry) steppe; middle(dry) steppe; 8 – steppe; (bunch-grass-turf) northern 7 – subject of the further research. ofthefurther subject to identifythem,which willbea difficulty presentsobsolete localnames.some It for usethe often thefishes, thesurveyors since thetimeofGLS.Oncontrary, names ofthespeciesdidn’t changemuch wasquite accurate,the transcript asthe shouldbementionedthat was compiled. It For eachdacha,alistofmentionedanimals areas). andsouthern for northern theextreme (except ofthewholeETR the animalworld should, reflectthestate to of someextent, covered bytheGLS.Accordingly, thesample zones (subzones) withintheterritories vegetation includes almostallthemodern Fig. inthesample 1showsthattheterritory

forest zone.Subzones:forest

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5 52 ENVIRONMENT 2 will bediscussedinmore detailbelow. hares sample canmatch species–for two instance, 3. The individualnames ofanimalsinthe nomenclature. Latin, there rulesoftaxonomic are nostrict Englishnames,concerns for which,unlike be different indifferent sources. Especiallyit species andhighertaxonomic can categories 2. The scientific names(EnglishandLatin)of are notpresent inoursample. notcovered bythe GLSand or intheETR ETR ofthespecieslive outsidethe proportion into accountthatasignificantalso take especially inrecent decades. We should is ambiguousandconstantlychanging, taxonomic categories. System ofthewildlife many discrepancies ininterpretations ofthe calculations are impossiblebecauseofthe [Dinets, Rothschild, 1996,etc.]. More precise to 7–8orders andmore than30families terrestrial mammalslive inRussia,belonging 1. Currently, more than250speciesof clarifications. in Table 1.Here, some we mustmake province, uezd, anddachalevels, isshown ofoccurrence ofeach, onthefrequency system ofmammals,modern aswell asthe 5 orders. Their list, correlated withthe mentioned, belonging to 11familiesand In thesample, 24namesofmammalsare from theliteratureknown and othersources. oftheseanimals, distribution territorial were compared withthedataonpresent Professional.GIS MapInfo Then, theresults on themap(atuezd level) bymeansof All mentionsofeachspeciewere located the mentionedanimals. scientificnamesof containing alsomodern Finally, thedatabasewascompiled mentions ofeachspecieswascalculated. sample levels. Ateachstage, thenumberof at theuezd, province, and, finally, thewhole listsofspecieswere aggregatedThe primary RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and polecats (see Table. 1). This issue – references to theirnamesin the sample: 5 groups according to thenumberof theFig.In 2,animalscanbedividedinto the Fig. 2. three levels ofaggregation are presented in (number ofthementions)specieson The results oftheanalysisoccurrence Cartographic analysiswasusedto compareCartographic – – – – 2008]. Danilenko, 1998;Danilenko, Rumiantsev, Faculty ofGeography, MSU[Rumiantsev, ofBiogeography ofthe at theDepartment of Russia”of terrestrial vertebrates developed System of theInformation communities “The containedinthedatabase basis ofmaterials using available literature and, largely, onthe precisely for allthespecies, were specified ofareas, boundaries modern notdefined areasEN to itsmodern withintheETR. The the locationsofanimalsaccording to the

hamsters badgers 1 uezd. once inthesample, i.e., 1province and These are e provinces and1–3uezds. them, we have 2–5references in1–3 lynxes are d and 4–7uezds. polecats (226), These are: a These are c more thanahalfofuezds. mentioned inalmostallprovinces and These are b all uezds. mentioned inallprovinces andalmost –average ofoccurrence. frequency – ofoccurrence.minimum frequency – maximum frequency ofoccurrence. –maximumfrequency – low frequency ofoccurrence. –lowfrequency These –relatively ofoccurrence. highfrequency mooses , deer, foxes (11)mentionedin2-3provinces , . Eachofthemismentioned martens hedgehogs hares and minks , (186)and stoats otters (312references), chipmunks , (93)and (17), , wild goats sousliks , moles marmots squirrels . For eachof , , wolverines bears , (13)and beavers weasels (184) wolves (42) 115.01.2014 9:17:30 5 . 0 1 . 2 , , , 0

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5 are possible. the range [Bobrov etal., 2008 a.o.], but actually isnownominallyincludedinthe territory province. uezd intheKaluga in Masalsk This less visibleexamples–so, the range(Fig. 3). There are several other, borderbeyond southern of themodern the GLSitsareal farto the south extended bear ranges. The onlyapparent exception is sample are distribution withintheirmodern of locationstheanimalsmentionedin The analysisrevealed thatalmostall thefact 3 lynx . According of to theEN,inperiod a–e doesnotlive there, onlyrare visits – groups of animals conditionally chosen on freq Fig. 2. Frequency of the mentions of animal names in the sample sample the in names animal of mentions the of Frequency 2. Fig. lynx (ranged by the decrease of frequency). isrecorded brown recorded intheEN. and commontoday, were rare never orvery for thehumans,species, important significant isalready obviousthatthenumerousIt this doesnotmeanthatitdid notlive there. theanimalisNOT2. If mentionedin theEN, oferrors isignored.and thepossibility ispostulated of thesurveyor’sobservations area. lived inthis particular Thus, thereliability the animalismentionedintheEN,thenit If 1. discussing theresults. Two generalassumptionsare madewhen uency of theirmentions of (discussionuency inthetext) 115.01.2014 9:17:30 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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Table 1. The frequency of mentions of animal species in the sample of "Full" EN (the animal names are given in systematical order)

Animals Provinces

TOTAL Vologda Voronezh Kazan Kaluga Smolensk Name in Modern name Tver (1/5) Tula (5/30) (33 uezds, 330 (1/75) (8/53) (11/87) (3/50) (4/30) EN (24 dachas) names) English Latin Uz Lh Uz Lh Uz Lh Uz Lh Uz Lh Uz Lh Uz Lh Pr Uz Lh

ORDER INSECTIVORA Family Erinaceidae Hedgehog European hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus ––––––11––––––111 Family Talpidae Mole European mole Talpa europaea ––––11––––––––111 ORDER CARNIVORA Family Canidae Wolf Gray wolf Canis lupus 12983911713354231 5 524733226 Fox Red fox Vulpes vulpes 12284511583144221 5 520733186 Family Ursidae Bear Brown bear Ursus arctos 111339201223121171842 Family Felidae Lynx Eurasian lynx Felis lynx 11––––1111––––333 Family Mustelidae Wolverine Wolverine Gulo gulo 11––––––––––––111 Badger European badger Meles meles ––11––––––––––111 Marten Pine marten Martes martes 110––2312––12––3417 Polecat European polecat Mustela putorius ––5911- -11––––3711 Steppe polecat M.eversmanni Mink European mink M.lutreola –– ––––11––––––111 Weasel Least weasel M.nivalis – – – – 2 4 – – – – – – – – 1 2 4 Stoat Stoat (Ermine) M.erminea 1118191035– – 3181 2 3 8 62693 115.01.2014 9:17:30 5 .

0 Otter European otter Lutra lutra 11––––11––12––334 1 . 2 0 1 4

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5 5 Animals Provinces

TOTAL Vologda Voronezh Kazan Kaluga Smolensk Name in Modern name Tver (1/5) Tula (5/30) (33 uezds, 330 (1/75) (8/53) (11/87) (3/50) (4/30) EN (24 dachas) names) English Latin Uz Lh Uz Lh Uz Lh Uz Lh Uz Lh Uz Lh Uz Lh Pr Uz Lh

ORDER ARTYODACTYLA Family Cervidae Moose Moose Alces alces 11––––––––12––335 Deer Red deer Cervus elaphus ––––22––––––––122 Wild goat Western roe deer Capreolus capreolus – – 1 2 ––––––12––224 ORDER LAGOMORPHA Family Leporidae Hare White hare European Lepus timidus L. euro- 16484911853504301 4 530733312 hare paeus ORDER RODENTIA Family Sciuridae Squirrel Eurasian red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris 1445911603304241 3 414729184 Chipmunk Siberian chipmunk Tamias sibiricus ––––12––––––––112 Marmot Steppe marmot Marmota bobak ––31211––––––––2413 Souslik Large-toothed Spermophilus major ––––11––––––––111 souslik Family Castoridae Beaver Eurasian beaver Castor fi ber – – – – 1 1 – – – – – – – – 1 1 1 Family Cricetidae Hamster Eurasian hamster Cricetus cricetus – – – – 1 1 – – – – – – – – 1 1 1 Mentioned animal names in the sample from EN – in total 10 10 16 11 8 10 6 24 Notes: "8/53" – number of uezds / number of landholdings ("dacha’") in the sample for given provinces; Uz- number of uezds, for which the EN mentions the given species; Lh - number of landholdings ("dacha"), for which the EN mentions the given species; Pr - number of provinces, for which the EN mentions the given species. The animal names taken from the EN are generally used further in the text. 115.01.2014 9:17:30 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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5 56 ENVIRONMENT 6 milestones inthelife ofnature (for example, 3. The linkwith thespecificphenological even having noeconomicsignificance. hand, thenotableanimalsmay bementioned, bythehumans.are Ontheother rarely observes and many ones, ofthem,even quite ordinary Visibility.2. animalsare Most quite concealed, agriculture, etc. might beahuntingresource, apestfor 1. Significance for humans. The animal explained bythefollowing factors. animals intheENcanpresumably be ofoccurrence ofcertain The frequency border position thesouthern of modern Approximate 5 – Uezds, inthesample.4 – included Uezds 3 – Vegetation1 – zonesandsubzones (see Fig. 1). Fig. 3. The distribution of brown bear in the sample. the in bear brown of distribution The 3. Fig. for which the presence of bear is whichthepresence marked. for bear of 2 – Borders of provinces of Borders inthesample. included 2 – white hare species – abouttwo that we are talking 330 dachas). We should remember, however, The absolute leadersis mentioned (seeFig. 2). from themostfrequentlysample, starting Let us consider thespecieslisted inthe mammals, too. for birds,important possibly, for some “peasant calendar”. ismoreThis criterion for the speciesmay beimportant certain originally inhabited the northern part ofthe part originally inhabited thenorthern species oftaigaandtundraand, accordingly, in theEN(see Table 1). of the bear distribution. 6 – Modern border of Russia of border Modern distribution. 6 – thebear of and European hare hare (312references in White hareWhite , notseparated isa 115.01.2014 9:17:30 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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5 white hare together, biotopically: dividingtheterritory theylive oftheETR, in thevastterritories Now and originally part. dwelt initssouthern region. Next are Next natural. high numberofreferences intheENisquite the literature andfolklore. Therefore, the the Russianpeasantsiswidelyreflected in present day. The role ofhares inthelife of crops to the of vegetable andhorticultural the peasants. Hares are pestsofanumber of remote for weapons, whichisimportant and theycouldbetrapped, withouttheuse hunting, theyalways attention, attracted of relevance andvisibility. of As theobject for alongtime. Hares fullymeetthecriteria called popularly “ Fig. 1)where thehybrids ofthesespecies of theGLSinforest-steppe zone (see situation couldhave occurred inthetimes hare (regarding thenumberof pelts, butnottheir the leadingpositionin fur production theSovietUnion,itheld In important. Squirrel isnoticeableandeconomically againstrabies.powerless century, whenmedicinewasnearly the XVIII to humans, andrepresented areal dangerin domestic dogsthatcouldpassthedisease rabies. The infected foxes interacted with ofthemostdangerous infectionsreservoir – habitation. Fox, atthetime, wasthemain wolf, nearhuman observed andisoften ismore noticeablethanthe poultry. It for threat hunting, for andawell-known heardoften (howling).Fox is, too, important butintheareas ofhabitation,itis observed, past, areal canrarely dangerto humans.be It threatserious for cattlebreeding, and, inthe Wolf ofhunting, isatraditionalobject a are common,andsometimesnumerous. today oftheGLS,butfoxes thanintheperiod number ofwolves isobviously muchsmaller live almostthroughoutthe theentire ETR; questions also. Upto thepresent day, they (184). Their highstatisticsdoesnotraiseany 7 in the fields. It is likely thatthesame islikely inthefields. It European hare wolf intheforest areas, (226), tumak tends to openspaces fox ” have beenknown (186),and European squirrel

of bearinthethree uezds ofthe Voronezh canbeassumedthatthepresence animals. It remains) oneofthemost well known significant, bearwas(and was hardly very for thepopulation importance its practical to bearcanbeeasilyexplained. Although attention of thesurveyors The particular ...,1989]. areas [Reserves no beareven intheselarge protected forest mainly theforest ecosystems. Butthere is thatinclude Voronezhsky andKhopersky region, there are – State two Nature Reserves Rothschild, 1996, etc.]. Today in Voronezh in thepastreached thesteppes [Dinets, that therangeofbear wasnoted earlier It for thestableexistence ofits population. steppes, whilebearneedslarge forest areas lie withintheforest-steppes andnorthern of the Voronezh province. These territories interesting, inthreeis particularly uezds one uezd of the Tula province and, what range (seeFig. 3).Bearis mentioned in GLS located farenoughoutsidethecurrent for ofthe whichwe have theobservations is theonlyspeciereferred inthesample, Bear frequent thanthoseofstoats. this animalshouldhave beenmuchmore as amalignant pestofpoultry. Sightingsof Weasel, whichisnotafurresource, isknown the stoat’s tail, whichweasel doesnothave. difference isblack “brush” hair)of (terminal visible themostclearly summer andwinter; numerous. bothin These animalslookalike, aswidely asstoatdistributed andismore rarely,(4), ismentionedvery althoughitis widespread. Ontheotherhand, it isdoubtfulwhetheritsproductionwas fur usedfor themantlesofmonarchs. But was avaluablefurresource –asa “royal” numerous thepast,it andnoticeable. In butare nottoo intheETR, everywhere presents someinterest. Stoat lives almost ofmentions The highfrequency resource potentially accessibleto everyone. the caseofhare, this mainlybytraps, making hunting atthetimeofGLS,and, asin course, of squirrel wasanobject value). Of (42).As itwassaidearlier, brown bear stoat weasel (93) 115.01.2014 9:17:30 5

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5 58 ENVIRONMENT 8 an object ofhunting,an object theywere (andare) area, butindifferent biotopes. Notbeing the forest-steppe belt,theycan live inone areas correspond to theirnamesand, in ( – by thisnameintheGLSmaterials Polecat and where theylive today. whereterritories theycouldlive at thetime sample, ismentioned inallthe marmot phenomena forthe theruralpopulation.In natural indicators ofcertain as important couldserve hibernation) autumn, itstarts holes andmakes firstwhistle”“the andin life (inspring, ofmarmot itcomesout mentioned above. Seasonal events in the animals thatmeetthe “phenological” criteria isoneofthefew addition,marmot In where theylived, dueto theircautioness. apparently couldnotbutmentionmarmots, Rumiantsev, 1997]. However, thesurveyors nor couldbesystematically hunted [Bibikov, caused any significant damageto agriculture, for thehumans, asitneither importance the GLS,wasprobably notofgreat practical (holes, of etc.). intheperiod activity Marmot, animals themselves, andthetracesoftheir contrary, noticeable, isextremely boththe Marmot the species. mentions are rangeof withinthemodern still retain somecommercial value. Allthese was mentionedintheregions where they for thepeasanteconomy. Perhaps, marten cautious, nordotheypresent anyvery threat wasprobably lost. ETP These animalsare not of economic significance inthemajorpart the furtrade, butbythetimeofGLS,its of object wasonceanimportant Marten martens ofoccurrence (seeFig.frequency 2)includes The group ofanimalswiththeaverage aspecialstudy.question deserves centuries. Anyway,XVIII itisobviousthatthis considered asprotected –early intheXVII vast woodlands were there, preserved that province withthefact wasconnected black, dark black, . As with ( (17), steppe marmot ) and marmots hare steppe , two speciesare, two called (13),and ( , or light bajbak ) polecat polecats European ), onthe . Their (11),

Souslik areas oftheETR. and may beencountered inmany taiga today, to thewest, theypenetrate farther province (see only intheKazan Table 1); forest zone. Bothof thesespeciescancause inthe but nowspread farto thenorth forest-steppe zones of European Russia, inthesteppe and dwelt almosteverywhere bankofthe right Volga. Hamster originally Volga river, butnow, itpenetrated into the Souslik originally lived ofthe ontheleft-bank common intheareas noted inthesample. souslik province), about we are talking localization oftheonlyreference (theKazan lives inthepresent. whereis mentionedonlyintheterritories it ETR. have economicvalueinthe nodiscernible penetrate quite farto thesouth.Allofthem animals, although Lynx hunting them. people whohave nospecialinterest in rarelynumerous seenbythe andare very valuable fur-bearing animals, are not mink We have already discussed specialattention. and notdeserving apparently, considered to beself-evident, animals. Butontheotherhand, theywere, these imagine apeasant whodoesnotknow These are ofmentioningisunderstandable.frequency Fig. 2).First, for someofthem,thelow includes15names(see category Table 1, rarely mentionedintheEN. but very This common inspecificareas, significant, often interest are particular theanimals, now Of are commontoday. are mentionedinthesameareas where they polecat isquite understandable, andthey The attention oftheGLSrespondents to birds, althoughitobviouslycannoteatthem. allthe into acoop, kills thepolecatoften some oftheworst pestsofpoultry. Getting , , althoughtheyare quite widespread Wolverine and wolverine, and hedgehog Eurasian hamster inthesample(see Table 1) hamster and and Chipmunk is lynx . Judging bythe chipmunk (seeabove) can mole weasel . They are quite . It is hard to . It large-toothed large-toothed mentioned are taiga . Otter and 115.01.2014 9:17:30 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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5 is understandable. Butwhy is Therefore, theirabsenceintheENmaterials numerous andareofhunting. notobjects some damageto agriculture, butare not the XX century, stable populationsofdeer. addition,in In in theareas, sufficientfor theexistence of lost in thestudyarea,now nearly atleast, today. They are animalsofdeciduousforests, Deer rarely: Artiodactyl ETR). toponyms remained” (quite commoninthe so dramatically, thatalmosteverywhere “only number ofbeaver in theEPRhasdecreased be assumed, thatbytheGLSperiod, the EN doesnotmentionit,however. can It of depression (the Voronezh region); the was there even thepeakperiod during territories, where intheXX century, beaver and highvisibility. The sampleincludesthe province, despite theobviousimportance sample, itismentionedonceintheKazan thewhere suitableconditionsexist.In common andeven numerous everywhere but inrecent decades,ETR, itagainbecomes complete disappearanceofbeaver onthe relative easeofhuntingresulted inalmost animals ofRussia. The valueoffurandthe fur-bearing was oneofthemostimportant Beaver to explain. (in the Voronezh region), whichisdifficult medicine). They are mentionedonlyonce badger fatiswidelyusedinthetraditional visible. ofhunting(the They are objects Bardger mentions ofthespecieinsample. noticeable.above, Butthere are andvery no crops muchmore thanthosementioned sample. to the This specieisdetrimental the Tula province withintheborders ofthe the Voronezh province, andto thesouthof forest steppe zones (to the Volga river),in widelyfound inthesteppe andis very ( 9 Spermophilus suslicus ( red deer . deer is widespread, although not very iswidespread, althoughnotvery Eurasian beaver, is mentioned in the sample very ismentionedinthesamplevery (2), ) is extremely rare at the ETR rare) isextremely attheETR moos sika deer (5),and ) not mentioned? It ) notmentioned?It sinceancienttimes, ( wild goat Cervus nippon Cervus speckled souslik speckled (4). )

as awhole, andotherareas) ismuchmore (andRussia The mammalianfaunaofthe ETR isquite obvious.of thisfact ofsuchspeciestheexplanation vast majority numerous, than thosementioned. For the (seeabove), theyare muchmorein theETR mammalspecies total numberofmodern mentioned inthesample. Basedonthe And finally, theanimals, generallynot common. and Tula provinces, where itisnowquite is nomentionsin,for instance, theKaluga and Tver isnotclearwhy provinces. there It of deerare associated withthe Voronezh thesample, thementions the GLS.In during not assessitsrelevance to thepopulation is more visiblethanmoose, thoughwe can hunting. It ofsport objects most important andsouth.Roedeerisalsooneofthe north subzone, buttoday, thearea to the extends of roe deerhabitatsliesintheforest-steppe the wildlife oftheETR. The naturaloptimum contenders for thistitleare notpresent in western roe deer The term “ example, intheSmolenskprovince). rare oreven absentinsomeinstances(for however,surprising, thatthementionsare was recorded inthesample;itissomewhat where stilllives inalltheterritories Moose it for thepopulationis difficult to assess. common inforests, althoughitsimportance of theGLS,moosewasprobably equally theperiod hunting. In ofsports main objects ofRussia,andonethe European part even indenselypopulated areas ofthe moved farto thesouth. Today, itiscommon, the intensive plantingofforest belts, have from themiddleofXX century, dueto forest andforest-steppe zones ofRussia,and Moose lives even now. province, where itismentionedbytheEN, in thetimesofGLS,too, butintheKazan species. Supposedly, rare deerwasextremely a strong competitionfor theaboriginal was introduced from theFar East,making originally inhabited nearly theentire originally inhabited nearly wild goat intheEN. The other ” supposedlymeans 115.01.2014 9:17:30 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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6 60 ENVIRONMENT 0 – In the In – the following groups ofanimals: Micromammalia. arearbitrary, called “ status, andtraditionally, althoughquite ofhaving notaxonomic to thecategory than 50%formed bythespeciesbelonging – In the In – rat dormouse mentioned intheEN,for example, couldbe speciesofthiscategory Certain жили литогда?) же представителями животного мира?]но вы хотели [онибыли,конечно сказать? to beanimalsatthetimesofGLS.(что the questionarises, iftheywere supposed Bat mouse,between vole, andbirch mouse. thedifferencesrare non-specialistknows into accountthatevenbe taken today, a should attention; andsometimes, both.It the evident; sometimes, theydonotdeserve explain. Sometimes, theirpresence isself- are easyto the animalsinthiscategory The reasons for thelackofreferences to Allthe – surprising. the lackofmentionsthese speciesinnot rural populationoftheterritories. However, foranimals are thecontemporary well known crops any –especiallyroot. case, In these rat cancausesignificant damageto truck are addition,mole noticeable. extremely In (soil emissions–что здесьимеется ввиду?) thetracesofitslifeimpossible to observe, Althoughtheanimalitselfisalmost ETR. steppes andforest-steppesnorthern of the crops. in ratiswidelydistributed Mole causesconsiderabledamagetooften fruit areas covered bythe sample and, today, isquite commoninmostofthe Dormouse

( birch mouse rodents not shown). etc. (theLatinnamesofthegroups are , amongthemammalsare soaloof, that Spalax microphtalmus insectivorous ( bats ”. There are actually rodents Eliomys quercinus ( , dormouse Chiroptera ” These include(intheETR) – so-called –so-called “ – shrew Small mammals , ). ), andsomeothers. vole ), , ( small hamster Soricidae greater mole mouse mouse-like garden , ). rat – , , territory ofthe territory Voronezh province [Bobrov et withinthe its presence century intheXVIII althoughthere are indicationsof extinct, of theGLS,itwas, apparently, completely of European Russia.However, bythetime almost theentire middlebeltandthesouth European bison mentioned inthesample. could getinfishingnets. However, itisnot in different situationstoo, for example, it Accidentally, desmancould beobserved ofhunting. anobject it wasalmostcertainly where thedesmanpopulationwassufficient, animal cannotbeconsidered prominent, but coveredsome territories by thesample. This desman couldstillbequite commonin is stillquite oftheGLS, rare. theperiod In larger thanthe original, butin general, it areathe modern ofdesmanisnoticeably and to advanceitsarea beyond. As aresult, restore desmanintheareas offormer habitat outto wascarried Union, extensivework intheSoviet resources). theXX In century leadingto offood thedeterioration lakes of theenvironment (pollutionof riversand of uncontrolled huntinganddeterioration have drasticallydecreased, bothbecause XXand early centuries, itsnumberandarea (west ofthe Volga theXIX river),butduring animal; itoriginally dwelt onlyintheETR Russian desman coveredinhabit theterritories bythesample. etc.]. AtthetimeofGLS,boardidnot in detailtheliterature [Bobrov etal, 2008, continues to thisday. This process is traced and beganintheXX century and northeast Active natural expansionofboarto theeast originally itwasspread farwest ofthisarea. regions. except forETR, But thenorthern Wild boar be mentioned. souslik have already discussedthecaseof mentions are notfound inthesample. We or shouldbementionedintheEN,butsuch fewThere thatcould speciesleft, are very and scrofa European bison ), (see above). In addition, (seeabove). In Russian desman isnowcommoninalmostallthe inthedistanttimesinhabited isavaluablefur-bearing ( Bison bonasus ( Desmana moschata Desmana wild boar ) should speckled speckled ( 115.01.2014 9:17:30 5 Sus . 0 1 . 2 ) 0 1 4

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6 reduction of the abundance of the ETR oftheabundanceETR reduction prevailing (asnoted above) ideasaboutthe conclusion, whichdirectly opposes the Thus, our analysisleadsto the main known. poorly the GLSisgenerallyvery real of state ofthemammalsinperiod thatthe into accountthefact should take size attheprovince level. However, one Perhaps, thisisdueto theinsufficient sample ofmentionsoreven tofrequency itsabsence. unambiguous explanationto thelow somecases, itishardIn to give an today.ETR regions ofRussiaorfrom abroad live inthe fromspecies, other intentionally imported XX century. For example, atleast4mammal on theirbreeding inthe widelyconducted etc. chipmunk, the areas ofsomespecies( be dueeitherto thenaturalexpansionof generally orfor thosespecificareas. This may are present, notmentionedintheENeither significant andnoticeablespecies certain includedinthesample,At someterritories from theETR. current ranges. Nospecie hasdisappeared animals found inthesample are withintheir numerous. Almostallthelocationsof many ofthemare quite commonoreven andtoday,corresponding territories and mentioned inthesampleinhabit The analysisrevealed thatallthespecies are mentioned.attention ofthesurveyors the allthespeciesthatcouldattract Nearly of animalsto thehumansandtheirvisibility. mainfactors,two namely, theimportance mention. This, apparently, by isdetermined at different highto ratesasingle –from very in thestudiedsample. They are mentioned 24 names(26species)ofmammalsare found exist inanumberofreserves. restore thespecie, thesemi-wild populations is notfound anywhere. to Dueto theefforts al., 2008,etc.]. Currently, wildEuropean bison 1 CONCLUSION ) or due to the human activities ) ordueto thehumanactivities wild boar , moose , 2007]. Farsouthern East[Rumiantsev, Danilenko, andthe Siberia insouthern some districts of theleadingplacesinRussia –alongwith occupyone ofterrestrial vertebrates diversity Now, theCentral bythe regions oftheETR well astheintroduction ofnewspecies. beaver,(muskrat, andothers),as marmot, completely (zubr)oralmostcompletely the revival ofmany speciesdisappeared of Russian(USSR)fauna. Their result was restoration, andenrichment conservation, specifically, programs thegovernmental for cameinto factor effect, more important addition,intheXXIn century, one faunal diversity. faunas, whichgreatly improves theoverall andnorthern amixofsouthern observe south. As aresult, today intheETP, we can of theforest species(suchasmoose)to the created theconditionsfor theexpansion area inthemiddleofXX century, has outinthesouthofstudy carried actively other hand, thefield-protective afforestation offood, andplentiful.kinds nutritious Onthe Agriculture alsooffersnorth. many new but, now, they have farto the extended Initially, were thesebiotypes forest-steppe, roe deer)are inherently “marge” animals. and openareas alternate. Somespecies(e.g., a highlymosaicterritory, i.e., whenforest of thespeciesarewithin mostcomfortable (brown bear). rare intheETR The majority requiring thelarge continuousforests, are rather positive thannegative. The species, deforestation. Butfor animals, is thisfactor andtheaccompanyingthe territories with theagricultural development of depletion ofthefaunaisusuallyassociated isquite obvious.of thisfact The postulated For anenvironmentalist, theexplanation thesechanges. observe locations, butthesources donotallowusto species couldhave disappeared from certain and for specificregions. course, certain Of least for mammals, bothfor theentire ETP greater today thaninthetimeofGLS,at inthestudyareafaunal diversity ismuch century. fauna sincetheendofXVIII The 115.01.2014 9:17:31 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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6 62 ENVIRONMENT 2 14. Ouchley K. (2010).Flora and Fauna OuchleyK. oftheCivil War: AnEnvironmental Reference Guide. 14. L.V. Milov (2006). The Ploughman ofRussianHis- ofGreat RussiaandtheCharacteristics 13. L.V. Milov (1965).Research on “Ecomonic Notes” to the (In Moscow “General LandSurvey” 12. L.V. Milov (1960). The “reports”11. ofthepoverennye peasantsasasource for theEconomic ofRussianColonization. Moscow (1996). oftheHistory Lubavskii M.K. The Overview 10. V.O. Kluchevskii (1987).Collected works. Vol. Russian). (In 1.Moscow 9. S.V. Kirikov 348p. (1966).Huntingwildlife, (In Nauka, environment, andpeople. Мoscow: 8. S.V. Kirikov ofthewildlife (1959).Modifications innaturalzones oftheUSSR(XIII–XIX c.). 7. D.A., A.A.,Khitrov D.A. Golubinsky Chernenko (2011). oftheGeneralLand The materials 6. Fauna ofBritish ASocialHistory (2010)./Ed. andInvasions: by Extinctions T. O’Connor, 5. Dinets V.L., RotshildE.V. (1996).Animals. ofanature ofRussia.Moscow: The encyclopedia 4. Rumiantsev A.K., Danilenko V.Yu. communities ofterrestrial vertebrate (2008).Mapping 3. Bobrov V.V., L.A.(2008).AlienmammalsintheecosystemsWarshavsky ofRus- A.A.,Khlyap 2. D.I., Bibikov Rumiantsev V.Yu. (1997).Current andpastrelations peopleandmar- between 1. express theirgratitude to A.Yu. Arutunov, 12-06-33035. project The authors The research bytheRFBR, issupported REFERENCES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Louisiana City. Process.torical Russian). 2ed. (In Moscow Russian). Russian). //Archaeography(In 1959.Moscow Notes oftheGeneralLandSurvey yearbook. Russian). (In Russian). Steppe zone andforest-steppes. Izd-vo ASofUSSR,173p. Russian). (In Moscow: No.8, History. 3,pp. Russian). 35–51(In The potential ofaggregation University, ofMoscow Survey: andanalysis//Journal Series N. Sykes.London. ABF, 344p. Russian). (In ofBiogeography. GEOS,pp. Russian). 119–133(In of theDepartment –Moscow: based ongeoinformation technologies //Biogeography University. inMoscow 60years KMKScientificPress Ltd.,sia. Moscow: 232p. Russian). (In oftheChuvashRepublic. No.of SciencesandArts 2,pp. Russian). 93–104(In oftheformer oftheNationalAcademymots inthecountries SovietUnion//Informations database. archival research andcompilingofthe V.D. inthe whoparticipated Zhukov A.A. Bogomazova, M.V. and Khatskevich,  115.01.2014 9:17:31 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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6 2. V 20. Vegetation (1992). ofvegetation zones beltsinRussiaandadjacentterritories andtypes 19. Rumiantsev V.Yu., ofterrestrial vertebrates. (2007).Speciesdiversity Map A.K. Danilenko 18. Rumiantsev V.Yu., (1998). A.K. Danilenko System The Information communitiesof 17. “The ofEuropean Russia.Part II(1989)./ intheUSSR.Reserves Reserves V.E. and Sokolov 16. O. ofBritain’s (2001). oftheCountryside: Rackham The ClassicHistory The History Land- 15. 3 Map (1:8000000)/Ed.Map byG.N.Ogureeva. M.:Izd-vo LLP “Ecor” Russian). (In Eco p. Russian). 364(In Roskartographia, logy. Moscow: 1:40000000 //NationalAtlasofRussia(4chapters). Chapter 2.Environment (Nature). posium. Moscow, pp. Russian). 126–129(In ofRussia”terrestrial vertebrates //Problems ofecoinformatics. The 3rd sym- international 301p. Mysl, Russian). (In Eds. –Мoscow: E.E. Syroechkovsky scape, Flora andFauna. Camb. (???) odarskii Ja.E.(1988).NoblesLandholdinginRussia,XVII–ear odarskii Alexey A.Golubinsky Vadim Yu.Rumiantsev 20 scientificpapers. Survey, peasantliteracy, quantitative history. He publishedover ofhisscientificinterests objects are:Russia. Main General Land Russian State Archive (RSAAD),Moscow, ofAncientDocuments in complexnationalandregional atlases. scientific publications, includingmore than80thematicmap-sheets of230 of terrestrial vertebrates. Heistheauthorandaco-author ofgeoinformation mappingofthedistribution aspects and practical aremain scientificactivities inthefieldoftheoretical, methodological, mapping, andtheuseofGIStechnology inbiogeography. current His include mammalianenvironmental geography, biogeographic Lomonosov State University. Moscow mainresearch His interests ofBiogeography,Researcher attheDepartment Faculty ofGeography, has aPhD HeisSpecialistatthe inHistory. has aPhD inGeography. HeisSenior ly XIXc. Moscow. Russian). (In 115.01.2014 9:17:31 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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6 64 ENVIRONMENT 4 Alexandre Husson S.Soldatov Mikhail Dmitry A.Khitrov Dmitry Sorbonne. 2011).Now,History, studentatParis heisadoctoral IPanthйon- 80 scientificpapers. biogeographic mapping, andmedicalgeography. Hepublished interests includeabroadofbotanicalgeography, rangeofaspects Geography, Lomonosov State University. Moscow scientific His ofBiogeography,Researcher attheDepartment Faculty of 50 scientificpublications. Europe. ofEastern Heisthe authorof Symposium for theHistory period, amemberoftheBoardmodern oftheAgrarian oftheearly influential scientificforums onRussianhistory Chtenia’‘Milovskie congress, oneofthelargest andmost centuries. oftheBoard HeisExecutiveXVIII ofthe Secretary ofRussiainXVII– specializing inthesocialandeconomichistory century, Faculty Lomonosov ofHistory, State University, Moscow to thebeginning ofXIX ofRussianHistory at theDepartment hasaPhD HeisAssociate inHistory. Professor studiedinStrasbourg (MA University in has aPhD inGeography. HeisSenior 115.01.2014 9:17:31 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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6 October 25,1917,saw hardOctober timesfor pond after period The post-revolutionary recreational infrastructure ofthe Tsarist Russia. played asignificant role intheeconomy and lands withwater. ofponds Construction because oftheneedto supplytheagricultural became widespread areas inthearid primarily duck breeding andfor otherpurposes. Ponds although theywere alsousedingooseand oflocalponds, This wasthemainfunction provided power for millsandsawmills. the pondsinruralareas ofNechernozemye recreational purposes. Water released from pondswereof the20th,city mostly usedfor Russia before the1917revolution. Attheturn in ofpondswaswide-spread Construction disintegration offamilyrelationships.of karst, abrasion, landslideprocesses, intensification complex, environmental wood, damage, drift giant reservoir,overflowing, large industrial man-made seasinRussia. This paperdiscussestheproblem ofponds and of theSovietscientiststransforming thenature. consider themasanundisputed achievement especially ontheplains, have beentoo highto seas, constructing, andoperatingtheartificial ways.two The costsinvolved indesigning, thenatureseas impacted andthepeoplein of humanlife, whilenewlycreated man-made insomeaspects ponds losttheirimportance andlarge ponds.reservoirs As timewent by, Ozerskiy * 4 3 2 Sergey P. Gorshkov 1 5 INTRODUCTION KEY WORDS: ABSTRACT. IN RUSSIA FROM PONDS TO MAN-MADE SEAS Environmental Centre, Initiatives Design Bureau, LLC The University ofOrleans Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov Moscow State University Krasnoyarsk Mining andGeological CompanyKrasnoyarsk Mining Corresponding author 4 , LarissaS.Evseeva

Russia hasmore than2200 mega projects, quantumleap, 1 *, Laurent Touchart , e-mail: [email protected] , e-mail: 1 2 , OlgaI.Mochalova shortly after that, the GULAG network was that,theGULAG after network shortly 1956, thecultofStalinwasexposedand In them were scrappedaltogether. not managedinthebestway either. Someof potential alsodiminished. pondswere Urban lack ofproper care. Therefore, their recreational rural areas, gradually fell into disusedueto Many ponds, thoughstillremaining inthe caused theagricultural landsto beflooded. which ofreservoirs, well asmassive overflows were outofoperationdueto wear andtear, as the1950s,By almostall water and windengines had about60,000water engines. the country the1930s, upon andimposedbyJosefStalin.In wasforced obsession withgigantic projects. It in mind.purpose an more like This looked issue. seaswere Man-made created withthis were regarded asaway ofdealing withthis at thattime. Large hydroelectric power stations one ofthemainproblems facingthecountry Providing power was economy withelectric coercion, punitive measures, andpropaganda. development andindustrial using the military economic measures aquantumleapin to make henchmen took tough extremely socialand ownership andthepublic. JosefStalinandhis questionable decisionsrelating to land somehighly hadto make the authorities and GULAG camps. Underthecircumstances, took placeamidtherepressive crackdown industry aimed atdeveloping themilitary andindustrialization and collectivization, 1920sand1930s,in theearly dekulakization cropby thegovernment, failures andfamines Civil War of1917–1922,confiscationfood under development, whichwasonlynatural the existing totalitarian regime.the existingtotalitarian The 3 , Andrey Yu. 115.01.2014 9:17:31 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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6 66 ENVIRONMENT 6 were usedfor breeding fish. They provided To give you anexample, ponds Moscow There were farmore pondsinthepast. the planet. explorationof bytheunbridled disturbed much and non-livingmatter isalready very biota theplanetary between interaction mechanism controlled bythefine-tuned of thepast.Meanwhile, thebiosphere damaging to thepopulation,are a thing seas, whichwere disastrous for wildlife and ofman-made andoverflowing Russian rivers guarantee thatfragmentation ofthegreat in thewater industry. However, there isno fundstoto financemegaprojects attract hasbecomeincreasinglyrivers. difficult It the nature ofmajor didnotchangeinterms though partially. The traditionofconquering in Moscow, anditisbeingimplemented, of pondsreclamation recently gotunderway washouts andsliding. However, theprogram while thebanksare notprotected against for lost theirnaturalcapacity self-purification, to bepoorthangood. pondshavelikely Most ofwater fromthe quality pondsnowismore of theRussianFederation. Even inMoscow, anybring improvement to thepondsector The return to capitalisminthe1990sdidnot structures. churches, bridges, andcivilengineering archaeological sites, ancientmonuments, as well asvastareas ofmarshes, forests, woody, andeven tundrapasture lands, areas ofarableland, grasslands, steppe, hundreds ofsettlements, several cities, huge the largest man-madeseasthatflooded with thisway Russiabecamethecountry In the firsthumanspaceflightof Yuri Gagarin. anachievementto equalto lookalmostlike man-made seawasmade of anenormous orthecreationthe tallestdaminworld propaganda of campaign, theconstruction War II,grew significantly. With thehelpof power ofthecountry, whichwon the World exploiting convicts. However, technological regime meantfewer possibilitiesfor abandoned. More benevolent totalitarian PONDS the banks, fillingwithfresh water, reclaiming protecting from sewagewaters, landscaping thebottomcovering withgravel andsand, polluted water, litter, collecting dredging, standards include:pumping of the sanitary thepondswithin aimedatkeeping Activities protected againstwashoutsandsliding. for andthebanksare self-purification not of thepondshave losttheirnaturalcapacity Moscow’s ratherlow. pondsisoften Most and rainwater. ofwater inThe quality subterranean-, Ponds are filledwithsurface-, forSome pondsare reserved swimming. (Fig. 2). They are mainlyusedfor recreation. Nowadays, hassome76ponds Moscow Prudy (CleanPonds) (Fig. 1). Since then,thepondisreferred to asChistye the pondandordered to stop pollutingit. Menshikov was nicknamed Tower, cleaned which built achurch deepinthecourtyard, had belongedto himsince1699. The Prince Gate of thestreetcorner attheMyasnitsky bought thislandplot. The buildingonthe Peter theGreat, Prince AlexanderMenshikov (Rotten) for thatreason. thereign During of discharged into thepondcalledPogany Chistoprudny Boulevard. Wastewater was to waslocatedslaughterhouse next the17thcentury, theZhivotinny In Dvor shut down. used for sewagedisposalandin1910itwas Pond was the 19thcentury, theKrasnoselsky However, gradually. ithasbeingshrinking In area was23hectares.as Krasnoselsky.Its from thattimeonthepondbecame known was founded notfarfrom thepond, so Later, aroyal villagecalledKrasnoselskoye to asthe Great intheAnnalssince1423. oldest pondsinMoscow, whichwasreferred called theGreat Pond. That wasoneofthe site oftheancientRedPond, whichwasalso Yaroslavsky Stationislocated atthe Railway offiction. works The present-day Moscow’s recordsin historical oronthepagesof Now, many ofthemcanonlybefound shutdownabout700ponds.authorities thelastfewDuring centuries, thecity for washingclothesandeven for bathing. water for fighting fires. People usedthem 115.01.2014 9:17:31 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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6 on thefields;b)bycreating forest strips snow in agricultural soils:a)bycompacting offered to capture andaccumulate moisture devastating in1890–1892. V.V. Dokuchayev crop failures. These disasters were especially increased damagefrom severe droughts and dueto the Russia sincethe19thcentury areasarid European ofCentral andSouthern Ponds were inespeciallyhighdemand engines. the bestpotential for thecreation ofpond well-supplied withwater resources, had The Nechernozemye region, sinceitwas commonly usedintheagricultural sector. running onwater from thepondswere farms, andsawmillscollective watermills formation of which ledto thecompulsory Soviet erabefore thecollectivization, Both inthe Tsarist the Russiaandduring ..., 2007]. Ponds [Moscow number ofotheractivities organisms, installingfeeders for birds, anda introducingthe adjacentterrain, aquatic 7 Fig. 1. Chistye Prudy in Moscow in Prudy 1.Fig. Chistye Station (presently the Kuybyshevskaya ago. oftheZhiguliHydropowerThe project Russia’s rivershasoriginated alongtime The ideato tapthe power ofthelargest [Shipunov, 1988]. which causedtherurallandsto beflooded ofreservoirs, because ofmassive overflows out ofoperationdueto wear andtear, and almost allwater andwindengines were inthe1930s. the1950s, By in thecountry 60,000 water engines were stillinoperation microclimate andincreased yields. About fieldsshowed improvedExperimental and Dnepropetrovsk proved to beefficient. regionsin sucharid as Voronezh, Kharkov, measuresthese andsomeotheremergency of floodthem.Deployment temporarily to the lowland meadowsandfieldsto thaw, whichthiswater after isredirected the accumulating water inthepondsduring from beingblownaway bywind; andc)by to accumulate snowandto prevent snow MAN-MADE SEAS 115.01.2014 9:17:31 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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6 68 ENVIRONMENT 8 of Irkutsk by A. Krutikov as early asin1906. asearly byA.Krutikov The of Irkutsk Angara waspresented to thegovernor-general The BratskHydropower onthe Stationproject developed in1913byG.M.Krzhizhanovsky. Station) onthe Volga was Hydropower Fig. 2. Map of Moscow ponds [Moscow Ponds ..., 2007] ..., Ponds [Moscow ponds Moscow of Map 2. Fig. and industrial development using coercion, developmentand industrial usingcoercion, aquantumleapinthefieldofmilitary to make tough social andeconomicmeasures inorder forced JosefStalinandhisentourage to use political situationinEurope in1920s–1930s 115.01.2014 9:17:31 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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6 Mologo-Sheksna interstream areaMologo-Sheksna together with thebanks, floodedtheplainand overflowed the Volga, theSheksna,and waters of 13,1941.Spring shut downonApril loved ones. Seadamgates wereThe Rybinsk and graves oftheirfamilymembersand hard to build very houses thattheyworked People hadto leave theiroldcomfortable had to move outfrom theUpper Volga valley. Sheksna interstream area and20thousand people were relocated from theMologo- for centuries. For example, 130thousand of peoplewhohadbeenlivinginthearea the Volga River. ruinedthelivesThis project of for thepeoplelivinginUpperparts proved construction to beareal tragedy Its was theworld’s largest atthattime. man-madeseaof4,6thousandsq.km Rybinsk was themainpower generatingfacility. The HPP cities. Outofthosethree, theRybinskaya region,Moscow andseveral neighbouring plantsandotherfacilitiesinMoscow, military the World War IIprovided power supplyto the HPPthatwere before constructed Rybinskaya andpartly Uglichskaya, The Ivankovskaya, center,in thecountry’s including Moscow. reaches dueto power theneedfor electric firstlyinthe its construction Volga upper cascade ofHPP. wasgiven to The priority ofthe with theconstruction Volga-Kama area oftheUSSRislargely associated oftheEuropean Central parts andEastern supply forinthe enterprises industrial The Volga River basin. 1989,p.records 20]. [Cherkasova, boundless andwere beating all oftheworld man-made seaswere becomingeven more common senseandscience. Atthesametime, capacities exceeded thelimitsestablishedby meantthatpower often stations his corrections that Stalinpersonallyadjusted thedesigns, and the plantswithmaximalcapacity. isrumoured It made seasinthecountry. The planwasto build this issue. This signalled theadvent ofman- (HPP) were regarded asaway ofdealingwith top Large priorities. hydroelectric power plants withpower supplywasoneofthe industry punitive measures, andpropaganda. Providing 9 The rise inpower The rise the M ologa rivers ologa rivers sea area is6,500sq. km in itscommissioning(Fig. 3). The Kuybyshev participated 1958,N.S.Khrushchev October 1950and1959.In between was constructed II. HPP,The largest ofthose, Kuybyshevskaya continued inthe Volga basinafter World War ofhydroelectricConstruction power stations toil andawful livingconditions. convicts, many ofwhomdiedthisgrinding were basicallybytheGULAG constructed into considerationthatthepower stations sufferings oflocalpeople, oneshouldtake environmental andsocialdamage and additionto theabove-mentioned high. In defending Moscow, wasimmeasurably of thesethree HPP, whichwere vitalfor andmiraculouspreservation construction energy oftheGreat Volga. The truecostof power, whichwasproduced the converting troops.the German neededelectric Moscow from whichhelpedsavingfactors Moscow Volga gigantic damsbecameoneofthe case, theUpper theabove-mentioned In power stationswere inthenear-front zone. 1941 [Burdin, 2010].Allthree hydroelectric not destroyed bybombingintheautumnof HPPwere andIvankovskaya Uglichskaya, somemiracle,By theRybinskaya, [Danilov,opened inRybinsk 2003]. of thisdisaster, Region theMologa Museumwas withgravestones.cemetery commemoration In street pavements, housefoundations, anda seafalls, onecansometimessee the Rybinsk into ahugegrave ofwater. When water level in Scheksna area, oncealandofplenty, wasturned and culturalsites hadalsogone. The Mologo- ofwoods,3,675 sq. ancientmonuments, km flood plainmeadows, pastures, oakforests, land,thousands ofhectaresfertile thefamous area. About800villageshadgoneunderwater, and over 4,000householdsgotinto theflooded reservoir,went to thebottom oftheRybinsk Almost27,000households ofMologa. the city generated bythe Volga-Kama cascade. 29 mhigh. The HPPprovides 27%ofpower level near thedamis Backwater is 34cub. km. live storage andreservoir is58cub.capacity km gross storage Its among thevalleyreservoirs. largest water-storage basin intheworld

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7 70 ENVIRONMENT 0 The banks of the mighty Russian river are being are Russianriver being The banksofthemighty andstillcontinuesto deteriorate. of thereservoir the V many scientistsandexperts. in more thangood, harm asclaimedby existence oftheKuybyshevseahadresulted V. Yakovlev, emphasized in2005that50years of Professor State University, oftheKazan olga River worsened with the construction worsenedolga River withtheconstruction Fig. 3. N.S. Khrushchev at the opening of the Zhigulevskaya HPP in October, 1958 October, in HPP Zhigulevskaya the of opening the at Khrushchev N.S. 3. Fig. Fig. 4. Map of the Volga-Kama cascade of reservoirs of cascade Volga-Kama the of Map 4. Fig. Water in quality on the construction oftheKuybyshevwater-on theconstruction of thegiant reservoir. Was decided itcorrectly for example, Spasskthatare nowatthebottom cemeteries, andentire villagesandeven cities, were considered churches, naturalsanctuaries, There are dozens ofmagnificent islandsthat are beingflooded, andpeopleare suffering. destroyed, fishisdying, buildingsandstructures 115.01.2014 9:17:31 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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7 km, itsgross is8,8cub. storagekm, capacity km, sea ofNovosibirsk hasanarea of1,082sq. offinNovosibirsk. The Obwasblocked The theprojectwasbanned. after shortly hydrocarbon wasdone crude, whichinfact to depositsof discover soontherichest flood thearea, where geologists promise the monstrous-sized man-madeseawould M.A. Lavrentyev. The scientistappealedthat Branch oftheUSSRAcademy ofSciences the request ofthePresident oftheSiberian at bannedthisconstruction N.S. Krushchev Volga-Kama cascade[Novosti Yugry ...,2011]. much asthepower generated bythewhole kWh ofpower peryear, whichisjustas peryear,400 cub. km producing 35billion cub. m,withtheannualrunoffofOb andavolume of1,600 of 113,000sq. km, area with adamof42mhigh,reservoir HPP for theoptionofNizhne-Obskaya River. expressed apreferenceThe experts the HPPinlower reaches oftheOb of had to decideabouttheconstruction inJanuary, 1963. in Moscow The meeting the State Planning Committee took place Commission of expert the governmental could. followed.The projects Ameetingof much asanyone, anywhere, andatany time immediately from natureaimed attaking as represent anobsessionwithgigantic projects The ObRiver basin. of renewable energy ofthecountry. most valuableon-peakenergy. isalso22% It outputandisthe almost 4%ofthecountry’s was 38,5billionkWh,whichisequivalentto power output the annualaverage primary of thecascadeexceeded 12,870MW, and of the2010s, thetotal rated outputpower of the Volga-Don shipcanal. thebeginning By atthelower River end Canal andontheDon ofthe the rivers Volga basin,theMoskva-Volga Dams, andtheHPPare reservoirs, located on (Fig. isaround 26,000sq.reservoirs km 4). entireThe area ofthe Volga-Kama cascade aswell. history not onlyanenvironmental refers issue. It to our theopinionof cascade? In V. Yakovlev, thisis storage basin andthewholegreat Volga-Kama 1 The activities there The activities

Gidroenergoproyekt, wasthe authorofthis atthe Moscow N.A. Grigorovich, working water level bythelarger amountofwater. also possibleto drop theuntouchable lake’s you canseefrom theprevious figures, itwas could have beenlowered by4m.However, as means ofexplosion. water level Lake The Baikal slot intheheadwater rocks oftheAngaraby resources. a25-meter They suggested making water oftheancientlake it possibleto spendpart in1957. Lake oftheBaikal integrity They thought hydraulic engineers to have tried astabatthe super-efficiency, pursuitofamomentary In implemented inthepost-war years. Angararegion.in theMiddle The ideawas with thecreation ofalarge complex industrial development oftheAngaraenergy resources plan. Professor associated the N.N.Kolosovsky to theGOELRO asacontribution Angara River a HPPcascadeinthemiddlereaches ofthe 1920,A.A. In Velner suggested constructing Lake. flowsfrom thattheriver theBaikal fact relatively dueto the regular annualrun-off oneformost attractive engineers for ithasa whichhasalwaysthe AngaraRiver beenthe Here, inadditionto the Yenisei River, there is hydraulic engineers more thanotherregions. to theEastof Yenisei interested River and otherdiverse naturalresources, theSiberia The Yenisei River basin. oftheObRiver). tributary (left River the Irtysh HPPwere in constructed Kamenogorskaya andthe lake) HPP(banked-up Zaysanskaya downstream belowthedam. 300 km The within traffic inthefloodlandcanbetracked of the Tsymlyansk reservoir. Signs ofboat floodlandinthetailwater River pool Don traffic andlostitsforage value, aswell asthe wasmadesuitableforof thereservoir boat earth. The floodlandinthetailwater pool elevated areas mostlycovered withblack water-storage basinfloodedlowandsome output of1,7billionkWhperyear. The is455MWwiththepower The HPPcapacity power stationwasbuiltin1953–1959. the damheightis28m. The hydroelectric live storage and its reservoir is4,4cub. km, Rich inhydropowerRich 115.01.2014 9:17:32 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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7 72 ENVIRONMENT 2 the construction ofthisHPPwasdonethe construction anddrawdowncub. level is1,5m. km, live storage reservoir is2,859,4 cub. km, thegross870 sq. is storage km, capacity man-madesea:itsareaThe Ust-Ilimsk is kWh ofpower peryear. Mw. generates from 19,0to It 26,5billion height is147m. is4,515 The HPPcapacity 1954and1967. occurred between The dam and drawdown level is7m. The construction live storage reservoir is35.4cub. km, km, thegrosssq. is169cub. storage km, capacity area is5,470 The Bratskman-madesea:Its 4,1 billionkWhperyear. is662MWwiththepower outputof capacity 1950and1958.Its between was constructed m, sometimesitgoesupby1,4m. The HPP wasraisedby1 Lake The level oftheBaikal pond). damis44m. The heightoftheIrkutsk to thestorage (31,500sq. km Lake with Baikal man-madesea:31,965sq. km The Irkutsk Cascade HPP(Fig. 5)isasfollows: At present, thestatisticsonAngara dangerous [Plyusnina, project Dalzhinova2008]. project. The biologists managedto banthis (construction of the Boguchanskaya HPP HPP Boguchanskaya the of (construction Fig. 5. Map of the Angara cascade of HPP HPP of cascade Angara the of 5.Map Fig. is not completed) – Over 5,300 ha of the reservoir coastland 5,300haofthereservoir Over – Forests were preparation cutduring – Several hundred thousandshectares – oflandwas flooded, inclu- 7,600sq. km – oftheAngaracascade: construction Here are thelossesthatoccurred dueto the kWh. average annualproductionis21,7billion m high. is3,840MW,The HPPcapacity the 1963and1980. between The

underwater. move. 3mln. cub. Over mofwood went Several thousandsresidents hadto were eitherdestroyed orrelocated. erosion. 500housesandfarms Over andsubsurface intensification ofkarst, detachment, aswell asto flooding, landslide processes, landmasses was destroyed andlostdueto abrasion, taimen, andlenokdisappeared. sturgeon,as sterlet, cisco, grayling, took place. Valuable fish speciessuch from wood decay. Eutrophication contaminated withhydrogen sulphide bottom waters ofthewater bodywere seas were wood, cloggedbydrift and man-madethe BratskandUst-Ilimsk m) were submerged, thewaters of wood andlivingforests (35mln.cub. ofthecut part in humidweather; theforestsome attempts ofburning beds;there wereof thereservoir construction. residence, whichwere floodeddueto the relocated from theirprevious placesof order to accommodate 102,000residents transformed andruralareas into urban in of forest andsteppe-forest landswere railway track. ofthe together with110km underwater over went theAngaraRiver The bridge aswell asmore than300villages.Bratsk, areas withthecitiesofBalaganskandOld ofotherlands, includingresidentialsq. km pastures, offorests, 5,000sq. km and300 ofplough-landsand ding 2,300sq. km dam is105 115.01.2014 9:17:32 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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7 for 500 km downstreamfor belowthedam. 500km stretchesthe tailwater pool of thereservoir winters,and smog. warm During polynya in year butespeciallyinwinter, causingfogs throughoutembraces thewholecity the comingfromair humidity the Yenisei, swimming inthisseaimpossible. Increased (around 12°Cdegrees) insummermakes Low water temperature ofKrasnoyarsk. city inthe aboutearthquakes sometimes bring ofthewaterViolent bodylevel fluctuations kWh peryear. 6,000 MW. The power outputis20,0billion rate is19m. fluctuation is The HPPcapacity 1956and1972. between The maximum level wasconstructed the damis124mhigh.It live storage and reservoir is30,4cub. km, gross is73,3cub. storagekm, capacity Km, sea:itsarea is2,000sq.The Krasnoyarsk Yenisei River. Two man-madeseaswere created onthe coastal shelfandfishyieldfell by2,5times. Spawning conditionsdeteriorated on the subgrade waswashedoutinsomeplaces. back by4–20m. The Trans-Siberian railway level raisedby1m. The coastlinemoved which stretches withthewater for 1,800km Lake Baikal – Coastal abrasionofthechoked operationissues[Gorshkov, 2001]. transport ofhealththeSiberians,deterioration and fogs, air, accumulationofpollutantsinurban arefacts thereason for and highairhumidity HPPdams.Ust-Ilimsk The above-mentioned Bratskand polynyas stretch from theIrkutsk, – doesnotfreezeThe AngaraRiver inwinter: affects The Angaracascadeofreservoirs – The biosphere lostalmost100mln.tons – 3

in spring and the warm period inautumn. period andthewarm in spring adjacent areas, thecoldperiod extending the climate andphenological phasesofthe from thefloodedarea. damage causedbyout-migrants moved forest. There wasalsoenvironmental ofsteppe- oftaigaand2,300sq. km sq. km of phytomass dueto thefloodingof5,000 the maximumdamheight of 200m,the in the1980s. Taking into consideration East ofthe Turukhansk village putforward on theNizhnyaya Tunguska River, to the HPP isthe giantmajor concern Evenkiyskaya ahead,Looking we shouldnote thatthe [Gorshkov,as homemadecrafts 2001]. fishingandhunting,cattle-breeding, aswell if wecombinedwith considerfarming are brought to anendorsignificantly limited ofthelocalresidents – Economicactivities homes andthegraves oftheancestors. fromaliens atthenewplacesbeingtorn their until thelastmoment. They feel themselves hold onto theirhomesandgardens literally oldpeople hard for theelderly: isparticularly It – the disintegration offamilyrelationships. unwittingly activates flooded byareservoir – Relocationofpeoplefrom thearea to be conduct. alcohol abuse, debauchery, anddisorderly released have convicts increased rate, crime Areas activities. populatedpreparatory by of penalcolonies, deforestation, andother prepared for floodingdueto therelocation isbeing when thewould-be bedofareservoir – complicated The situationbecomesvery andS.P.Bezrukov Yelin, are asfollows: accordingmade seasinSiberia, to L.A. Social changescausedbytheHPPman- that happenedonAugust 17,2009. 12,0 kWhperyear theaccident in2010after 22,8 billionkWhperyear in2000andonly 1963and2000. between The HPPprovided wasconstructed HPP damheightis245m.It live storage and reservoir is15,3cub. km. The gross is31,3cub. storagekm, capacity km, seaarea is633sq.The Sayano-Shushenskoye dam [Gorshkov, etal., Mochalova, 2010]. fragmentationof theriver causedbytheHPP areas. There are someothernegative effects This isdangerous for thecoastalresidential theseasonalflood. during winter andspring icefloodingsareChoked quite in often 115.01.2014 9:17:32 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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7 74 ENVIRONMENT 4 aimed at developing the military industry industry aimed atdeveloping themilitary andindustrialization and collectivization, 1920sand1930s,the early dekulakization cropthe government, failures andfaminesin 25, 1917. The civil war, confiscationoffood by regime therevolution eraafter ofOctober the better thetotalitarian took placeduring development of Tsarist Russia.Nochangesto oftheeconomy andrecreationalpart ofpondswasa prominentConstruction proximity to the Turukhansk village. and naturalgasdepositsare located inaclose is notfeasible, into considerationthatoil taking ontheNizhnyaya construction Tunguska River in2003. that took placeinMoscow The HPP atthe was reported World Climate Conference USA inwintertime. The Quebeccascadedisaster cascade were power from to the buyelectric the southofprovince. Consumers ofthe toGrande River thecitieslocated downto theHPPcascadeonLa- lines connecting 2000swithintheoverhead late 1990sandearly A similarsituationhappenedinQuebecthe towers. accidentsare highlyprobable. Industrial icing-up ofwires andeven power-transmission forCentral Siberia thelast20years, there canbe winter,during whichhave of beentypical With regard to unstabletemperature conditions will have water withsignificant saltcontent. is 1,5g/l. Estimates showthattheEvenk sea of theEvenk level Autonomous salinity Area. Its Tunguska nearthe River Tura village, thecapital content canbefound inwinter intheNizhnyaya be seeneven now. Therefore, water withsalt Signs ofthiscan penetration into thelake-sea. [Borisov, 1996]. There oftheirincreasing isarisk withmineralizationofup to 300–400g/l brines is thebedofawould-be reservoir. These are andthat bycryopegs permafrost isunderlain are covered withlifeless r would remain above water. they Mostly valley slopesoftheriver anditstributaries taiga subzones ofreindeer pastures. High both cases, flooding would cover thenorth option, thedamheightwould be140m.In Accordingfor to 1,200km. amoderate andthewater body wouldsq. stretch km flooded area would cover almost10,000 CONCLUSIONS ock streams. Here, remained on the Earth bytheendof20 remained ontheEarth ofthelivingmatter less thanone-half Something otherisrequired bytime. Slightly Tunguska River. HPPontheNizhnyaya for theEvenkiyskaya unacceptable, ofagiant damandthesea on theAngaraRiver, andwhatistotally inthebasinofAmurRiver,reservoirs of environmentally hazardous large HPP ofplansfor construction and preservation system inourcountry the pondconstruction sluggish attitudestowards the remnants of This, inparticular, isthereason for their as itisthecaseindeveloped countries. economic, andenvironmental humanrights ready to to defend combineefforts social, and othercircumstances are not,infact, ofthepast former USSR,inviewofinertia both intheRussianFederation andthe inthesphere ofnaturalresources,makers gained afoothold inthecountry. Decision- 1967]. Anobsessionwithgigantic projects [Sidorenko, andauthorities by theministries Natural resources were useddestructively manandthenature. between at interaction negatively strategy thegovernmental aimed influenced camps. Alltheabove-mentioned amid repressive andtheGULAG crackdown took place againstlossoflife in World War II waters and, consequently, for thefunctioning for oftheworld primarily thequality important conditionis oceanzone.pericontinental Its thein-landriverbasinsand between onthenaturallinks has anegative impact also shaping mechanismofthebiosphere. It a multifaceted damageto theenvironment- nature notonlyat theregional causes level. It ishazardous impact to thehumanbeingsand approach. international contemporary The in Russialooksunacceptablecompared to the and fragmentation ofmajorriverswithdams to thestrategy ofman-madeseasconstruction ontheEarth’spositive impact climate. Keeping economy are beingintroduced. That hasa being shaped, anddifferent ofgreen types being restored, environmental is framework forestsrecently alsoinChinaandIndia, are thedeveloped et al., countries, and 2000].In [Watson, oftheworld of theterrestrial parts development dueto theunbridled century 115.01.2014 9:17:32 5 . 0 1 th . 2 0

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7 Watson, R.T., Noble, I.R.,Bolin,B., etal. (2000).Landuse, land-usechange, andforestry. 14. Sidorenko, A.V. (1967).Man, Technology, М.,Nedra. Earth. 13. Shipunov, F.Ya. (1988).Look atyour house. 240p. М.,Sovremennik, 12. Plyusnina, V.V., Dalzhinova,I.A.(2008). The Angaracascade. Environmental (2nd impact 11. (NewsofUgra), 8,2011. December Novosti Ugry 10. Ponds Moscow ofponds, (past and present): tech- characteristics technology andbrief 9. Lisitsyn,A.P. (2004).Sediment andcontaminantfluxes inthe World andglobalmoni- Ocean 8. Gorshkov, S.P., O.I. L.S.Evseeva(2010).Specificfeatures Mochalova, ofthetemperature 7. Gorshkov, S.P. ofthebiosphere. M.,Faculty Introduction. (2007).Doctrine ofGeography, 6. Gorshkov, S.P. (2001).Conceptual basicsofgeoecology. 2-nded. Moscow, Zheldorizdat, 5. Danilov, A.Yu. andcontemporaneity. Reservoir. Rybinsk, Rybinsk History (2003).Mologa. 4. where M.(1989).Hydro are gigantohegemony: Pub- itsroots? Znaniye-Sila Cherkasova, 3. Burdin, engineering inRussia:from E.A.(2010).Hydraulic Volgostroy to theGreat Volga 2. Borisov, V.N. (1996).Features oftheclimate onhydrosphere andtechnogenesis impact 1. to level. raisethisissueattheinternational [Lisitsyn, 2004;Gorshkov, isnecessary 2007].It of themainheatingmechanismEarth 5 REFERENCES Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, University Cambridge Cambridge: 377p. University, Ulan-Ude. Publishing HouseoftheBuryat 144p.half ofthe20thcentury). etc.).Ivanchenko, M.,Galereya, 176p. nological features (authors (2007)Ed. byS.V.V.P. Kryuchkov Grinev, Gromov, K.A. V.N. Rio,pp. methods.toring Johannesburg: milestones. Stockholm, crisis 133–193. M.,Nauka, tion andscienceinRussia:pastpresent. St.-Petersburg, pp. 235–242. VVM, signal thesecondhalfofXX during Geographical inCentral Siberia educa- century. In: Lomonosov State University, Moscow 118p. 570 p. Podvorye PublishingRybinskoye House, 208p. lishing House, No. 4,pp. 20–27. theUlyanovskState Pedagogical(1930–1980). Ulyanovsk, University, 222p. factors. Ed. by V.I. Osipov. М.,Nedra,pp. 93–113. changesinthelithosphere undertheinfluenceofnaturalandanthropogenic Modern In: platform). Siberian zone (casestudyoftheNorth areas ofcryolithic in thebrine-bearing Sergey P. Gorshkov more than 200publications, including8monographs. onlocal,interaction regional and globallevels. Heisauthorof uptheproblems relatedtaking to thebiosphere andmankind republics. recent During 40years hasbeen Sergey Gorshkov region, Murmansk krai, Tyvain theKrasnoyarsky andKhakass graduating asgeomorphologist hewasengagedinfieldresearch mineralogical sciences, DScingeography. 1956after In State University, Faculty ofGeography, PhD ingeological- and the pericontinental ocean zone.and thepericontinental thesystem ofin-landriverbasins preserve Protection to measures shouldbetaken isProfessor oftheLomonosov Moscow  115.01.2014 9:17:32 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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7 76 ENVIRONMENT 6 LarissaS.Evseeva Andrey Yu. Ozerskiy OlgaI.Mochalova Laurent Touchart author ofmore than100scientificworks. of pondsandwetland basinsontherunoffformation. Sheisthe on naturalcomplexes transformation inriver valleys, theinfluence studies globalenvironmental changes, theinfluenceofreservoirs University. Sheengagesinhydrological runoff calculations, of Hydrology, Faculty ofGeography, Lomonosov State Moscow of Environmental Geochemistry” (2008). “Coal BaseofRussia” (2003),authorofthetextbook “Fundamentals author ofmonographs: Coal Basin”“Kansko-Achinskiy (1996), 150 publicationsonhydrogeology, co- geochemistry, ecology; prospecting” and Prospector”.“Honorary Heistheauthorofover ofNaturalResources andEcology Russian Ministry “Excellent JointStock Company,Mining-Geological awarded ofthe marks oftheKrasnoyarsk Head oftheGeoecological Department ofabout30 publications. is theauthor(co-author) infrastructure intheMzimtavalley. oftransport She construction andRhone,soasthelinear ontheAngaraRiver reservoirs transformation ofthelandscapestructuredueto thecreation of thestudies theclimate Siberia, changeintheEastern Environmental Center, Initiatives geographer, geoecologist. She Limousin, France. regimestudies thethermal ofthepondsin andwater quality He onclimate Siberia. changeintheEastern number ofarticles biogeography ofRussia.Hehasa andclimaticcharacteristics 12 monographs. Heistheauthorofseveral bookson limnologist, theauthorofmore than100publication,including isProfessor ofUniversit –PhD, SeniorResearcher oftheDepartment –PhD, atthe Headofthedepartment , PhD ingeological-mineralogical sciences, y ofOrleans , geographer, 115.01.2014 9:17:32 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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7 1 Arcisstrasse 21,80333M@unchen,Germany *Corresponding author, Ostenstra@be 18,85072Eichst@att,Germany. 2 CyffkaBernd perceptions into thescientificprocess; to and problem integrate theirknowledge intheresearchInvolving stakeholders process forests;management ofoasesandriparian ii) and integrating theminto landandwater ecosystem services, functions/ecosystem i)developing methodsfor analyzing by: conditions ofclimaticandsocietalchanges management alongthe Tarim under River oasis overall isto goaloftheproject support balance for asustainabledevelopment. The economic benefitsare maintainedinthebest and change, suchthatecosystem services changing water dueto availability climate water-scarcewater useinavery region, with and utilizationofthenaturalecosystems, and manage landuse, agriculture i.e. irrigation Oases)ishowto ofRiver Management project(Sustainable SuMaRiO Sino-German vegetation. The centralquestionofthe the Tarim aswell River aswiththenatural and water usersofthelower reaches of waterbetween usersoftheupperreaches arises water isneededfor Aconflict irrigation. production area ofcotton inChina,andmuch flows downstream, astheregion isthemain is increasing. However, notsufficientwater climate changetheannualwater discharge floods inthesummermonths. Dueto global from water ofsnowandglaciermelt,causing as precipitation islow. ismainlyfedThe river solely water source for theoasesinregion ofthe rim isthe It northern Taklamakan desert. endorheic Tarim isrunningalongthe River 7 ABSTRACT. SERVICES APPROACHSERVICES RIVER (P.R. CHINA) AND THE ECOSYSTEM OF RIVER OASES ALONG THE TARIM SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT Hydrology BasinManagement, andRiver Technical University Munich, Applied Physical Geography, Catholic University ofEichstaett-Ingolstadt, In north-western China,the north-western In 1* , Christian Rumbaur , Christian e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: 2 , Martin Kuba , Martin –7°C in January and 26°C in July and and26°CinJuly and –7°C inJanuary with monthlyaverage temperatures of etal., [Kottek 2006] continental andarid The climate inthe Tarim Basinis River River’s discharge. latter about70%to rivercontributes the Tarim fromSouth andAksuRiver the North. The fromRiver the West, from HotanRiver the throughCity theconfluenceof Yarkant Taitema Lake. The Tarim forms River atAksu endingin the in Chinaflowingeastward The Tarim river isthelongestendorheic River The dominates thebasin. Taklamakan Desert aboveof 1000Meters sealevel inaverage. West (upto 7000masl.) andisatanaltitude 6000 masl.), bythePamir inthe Mountains asl.), bytheKunlunShaninSouth(upto by the (upto 7000m Tian ShanintheNorth of P.R. China(seeFig. 1). The basinisbounded Uyghur Autonomous Region intheNorthwest ofthe rim intheXinjiang Taklamakan Desert The Tarim islocated River inthenorthern Ecosystem Services Management, a changing world. economic consequencesoftheirdecisionsin demonstrate theecological andsocio- that system) withChinesedecisionmakers toolssupport iii) Developing (Decision AND PROBLEM DESCRIPTION INTRODUCTION, STUDY AREA KEY WORDS: 1 , Markus , China, Tarim Basin,Sustainable Disse 2 115.01.2014 9:17:32 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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7 China and encourages people to move to the China andencouragespeople to move to the the development ofthewestern provinces of promotes these timestheChinesegovernment land andwater resources oftheBasin. During of theregion puts growing pressure to the inthe1950’s,Starting arapiddevelopment exchange andcommerce inthosedays. in theoases. The SilkRoadmadeitacentre of Road alongwhichsettlementswere founded for provided River acorridor theancientSilk since several hundreds ofyears. The Tarim and theregion inhabited ispermanently Tarim Basinsince several River thousandyears, have placeinthe Human activities taken meters ofwater are usedperhectare. water intensive. China3000to 5000cubic In was 1 129 700 ha.Cotton productionisvery 2011thecotton productionarea cotton. In producedthat isabout15%oftheworldwide Chinese cotton isproduced 2005], [Chadhuri, Xinjiang40%ofthetotal product iscotton. In Statistic Press, 2009]. The mainagricultural of theagricultural in2008[China production andfishing,besides forestry hadashare of67% provincial’s gross Farming, domesticproduct. hasa share of50%onthe (industry) sector has ashare of16%,whereas thesecondary Xinjiang’s (naturalresources) sector primary ecosystem services. various vegetation. urban These ecosystems provide and orchards, and butthere isalsoperi-urban agriculture plays thedominantrole withcotton well asspecialadapted theoases plants. In australis Tamarix ramosissima ( ecosystem consistsmainlyofEuphratPoplar called along therivers ‘Tugai’. The Tugai vegetation ecosystems aswell astheriparian andsemi-desert Especially there are desert ecosystems. invarious Xinjiangisrich Southern high durationofsunshineperyear (2500hours). 1600 mmperyear. Additionally, theregion hasa evaporation rate for theentire basinisabout precipitation is400mm. The average potential thesurrounding mountainstheaverage In 50 mm precipitation inaverage peryear. 9 Populus euphratica ) [Halik et al., 2011] and shrubs as ) [Haliketal., 2011]andshrubsas ), Tamarix species(e.g. ), reed (e.g. Phragmites water useristhe agriculture. The Chinese natural Tugai vegetation. However, the biggest householdsandisneededbythe production, thewater isusedforBesides irrigation, industrial are implemented bytheproject. Desertification andtheConventionBiodiversity to Combat levelOn aninternational theConvention of water andlandusemanagementintheregion. asustainable system willsupport support system. up adecisionsupport This decision The results willbeusedto oftheproject set economics intheregion out. hasbeencarried andsocio- environment, ecosystem services climate change,onthe agricultural impacts projectresearch thescopeofSuMaRiO on In degradation anddesertification. land. areThe effects land oftheseconflicts cottonbetween productionandunspoiled vegetation; second,oflanduse theconflict humanneedsand naturalbetween do exist:First, ofwater use theconflict thestudyregion, majorconflicts In two years.fields intheupperreaches inthenext of water andthustheexpansionofcotton years, probably fifty causing asurplus the next models predictacontinuationofthistrend in temperature rose by0,4°C. The globalclimate thelastfive decadestheannualaverage In andchannels. floods andfillsthereservoirs This glacierandsnowmeltwater causes flows mainlyinsummerinto the Tarim River. depends solelyontheriverwater. Fresh water evaporation rates, theregion’s water supply Due to thelowprecipitation andthehigh Fig.In 2theregional problem issketched. grabbing anddesertification. land are prone to salinization. This leadsto land overuse andpesticides, offertilizers water and uses mostoftheagricultural land. Dueto the intensive productionofcotton. Additionally, it is usedbyagriculture, especiallythewater nature needsinbalance. ofthewater Most humanand management iscrucialto keep water.solely dependingonriver Thus, water and nature. The water supplyinthisregion is humanneeds between is causingconflicts "West". settlementinthisregion The on-going 115.01.2014 9:17:33 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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8 the Federal Ministry ofEducationandthe Federal Ministry isfundedby project The SuMaRiO ecosystems andthelivelihoods ofthefarmers. whichisthreatening the of thedesert oflandgrabbing,vicious cycle andexpansion cotton production. for further This causesa thefieldunsuitable making the soilsurface shallow groundwater, to saltistransported to ofthe heavily irrigation. rise With capillary system, thegroundwater due tableisrising their livelihood. fieldswithnodrainage In new landfor theircotton production to secure fields leave thesalinefieldsbehindandutilize not have installedadrainagesystem intheir living intheruralareas. Smallholderswhodo increase theirincomeandstandard of to The cotton helpsthefarmers production natural vegetation isdepending. the drop ofthegroundwater level onwhichthe cotton theirorchards. orto irrigate This causes region are pumpinggroundwater to produce inwinter andspring. Farmersfalling dry inthat from theAksuRiver. The lower reaches are mostofthewaterusing andstoring coming is ontheupperreaches, withthefreshest water, area ofcotton productionalongthe Tarim River residues are addedto thewater. The biggest for andthusmore andmore irrigation fertilizer saline water isusedalongthe Tarim again River water isincreasing even more, asthealready Tarim River. The salinizationofthe Tarim River waterthe river towards thelower reaches ofthe the Tarim causinganincreaseof River ofsalinity channel. This highlysalinewater isledbackinto polluted water isdrainedinto thedrainage a fieldwithanexistingdrainagesystem, the water.deeper into thesoilbyirrigation On andpesticideresiduesfertilizer are washed andpesticides.a highinputoffertilizers The only bereachedsoilwith onthepoorsilty meters of water yieldscan perhectare. High Xinjiang requires anaverage of4,000cubic cotton with highquality. Butthecotton in the region potentially suitableto produce and thehighdurationofsunshinehoursmake inthe1980’s.Xinjiang starting climate The dry promotedgovernment cotton in production 1 THE SUMARIO PROJECT and landusemanagementfrom plotscale onsustainablewater Work Block3isworking ofglaciersandsnowmelt. monitoring block includesthemodellingandwork and thedischarge of Tarim tributaries. This dealing withtheregional climate change coordinating theproject. Work Block2is (see Fig. 3). Work Block1isorganizing and five blocks work comprises The project     climatic andsocietalchangesby: along the Tarim underconditionsof River oasismanagement isto support of SuMaRiO sustainable development. The overall goal are maintainedinthebestbalancefor a andeconomicbenefits ecosystem services duetoavailability climate change, suchthat water-scarcevery region, withchanging water of thenaturalecosystems, andwater useina use, agriculture i.e. andutilization irrigation The centralquestionishowto manageland 2011 andhasdurationoffive years. Stakeholders. inMarch started The project Chinese andvarious Research Institutions andnineChineseUniversitiesGerman and eleven comprises project consortium Land managementfundingmeasure. The Research ofGermany intheSustainable AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES STRUCTURE, ECOSYSTEMSPROJECT

economic, ecological, andsocietalutilities. Jointly identifyingoptionsfor optimizing their decisionsinachanging world; consequencesof and socio-economic thatdemonstrate the ecologicalmakers toolsDeveloping withChinesedecision perceptions into thescientificprocess; to andproblem integrate theirknowledge intheresearch Involving stakeholders process floodplain forests; water managementofoasesareas and and integrating theminto landand ecosystem services, functions/ecosystem methodsforDeveloping analyzing 115.01.2014 9:17:33 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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8 and scientificdiscovery. withrecreation, aestheticappreciation services d)cultural andwater cycling; cycling nutrient with geneticresources, biomassproduction, services andlocalclimate; c)supporting quality soilfertility, withwater purification, air services andnaturalmedicine;b)regulating material water supply, food andfodder, fibre andraw with are:the project a)provisioning services in The mainlyinvestigated ecosystem services ecosystems. systems, andperi-urban iii)urban landuse vegetation), ii)non-irrigated (Tugai following ecosystem ecosystems: i)riparian inthe andecosystem functions services Work Block4isstudying theecosystem amodelwithwaterRiver usersissetup. satellite images. Alongthelengthof Tarim biomass andleafareafrom indexistaken On theregional scaleplantparameters like out. evaporation ofcotton plantiscarried On plotscalestudiesonwater useand Basin)onagricultural ecosystems.(Tarim (farmer’s scaleto regional field)viafarm scale 3 Fig. 4. Outline of the decision support system of the SuMaRiO project. Source: Marie Hinnenthal, Hinnenthal, Marie Source: project. SuMaRiO the of system support decision the of Outline 4. Fig. Universitaet der Bundeswehr, Muenchen management. ofwater interms andland their actions to seetheconsequencesof stakeholders system. support This tool willenablethe The outcome willbeadecision oftheproject and heatstress. for areas urban regardingservices dust oftheecosystemassessment isconducted (reed) isestimated. Atransdisciplinary pictum Apocynum utilization potential ofnative plants, like are (stateCorps farms) analyzed. The Xinjiang Production andConstruction ofthefarms, large andfarms scalefarms isassessed.and thuswater pricing Family management program (willingness to pay) social valueofamore sustainablewater With contingentvaluationmethodthe situationoftheregion.socio-economic Work Block5assessesonseveral levels the A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM OUTCOME OF THE PROJECT – and Phragmites australis 115.01.2014 9:17:33 5

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8 84 SUSTAINABILITY 4 Convention to Combat Desertification. Convention ofBiological andthe Diversity project implementsgoals stated in the levelOn aninternational theSuMaRiO measure.an implemented policy forconsequences ofher/hisaction, example system theusercansee decision support be illustrated. According to theresults ofthe according to theprompted measures will and future (e.g. scenarios climate change) ofpast changes basedontheobservations Effects” firstthestatusquoisindicated. The several measures. theStep In “Consequences/ measures), otheroptionsorthecombinationof to implementmeasurespossibility (e.g. policy The step “Alternatives” willgive theuser onthehydrologyimpact intheregion. trends inclimate changeintheregion andtheir on climate andhydrology the willcomprise ecosystems willbeimplemented. The scenario management” withitsconsequencesonthe asusual”“business and “regional sustainable regional economy andecology. thisscenario In There dealingwiththe willbeascenario scenarios. system external isbasedontwo ecosystem services. The decisionsupport and the Integrated BasinManagement River system (Fig.The decisionsupport 4)willcombine system. provide inputto thedecisionsupport needs from thedifferent levels will stakeholder andthe inSuMaRiO on thescientificwork cial level are beinginterviewed. The feedback level, levelholders oncounty andprovin- city ontheirlivelihoods.being interviewed Stake- andfromthe UyghurHanChinese minority from agriculture. There are from familyfarmers theirlivelihood earning mainly local farmers results.the project The dialogueinvolves the tool for theimplementationof is animportant system, dialogue themulti-level stakeholder On theway to develop thedecisionsupport DESERTIFICATION THE CONVENTION TO COMBAT STRATEGY AND PLAN ACTION AND THE CHINESE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY CONVENTION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, IMPLEMENTED GOALS OF THE and 15. In theprojectimplementation and 15.In These tasksare undertheAichi Targets 14 tool to managenaturalresources conflicts. of localcommunitiesand will provide a livelihoods andthewell-being supporting also analyzes ecosystemsvegetation. It oftheurban well-being andthefunction related to water, health(dusttransport), whichareevaluates ecosystem services strategicfourth goaloftheCBD. SuMaRiO to allshouldbeenhanced, asstated inthe from andecosystem biodiversity services benefits from protected areas. The benefits and and evaluates theecosystem services ofthe risk the extinction Tugai vegetation 11, thestudyalong Tarim assesses River genetic diversity. UndertheAichi Target safeguarding ecosystems, speciesand to improve by thestatusofbiodiversity vice versa. The third goaloftheCBDis use ondegradation (soilsalinization)and agriculture ofland andstudiestheimpact of naturalhabitats, especiallyforests, 8. isassessingthestatusquo The project project undertheAichitargets 5,7and and isimplemented bytheSuMaRiO- of theConvention ofBiological Diversity sustainable useisthesecondstrategic goal pressures andpromotion onbiodiversity of in theregion. ofthedirect The reduction intointegrate planning ecosystem services implement sustainableproductionandto steps to atalllevels andtaking stakeholders Aichi targets 2,3and4byreaching outto to contributes the the SuMaRiO-project acrossbiodiversity andsociety, government lossbymainstreamingcauses ofbiodiversity Under thestrategic goalto address the ofCBD,building [Secretary 2010]. by biodiversity, andprovide for capacity all levels, enhancethebenefitsprovided on biodiversity, safeguard at biodiversity loss,causes ofbiodiversity reduce pressure strategic goalsthataddress theunderlying 20 headlinetargets, organized underfive Aichi Targets in2010. The Aichitargets are Biological (CBD)orthesocalled Diversity the Strategic Plan oftheConvention on adopted community the international Under theConvention onBiological Diversity 115.01.2014 9:17:33 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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8 exchange theprocess withstudents. In dialogues andthein thestakeholder degradation andeducation ispromoted produced cotton. Awareness raisingonland benefit viatheproduction of sustainable whichgeneratesof biodiversity aglobal land managementandthesustainableuse change. issustainable The focus ofSuMaRiO environmental to climate vulnerability and by assessingthesocio-economic the livingconditionsoflocalpopulations by SuMaRiO. aimstoThe project improve (CCD) are alsoimplementedDesertification oftheConventionObjectives to Combat use to improve theimplementationcapacity. andsustainable conservation biodiversity in to participate actively stakeholders dialoguetheprojectencourages stakeholder the field1).In sustainable usepolicies(action region field3)andaimsto improve (action indifferentbiodiversity ecosystems inthe project investigates, assessesandmonitors into andregional sectoral planning. The andwetlandsbiodiversity isintegrated of is assessedandtheconservation ofclimate changeonbiodiversity impact ecosystem. desert atypical territories) The area ecologically fragile 2(thenorthwestern outinthenational priority use, iscarried project,having afocusSuMaRiO onland strategy to strengthen theecosystems. The manandnaturebetween andhasthe promotes furthermore, project, theharmony buildinginbiodiversity.on capacity The exchanges andcooperationwiththefocus capital andto strengthen theinternational withinternational projects onbiodiversity The ChineseNBSAPpromotes large-scale StrategyBiodiversity Plan andAction (NBSAP). hasitsownNational Diversity, eachcountry To implementtheConvention onBiological postulation ofAichi Target 19. system willmeetthe decision support system. of thedecisionsupport The projects’ from alllevels are involved inthecreation dialogue, representativesthe stakeholder strategic goaloftheCBD, isamajorpart. With building, management andcapacity thefifth planning, knowledge through participatory 5  etal.,Mace 2011](seealsoFig. 5): to four [according categories to MA, 2003, are classified Usually Ecoystem Services intangible benefits[MA, 2003]. into accountandrefers to aswell material as as man-madeorman-modifiedecosystems naturalaswell takes and Dailyetal. [1997].It to thedefinitionsgiven byCostanza etal. [1997] from ecosystems’’ are definedas Services ‘‘ (MA)Ecosystem Ecosystem Assessment Report program, theMillenium launchedin2001.In Ecosystem Assessment Nations Millenium and brought to ageneralpublicbytheUnited first usedinthe1960 (ESS) was The conceptofEcoSystem Services abstract. extended policies are inpoint3ofthis described stakeholder’s discussion. The implemented the the plannedmeasures andsupports tool for findingquantifiable results of system isacrucial The decisionsupport stakeholders. various discussion between recommendations are found inarational plan. strategybiodiversity andaction The andtheChinesenational Desertification andtheConventionDiversity to Combat tocontribute theConvention ofBiological one large region. The project’s results will are considered in Combat Desertification Biological andtheConvention Diversity to projecttheConvention theSuMaRiO of In degraded landinanecological fragile area. climate changeadaptionandrestoration of between ofinteractions improve knowledge are developed. The results oftheprojectwill recommendations to remove thesebarriers system With thehelpofdecisionsupport sustainable landmanagementare assessed. todrivers oflanddegradation andbarriers policy, institutionalandsocio-economic system, of developing adecisionsupport ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

Fresh Water, Fiber, Geneticresources obtained from ecosystems. E.g.: Food, Provisioning Services [MA, 2003]. This definitionrefers ’ s and has been formalized s andhasbeenformalized the benefits people obtain the benefitspeopleobtain : Products 115.01.2014 9:17:33 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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8 86 SUSTAINABILITY 6   like freshlike air, water andfood to drinking that satisfyfundamentalhuman needs ecosystemsdependent onfunctioning well-being. Humanwell-being is strongly aiming to maintainorimprove human holisticapproachintroduced, isavery as The conceptofecosystem services, 

Regulation regulation, Water Disease purification, from ecosystem processes. E.g.: Climate Regulating Services Tourism, Aesthetic, Educational obtained from ecosystems. E.g.: Recreation, Cultural services Production. Soil formation, cycling, Primary Nutrient E.g.:production ofallotherservices. Services Supporting Fig. 5. Ecosystem Functions and Ecosystem Services as discussed in the SuMaRiO framework SuMaRiO the in discussed as Services Ecosystem and Functions 5.Ecosystem Fig. : Intangible benefits: Intangible : Benefitsobtained : Necessary for: Necessary on how ecosystems and their services are on howecosystems andtheirservices direction. Daily etal. [2009] give aframework themtowardsand conduct asustainable (especially landusedecisions) of allkind for integrating ecosystems into decisions canbeseenasatool Ecosystem services 2011]. etal.,increases [Norris withbiodiversity ofecosystem services a stabledelivery bybiodiversity.underpinned mostcases In natural resources. are Ecosystem services propagates asustainableuseof2003]. It long-term capacity toprovide services’’ human well-being withoutaffecting their enhance thecontribution ofecosystems to conceptis of theEcosysemService natural environmental change. The aim aswellaffected as byhumanimpacts are to deliver ability ecosystem services Ec name onlysome. osystems and theirosystems and [MA, 115.01.2014 9:17:33 5 . ‘‘to ‘‘to 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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8 modeled usingnaturalsciencemethods. and structureshave to beassessedand [United Nations, 1992]. These functions environment interacting asafunctionalunit’ organism communities andtheir nonliving complex definesanecosystemDiversity as ‘ United NationsConvention onBiological whichareand functions, interacting. The structures An ecosystem consistsofcertain is introduced intheFig. 6. oftheconcept,which the transdisciplinarity andfigures out to decisionmaking linked 7 Fig. 6. Linkage between ecosystems and decisions. Source: Daily et al., 2009 (altered) 2009 al., et Daily Source: decisions. and ecosystems between Linkage 6. Fig. Fig. 7. Research scheme for the potential of Tugai forests regarding ‘‘sand fixation’’ ‘‘sand regarding Tugai of forests potential the for scheme 7.Fig. Research of plant,animalandmicro- a dynamic

Environment Agency, 2010]. visit thereviewed ecosystem [European much theywould bewillingto pay to cost method, where peopleare how asked, several methods. For examplethetravel- valued. Avaluationcanbeachieved using arecultural modelstheprovided services project isdealingwith.Usingeconomicand scalethata point ofviewandtheparticular dependent anddiffering onthestakeholders’ isidentified. ofeachservice The importance delivered by anecosystem areservices (e.g. administration,localpopulation)the cooperationwithlocalstakeholders In 115.01.2014 9:17:33 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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8 88 SUSTAINABILITY 8 7. Halik, U., Z. Chai, H. Arkin, B. Cyffka, &C.Opp(2011):Responseof U., B. Cyffka, Halik, Z.Chai,H.Arkin, 7. European Environment to (2010):Scalingupecosystem benefits –Acontribution Agency 6. . DailyG.C.;S.Polasky, J. Goldstein; P.M. etal. H.A.Mooney (2009):Ecosystem ser- Kareiva; 5. Daily, Daily, G.C.,1997b:Introduction: In: What are G.C.(ed.) ecosystem services? Nature’s 4. Costanza, R.,R.D’Arge, R.S.deGroot, S.Farber, M.Grasso, Limburg, B. Hannon,K. S.Naeem, 3. ChinaStatisticPress (2009).XinjiangStatistical Yearbook, 2009. 2. oftheeconomicsituationinXinjianganditsrole in (2005).Asurvey Debasish Chadhuri 1. to decisions taking theecosystem values to decisionstaking canbemotivated is howdecisionmakers is aboutfinancialincentives. The question The step from institutionsto decisionsmainly decisions. ofcertain merits institutions andprovide information onthe to strengthen representativetry existing to isimportant of sustainabledecisions. It pilot projects, demonstratingtheusefulness in institutions. This canhappeninform of valuesareThe depicted to beembedded forests. research ontheESS ‘sand fixation’ of Tugai projectto make is appliedintheSuMaRiO Figure 7showstheresearch schemewhich lining.respectively thecostsfor artificial withoutnaturalvegetation,and sections of road with maintenance atsections thecostscan bevaluated bycomparing vegetation beltthisprotective function national highway accompanied bythe reaches of Tarim River. Sincethere isa by the Tugai vegetation atthelower ’sandecosystem service fixation’, provided benefit analysisusedto valuate the Amongst acost- otherswithinSuMaRiO REFERENCES and Water 31,5,pp. 18–22. Conservation, Groundwater Level after Water Diversion to Lower Reachesof Tarim River. BulletinofSoil study. 4/2010. EEA Report The EconomicsofEcosystems (TEEB) andBiodiversity 1, pp. 21–28. vices in decision making: timeto deliver.vices indecisionmaking: Frontiers inEcology and theEnvironment, 1–10. onNatural Ecosystems, SocietalDependence Services: Washington DC:IslandPress, pp. world’s andnaturalcapital. Nature, ecosystem services No. 387, 6630,pp. 253–260. R.V. O’Neill,J. Paruelo, P. R.G.Raskin, Sutton, andM.vandenBelt,1997: The valueofthe 41,1,pp. 1–28. century. ChinaReport the twenty-first for SuMaRiO works onlyasateam. works for SuMaRiO colleaguesshouldbementioned SuMaRiO possible. AndofcoursealltheotherGerman China. would notbe Without themSuMaRiO for institutions andstakeholders helpingusin be appliedonallourChinesecolleagues, project.Hugethanksmust the SuMaRiO of EducationandResearch for funding We Federal to thank theGerman like Ministry functions. of decisionsonecosystem structuresand theeffects andmonitoring these scenarios scientific tasklays inthedeveloping of the future, usingdifferent scenarios. The retrospective aswell asaprojectionto by theecosystem. This dealswith the are feed backed how made-decisions decisions to ecosystems. Here isexamined The circle isfulfilledwiththestep from approach. conservation approaches hasahighpotential to create a andtraditionalmanagement and knowledge research area amerge techniques ofmodern into account. EspeciallywithintheSuMaRiO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Populus euphratica 

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8 onEnvironment Declaration United Nations(1992):Rio United andDevelopment. Na- 13. oftheConvention Secretary onBiological (2010).Aneweraoflivinginharmony Diversity 12. etal. inthe DChamberlain (2011):Biodiversity R.Bradbury; S.Baker; M.Bailey; K.; Norris, 11. G.M.,I.Bateman, S.Albon,A.Balmford, Mace etal. (2011):Conceptual Framework and 10. Ecosystem MA Assessment) (2003):Ecosystems (Millenium andHuman Well-Being: A 9. M.;Grieser, Kottek, C.;Rudolf, J.; Beck, B.; Rubel, F. (2006). World oftheKцppen-Geiger Map 8. 9 Basin Management coordinating the Sino-German SuMaRiO-project. coordinatingBasin Management the Sino-German assistant atthe Technical ofMunichattheprofessorship University for Hydrology andRiver oftheSuMaRiO-project. isvice-leader Cyffka mitigation.Bernd andfloodrisk services landusechanges, topics like restorationinterdisciplinary measures, sustainability, ecosystem tions, New York, NY. unesco.org/mab/doc/iyb/sideEvent/outcomes.pdf Summit.Presswith nature attheNagoyaBiodiversity isborn release, URLhttp://www. UKNationalEcosystem Assessment, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge: Report. pp. 63–104. IN: ofEcosystemContext Services. The UKNationalEcosystem Assessment Technical Ecosystem Assessment, UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge: pp. 11–26. Methodology. The UKNational Ecosystem Assessment Technical Report. Framework for Assessment. Washington DC:IslandPress, 245p. climate classificationupdated. Meteorol. Z.,No. 15,pp. 259–263. ChristianRumbaur BerndCyffka Agricultural inBeijing. University Since2011heisscientific andtheChina cooperation withtheHohenheim University in soilsciencefrom the Technical Freiberg University in 2009, hereceived ofEducation.In hisPhD the ChineseMinistry Scholarship from Research theGerman Foundation (DFG)and 2004hegota ChinaPlain. In intheNorth field experience with theChinaAgricultural inBeijingwithextensive University research incooperation projectsattheHohenheimUniversity inseveral ChineseandSino-German studies heparticipated Freiberg his andobtainedDiplomaofGeologyin2002.After special regard to floodplainareas. Besides, hisfocus ison research focuses onhydrology, geobotany andsoilsciencewitha in RussianLapland. Hetook over his current positionsin2005.His (2000) onthepossibilitiesofsustainabledevelopment oflandscapes behavior ofsmallcatchments, followed byhishabilitationthesis junior and there ofGeographyGoettingen, andworked attheInstitute as botany, geologyandregional of planningattheUniversity Floodplain Research Neuburg. Institute Hestudiedgeography, andheadofthe ofEichstaett-Ingolstadt Catholic University senior scientist. His PhD thesis (1991) was on runoff PhD thesis(1991)wasonrunoff senior scientist.His isprofessor for AppliedPhysical Geography atthe graduated from the Technical University

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9 90 SUSTAINABILITY 0 SuMaRiO-project. concentration aswell assnowmeasurement andmodelling . Heistheleaderof processes insteep drainagebasinswiththemainemphasisonrunoffgenerationand management ofwater resources. research experimental His concentrates onhydrological hydrological basins, modellingofriver managementandthesustainable floodrisk MarkusDisse Martin Kuba Martin research interests focus onthree different areas: process-based Federal oftheGerman University Forces Armed inMunich.His professor of Water andResources Management Protection atthe flood modelling. From 2003until2013heheldthepositionofa researchconducted ofwater bodiesand onthemorphology Federal where of Hydrology (BfG)inKoblenz he Institute his PhD in1995.Until2003hewasemployed attheGerman Hydrology and University,Water since Karlsruhe Management, Universität München, of attheInstitute TUM). Heworked andthe Management Technical ofMunich(Technische University River inXinjiang/ChinaandontheDanubefloodplainBavaria. River atthe withintheSuMaRiO-project Tarimand ecosystem services modelling ofsoilmoisture anditsrelation to ecosystem function current Alps.researchBavarian His focus isonmeasurement and graduated withadiplomathesisaboutavalanche hazards inthe and ofEichstaett-Ingolstadt the CatholicUniversity TU Munichand geography, environmental climatology at psychology and(eco-) the Floodplain Research Neuburg. Institute Hestudiedphysical chairofAppliedPhysicalEichstaett-Ingolstadt, Geography andat is scientific assistant at the Catholic University of isscientificassistantattheCatholicUniversity isprofessor for HydrologyBasin andRiver 115.01.2014 9:17:34 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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9 1 in landuseandtheintegral concept ofthe identification andclassification ofconflicts the results ofintegrated research onthe of landscapeplanning. The paperpresents conceptsandprinciples main stagesandkey program alsoidentifiesthe for theoblast.It onthedevelopmentwork ofthelandscape The paperdiscussesthemainphasesof environmentally planninginUkraine. friendly policy, andpotential of andcharacteristics landscape planning, of thenational principles which allowed identifyingapproaches to bytheauthors, and assessmentconducted schools oflandscapeplanningandonresearch and Russian oftheGerman the experience Ukraine. The program ismainlybasedon in This isthefirstdocumentofthiskind oblast. has beendeveloped for theCherkassy program 2010–2013, alandscape-planning countries. Undertheprojectimplemented in planning widelyaccepted inEuropean projectonlandscape of thefirst,inUkraine; 3 2 Leonid G.Rudenko 6 5 4 Marunyak e-mail: Kiev, 01034, Str,Vladimirskaya 44. Tel: +38(044)2341451,факс +38(044)2343230, e-mail: Kiev, 01034, Str,Vladimirskaya 44. Tel: +38(044)2341451,Fax: +38(044)2343230, e-mail: Kiev, 01034, Str,Vladimirskaya 44. Tel: +38(044)2341451,Fax: +38(044)2343230, e-mail: Kiev, 01034, Str,Vladimirskaya 44. Tel: +38(044)2342176,Fax: +38(044)2343230, * Corresponding author: Kiev, 01034, Str,Vladimirskaya 44. Tel: +38(044)2341451,Fax: +38(044)2343230, [email protected]: Kiev, 01034, Str,Vladimirskaya 44. Tel: +38(044)2346163,Fax: +38(044)2343230, 1 ABSTRACT. PROGRAM THE FIRST LANDSCAPE-PLANNING LANDSCAPE PLANNING IN UKRAINE: Institute ofGeography,Institute theNationalAcademy Ukraine, ofUkraine; ofSciences ofGeography,Institute theNationalAcademy Ukraine, ofUkraine; ofSciences ofGeography,Institute theNationalAcademy Ukraine, ofUkraine; ofSciences ofGeography,Institute theNationalAcademy Ukraine, ofUkraine; ofSciences ofGeography,Institute theNationalAcademy Ukraine, ofUkraine; ofSciences ofGeography,Institute theNationalAcademy Ukraine, ofUkraine; ofSciences

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] 4 The paperpresentsThe theresults , Yuri N.Farion 1 , Alexandr G.Golubtsov e-mail: 5 , Viktor M.Chekhniy

[email protected] the principles ofsustainable development,the principles andensures theimplementation of Ukraine European planning, whichis developing in tool for2006, p. the 46].Animportant [Landscape Planning andConservation, a ‘template/model for future development’” of thegoals. The ultimate goalis to develop problems andassessmentidentification consensus basedontherecognition ofall Planning is “a complexprocess leadingto a planning approaches andinstruments. development canbemetthrough different The interests to managespatial ofsociety development. mental management,conflict, plansforaction thelower hierarchal branches. management decisionsanddevelopment of results canbethefoundation for adopting developmental goalsfor theoblast. The INTRODUCTION KEY WORDS: 2 *, Sergei A.Lisovskyi 6 landscape, planning, environ- 3 , Evgenia A. 115.01.2014 9:17:34 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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9 92 SUSTAINABILITY 2 they have designed aLaPro for the Cherkassy they in aspecificspatialplanning project. Thus, Planning: Tools..., 2005],andappliedthem for landscapeplanning, 2001;Landscape Drozdov, 2011;Drozdov, 2006,Guidelines Lange, 2002]andRussia[Alekseyenko, May, 2009;Landschaftsplanung, 2004;Riedel, [Auhagen, Ermer, 2002;Heiland, Mohrmann, and methodsofLPdeveloped inGermany 1999; etc.], refined andmodifiedtheprinciples Landschaftsprogramm Schleswig-Holstein, Landschaftsprogramm Saarland, 2009; [Landschaftsprogramm Brandenburg, 2009; landscape programs (LaPro) inGermany ofpaper examinedtheexperience 2010–2013,theauthorsof thisIn steps for theLPimplementation. and design ofmethodological andpractical creation ofprojectsonitsimplementation, concept ofsustainabledevelopment and approaches, isthedevelopment ofthe development. Amongthemostimportant to theenvironmentally spatial friendly development ofthenew approaches natural components, indeed, needsthe environmental ofthe properties causedbythetransformedcomplexity withitschangedlandscapesand Ukraine, invests ideasorfunds region, managementdecisions, makes or wholives inaparticular andworks everyone – and engaging indialogueallstakeholders byfostering communication decision-making achieved through transparent anddemocratic activities. Environmental inLPare objectives ofhuman a result impact ofthedestructive as the lossofnaturallandscapeproperties users, between andonpreventingconflicts ways to dealwithandprevent theexisting resource LP tasksisresearch ofnatural ontheimpact management. Oneofthemostimportant ofnature andlandscape the conservation planningtool aimedat is accepted asakey et all,2012].LP 2011;Rudenko, Marunyak, 2012; Rudenko Planning: Implementation, is LANDSCAPEPLANNING(LP)[Landscape BACKGROUND INFORMATION use in a particular region, onfinding use inaparticular initsdevelopment. analysisofman-madelandscapesbased – geneticandmorphological classical – systematic analysisofthelandscapestructure: LaPro) includesdifferent approaches to the of (oneofthemainobjectives activities areasattractive for andrecreation tourism For example, theassessmentofmost from different pointsofviewisinevitable. andinterpretation oflandscape selection task [Grodzinsky, 2005]. Therefore, inLP, the one isthemostsuitablefor aparticular to identifywhich itisimportant each other; butcomplement landscape donotcontradict, Obviously, thedifferent interpretations of [Landschaftsplanung, 2004,p. 22]. andaestheticperceptionits attractiveness of thelandscape, for example, considering species isdifferent from theunderstanding point ofviewinrelation to thesoilorplant can beinterpreted indifferent ways: the ofassessment,thelandscape on thetype Convention, 1a].Depending 2004;section European Landscape [The or humanactivity” and/ ofnaturalfactors andinteraction action recognized bypeopleandistheresult ofthe et all, is 2011],whoseoriginal character landscape istreated asa “an area [Golubtsov of theEuropean LandscapeConvention, approaches [ILN,1998]andthedefinition our study, in accordance withtheLP the different viewsonthedefinition.In in abroadinto account senseandtakes The conceptof “landscape” inLPistreated of planning”. forestablishes aframework thelower branches of thenature andlandscapemanagement.It requirements, for andactivities thepreservation regions, etc.), whichstates thegeneralpurpose, the level ofthefederal cantons, land(districts, a planningdocumentthatis “developed at 2006,p. 50],aLPprogramConservation, is Russian colleagues[LandscapePlanning and oblast. According and to ofGerman theworks

hayfields andpastures, sites; industrial oflanduse–arable land,on thetypes preconditions for suchactivities; approach to thenatural determine 115.01.2014 9:17:34 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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9 assessment phaseoftheLaPro development forThe mainpurpose theinventory- andtasksofplanning.and objectives social, economic, natural, andenvironmental) area conditions for(institutional, aparticular general spatialanalysisandidentificationofthe that thisphaseisusuallyassociated witha etall,[Rudenko 2011]. We wantto emphasize been discussedintheprevious publications the preparation oflandscapeplansandhave of oblastare anintegral part the Cherkassy conditionsforThe framework planningin and development ofthelandscapes. by theprotection goalsandtheenhancement the agreed upondifferentiation oftheterritory final documentthat,inamapformat, reflects activities. The integral conceptofthegoalsisa landscape shape)for ofhuman aspecific type andgroundwater,habitats, surface- soil, and (climate, air, floraandfaunaspecies on aspecificcomponentoftheenvironment oblast,focused oftheCherkassy the territory we have goalsofusing identifiedthesectoral goals oflanduse. ontheLaPro,While working to thedevelopment oftheconcept the the useofnaturalresources, andapproaches associatedexisting andpotential with conflicts ofplanning,type thefeatures oftheanalysis andassessmentstagesofthis the inventory implementation. The paperpresents, indetail, its during main results obtainedinUkraine ofLPandthe of themethodological aspects ofthispaperisthediscussion The purpose culturalstudiesapproach –the – approach subject –theperception of – 3 OF WORK THE INVENTORY-ASSESSMENT PHASE THE PROBLEM STATEMENT

Kholodnyi Kholodnyi Yar Hills. andKanevsky suchas andculturalartifacts, of historical identification ofthe landscape “mental” settlements, river valleys; area, combinationofwoods andfields, large forest stand, alarge forested spaces–a ofcertain holidaymakers – – and recreation; ofthelandscape forattractiveness tourism therefore, to assessthe itwasnecessary as analternative to thetraditionalindustries; to definetherecreational potential ofthearea LPproject was of thegoalsframework on employment(highunemployment),one (the dominanceofagriculture) andthedata example, basedonthestructureofproduction assessment.For ofterritorial appropriate types it isnecessary, therefore, for of theselection for development oftheterritory; opportunities andand identifyinggeneraldirections for settingtheplanninggoals is important infrastructure, etc.security This information trade, social demographics, labor market, infrastructure,agriculture, foreign transport thestructure of industry,that characterize – 2012]: Planning: Implementation, [Golubtsovetall,conducted 2011;Landscape components ofthenaturalresources was of thenaturalresource use, andallthe development conditions, characteristics available information onthesocio-economic oblast,the for theCherkassy thecourseofdevelopment oftheLaProIn significance humanactivities. to various of economicdevelopment andtheir of naturalresources to thenegative impacts this information to thesensitivity determine area. We atargeted conducted analysisof conditionsofthestudy socio-economic was to systematize dataonthenaturaland

socio-economic conditions socio-economic spheric circulation, pres-spheric atmospheric climate andair areas, andotheractivities; of agricultural landandexpandprotected finding theways to optimize thestructure environment andhumanactivities, thenatural between identifying conflicts anthropogenic loadonthelandscape, These dataisthebasisfor definingthe waste disposal, hazardous objects,etc. oflanduse,the structure emissions, ofthenaturalresources,structure natural resource use : solarradiation,atmo- : features and inventory : parameters ofall 115.01.2014 9:17:34 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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9 94 SUSTAINABILITY 4 characteristics. characteristics. The dataonthe current with thedatabaseson the territorial in thesamecoordinate system andlinked maps (basicscale–1:200000) positioned raster (topographic andthematic)vector oblastintheLaPro consistsofthe Cherkassy geographic information system for the GIS techniques (ArcGIS software). The developedmaterial andorganized using andthecartographic nature andsociety ofthe supplemented withthedescriptions intheLaProis incorporated format inatext The systematized andprocessed information – – – –

photography; and heritage, visualobservation oftheculturalandhistorical terization geographical localizationandcharac- landscapes,modern landscapeimage, landscapes from nuclearpower plant; theChernobyl contamination eroded soils).Radioactive processes (salinization,waterlogging, manifestation ofadverse economicactivity areas withpH, water permeability), exchange capacity, humuscontent, (size cation distribution, characteristics forming rocks, physical and chemicalsoil soil and animalslisted intheRedBook; concentration ofrare speciesofplants fauna, themainbiotope types,rangesof ofspeciesfloraand the distribution species offlora andfauna,biotopes chemicalcomposition,etc.);thickness, (distribution, and theircharacteristics groundwater aquifers (interstratal water) consumption, thedepthofgroundwater, water, water quality, water surface ofgroundwater reserves andsurface waterandgroundwater surface sources; pollutants from stationary regionalization; airemissionsofindividual climate (mesoclimate) andmesoclimatic phenomena; thelocalatmospheric of airandsoil, precipitation, and sure, winddirection,temperature : the distribution ofsoils,: thedistribution soil- : natural territorial complexes, : naturalterritorial : : high, medium,andlow. oblast:for sensitivity/significance, itis Cherkassy A 3-pointscaleisusedintheLPprogram inthe Heiland, May, 2009;Landschaftsplanung, 2004]. scales [Auhagen, Ermer, 2002; Mohrmann, each represented, asarule, by3–5-pointranking used inLP, namely, significance andsensitivity, pp. 14–15]. Two ofassessmentare categories [Guidelines for landscapeplanning, 2001, Vol. ІІ, and identifytheallowablelevel ofsuchuse use, of themaindirections oftheterritorial components inthecourseofimplementation possible changesofconditionsthenatural conditions ofthenaturalenvironment, forecast project, correspondframework to themodern on the goals of the territorial usestated i on thegoalsofterritorial the following requirements. They shouldfocus acquired the experience to date, mustmeet activities. accordingThe evaluationcriteria, to vulnerable to ofhuman thenegative impacts and, secondly, for identificationofareas most differentiation oflandscapefeatures significance 2002], ASSESSMENTinLPisused, first,for spatial Landschaftsplanung, Lange, 2004;16/Riedel, /ud ie f 6/Guide lines [Auha According LPconcept to themodern gen, Ermer, 2002; Mohrmann, of environmental monitoring. and inconsistencies, andtheimmature system namely,in Ukraine, obsolete data,theirdeficit relevant thesituation considering particularly assessment). of expert are These principles interchangeability ofdataandpossibleuse (the ofdecision-making stage) andflexibility attheinventory (evaluation ofthedatautility ofdatascreening with areasonable selectivity which isconsistent integral scopeofwork, phase ofthestudyismaximallevel ofthe oftheinventory principles The important andlandscapefunctioning. human activities theexistingandplanned between conflicts became thebasisfor of thedetermination planningofthearealand useandterritorial targeted use-functions, individual for targeted each use-functions, and isusedto identify theoptimallevel of natural componentsto theirreference state correspondence oftheconditions ofthe Significance meansthelevel of or landscapeplanning , 2001; , 2001; n the n the 115.01.2014 9:17:34 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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9 agriculture. buthaslowsignificanceand tourism, for for thenaturalprotection highly important dislocationis gullies landscapeofKanevsky the elevated andstrongly by dissected preconditions for suchuse. For example, significance meansthatthere are few orno is realized to themostoptimallevel; “low” that thetarget usewithinitsboundaries 2009]. “High” significance oflandscapemeans different [Heiland, landscapefunctions May, the samerangehasdifferent significance for and aestheticalattractiveness. Obviously, rarity, uniqueness, significance, historical the componentsasproductivity, diversity, the significance of are suchcharacteristics Vol. ІІ,p. 15]. for criteria defining The important [Guidelines for landscapeplanning, 2001, corresponds to thenaturalsoilfertility) of soilto cereal orothercrops production natural component(for example, significance territories ofsettlements) (arable impact stability) to land theanthropogenic (high witharelativelylowsensitivity 3. Low –Biotopes forest(perennial protective stands, hay-fields, belts) (stability) impact sensitivity of to the anthropogenic wetlands); 2. Medium –Biotopes (forest stands, impact (low stability) to theanthropogenic with the withthehighestsensitivity –Biotopes mediumLegend: 1. High level impacts natural a) of biotopes Sensitivity to anthropogenic and 5 Fig. 1. Ukraine. The landscape program of the Cherkassy oblast. The sensitivity of biotopes to to biotopes of sensitivity The oblast. Cherkassy the of program landscape The 1.Fig. Ukraine. anthropogenic impact (a) and biotope significance (b) (fragments) significance (a) biotope and impact anthropogenic bio- and landscape diversity (Fig. andlandscapediversity bio- 1). supply andconsumption;protection of optimizationofwater activities, andtourism; all, 2011]:development ofagriculture, recreation et goalsofplanning[Rudenko the framework natural resources 1)thatcorrespond (Table to andsignificance ofthe assessment ofsensitivity oblast,thefocus of wasonthetypes Cherkassy thedevelopment oftheLaProIn for the to degradation dueto theimpact. the higher(lower) ofacomponent probability 2004, p. 84]. “High” means sensitivity (“low”) anthropogenic [Landschaftsplanung, impact) to oratthe beginning oftheintensification of original state (astate ofthecomponentsprior withrespectto itsreturn toelasticity the plowing, recreational etc.), activities, the (chemicalpollution,soil impacts to certain and speedofreactionnaturalcomponents Sensitivity poor biodiversity Biotopes with and significant anthropogenic impact provide conditions species; habitat 3.Low – some for for that change anthropogenic with notable Biotopes environmental conditions close to natural; 2. Medium – the for provide that change anthropogenic Legend:component b) Significance of the “Species and biotopes” 1. High –Biotopes with insignificant isgenerallyregarded astheintensity 115.01.2014 9:17:34 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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9 96 SUSTAINABILITY 6 intentions oftheprocess participants. depending onthesituation, potential, and assume accountingfor alltheseapproaches resolution techniques usingLPmethods geography, 2011]. Atthesametime, conflict of solvingtheproblem” [Socio-economic “intensive,” “spatial,”and “environmental” ways optimizing naturalresources. There are task of isthemostimportant conflicts indicates that eliminationofterritorial “the geographical environment andproduction assessment through ofthe theprism analysis ofthemethodologyfor territorial of theirpossiblenegative effects. Thus, the management andpopulationunawareness ofconflict absence ofeffective practices interests ofusersnaturalresources inthe butduetouncertainty, thecollisionof because oftheirfundamentalunresolved course ofnaturalresource useexistnot environmental problems inthe thatarise thatmostofthe iswell known It NATURAL RESOURCE USE CONFLICTS IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF impacts ofbiotopes toSensitivity anthropogenic andnatural ofgroundwaterSensitivity to chemicalpollution ofairto chemicalsubstancespollution Sensitivity Sensitivity ofsoilsto winderosionSensitivity ofsoilsto waterSensitivity erosion ofsoilsto chemicalpollution Sensitivity Table 1. Ukraine. The landscape program for the Cherkassy oblast. Cherkassy the for program landscape The Table 1. Ukraine. ESTVT SIGNIFICANCE SENSITIVITY Assessment of sensitivity and signifi and sensitivity of Assessment Species offl Landscapes andlandscapeimage Ground and surface water Ground andsurface Climate andair ora andfauna;biotopes Soils Significance ofthecomponent “Species andbiotopes” water ofsurface Quality Availability ofwater resources supply Significance ofgroundwater (interstratal) to water energy generation Significance ofclimaticconditionsto solarandwind Significance ofclimaticconditionsto agriculture Significance ofclimaticconditionsto recreation Signifi cance ofclimaticconditionsto humanlivability Significance oflandscapesto andrecreation tourism duction) ofsoils(signifiNatural productivity cance to crop pro- processes have different of dynamics type facilities.capital assetsandinfrastructure The valley andadjacentterritories, andaging of resources, primarily, oftheDnieper river plant, environmental conditions ofwater pollution from nuclearpower theChernobyl of thenationallevel andscale:radiation phenomenon. The region hasproblems isawide spreadstructure andgrowing use ofagricultural land andcrop-rotation associated withtheinefficient A conflict independence. gainedits Ukraine after economic downturn USSR, whileothersformed inasignificant the features oftheproductive forces inthe Some ofthemare causedby historically the continuedsustainabledevelopment. use, whosesolutionisrequired to ensure problems innaturalresource andconflicts detailed analysis, there are anumberof state. Atthesametime, asshownbya with arelatively favorable environmental oblastisaregion ofUkraine The Cherkassy cance of the components components the of cance 115.01.2014 9:17:34 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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9 the present andfuture. oftheirmanifestationmaximal intensity in region with byidentifyingtheterritories resource andproblems useconflicts inthe into accountexistingnatural allowed taking (existingandpotential). conflicts This has map) indicate thatthere are groups two of representation inaspeciallycompiled (includingat thefinalphaseofwork andassessmentoftheirimpact on conflicts the population).Processing ofinformation andtheaging of ofpublicservices, quality block (unemployment,morbidity, poor wasconsideredThe socialsector inaspecial of thedurationandfrequency – scale(national, regional, orlocallevel); – thetime ofoccurrence (thosethathave – considered inthe studyregion: The following groups were ofconflicts allnaturalcomponents. of practically andprotectionassociated withfunctioning and regime. There are potential difficulties 7 ENHANCEMENT DEVELOPMENT PRESERVATION

ye fgasTpso cin n ciiisPrinciples ofdevelopment Types andactivities ofactions Types ofgoals episodic). manifestation seasonal, (permanent, or the future); inthepast,today,arisen in ormay arise [based on6/Guidelinesfor landscapeplanning, 2001, Vo. II,p. 29;12/Landschaftsplanung, 2004] tive impacts. ofdiff of sensitivity intensive useandhave ahighlevel have beenorare aff This relates that to theterritories enhancement is allowed.ritorial forOnly acomplexofactivities ter- byonelevel.tection) status(environmentaltection pro- ordecrease ofitspro- preservation “Development” goalresults inthe level. The implementation ofthe at eitherlow-orhighintensity Territorial development isallowed not usedorisintensively used. eitheris possible whentheterritory ronmental conditions, Preservation of Table 2. Ukraine. The landscape program of the Cherkassy oblast. oblast. Cherkassy the of program landscape The Ukraine. Table 2. Types of goals and principles of their development development their of principles and goals Types of the existing eet destruc- erent bythe ected which is only envi- should be undertaken. should beundertaken. to regeneration,low ability specialadditionalactivities of irreversible changes orfor thelandscapes witha and rehabilitation. For underthedanger theterritories of useare combinedinto onezone for enhancement nifi cance. Allnaturalcomplexes aff Is adopted bylowsig- for characterized theterritories ments. achieved incompliancewiththeexistinglegalrequire- arelevel ofstability suitable. The naturalresource use is isting andplannedlanduse, landscapeswiththehigh the negative impacts. For thedevelopment oftheex- tention given to to thelevel ofassessmentsensitivity Is adopted withspecialat- for therest oftheterritory regime ofspecialprotection) isestablished. (the andaregimestricted similarto thenature-reserve For theespeciallysignifi cant landscapes, theuseisre- est signifi to impacts. cance andthehighestsensitivity Is adopted inthecaseswhenlandscapeshave thehigh- the sectoral goalswerethe sectoral integrated inthe At thefinalstageofLaPro development, fauna species, andlandscapes. and groundwater, climate andair, soil, floraand balanced useofthenaturalresources: surface allowed ofthe delineatingthemaindirections goals goals. thesectoral the sectoral Mapping evaluated componentresult inthemapson Thus, theassessmentandanalysis of each [Guidelines for landscapeplanning, 2001]. of theevaluationmapsoneachcomponent This wasachieved bythesuperimposition principles). 2;Development (Table sensitivity landscape componentssignificance and all available dataontheevaluation ofthe assessment oflandscapeconditionswith goalswere derivedbasedonthe The 2). and enhancement(Table goals, namely, development, preservation, approaches, there are threeofthe types landscape management.According to LP to the protection ofthenature and the usedevelopment, andrequirements use,zones oftheterritorial generalgoalsof LP, istheidentificationofmainfunctional program, i.e., thehighesthierarchal level of OF THE GOALS. The maingoaloftheLP the development oftheINTEGRALCONCEPT The finalphaseoftheLaPro creation was inthecourse ected 115.01.2014 9:17:34 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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9 98 SUSTAINABILITY 8 pollution anderosion. pollution specifically, specifically, Territorial characteristics green corridors. maintenance biotope in biodiversity; of promotion fertilizers; environmentally friendly agriculture. Territorial characteristics development landscape preservation; for tourism development; protection. Legend: promotion of tree planting; tree of controlledpromotion to soils erosion. subjected useof landuse;promot andforms of types development different of with emphasis on the development of the tourism and environmental network. environmental and tourism the of development the on emphasis with higher sensitivity to water erosion; forest management areas; river valleys; orchards and tree belts. livability enhancementlivability network. network. development of recreationmaintain natural conditions andincrease planting; offorest co opportunities in attractive landscapes and historical sites; development of the environmental and special importance ashabitats importance rareand special for specie to chemical pollution; erosion; regime and controlled tourism. tourism. controlled and regime and concentration ofrate species ofplants andanimals, potent of negative impacts and phenomena. andphenomena. negativeof impacts use Possible : sites large of communities nearindu 10 1 Territorial characteristics – –abrasion of river banks; :

Environmental protection. Maintenance and control of the existing territories for environmental environmental for territories existing the of control and Maintenance protection. Environmental non-intensive, rehabilitation landusefor re special of

2 Possible use Possible –spawning grounds. Territorial characteristics Cherkassy oblast. The integral concept of the goals (a fragment). goals the of concept integral The oblast. Cherkassy 13 : historical cultural landscapes with a significant number of cultural heritage objects. : historical cultural cultural of landscapes withasignificant number heritage objects. : landscapes with high sensitivity and presence of rare and typical types of plants and animals, plants of andanimals, types andpresence rare: landscapes withhighsensitivity of andtypical 5 –Balanced land use with emphasis on resources that require protection. require that resources on emphasis with use land –Balanced 5 : ban onagricultural research;: ban use;scientific re –continual flooding. 14 – flooding. –continual . Possible use Possible Fig. 2. Fig. 8 : Landscapes attractive for tourism for attractive : Landscapes andrecrea – Mitigation of negative impacts on landscape for environmental improvement. environmental for landscape on impacts negative of Mitigation

Ukraine 11 :

decrease or cessation of negative impacts, e.g., noise or chemical pollution. pollution. chemical or noise e.g., impacts, negative of cessation or decrease 3 Territorial characteristics – –wind erosion; –wind strial areas andautomobile highways : agricultural landscapes with high natu withhigh landscapes : agricultural

Preservation of natural and cultural heritage. cultural and natural of Preservation Possible use: Possible . The landscape program for the for program landscape The Mitigation of negative impacts on landscape for the population population the for landscape on impacts negative of Mitigation s, e.g., large forested areas. Special attention – Special large areas. forested e.g., s, crop rotations; controlled use of machinery and proper use of useof rotations; crop andproper controlled machinery useof 12 –consequences of radioactive pollution of soils highly sensitive soils of highly pollution radioactive of –consequences settlements; maintenance settlements; anddevelopment theregional of ion of environmentally friendly agriculture and horticulture; environmentallyion of agricultureandhorticulture; friendly : landscapes subjected to: landscapes subjected such negative impacts – ntrolled hunting; production of goods typical for the region; theregion; for typical goods ntrolled of hunting; production ially, the cores of the network; special natural special resourcesially, use thecores the network; of sources that require protections; enhanced monitoring monitoring enhanced protections; require sources that preservation of the traditional types of agriculture. agriculture. of thetraditional of types preservation Territorial characteristics gulated tourism related to thenature. studiesof tion; with high bio- and landscape diversity diversity andlandscape tion; withhighbio- . ral soil fertility and low sensitivity to to andlowsensitivity ral fertility soil

Possible use Possible : agricultural landscapes with with landscapes : agricultural

Possible use Possible : 6

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9 preservation the preference shouldbegiven to the alternativebetween usesatthesamesite, to negative impacts.Given thechoice prevention oflandscapedegradation due (e.g.,of impact pollutionorerosion) or rehabilitation orenhancement:mitigation a rule, isgiven to thegoalsassociated with targets. the priority The highestpriority, as invariably raisesthequestionofselecting goalsThe consolidationofthesectoral environmental management. relatedexisting andpotential conflicts to into accounttheThe mapalsotakes management intheregion (Fig. 2). outlines thefuture ofnaturalresource inrelationaction to thelandscapeand offurther objectives areas andthepriority goals”, whichhighlightsthefunctional final map integral conceptofthe “The planning. atthe subsequentlevelspurposes of for thepriorities in determining related these differences role play animportant themmustbeunderstood,between since However, thefundamentaldifferences separatedalways from clearly eachother. goals atthelevel ofLPprograms are not ofHolstein, 1999;]suggeststhatthetypes 2009; Landschaftsprogramm Schleswig- 2009; Landschaftsprogramm Saarland, Landschaftsprogramm Brandenburg, smaller areas. ofLP[e.g.,The practice excluding within otheruses(goaltypes) for thisterritory, butwithoutthe priority be regarded asarecommendation for atascale1:200000shouldframework undertheLaProlarge territory ofthegoalsforthe types therelatively should beemphasized thatany ofIt develop any othereconomicsectors. high level ofbiodiversity, ratherthanto andmaintainthemain goalisto preserve recreational potential there. However, the thanthedevelopment ofthepriority productive agricultural soilsare ofhigher ofhighlysignificantthe preservation outcome: thus,goals withanuncertain value landscapes, notto the 9 objectives ofthecurrent objectives high- development

activity. ofeconomic andtypes objects of certain sollutions to issuesrelated to theplacement strategy thatprovides territorially “bound” investment decisions andthedevelopment forframework themanagementand oblastandis acomprehensive Cherkassy planningofthe oftheterritorial materials The LaPro hasbeencoordinated withthe subsequent stagesofLP. refined anddeveloped indetailatthe landscapes. These goals have to befurther development, andenhancementofthe identifies generalgoalsfor thepreservation, ofnaturalresourcetypes use. The LaPro andtheirsignificance toimpacts thepriority to theexistingandpotential negative of theassessmentlandscapesensitivity development. The maputilized theresults ofsustainable complying withtheprinciples oblast natural resource useintheCherkassy that presents themaindirectionsof the map integral conceptofthegoals”“The The mainresulting documentofthe LaPro is also. database thatcanbeusedfor otherpurposes LaPro promotes compilationoftheregional this load. Thus, besides theplanninggoals, the associatedexisting andpotential with conflicts anthropogenic loadonthelandscapes, and and groundwater, soil, andflorafauna), of thenature (climate andatmosphere, surface LaPro containsinformation onthecomponents (ArcGIS). products software The GIS-based andapplyingmodern the regional territory compiled usingtheintegral assessmentof At thecore oftheLaPro are thedigital maps more than40mapsonasmallerscale. in total, atabasicscaleof1:200000,and note andmaps, 10 contains anexplanatory LP. oblast The program for theCherkassy oftheEuropean the traditionsandpractices inlinewith official documentofthiskind, the firsttimeever inUkraine. This isthefirst planningdocument developedmodern for The LaPro oblastisthe for theCherkassy CONCLUSIONS  115.01.2014 9:17:34 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 100 SUSTAINABILITY 0 0 Landschaftsprogramm Brandenburg /[Electronicresource] http://www.mugv.branden- 13. (2004)/[mitBeitr. Landschaftsplanung von: von ClausBittner].Christina Haaren – (Hrsg.). 12. LandscapePlanning: Tools intheapplication(2005)/A.N.Antipov, and experience V.V.11. (casestudy inUkraine LandscapePlanning: Implementation landscapeplanning “the 10. catalog 9. dictionary German–Russian–English Landscape Planning andConservation: HeilandS.,A.May. (2009). SpatialplanninginGermany –atool for prevention ofenviron- 8. State Center Guidelinesfor for landscapeplanning. Environmental Moscow: Programs. 7. Grodzinsky, M.D. (2005).Cognition M.D–Kyiv landscape:placeandspace/Grodzinsky 6. Golubtsov, O.G. (2011).Assessment ofnaturalcomponentsinthedesign oflandscape 5. European LandscapeConvention. Florence, resource] 20.X.2000[Electronic //Site: “Coun- 4. . Drozdov, A.V. (2006).LandscapePlanning inRussia:thepreception // andreality 3. Auhagen, inderPraxis. A.;Ermer,(2002):Landschaftsplanung R.(Hrsg.) Mohrmann, K.; 2. Alekseyenko, N.,A.Drozdov setoflandscapeplanning. (2011).Map Experience, problems, 1. REFERENCES: burg.de UTB, Ulmer.Stuttgart: –527S. emy ofSciencesPress. p. 165. Kravchenko, Yu.M. Semenov, ofGeography etal.The Institute Irkutsk: oftheRussianAcad- Press. Vol. I,pp. 291–295. scient.works. Geography Collection. –Kiev: al. ofgoalsandopportunities. /Ukraine: “Obrii” et (2012)/L.H.Rudenko, E.O. S.A.Lisovskyi, Oblast”) program Marunyak, for the Cherkassy Sciences Press. (2006) /[A. ofGeography Antipov(Ed.)].The Institute Irkutsk: oftheRussianAcademy of ofGeography. Journal mental problems //Ukrainian ofterritories No. 4.pp. 3–10. (2000). p. 136, Vol. II.Guidelines for landscapeplanning. (2001).p. 73. Vol. I. oflandscapeplanningandtheconceptitsdevelopment inRussia. The principles publishing center “Kyiv University”. –Vol. 1.–P. 431. 238–242. State Press, University Russia,Moscow N.S.Kasimov, etc. pp.entific Secretary), Moscow: T.I. (Sci- Kharitonova Scientific Conference (Editor-in-Chief), Dyakonov /Ed. Board: K.N. problems oflandscapeplanning:Proceedings //Modern Chekhniy oftheAll-Russian /A.G.Golubtsov, oblast(Ukraine) planning program oftheCherkassy Yu.M. Farion, V.M. cil ofEurope.” http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/176.htm cow State ofGeography, University, Department pp. 608–610. Mos- landscape Conference (Ed.). Kasimov, N.S.etc. Dyakonov /Ed. Moscow: Board: K.N. studies: theory, methods, regional studies,Proceedings practice: oftheXIInternational Stuttgart. Academic Publishing, Lambert and suggestions. p. Saarbrucken, 197. Landscape 115.01.2014 9:17:35 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 21. ILN (Institut fur Landschaftspflege undNaturschutzderUniversitaet Hannover) furLandschaftspflege (1998): De- ILN(Institut 21. TheEuropean LandscapeConvention resource] [electronic // site http:// “Liga-zakon”: 20. history, ofpapers theory, methods, Collection geography: andpractice: Socio-economic 19. Rudenko, L.G.,E.O. Marunyak (2012).Landscapeplanninganditsrole inaddressing the 18. Rudenko, L.G.Framework conditionsandtheorganization ontheimplementa- ofwork 17. Riedel, W., Lange, (2002):Landschaftsplanung. H.(Hrsg.) Heidelberg, New Berlin, York. 16. Landschaftsprogramm Schleswig-Holstein, (1999)/[Electronic resource] http://www. 15. Landschaftsprogramm Saarland. (2009)/[Elec- Begr@undung undErl@auterungsbericht. 14. 0 1 finitionen aus dem Bereich von Landschaftspflege und Naturschutz. Manuskript, unveroeff.finitionen ausdemBereich undNaturschutz.Manuskript, von Landschaftspflege search.ligazakon.ua/l_doc2.nsf/link1/MU00247.html (2011). Smolensk: “Universum” Press. p. 25. ography. No. 1.pp. 2–8. ofGe- Journal //Ukrainian challenges ofsustainablelandscapedevelopment ofUkraine cow State Press, University 2011.pp. 81–86. problems oflandscapeplanning:Proceedings Mos- conf. ofthesci.andpract. –Moscow: //Modern A.May /L.G.Rudenko, E.A.Marunyak, tion oflandscapeplanninginUkraine schaftsprogramm_pdf__blob=publicationFile.pdf schleswig-holstein.de/UmweltLandwirtschaft/DE/NaturschutzForstJagd/_DL/Land- gramm_Saar_06-09.pdf tronic resource] http://www.saarland.de/dokumente/thema_geoportal/Landschaftspro- Alexandr G.Golubtsov Leonid G.Rudenko 20 scientificpublications. geochemistry, and landscapeplanning. Heistheauthorofover include geoinformation analysisoflandscapes, landscape of University scientificinterestsTechnology Dresden). His (TU ofLandscapeArchitecture attheInstitute work attheDresden school ofthesameuniversity. scientific 2013,heconducted In State University.Kiev 2005–3008,hestudiedinthegraduate In Geography andGeoecology, Faculty ofGeography, Shevchenko ofPhysical Hegraduated Ukraine. (2002)from the Department candidate for ofSciencesdegree aDoctor atthe IGoftheNAS notes and mapsintheAtlas. andtheauthorofmany Chief oftheNationalAtlasUkraine scientific publications, including19monographs. HeisEditor-in- interests isgeography andcartography. Heistheauthorof280 Lomonosov State University. Moscow The area ofhisscientific State University, Kiev Shevchenko andthegraduate schoolof ofGeography, HegraduatedUkraine. from theDepartment ofGeography Director oftheInstitute Ukraine, (IG)oftheNAS Academician oftheNationalAcademy ofScience(NAS) is Doctor ofGeographical Sciences, isDoctor Professor, hasPhD in Geography (2009).Heisa 115.01.2014 9:17:35 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 102 SUSTAINABILITY 0 2 including monograph “Globalization anditsinfluenceontheregional development inUkraine.” for sustainable(balanced)economic, social, andenvironmental development” (2007). Viktor M.Chehnyi Yuryi N.Farion Evgenia A.Marunyak “Society andnature:“Society balanceofinterests inUkraine” (2009)and “Platform Heauthoredincluding 9monographs and2booklets. themonographs: economy. of135 scientificpublications, Heistheauthorandco-author intheworld’sconsequences oftheeconomicintegration ofUkraine geographic issuesfor sustainabledevelopment, environmental andnature, society between ofinteraction socio- aspects territorial ecological andgeographical platform for sustainabledevelopment, Pedagogical Institute. The area ofhisscientificinterests includesthe he graduated from theFaculty Kiev ofNaturalGeography ofGorkyi Director 1982, forDeputy In Research oftheIGNASUkraine. the IG of the NAS of Ukraine in1998–2001. the IGofNASUkraine State Pedagogical University. Hestudiedatthegraduate schoolof from theFaculty KotsubinskyVinnitsa ofNaturalGeography ofMikhail Hegraduated Landscape StudiesoftheIGNASUkraine. of Research Associate HeadoftheDepartment andActing planning. Heistheauthorof15scientificworks. landscape studies, geoinformation systems, andlandscape scientificinterestsState in1999.His includehistorical University graduated from theFaculty ofGeography oftheChernovtsy He of LandscapeStudiestheIGNASUkraine. development. She is the author of over 90 scientific publications, development. Sheistheauthorofover 90scientificpublications, transnational corporations, andnaturalresource useandsustainable problemsof ofactivities integration,international socio-economic andlandscapeplanning,territorial problems ofglobalizationand (2010). The area ofscientificinterests covers spatialdevelopment, is alaureate ofthePrize of The President for ofUkraine Young Scientists andamanagerofnumberprojects.Sustainable Development, She ofNaturalResource Useand Associate (2007)oftheDepartment SeniorResearch oftheIGNASUkraine, is ScientificSecretary State andhasPhD University inGeography Kiev Shevchenko (2005).She Sergei A.Lisovskyi is Junior Research Associate of the Department is JuniorResearch Associate oftheDepartment is Doctor of Geographical Sciences (2004). He is ofGeographical Sciences(2004).Heis is Doctor has PhD inGeography (2004).HeisSenior graduated from theFaculty ofGeography of 115.01.2014 9:17:35 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1

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1 Difference andGeographical Explanations”, Social andModernity: “Plural Knowledges entitled (UK) ofCambridge the University byProfessorslectures SarahRadcliffe from particular, In theaudienceenjoyed thekey Understanding ( projects Union andto themainIGUinterdisciplinary sessions devoted to ofour theperspectives separate groups, lecturesandspecial key as well asmeetingsheldonthe initiative of organized by39ofthe40IGUCommissions scientific program includedthesessions Wisdom andModernKnowledge The Conference’s motto was “ South. of geographers, Eastand West, and North different between practitioners, generations other sciences, researchers between and and physical geography, geography and humangeographical sub-disciplines, dialogue–between an intense andrich ancient Japanesecapitalwere filledwith inthe The days spentbytheparticipants ideaofregional conferences.the very from theAsian-Pacific region, whichjustifies the world. Agreat numberofthemwere and theotherscamefrom differentof parts whichhosted theconference,– thecountry representedAbout 600participants Japan than theorganizers originally expected. from –more 61countries 1431 participants thisyear.activity The Conference gathered major andrathersuccessfulevent inIGU wasthe Kyoto wasthefirstofthisseries. It commissions. The Regional Conference in andproblem IGUsub-disciplinary between and, second, to strengthen thecontacts of different macro-regions oftheworld to integrate geographical communities are heldeachyear. They are destined, firstly, and Beijing(2016)Regional Conferences Geographical Congresses inCologne (2012) International between theperiod In 0 (AUGUST 4–9, IGU REGIONAL CONFERENCE IN KYOTO 3 International Year ofGlobal and Our Sustainable Cities Our 2013) Traditional ”. The The ”. ). both secondary schoolsanduniversities. In both secondary promotion ofgeographical educationin The Conference a step inthe marked updated itwere welcome. recently appliedfor membership inIGUor geographical communitieswhichhave global scientificorganizations. Newnational the relations withICSU, ISSCandother occasion oftheIGUcentennial in2022, Geographical CongressInternational onthe thepreparation oftheextraordinary (YES), with theassociationof Young Scientists Earth through thecontacts scholars, particularly abroaderconcerning involvement ofyoung Chairs andtheIGUExecutive, theinitiatives approved atthemeetingofCommissions’ and forms ofactivity. Irefer to newideas challenges, wasableto findnewdirections The Conference showed thatIGU, facingnew influential itcanandshouldbe. stronger, and andrealizes howimportant becomes the globalgeographical community coming together atsuchlarge conferences, “Art means “I”, Sciencemeans “We”. So, in Commissions. As ClaudeBernard oncesaid, IGUcooperation withinandbetween it isto buildjointprojects andto develop The Conference proved againhowimportant suffered from thisdisaster. and therestoration oftheregions which They stopped alsoonspatialplanningissue disaster.of the2011EastJapanearthquake reasons, theconsequencesandlessons sessiondevoted to thespecial plenary offered(Japan) atthe lectures three key Ishikawa andMikiko Nakabayashi Itsuki in globalforecasts. Professors Satake, Kenji (France) ontherole ofhumangeography PitteRobert from ofParis-IY theUniversity ethics inenvironmental issuesandJean- Wisconsin-Madison (USA)onthepolitical Paul Robbinsfrom of theUniversity 115.01.2014 9:17:35 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 104 News and Reviews 0 4 IGU shouldendorsethe and onregional wasagreed issues. that It inhumangeography,whole andparticularly English), inthefieldofgeography asa publications innationallanguages(non- that thisindexstrongly discriminated by thejournal journals’ databasescompiledbyIGUand calculation basedonthegeographical personal careers ofmany scholars. Using the andcanundermine departments threatserious to thefuture ofgeographical isa thosewhoevaluatefactor ouractivity impact of citationindicesandjournals at thissessiondemonstrated thattheabuse and Meadows Vandermotten, Mike Ton Dietz The presentation byProfessors Christian academic institutions, andotherparties. research isevaluated byfundingagencies, ways in which theoutputofscientific There isapressing needto improve the andopenaccess. issues oftheirranking on thestatusofgeographical journals, the appreciated thespecialsession I particularly direct result ofourmeetingsinKyoto. Eurogeo September inRomeisa inearly The declarationsigned byIGU, Eugeoand remove altogether. itfrom schoolcurricula of naturalorsocialdisciplinessimplyto replace geography by “synthetic” courses anattempt to many we countries observe Belgйo , theauthorsshowed San FranciscoSan Vladimir A.Kolossov and many more highlights. amemorableopeningceremonyhandbook, andhelpful,active program auserfriendly the tireless ofvolunteers, work always the rapidandefficientregistration facilities, Local Organizing Committee. We allnoticed ofits work successful dueto theexemplary Finally, theConference inKyoto wasso over authentic tea ceremonies. traditional tea ceremony school, presided maps. Tea masters from famous for itsexcellent ofold collection Regional Conference attheKyoto University Maps” washeldinhonoroftheIGUKyoto presented Knowledge inand Modern The specialexhibition “Traditional Wisdom were awarded theclosingceremony. during poster presentations byyoung researchers of travel grants. The authorsofthebest registration fee anumber anddistributed young researchers: theysetfor themalow paid specialattention to supporting IGU andtheLocal Organizing Committee institutions.education governmental on thematter to nationalresearch and that IGUshoulddevelop recommendations homeofgeography.org/news2013/June) and Declaration onResearch Assessment Urasenke , thelargest (www. 115.01.2014 9:17:35 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 we encourage the authors to submit their photos and short CVs.we encouragetheauthorsto submittheirphotos andshort 4. isto includeinformation style abouttheauthor(s) ofanarticle. The GESJournal Therefore author willbepublished, unlessrequested otherwise. should beidentifiedasa addresses fax numbersande-mail to theappropriatelinked institutionsbytheuseof1,2,3etc superscript. theredone. ismore If thanoneinstitutioninvolved authors’ inthework, namesshouldbe and fullpostaladdress (includingpostalcode)ofthe each author, otherforenames beinggiven asinitialsfollowed andthename bythesurname) areto indicate asked their 3. Allauthorsofanarticle may beused. Papers inFrench are accepted Board. underthedecisionofEditorial 2. Papers are Englishspellingandpunctuation orAmerican accepted inEnglish.EitherBritish arematerials accepted Board. underthedecisionofEditorial published to Earlier thescopeofJournal, reviews articles. (onlysolicited) andbrief 1. Authors are scientificpapersaccording encouragedto submithigh-quality, original work: sustainable development. environment andhealth;educationfor andbiodiversity; problems; nature conservation informatics andenvironmental mapping;oilandgasexplorationenvironmental sustainable regional development; appliedgeographical andenvironmental studies;geo- global andregional environmental andclimate change;environmental regional planning; management; environment and natural resources; human(economicandsocial)geography; environmental science;fundamentals ofsustainabledevelopment; environmental there ofthejournal areAmong themainthematicsections basicsofgeography and environmental science. welcome, aswellare asthosedealingwithfieldstudiesinthe sphere particularly of geography etc. Publications thatare interdisciplinary, theoretical andmethodological education for sustainabledevelopment, GIStechnology, cartography, socialandpolitical geographers, ecologists, naturalresource specialistsinenvironmental use, conservation, changing world. Publications are ofthejournal aimedatforeign andRussianscientists– sphere ofgeography, andsustainabledevelopment inthe environmental conservation aims atinforming andcoveringtheresults ofresearch andglobalachievements inthe The scientificEnglishlanguagejournal “GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY” 0 GENERAL GUIDELINES AIMS AND SCOPE OF THE JOURNAL ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY” CONTRIBUTING TO “GEOGRAPHY, FOR AUTHORSINSTRUCTIONS 5 Corresponding Author oftheauthorscouldbepublishedaswell. Oneauthor . address ofthecorresponding The e-mail establishment(s) names (withoneforename in fullfor where was thework Telephone and 115.01.2014 9:17:35 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 106 GES 04|2013 0 6 methods 3. The three donotappearinthetitle, shouldbeprovided. objectives, theresults obtained, andtheimplications. Upto six summarize,briefly inoneparagraph (upto thegeneralproblem 1,500characters), and 2. The appropriate); references; andphoto) CV authors(brief appendices(as words; acknowledgments; key maintext; title;abstract; and contacts; shouldbecompiledinthefollowing 1. Manuscript layout oftables, citationofreferences etc. geogr.msu.ru/GESJournal/index.php themselves to familiarwiththegeneralformat, make Before preparing papers, athttp://www. authorsshouldconsultacurrent issueofthe journal disclosed to authors. The reviewers’ commentsare sentto authorsfor consideration. identifiedbytheassociate editors. reviewers Namesoftheselected and otherexperts are not reviewers from selected namessuggested byauthors, alistofreviewers maintainedbyGES, Board willviewthesenamesassuggestionsonly. Allpapersare reviewed byatleasttwo 7. We reviewers encourageauthorsto listthree intheirfield. potential expert The Editorial .pdf file. “full” electronicversionwithembeddedfigures oftheirmanuscript of “screen” asa quality 6. To facilitate assessmentandreviewing theeditorial process authorsshouldsubmit 8 000–10000words longcan beaccepted. (or request) Board oftheEditorial orreviews methodologicalupto andproblem articles 5. The optimumsize isabout3000–5000words. ofamanuscript Underthedecision citations should be shortened to thefirstnamefollowedcitations shouldbeshortened by etal. should bedifferentiated byletters a,b, cetc. For references withmore authors, thantwo text Author2, 2008]. Two ormore references bythesame author(s)publishedinthesameyear and theyear ofpublicationthereference shouldbegiven insquare brackets,i.e. [Author1, have atleast onecorresponding reference oftheauthor thesurname the text In inthetext. 6. Whenever possible, total number of separate fileinoriginal format (MS Word, Excel, etc.). indicated inthecolumnheadings.should beclearly Eachtableshouldbesubmitted asa Parameterslines ofexplanation(ifnecessary). being measured, withunitsifappropriate, 5. Tables shouldbenumbered titlefollowed consecutively andincludeabrief byupto several B, C,etc. Figure captionsshouldbesubmitted asaseparate file. illustrations) intheorder oftheircitationinthetext. should benotlessthan300dpi.Please numberallfigures (graphs, photographs, charts, and original formats (CorelDraw, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Resolutionofraster images Illustrator). 4. All clarity. The next-level subdivisionsare possiblefor ortheircombination. (c)and(d)sections references MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION figures main body title ; (c) . It is often anadvantageto isoften combine(c)and(d)withgainsofconciseness . It should beconcisebutinformative to thegeneral reader. The (including photos oftheauthors)are required to besubmitted asseparate filesin results ofthepapershouldbedividedinto: (a) ; (d) discussion ; (e) references conclusion should not exceed 25–30. Each entry must should notexceed 25–30.Eachentry Composite figures order ; (f) ; (f) acknowledgements : authorsnames;affiliations introduction keywords shouldbelabeledA, ; (b) , ofwhichatleast abstract ; (g) materials and numbered should 115.01.2014 9:17:35 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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1 should be sent as e-mail attachmentsto [email protected] should besentase-mail Authors are electronically. encouragedto submittheirmanuscripts Electronicsubmissions style”manuscript athttp://www.geogr.msu.ru/GESJournal/author.php for Authors10. As are Instructions to subjected changes, pleaseseethelatest “Example of must usethesymbol®or TM. authors 9. ortrademark, term toWhen usingaword beaproprietary whichisorasserted 8. Authors mustadhere to SIunits. Unitsare notitalicised. pages; nameofthepublisherandplacepublication. “In:” followed volume bybooktitle;initialsandname(s)ofeditor(s) numberand inbrackets; worksReferences tomulti-author booktitle;nameofthepublisherandplacepublication. brackets); References tobooks title;volume title;journal numberandpagenumbers. article brackets); Journal references (in Russian)etc. Original languagesotherthanEnglishshouldbeindicated intheendofreference, e.g. with Arabicnumbers. References to thesameauthor(s)shouldbeinchronological order. 7. 0 MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION 7 References mustbelisted inalphabeticalorder attheendofpaperand numbered should include: author(s) surname(s) andinitials;year shouldinclude:author(s)surname(s) ofpublication(in should include: author(s) surname(s) andinitials;year shouldinclude:author(s)surname(s) ofpublication(in should include after theyearshould includeafter ofpublication:chapter title; 115.01.2014 9:17:35 5 . 0 1 . 2 0 1 4

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