Holocene Foraminiferal and Geochemical Records in the Coastal

2019 | 72/1 | 19–42 | 12 Figs. | 7 Tabs. | 2 Pls. | www.geologia-croatica.hr Journal of the Croatian Geological Survey and the Croatian Geological Society

Holocene foraminiferal and geochemical records in the coastal karst dolines of Cres Island, Croatia Dea Brunović1, Slobodan Miko1, Nikolina Ilijanić1, Zoran Peh1, Ozren Hasan1, Tena Kolar2, Martina Šparica Miko1 and Ivan Razum3

1 Croatian Geological Survey, Sachsova 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; ([email protected]) 2 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 3 Croatian Natural History Museum, Demetrova 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia doi: 10.4154/gc.2019.02

Abstract Article history: Numerous karst dolines have been formed along the Croatian coast and many have been sub- Manuscript received July 04, 2018 merged during the Late Glacial and Holocene sea level rise. The coastal area of Cres Island in Revised manuscript accepted October 25, 2018 the Northern Adriatic is a typical example of this geomorphological setting, where transitional Available online February 15, 2019 forms from subaerial to submerged dolines are present. Once dolines are formed they can ac- cumulate soil, water and sediments due to their morphology. Sediments are an especially valuable source of environmental data. This paper presents the results of the study of foraminiferal assemblages and sediment geochemistry, supplemented with grain-size and mineralogical data, from the marine ponds developed in the karst dolines on Cres Island. Obtained data is correlated with the sediment core record from submerged dolines in the present-day embayments along the coastal zone of Cres Island. In total, 3 sediment cores were collected in the marine ponds Marinska, Arcij and Podbrajde, while 2 longer sediment cores have been extracted from the Jaz and Sonte embayments. The Marinska, Arcij and Podbrajde marine ponds have distinct geochemical and mineralogical sediment compositions, with monospecific foraminiferal assemblages and generally differ from each other. The common characteristics are their high N and P concentrations and the algal origin of organic matter. Agglutinated foraminiferal taxa (Haplo- phragmoides canariensis and Trochammina inflata), typical for intertidal environments, are abundant in the brackish-water Marinska pond, while stress-tolerant species Ammonia tepida has been identified in the Arcij marine pond. Environmental conditions in the Podbrajde marine pond did not facilitate the development of a rich foraminiferal fauna. Results from the present-day ma-

rine ponds enabled recognition of similar environments in the sediment cores collected in the Jaz and Sonte embayments that were progressively inundated during the Holocene sea level rise. A palaeo-marine pond existed in the Sonte embayment until 6610 cal BP, when the sea flooded the investigated area. A marine pond in the Jaz embayment was formed at 711 cal BP. Low-diversity foraminiferal assemblages in these palaeo-ponds are similar to those recognized in the present-day Arcij marine pond on Cres Island. However, differences in the geochemical composition of palaeo-marine ponds, in comparison to the present-day ponds, exist. They might Keywords: karst dolines, sediment cores, Holocene, marginal marine environments, sea be attributed to climate variability over time and variations in the geological setting of each en- level change, foraminifera, organic carbon, trace vironment. High Mo concentrations and abundant organic matter content are the main sediment elements, Adriatic Sea characteristics of the recognized palaeo-marine ponds in the Jaz and Sonte embayments.

1. INTRODUCTION dolines with surface connection to the sea. In the literature, this Sediments deposited in marginal marine environments, such as type of environment is termed a marine lake (JURAČIĆ et al., salt-marshes, lagoons, estuaries, deltas and coastal lakes exhibit 1995; GOVORČIN et al., 2001; VANIČEK et al., 2000; SURIĆ, distinctive micropalaeontological, geochemical and mineralogi- 2002; SURIĆ, 2005; SONDI & JURAČIĆ, 2010; PIKELJ & cal compositions due to the variability of physical and chemical JURAČIĆ, 2013). Marine lakes can also be found on other parts of the eastern Adriatic coast, such as Zmajevo oko near Ro- conditions (MACKENZIE et al., 1995; SEN GUPTA, 1999; goznica and Mir on Dugi otok Island. These shallow water envi- ALVE & MURRAY, 1999; DIX et al., 1999; TAHER, 2001; ronments have a subsurface connection to the sea allowing seep- ANADÓN et al., 2002; FRONTALINI et al., 2011a). Variability age through karstified bedrock (SURIĆ, 2002; SURIĆ, 2005; occurs as a consequence of the position of these environments at PIKELJ & JURAČIĆ, 2013). Since marine lakes are located in the land-sea transition. Studies of marginal marine environments the coastal karst zone and the marine influence on their develop- are necessary in palaeoenvironmental research, especially with ment is substantial, these environments can be considered as mar- regard to sea level changes (GEHRELS, 1994; EDWARDS et al., ginal marine types and they can preserve a record of the Holocene 2004; MARRINER et al., 2014; MÜLLER-NAVARA et al., 2017; sea level rise (WUNSAM et al., 1999; GOVORČIN et al., 2001). BENJAMIN et al., 2017; EMMANOUILIDIS et al., 2018). Other types of marginal marine environments (lagoons, estuaries The specific geomorphological setting of the karstified east- and salt-marshes) have also been developed along the Croatian ern Adriatic coast (PIKELJ & JURAČIĆ, 2013), enabled devel- coastline (PANDŽA et al., 2007; PIKELJ & JURAČIĆ, 2013). opment of unique marginal marine environments. Veliko and However, considerable work has yet to be conducted in terms of Malo Jezero on Mljet Island are examples of submerged karst the description and characterization of the different types of tran- Geologia Croatica Croatian coast of the Adriatic Sea include studies of Veliko the studies include Sea of Adriatic the coast Croatian along the environments marine marginal the in geochemistry al., 2011; al., et 2015; MIGANI BORGHESI, 2016). et (BIANCHI environments marsh in practices hunting during shot Pb pellets be could origin orits transport and by industries be of1978;indicative pollution (LORING, et al., HELALI 2013) &LYONS,ALGEO SCHOLZ 2006; al., et 2017). (Pb) Lead can 1993;1996;PEDERSEN,CALVERT al., 1989;& CRUSIUSet (PEDERSEN, common also is a proxy foras redox conditions LANEY, 1998; DI al., et 2015). (Mo) of Application molybdenium 1997; DE (MEYERS, productivity primary and availability ent of nutri indicators as used frequently are content (TOC) carbon organic total coupled with (P) concentrations phosphorus and ERS, 1994; MEYERS, 2003; et LAMB al., 2006). Nitrogen (N) (MEY provenance matter of organic determination the in ful use be can ratio For C/N the example, data. environmental tant valley. valley. development of the palaeoenvironmental the decipher to order in Istria in valley River Mirna the from cores sediment in fauna eral FELJA (2015) aforaminif al. et functions. determined transfer in foraminifera of salt-marsh utility proven the and area vestigated in the in level sea about variations data valuable have produced Results salt-marshes. Blace and Jadrtovac the in blages present al., 2016), SHAW while (2016) al. et of assem a study conducted et ĆOSOVIĆ 2000; al., et (VANIČEK detail in described been have Mljet Island the on lakes marine in assemblages raminiferal However, fo reconstructions. palaeoenvironmental in tion applica their well as as conditions, environmental on pendence de their and environments marine marginal inhabiting of fauna et VIDOVIĆ 2013; al., 2014). determination the on have al., focused afew studies et Only POPADIĆ 2009; al., et (VIDOVIĆ tion possible the pollu to of anthropogenic indicators as and 2011) ofapplication foraminifera al., et ĆOSOVIĆ 2010; (VIDOVIĆ, tion distribu of species investigation to restricted mostly have been (DEBENAYspecies 2002). &GUILLOU, by agglutinated dominated and diverse less is environments these al., et 2011a). TALINI in fauna the that it considered is general, In (DEBENAY al., et 2001; DEBENAY & 2002; GUILLOU, FRON environments marine marginal the in assemblages raminiferal fo the on impact have acrucial that parameters environmental aresome oftheinfluence main marine a from direct and distance evaporation winds, storms, tides, geochemistry, sediment type, 1981). sediment KER, properties, water Physical chemical and (BOLTOVSKOYpostulated 1971; & LENA, DEK & de CANN been also has lakes freshwater and lakes saline inland in ganisms or marine typically of these al., 2009). survival for Evidence the et al., 2013) and brackish-water coastal lakes (e.g., al., et 2011a; CARBONITALINI et al., et 2011b; FRONTALINI FRONTALINI TAKATA al., et JAYALAKSHMY 2006; &RAO, FRON 2006; al., 1999; DEBENAY al., et 2001; DEBENAY 2002; &GUILLOU, BARBERO (e.g., et lagoons coastal and SERANDREI estuaries al., 2014; al., et 2015; MILKER MÜLLER-NAVARA al., et 2017), al.,2013; et et KEMP al.,2004; BARBERO et STÉPHAN DREI 1994; HAYWARD al., et 1999; EDWARDS al., et SERAN 2004; (e.g., salt-marshes the in GEHRELS, conditions environmental level sea other on and dependence their and of species termination atic coast. Adri eastern karstified the along present environments sitional 20 Examples of the previously conducted research of sediment of sediment research conducted of previously Examples the The geochemical composition of sediments reveals impor reveals of composition sediments geochemical The coast Adriatic eastern along the studies foraminiferal Recent The focus of many foraminiferal studies worldwide is the de worldwide the is studies of foraminiferal focus many The ------embayments. embayments. Sonte and Jaz the in ponds Holocene palaeo-marine submerged of analogs modern represent Island Cres on ponds marine day present- that We dolines. hypothesize karst submerged presently these in ponds of Holocene palaeo-marine of existence ing the of tim the would indicative be results Obtained cores. sediment extracted using Island, Cres on ponds marine present-day the in those to similar embayments, Sonte and Jaz the in vironments en characterize to was aim Afurther of sediment. the properties sedimentological and mineralogical geochemical, and properties water chemical physical and the in manifested conditions tal environmen established and assemblages foraminiferal between of linkages the determination the on was emphasis Special coast. Adriatic eastern along the lacking are studies such since bodies water unique these in distribution their and species raminiferal fo typical document to was aim main The karst. through ence influ to the sea and marine due proximity to their environments marine marginal as considered be should and dolines karst the in formed have been environments These of Island. Cres coastline along the ponds marine the in geochemistry sediment blages and used in order to reconstruct palaeoenvironments. reconstruct to order in used not was geochemistry and enrichment metal anthropogenic and natural on deciphering extensively. focused studies Most of these al.,at 2005; al., al., et et 2008; MIKO 2015) KOMAR studied was Bay (CUKROVkar al., Cove et 2014) (ŠPARICA Makirina and Ba in environments marine shallow the from oftion sediments composi geochemical the Furthermore, lakes. al., 1996) marine et (MIHELČIĆ oko Zmajevo2015) al.,and et (MLAKAR Mir 2017),al., et SONDI 2009; al., et (CUCULIĆ Jezero Malo and variable depth and dimensions (FORD & WILLIAMS, 1989). & WILLIAMS, It (FORD dimensions and depth variable with depressions karst enclosed are Dolines part. southwestern its in especially Island, Cres on dolines karst ofmation numerous DURN, 1997). DURN, (MAGAŠ, slopes the on 1968; deposits colluvial BENAC & of form the in present (FUČEK et al., 2014). are sediments rather scarce and Quaternary flysch)are present insporadically part theof northern Cres Island and limestones (foraminiferal Youngerceous. strata Palaeogene Lower Creta the during formed have been oldest deposits The formations. rock sedimentary predominant age are Cretaceous of dolomites 2014). and al., et 2012;Limestones al., FUČEK et FUČEK 2003; HUSINEC, 2001;& al.,KORBAR et KORBAR 2000; al., et HUSINEC 1968;MAGAŠ, 1968; (MAMUŽIĆ, studies of detailed many atarget have Island been Cres on 2013). &JURAČIĆ, PIKELJ 1999;KELLETAT,al., 2005; et 1998;JURAČIĆ JURAČIĆ, & (BENAC channels bays and became synclines while chains island became Anticlines relief. karstified and faulted folded, existing ing the Late Glacial and Holocene when sea periods floodedpre- dur occurred coast Adriatic eastern rocky and of steep tion the forma Final peninsula. Vinodol-Velebit Istrian the and coastline the Vinodol-Velebit between located Channel) Lošinj Channel, Bay, Kvarner Bay, Kvarnerić Bay, (Rijeka channels and bays Pag), Rab, with (Cres, Krk, by NW-SE Lošinj, islands elongated (Fig. region Kvarner 1). the characterized in is Sea region This of Adriatic the part northern the in of Island, Cres coastline ern southwest along the located are environments investigated The STUDY2. AREA Our study offers a new insight into foraminiferal assem foraminiferal into insight new a offers study Our Subaerial exposure of Cretaceous deposits enabled the for the enabled deposits of Cretaceous exposure Subaerial geological setting their and rocks Mesozoic carbonate The terra rossa terra outcrops, alluvial deposits and and deposits alluvial outcrops, Geologia Croatica 72/1 ------Geologia Croatica - - - - 21 ) 2 0.23 0.03 0.029 0.005 0.018 Area (kmArea — — 50 92 (m) 136 Distance to the sea to Distance -3 0.3 1.1 0.7 -0.5 elevation (m) elevation The lowest sill lowest The 5 The study area is microtidal, as recorded on the nearby tide The present-day climate on Cres Island is considered to be 0.3 0.29 0.15 0.15 location (m) location unit) unit) and Cenomanian pelagic limestones (Belej unit) (FUČEK The karstic nature Cres Island2014). of enableset al., sea-water seepagethrough karstifiedthe sill separating ponds the from the sea. Dip directions trend towards the northeast (FUČEK et al., additionally which possibly facilitates this2014) seepage through layering,developed underground fissures and conduits. gauge on Lošinj Island (http://tides.mobilegeographics.com/loca tions/3554.html). temperate and humid with summers, hot while at the highest elevations summers are Me warm& FILIPČIĆ, 2003). (ŠEGOTA teorological measurements the at nearby me between 1971-2000 Depth the coring at - - - - 34 150 371 35.5 46.5 Core length (cm) Core LK-2 LK-3 LK-5 LK-6 LK-7 Core embayment embayment Environment marine pond marine pond marine pond The Marinska, Arcij and marine Podbrajde ponds investi Core location Core Jaz Sonte Marinska Arcij Podbrajde an Cres limestones, dolomites, stromatolites, breccias and emerged surface alterations; KA- Aptian Kanfanar limestones; PO- Upper Aptian- Lower Albian Porozina surface Porozina KA-Albian emerged and Kanfanar Aptian alterations; breccias PO-limestones; Lower Aptian- Upper stromatolites, dolomites, limestones, Cres an alteration Cenomanian SIS- HrastaAlbian Upper HR- Albian-Lower Upper dolomites; breccias; emersion with CrnaAlbian CN- limestones limestones; and breccia Cenomanianto Middle Lower BE- limestones; Vrana Cenomanian Lower VR- infillings; bauxite and breccia relictwith stromatolites, limestones and dolomites Sis of Gornji Coniacian to Turonian GH- limestones; Duh pelagic Sveti Turonian Niska NI- Cenomanian limestones; Belej SD- pelagic to limestones; Upper Cenomanian 2014). (FUČEK et al., Humac limestones Map of the investigated area. A) Overview, B) Kvarner region and Istrian peninsula, C) Geological map of Cres Island and Lošinj Island (modified from Island (modified from Istrian and peninsula, C) Island and Lošinj region map of Cres Geological B) Kvarner Overview, A) area. 1. Map of the investigated Figure Barremi to the map: CR-Upper Hauterivian on units shown Lithostratigraphic locations. Channel with core a bathymetry 2014) and map of the Lošinj FUČEK et al., Main characteristics of the investigated environments and collected sediment cores. cores. and collected sediment environments 1. Main characteristics of the investigated Table is considered that post-Miocene karstification in theMediterra nean occurred in tectonically susceptible areas during periods of lowstands.sea level The most prominent and best preserved evi level sea recent most karstificationduring the developed of dence MOCOCHAIN PIKELJ2009; 2005; & al., lowstand(SURIĆ, et JURAČIĆ, 2013). Brunović et al.: Holocene foraminiferal and geochemical records in the coastal karst dolines of Cres Island, Croatia gated in this study variable have depths, sill elevations separating the pond from the direct marine influence, distances to the sea They been have in developed the karst 1). and dolines size (Tab. within two lithostratigraphic which are composed units 1), (Fig. alternationsof dolomites and of marine shallow limestones as signed to the Upper Albian-Lower Cenomanian boundary (Sis Geologia Croatica NEUS et al., et 2017).NEUS of (DO- south Osor of area the deepening causing currents with Channel, Lošinj the in circulation water on impact astrong has and Lošinj in the andOsor village has today been dug artificially of Cres islands al., et 2017).NEUS separates that channel The 2010; &NADILO, (REGAN sites DO- archaeological merous were dated by radiocarbon dating method (AMS method dating by radiocarbon dated were 3430Multi probe. WTW multiparameter a portable using cation lo coring at each determined oxygen dissolved were and content pH temperature, conductivity, as such parameters water chemical conducted was LK-3 and LK-2 cores Additionally, physical and lengthwise. cores the splitting after piston of subsampling tailed 2014 April in platform (Tab. coring and 1). corer apiston ing De us collected were embayments Sonte and Jaz the long)cm from (Tab. (up 371 to cores 1). extruder sediment core Longer the ing us field the in sections cm 1 in subsampled LK-7) and and LK-6 ducted in September 2015. In total, 3 cores were (LK-5,extracted con was Sampling sediment. the into pipe by hand aplastic ting by inser- ponds, Podbrajde marine shallow and Arcij Marinska, (up cores 45.5 to the in long) sediment cm collected Short were METHODS AND MATERIALS 3. al., et 2008). (GAJIĆ-ČAPKA autumn proximately 930.5 mm and the highest precipitation of ap precipitation rates annual mean in with the area, the in recorded been have rainfall of amounts high Relatively2008). (ZANINOVIĆ, was –4.4⁰C Lošinj Mali in temperature air lowestThe measured 8.3⁰C. reaches temperature air mean and significantly decreases 37.4⁰C the August. winter, in During the occurring temperature of maximum a 23.1⁰C, of with temperature air summer mean a indicate Island Lošinj the on Lošinj Mali in station teorological 22 heated to 400°C and 550°C. and 400°C to heated being after analysed and ethylene-glycolated air-dried, scanned, (NaOAc) were samples acetate solution. Oriented sodium the (whereremoval of after a needed), using carbonates buffered slides, glass on aggregates oriented by mounting analysed was fied following MOORE &REYNOLDS (1997).The clayfraction samples identi the were ofin 0.02⁰ 2Ө.present phases Different size step a with mA, 40 and at 45 set kV was diffractometer the measurements, the For PowderX-raydiffractometer. X’Pert cal aPANalyti using determined was clay mineralogy, their well as to FOLK & according (1957). classified were WARD 2001) &PYE, (BLOTT GRADISTAT sediments and software the using conducted was results of grain-size the analysis cal LK-2cores sediment lysed from LK-3,and respectively. Statisti d was grain-size total, In analysis. the to prior water distilled in resuspended and decanted centrifuged, were samples terwards, 4 s madzu SALD-2300. Selected samples were treated with 30% hy 30% with treated were samples (H peroxide drogen Selected SALD-2300. madzu 2015). al.,et (FAIVRE Sea the Adriatic for effectdetermined reservoir marine for the corrected was data USA. radiocarbon in The tory Labora Analytics atBeta conducted have been Analyses ments. embay Sonte and Jaz present-day the in changes environmental of palaeo- timing the determine to and chronology core establish etermined on 6 samples from sediment cores LK-5 cores sediment LK-7, and from 6samples on etermined amples from core LK-6, while 25 and 73 samples were ana were samples 73 and 25 while LK-6, core from amples Five mollusc samples from sediment cores LK-2 and LK-3LK-2 and cores sediment from samples Fivemollusc by nu documented is Island on Cres presence human The The bulk mineralogical composition of selected samples, as as samples, of composition selected mineralogical bulk The Grain-size was measured using a laser diffractometer Shi diffractometer laser a using measured was Grain-size 2 O 2 ) in order to remove organic matter. Af matter. remove to organic order ) in 14 C) in order to to order in C) ------ination based on the suite of independent (predictor) variables. It variables. (predictor) of independent suite the on based ination discrim or multiple-group two- model for the predictive the ing build in useful particularly is which technique statistical variate from the Research Group on CoDa Analysis (Girona). Analysis CoDa on Group Research the from al.,et 2018), explanations original the to references sample with VAČEVIĆGALOVIĆ, 2016; 2016;PEH, & GALOVIĆ ŠORŠA KO- & 2014; PEH GALOVIĆ, KOVAČEVIĆ & (PEH elsewhere reported al., is et of 2015). analysis CoDa description Adetailed (LOVELL or assumptions information of other any absence the in unequivocal not may be abundances relative elemental between (CoDa) data of example correlations compositional where typical a represent analysis of geochemical the Results (C/N). ratio gle Mg, P, Fe, N, TIC, Ca, Al, (TOC, K, Mo) Pb and Cu, asin S, and (DFA) analysis compositions of aselection geochemical included function Discriminant techniques. statistical multivariate ing us analysed was data Geochemical Canada. ACME laboratory, (ICP-MS) the in Spectrometry Coupled Plasma-Mass Inductively measurements. N and TOC from calculated was ratio HCl). with C/N treated samples) (samples TOC and (untreated (TC) carbon total between difference the on based is TIC of 2003).Calculation TANNER, & (TUNG (HCl) acid for measurements TOC hydrochloric with treated and ground finely freeze-dried, were samples the ysis, a Fisher Thermo ScientificFlash 2000 NCAnalyzer. Before anal 134 on on samples performed were (N) nitrogen total and (TIC) X-ACT) unit. detection INCA (EDS-Oxford and spectroscopy dispersive energy the using determined was tests sition of their 35 electron CF while microscope, the scanning chemical compo Jeol the using obtained were samples the in observed taxa eous calcar and agglutinated of common (SEM) the images croscope (STATSOFT, distances Euclidean 2011). mi electron Scanning STATISTICA using formed Ward’s with 10 software and method per was assemblages foraminiferal of total the analysis Cluster al., et 2001). PAST the (HAMMER using conducted software was Equitability and Evenness Dominance, Fisher index, α dex, in Shannon-Wiener (1987). richness, of species the Calculation (1993) ZEI MONCHARMONT & LOEBLICH TAPPANand & LANGER & (1991), CIMERMAN by sifications SGARRELLA clas and available following literature the recognized were cies spe and Genera counted. and wholethe examined was sample 300, than less was specimens foraminifera of number total the approximately 300 were specimens picked. In the samples where and by microsplitter divided was sample Each studies. ronmental palaeoenvi in analyses for foraminiferal appropriate is fraction (2012) al. et SCHÖNFELD to µm >63According clayparticles. and silt remove to order in laboratory the sievein µm 63 a over washed were samples sediment tests) selected (stained+empty stain. Bengal rose with notwere treated These samples shifts. significant data and indicated mineralogical sedimentological geochemical, where intervals and of core each analysis on tail. Foraminiferal these cores focused on the cm first de more in analysed were embayments Sonte and Jaz the from LK-3LK-22012). al.,and cores et (SCHÖNFELDPiston group FOBIMO by the described procedure following the washed, being before days for 14 left and field the in ethanol 70% and stain Bengal rose with treated were Samples tological analysis. (LK-5, ponds rine LK-6 LK-7) and for micropalaeon used were Discriminant function analysis (DFA) multi analysis function atraditional is Discriminant using samples out ground on carried was analysis Elemental carbon inorganic and (TOC) organic of total the Analyses assemblages foraminiferal of total the For determination Core tops (1 cm thick) of the short sediment cores from ma from cores (1 tops sediment Core thick) cm of short the Geologia Croatica 72/1 ------Geologia Croatica - - - - 23 23 21.9 28.1 22.7 23.9 Temperature (⁰C) Temperature concentrations varied from (mg/l) 9.11 2 13.33 15.12 15.22 14.73 2 O measurementssignificant differen- reveal values in the Marinska marine pond (11.1 c c pH 8.39 8.36 8.24 8.75 9.07 mS/cm) and the highestmS/cm) in the marine mS/ Podbrajde pond (56.8 (Pod The ranged pH tocm). from embayment) 9.07 8.24 (Sonte brajde marine Measured pond). O blages focusedblages only on the core tops, did section not we them into distinct units Based on the 2 to sediment 4). (Figs. characteristics such as grain-size, TOC, TIC and N content, and the geochemis try selected and of major trace elements several units were dif 9.11 mg/l in the mg/lSonte embayment in upto the15.22 Arcij 9.11 determinedwas temperaturehighest28.1⁰C marineThe pond. of in the Marinska pond. 4.2. Sediment core analysis areSince the cores from and LK-7) marine LK-6 ponds (LK-5, and analysis the cm) foraminiferal of toshort 45.5 (up assem concentrations. The E ces, with E the lowest 56 11.1 55.5 49.1 56.8 Ec (mS/cm) Ec - ) 2 09/09/2015 10/09/2015 09/09/2015 10/09/2015 09/09/2015 Date of measurement Date LK-2 LK-5 LK-3 LK-6 LK-7 Core ), pH, temperature), (O and dissolved oxygen (t) c Core location Core Jaz Marinska Sonte Arcij Arcij Podbrajde Downcore variations of sedimentological and geochemical parameters in the sediment core LK-6 collected in the Arcij marine pond. collected in the Arcij LK-6 core in the sediment and geochemical parameters of sedimentological variations 3. Downcore Figure Downcore variations of sedimentological and geochemical parameters in the sediment core LK-5 collected in the Marinska LK-5 marine pond. core in the sediment and geochemical parameters of sedimentological variations 2. Downcore Figure sured and physical chemical water parameters. 2. shows Table conductivity (E 4. RESULTS 4.1. Physical and chemical water parameters The investigated environments variability showed the mea of is commonly exercised in geo- and environmental sciences when calls logic thegeological for some use autonomous of criterion with regards tothe variables in the analysed dataset, such as, in this case, the multi-proxy sediment core data analysis. Objectives are described andprinciples in DFA comprehensively many of statistical DILLON1986; DAVIS, textbooks 1973; DAVIS, (e.g., REIMANN 1988; ROCK, & GOLDSTEIN, 2008). et al., 1984; Geochemical data were processed using the statistical software in the spirit of 2011) (STATSOFT, 10 packageSTATISTICA of the CoDa analysis. Measured water parameters in the investigated environments. environments. in the investigated parameters water 2. Measured Table Brunović et al.: Holocene foraminiferal and geochemical records in the coastal karst dolines of Cres Island, Croatia Geologia Croatica Figure 5.Downcore variations ofsedimentological andgeochemicalparameters inthesediment core LK-2 intheJazembayment. collected 217 and cm. cm 252 at samples the than younger being cm 354 of depth core the at LK-3, result core the with sediment in found core in LK-3 and >711 core in LK-2.years Age been has reversal >6610 of is spans Holocene cores age and both years in quence se Tablesediment LK-2 LK-3 in 3.The cores and shown ton is of pis the macrofossils the from obtained data radiocarbon The 4.2.1. Corechronology below. 6). (Figs. 5and respectively embayments, Sonte and Jaz LK-2cores the in longer sediment ferentiated and LK-3 the from 24 Figure 4.Downcore variations ofsedimentological and geochemicalparameters inthesediment core LK-7 inthePodbrajde collected pond. marine The main features ofThe are unitsmain features emphasized the differentiated 4. LK-3-4: Unit cm 50–0 3. LK-3-3: Unit cm 260–50 LK-3-2: Unit 2. 330–260 cm 1. LK-3-1: Unit 371–330 cm units: LK-3 distinct four The into divided be can core LK-2-2: Unit 2. cm 60–0 1. LK-2-1: Unit cm 150–60 recognized: were LK-2units the In different two core - - 4.2.2. Grainsizeanalysis have the highest silt content, 41-88% silt content, have highest the 40-91%, and respectively. are LK-2 cores LK-3 and sediment the from Samples (11-14%)abundant. less fractions clay and (8-20%) sand the while (70-78%), material silty of predominance a showsLK-7 88%). also Core (0-9%) fraction of clay silt (80- composed LK-6 Core the predominantly is subordinate. is while deposited, been also has (25-85%) material silty of amount LK-5(<75%).significant a Generally, (Figs. 6). 2to material silty of predominance general the with downwards decreases slightly grain-size cores most In sand. medium silt to of coarse composed (Figs. Tab. 6, 2to cores predominantly 4). are tops Core particular within and cores between both grain-size the in variations vealed re 110 on cores analysis sediment all from samples Grain-size has been discarded (Tab. discarded 3). been has cm 354 at result the Therefore, reliable. more be to thought are bivalves, former the and of shells gastropods mixed on obtained been has 354cm at result the and each shells mollusc single on at252 217 and results that fact the to obtained haveDue cm been The highest sand abundance has been measured in the core core the in measured been has abundance sand highest The Geologia Croatica 72/1 - Geologia Croatica - - - - - 25 are 506–571 580–651 641–782 564–590 1892–2148 5713–5940 6483–6737 3693–3976 Calibrated age (cal BP) Calibrated and Entzia macrescens 50 88 95 95 95 95 6.9 44.7 Probability (%) Probability C BP) 14 1000 ± 30 1200 ± 30 2510 ± 30 5550 ± 30 6260 ± 30 4000 ± 30 age ( Ammonia tepida specimens predominate 5; (Tab. (97%) (41%), while Miliammina fusca The first cmof sediment core includes LK-5 only aggluti The lower part of the LK-2 core was barren partThe lower the foraminifera LK-2 of of Conventional radiocarbon Conventional 4.2.4. Foraminiferal analysis Overall, 87 different specieswere identified inthe total forami niferal assemblages (all cores). Samples from cores LK-5, LK-6 LK-6 Samplesniferal from corescores). assemblages LK-5, (all and were LK-7 less diverse and encompass 13 species. In the foraminife- 81 andLK-3, samplesfrom thesediment cores LK-2 did ralcm) species 67-68 were determined. Onesample (LK-2-1, containnot foraminifera, while in the samples from thebasal part of LK-3 core (unit LK-3-1) and from LK-7imens were scarce core and poorly preserved. foraminifera spec natedtaxa. specimens live No wererecognized. Dominant spe cies are Haplophragmoides canariensis (48%) and Trochammina inflata significantly less abundant5; Plate (Tab. 1). In the LK-6 core top sample Plate In 1). total, 37 stained specimens were recognized in this sample, while stained 6 specimensmorphological abnor showed malities, including enlarged chambers and twisted coiling (Plate first cm foraminiferathe indiscovered7 specimensOnly were 1). collected in the marine Podbrajde 5). core LK-7 of pond (Tab. while the gradual occurrence foraminifera LK-2-1), (unit of specimens was observed at core depth of 62–63 cm. Foraminifera - bivalve shell bivalve shell bivalve bivalve shell bivalve bivalve shell bivalve Material dated Material gastropod shell gastropod bivalve and gastropod shell and gastropod bivalve Sample ID Beta – 387747 Beta – 387748 Beta – 387749 Beta – 387750 Beta – 387751 Beta – 387752 42 58 94 217 252 354 Depth (cm) C dating results of mollusc shells in sediment cores LK-2 and LK-3. The last result (marked with asterisk) has been discarded. (marked has been discarded. with asterisk) last result The and LK-3. LK-2 cores of mollusc shells in sediment results C dating 14 Core LK-2 LK-2 LK-3 LK-3 LK-3 LK-3* Downcore variations of sedimentological and geochemical parameters in the sediment core LK-3 collected in the Sonte embayment. embayment. collected in the Sonte LK-3 core in the sediment and geochemical parameters of sedimentological variations 6. Downcore Figure AMS 3. AMS Table dant. Halite, calcite, aragonite, Mg gypsum, quartz, muscovite/ illite and pyrite arepresent in sediment Sediment core LK-6. is characterizedcore LK-7 the by occurrence halite, of quartz, muscovite/illiteand In calcite. the and sediment LK- cores LK-2 3, quartz is the dominant mineral phase, while the calcite presence is variable downcore. In the core basal part the LK-2 of quartz, muscovite/illite and kaolinite are abundant LK-2-1). (unit is characterizedThe core upper LK-2-2) (unit part the LK-2 of calcite, Mg-calcite,by aragonite and halite. Muscovite/illite and plagioclase are present core. The throughout lowermost the LK-2 quartz, of presencethe shows LK-3-1) (unit LK-3 core the partof muscovite/illite, chlorite and kaolinite. Calcite and Mg-calcite predominateLK-3-3 in theupper part thecore (unitsLK-3-2, of and LK-3-4). Aragonite, dolomite,illiteand kaolinite are less abundant.The presence halite of in halite, plagioclase,all samples is a consequence its crystallization of from muscovite/ the pore water after sediment drying. The same minerals clay (chlorite, illite and kaolinite) characterizeall theanalysed cores. Theonly exception is the mineral presence clay Mg of in sepiolite the sediment core LK-5. Bulkmineralogical indicates analysis sediment of the core LK-5 predominance calcite and of quartz, while aragonite is also abun 4.2.3. Mineralogical analysis Brunović et al.: Holocene foraminiferal and geochemical records in the coastal karst dolines of Cres Island, Croatia Geologia Croatica 26 Table 4.Statistical parameters for thephysicochemical ofsediment characterisation cores.

TOC (%) Ca (%) TIC (%) Mg (%) N (%) Fe (%) C/N K (%) SAND (%) Al (%) SILT (%) P (%) CLAY (%) S (%) Cu (mg/kg) Pb (mg/kg) Mo (mg/kg) Mo Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Max Max Max Max Max Max Max Max Max Max Max Max Min Max Max Min Min Max Min Min Max Min Min Max Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min Min SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD SD

23.27 10.53 22.38 29.77 10.34 39.26 27.53 15.16 74.67 56.74 25.05 25.33 84.84 11.15 15.80 22.61 13.60 39.10 LK-5 0.10 1.90 5.40 7.78 6.85 0.65 8.24 0.91 2.02 0.06 3.07 0.81 1.02 0.77 0.93 0.96 0.31 0.12 0.63 2.57 1.52 6.22 0.51 2.01 0.17 3.49 8.78 0.22 0.75 2.05 0.69 0.80 3.07 0.06 0.03 0.04 4.00 0.11 4.40 0.00 0.70 8.70 0.63 0.20 1.80 2.44 8.70 8.82 0.60 0.66 18.60 12.52 17.72 21.38 11.80 14.77 83.82 80.18 88.37 11.57 14.53 22.30 23.41 15.15 52.10 11.05 LK-6 4.60 9.58 5.49 6.65 2.76 5.83 7.30 1.28 3.79 0.19 3.03 1.09 1.68 1.39 1.67 0.49 0.87 0.90 0.66 2.13 3.25 6.49 0.59 2.07 0.24 3.04 9.38 0.33 9.00 1.02 6.63 2.21 0.06 1.05 0.98 4.13 3.59 0.04 0.01 0.02 7.18 0.05 3.11 4.90 2.87 1.10 1.40 4.30 6.42 5.70 5.80 4.74 15.42 12.14 19.53 75.07 69.78 78.35 12.79 10.68 14.17 22.37 17.90 26.60 57.36 21.71 30.40 86.80 LK-7 0.60 4.70 4.72 6.24 6.22 2.39 0.31 0.56 7.88 2.19 1.06 1.08 0.29 0.74 0.68 4.16 1.50 0.97 2.77 1.02 1.09 0.07 1.38 2.60 4.57 6.93 1.24 1.64 0.35 4.14 9.04 0.60 1.58 4.41 4.97 8.25 1.79 1.83 7.26 3.21 0.07 0.01 0.06 0.09 1.28 1.06 0.82 0.10 2.40 2.74 1.76 1.18 LK-2-1 10.93 12.77 17.25 16.25 14.41 30.22 70.43 10.53 61.12 86.62 13.32 36.46 25.41 16.10 33.20 28.66 19.10 35.00 0.60 3.60 1.33 0.50 0.25 3.03 0.20 0.31 1.06 0.36 0.64 1.01 0.09 0.46 3.56 0.82 0.04 3.65 0.01 0.73 0.02 2.28 0.06 5.22 1.57 2.67 0.26 9.46 0.93 1.96 6.84 0.00 1.29 4.21 9.25 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.04 8.10 7.37 0.32 0.36 0.10 1.40 4.65 4.18 1.43 0.76 bdl LK-2-2 33.10 11.12 13.20 11.30 14.28 22.95 17.57 55.76 70.67 15.63 40.81 88.23 12.27 14.22 20.80 25.63 16.10 42.00 16.48 7.10 8.82 2.14 0.59 2.27 1.17 3.55 3.28 2.77 0.78 0.58 0.16 1.30 0.63 3.30 1.05 0.16 2.63 0.06 0.74 0.08 1.92 0.29 3.89 0.99 0.85 0.27 0.71 1.48 4.27 3.25 1.24 3.03 6.27 0.02 0.00 0.01 6.39 0.03 2.87 3.20 1.69 0.63 1.00 3.00 3.37 9.90 6.53 7.13 LK-3-1 15.00 26.70 11.35 18.70 17.35 20.36 11.82 12.96 29.91 77.12 64.42 84.25 11.07 16.79 24.25 22.60 25.90 24.90 23.00 26.80 20.85 6.19 6.00 3.54 1.90 2.26 4.85 7.53 1.54 0.91 0.85 0.08 0.55 0.85 2.81 0.97 0.32 2.48 0.18 0.05 0.13 2.44 0.61 2.51 1.37 1.23 0.12 1.28 1.45 6.21 0.02 0.12 6.12 6.29 8.26 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.04 5.28 5.67 1.85 0.78 1.30 2.40 2.33 2.69 8.27 LK-3-2 41.30 45.20 13.34 21.42 21.50 14.74 26.17 30.92 15.78 56.13 63.52 13.54 42.71 84.10 10.80 17.43 15.60 19.30 16.00 15.20 17.20 42.67 7.65 3.62 2.02 8.44 5.35 9.15 2.48 1.20 2.12 0.05 0.05 1.17 8.52 1.26 0.62 1.83 0.14 0.10 0.41 1.73 0.92 1.92 0.91 2.97 0.06 0.86 0.98 4.14 5.94 0.44 3.73 4.61 0.03 0.00 0.02 5.56 0.03 2.75 1.17 2.20 0.20 2.00 2.40 1.85 1.06 2.20 LK-3-3 15.30 38.60 19.54 11.97 22.40 13.74 10.66 21.69 28.68 12.53 50.35 65.87 10.93 46.76 90.81 11.55 19.40 10.81 19.20 23.15 Geologia Croatica 72/1 2.51 1.26 2.26 1.18 5.22 5.62 1.08 1.02 0.09 3.23 0.92 7.00 1.26 0.18 1.65 0.06 0.39 0.10 1.24 0.30 2.89 0.65 2.48 0.16 0.51 1.12 2.86 2.18 0.84 2.05 5.21 0.01 0.00 0.01 5.45 0.02 2.22 1.94 1.36 0.45 0.90 2.50 9.73 3.30 6.00 2.60 7.90 4.98 LK-3-4 26.60 23.73 21.46 28.67 13.41 40.75 25.53 59.45 55.92 39.70 69.93 10.98 10.20 11.60 16.12 8.62 0.70 1.38 0.41 2.36 0.61 1.81 7.42 1.05 0.64 0.07 6.76 0.92 8.57 1.18 0.14 1.20 0.04 0.21 0.07 0.79 0.18 1.43 9.86 0.50 1.41 7.65 0.10 0.31 0.62 9.89 2.03 0.44 1.19 2.59 8.75 0.01 0.00 0.01 3.33 0.01 1.47 0.85 0.85 5.40 0.25 0.30 1.10 7.78 1.35 5.30 9.60 0.46 Geologia Croatica - - - 27 and

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.3 12.5 43.8 12.5 349–350 (0–21%) parvula

0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 6.1 0.0 4.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 23.1 21.0 340–342

0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 6.7 3.9 1.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.6 46.4 275–277 Quinqueloculina

2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.8 0.4 3.2 0.0 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.1 27.4 Cribroelphidium gerthi Cribroelphidium 243–245

1.2 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.6 3.9 0.3 0.0 2.1 0.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.4 21.3 230–232 (6–46%) and 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.7 4.7 0.0 9.4 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 1.4 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 2.5 0.0 1.8 0–1 LK-3 A. tepida A.

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 68.0 62–63 Samples from sediment alsocore LK-3 indicate the transi tion from intervals barren toof foraminiferatheir (unit LK-3-1) significant diversification(Tab. 5).LK-3-4)(unit The predomi nance of hasbeen observed inall samples fromthe basal part the core of 5). (Tab. Miliolids ( (unit LK-3-2)

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 8.2 0.0 0.3 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 61.6 58–59 , - 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 4.0 0.0 1.1 1.5 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.8 0–1 12.4 15.7 22.6 LK-2 are less abun 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0–1 14.3 14.3 LK-7 Bolivina striatula , species predominate 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0–1 96.6 LK-6 (39%) (Tab. 5). In the surface Ammonia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0–1 LK-5 and Elphidium translucens Elphidium margaritaceum sp. sp.2 sp.1 sp.2 Foraminifera (species) Foraminifera Adelosina carinata-striata Adelosina Adelosina cliarensis Adelosina Adelosina elegans Adelosina Adelosina mediterranensis Adelosina Ammonia Ammonia beccarii Ammonia parkinsoniana Ammonia tepida Asterigerinata adriatica Asterigerinata mamilla Aubignyna perlucida Aubignyna Bolivina Bolivina Bolivina difformis Bolivina pseudoplicata Bolivina spathulata Cluster dendrogram developed based on the foraminiferal analysis results using Ward’s method and Euclidean distances. distances. method and Euclidean Ward’s using results analysis on the foraminiferal based developed dendrogram 7. Cluster Figure Bolivina striatula Bolivina variabilis Buccella Buccella Cibicides advenum Cibicides refulgens Cibicidoides variabilis Cornuspira involvens Cornuspira Cribroelphidium excavatum Cribroelphidium Cribroelphidium gerthiCribroelphidium The relative abundances of the foraminiferal species in sediment cores LK-5, LK-6, LK-7, LK-2 and LK-3. Sample from the LK-2 core interval 62–63 cm corre core the LK-2 Sample from and LK-3. LK-2 LK-7, LK-6, LK-5, cores species in sediment of the foraminiferal abundances relative 5. The Table units: 349–350 cm, 340–342 the following samples belong to core LK-3 The unit LK-2-2. to while samples 0–1 cm and 58–59 cm correspond unit LK-2-1, sponds to 0–1 cm – unit LK-3-4. cm – unit LK-3-3; 243–245 cm and 230–232 275–277 cm – unit LK-3-2; cm – unit LK-3-1; abundances significantly increased at58–59 cm(unit LK-2-2), with the predominance tepida A. of sample from this core different Brunović et al.: Holocene foraminiferal and geochemical records in the coastal karst dolines of Cres Island, Croatia dant (Tab. 5, Plate 2). 2). Plate 5, dant (Tab. Haynesina depressula (up to 51%), while 51%), to (up Geologia Croatica Table 5.Continued. 28 Triloculina adriatica Haynesina depressula Spiroloculina cymbium Haynesina Spiroloculina Haplophragmoides canariensis Siphonaperta aspera Siphonaperta Haplophragmoides sp. sp. Siphonoaperta Haplophragmoides Sigmoilina costata Gavelinopsis praegeri Sigmavirgulina Fursenkoina subacuta Sejunctella Sejunctella Fissurina lucida Rosalina macropora Entzia macrescens Rosalina floridensis Elphidium translucens Rosalina bradyi Elphidium margaritaceum Reussella spinulosa Elphidium maioricensis Quinqueloculina seminula Quinqueloculina Elphidium macellum Quinqueloculina schlumbergeriQuinqueloculina Elphidium fichtelianum Quinqueloculina parvula Quinqueloculina Elphidium crispum Quinqueloculina laevigata Quinqueloculina Elphidium Quinqueloculina jugosa Quinqueloculina Elphidium advenum subsp.limbatum Quinqueloculina irregularisQuinqueloculina Elphidium aculeatum Quinqueloculina bosciana Quinqueloculina Elphidium Pseudotriloculina lecalvezae Elphidium Porosononion Elphidium Porosononion Elphidium Peneroplis planatus Elphidium Peneroplis pertusus Discorbinella Neoconorbina terquemi Cycloforina contorta Miliolinella subrotunda subrotunda Miliolinella Cycloforina Miliolinella elongata Miliolinella Cribrostomoides subglobosus Cribromiliolinella sp. Miliolinella Miliammina fuscaMiliammina Foraminifera (species) Haynesina germanica cf. advenum sp.7 sp.6 sp.2 sp.1 sp. sp.1 sp. sp. sp. sp. sp. sp. sp.2 sp.1 sp.1

sp.1

sp. 2 sp. 1 48.8 LK-5 0–1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 LK-6 0–1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.3 LK-7 0–1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LK-2 0–1 0.0 8.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.4 1.1 0.4 0.0 6.6 0.7 0.7 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 3.6 58–59 0.0 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

62–63 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

11.9 10.5 LK-3 23.1 0–1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 1.1 0.0 2.5 1.8 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.0 3.6 0.0 1.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 230–232 1.2 0.0 2.4 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 1.2 0.0 2.4 1.2 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 6.9 0.3 0.0 3.0 0.3 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 5.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6

243–245 11.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.4 6.0 0.0 0.7 1.1 7.4 0.7 1.1 0.4 1.1 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.4 1.8 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.7

275–277 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.5 1.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 7.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 2.4 0.6

Geologia Croatica 72/1 340–342 19.7 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 5.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

349–350 18.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Geologia Croatica ------29

16 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 349–350

20 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 229 5.27 0.152 0.848 2.207 0.454 0.737

340–342

35 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.6 330 9.90 0.238 0.762 2.235 0.267 0.629 275–277 6., describing 6., the geochemi

38 0.4 2.8 0.0 1.8 285 0.116 0.884 2.734 0.405 0.752 11.78 243–245

38 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 334 0.141 0.859 2.609 0.358 0.717 11.04 230–232 39 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0–1 277 12.4 LK-3 0.098 0.902 2.849 0.443 0.778

25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 62–63 Theconcentrations highest calcium(Ca) were measuredin In the the context environmental of conditions studied, this marized in the composite Table tively) (Fig.9G). Most of the samples from cores LK-5, LK-6 and LK-6 the samples of Most from cores LK-5, (Fig.9G). tively) were characterized while the LK-7 very by C/N low ratios (<<12), were observed inhighest the samples C/N values of ratio (>12) 4). (Tab. and LK-3-1) from (units LK-3-2 the basal part LK-3 of while the core lowest LK-5 concentrations(29.77%), were ob Magnesium (Mg) has 7.88%). served core (unit LK-2-1; in LK-2 the highest concentrations inwhile core terrige LK-6 (1.68%), nousK, elements (Fe, Al) are the most abundant in the topmost partof the LK-2 core (unit LK-2-1; the core highest have Samples from P concentrations the LK-5 e.g., Feup to5.22%) (Fig.concentrationsFurthermore,measu- were Pb highestthe 9B). (0.11%). mg/kg). from Molybde pond Podbrajde (86.8 red in core LK-7 mg/kg), to be proved abundant num (Mo) in most cores (0.1–45.2 (unit core with concentrations highest the measured in LK-3 the Sulfur (Fig. 9D). concentrations(S) varyLK-3-2) between 0.1% and 4.3%. The highest S concentrations 9E). Fig. 4; (Tab. (4.3%) were found in core LK-6 (2.6%), with somewhat lower abundances lower withbasalsomewhatinthethepart of (2.6%), respec 0.92% and core 0.61%, and (unitsLK-3 LK-3-1; LK-3-2 4.2.6. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) 4.2.6. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) of the geochemical data Discriminantgeochemical of function data is analysis (DFA) sum cal exploratory the for model sediment cores. The table comprises discrimi-significanceof overall the multivariate thefor bothtest nation and the test residual of roots (discriminant functions). The Wilks’statisticalk test is commonlyused with the purpose of validating the required probability (p 0.05) < level to proceed withsafely computing discriminant is used It functions to (DFs). select both the statistically significant functions aswell asex plaining the maximum the within-group of variation. The scat terplots variable of loadings and group centroids are constructed thefor first three thatDFs explain the greatest proportionof the between-group variance,In the computed almost 10). (Fig. 92% grea- the far by plays DF1 discriminant first function the model test in discrimination role between the groups, accounting for more than the 60% total of variance 6). (Tab. multivariatemethod is particularly helpfulin chasing the major sources between-group of differences originating from dissemi nation the chemical of elements in the sediment cores. In com bining and the cores from and LK-7) LK-6 marine ponds (LK-5,

21 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.2 305 0.400 0.601 1.573 0.230 0.517 5.116 58–59 ------32 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0–1 274 LK-2 0.116 0.884 2.559 0.404 0.738 9.393

7 0.0 0.0 0–1 42.9 14.3 LK-7 6 37 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0–1 352 LK-6 Gavelinopsis and Gavelinopsis (12%) 0.933 0.067 0.194 0.202 0.108 1.027 7 0.0 0.0 0.3 0–1 334 41.3 LK-5 0.413 0.587 1.053 0.409 0.541 1.252 ) become especially abundant at core H. depressula (23%), seminula

(10%) (unit LK-3-4) (Tab. 5, Plate 2). 2). Plate 5, (Tab. LK-3-4) (unit (10%) Calculation the species relative of abundances re 5) (Tab. Cluster analysis indicated the existence two clusters of (Fig. analysis SEM-EDS were conductedAltogether, 52 on selec- e result the geochemical of analyses is summarized 4. in Table Foraminifera (species) Foraminifera Triloculina marioni Triloculina Triloculina oblonga Triloculina Trochammina inflata Trochammina unidentified Number of specimens (N) Number of live specimens (NL) Number of live Number of species (S) Dominance (D) Dominance Simpson (1-D) Shannon-Wiener (H) Shannon-Wiener Evenness (e^H/S) Evenness Equitability (J) Fisher α Fisher praegeri vealed that 49 species were abundant at more than 1% in at least least in at than 1% more at abundant were species 49 that vealed one analysed sample, with only 9 species abundantin the>1% LK-6 coreand topLK-5, LK-7 samples. Differentlocations and core depths yielded variablity in the number species of in the sam fromSamples coretop). (LK-3 41 to coretop) from(LK-6 ples, 7 were generally less diverse in and com LK-7 LK-6 cores LK-5, parison to samples from Species coresand richness LK-2 LK-3. decreased downcore in the sediment coresThe and LK-2 LK-3. Shannon-Wie and index α Fisher the inobserved wastrend same ner index, while Dominance the opposite shows trend. All calcu lated diversity indices and their variability 5. is shown in Table Subclus Cluster7). and 1.2). 1 encompasses two subclusters (1.1 sam several and samples, top core LK-3 and LK-2 includes 1.1 ter ples from the middle partand of340–342 LK-3 cm). coreSamples from (230–232cores LK-5 and were LK-7 cm, 243–245grouped together in subcluster Cluster 2 consists 1.2. samples of cm from core LK-2 (62–63 cm and 58–59 cm), basal part of LK-3 core top and sample. LK-6 cm) cm and 275–277 core (349–350 tedgrains agglutinated of core, taxa while several from the LK-5 analysis were performed on calcareous taxa from the firstof cm sediment and LK-6 cores. The mineralogical LK-5 composition Quartz,agglutinatedvariable.(biotite taxaismica of amphibole, andand feldspars muscovite) (plagioclase and potassium feld arespars) common mineral phases found in agglutinated foraminiferal tests 8). (Fig. depths The of cm243–245 sample (unit from LK-3-3). the first thecm core of is characterized the by highest abundance Hay- of germanica nesina Th and Figures 2 to The 6. highest TOC content has been measured (15.42%) and LK-7 in the LK-6 (17.72%) cores(22.38%), LK-5 (units sedimentLK-3 thecore partbasal from thesamples of and respectively) (Fig. and 9I). 11.35%, 21.42% and LK-3-1; LK-3-2 The highest TIC content has been determined in cores LK-5 and in the samples from and (11.8%) LK-6 the topmost(10.34%) part (Fig. 9H). The 8.57%) (unit the N of was LK-3-4; core LK-3 most abundant in the cores LK-5 (2.57%), LK-6 (2.13%) and LK-7 4.2.5. Geochemical analysis Quinqueloculina Table 5. Continued. Table Brunović et al.: Holocene foraminiferal and geochemical records in the coastal karst dolines of Cres Island, Croatia Geologia Croatica Table 6.Multivariate test for theoverall significance ofdiscriminationand tests of residual roots. recognized inTrochammina method. specimenusingtheSEM-EDS inflata Figure 8.1-3Potassium feldspar mineral grain recognized inHaplophragmoides canariensis method;4-6Plagioclase specimenusingtheSEM-EDS mineral grain 30 DF 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 17,966 42,984 Eigen 0.101 0.211 1,131 1,988 2,359 4,388 value Degrees offreedom Approximate Fratio No. ofvariables Wilks’ lambda p-level Eigen (%) 25.26 60.43 0.14 0.30 1.59 2.80 3.32 6.17 Canon. 0.303 0.418 0.729 0.816 0.838 0.902 0.973 0.989 R 0.908 0.750 0.352 0.118 0.035 0.007 0.000 0.000 Wilks’ l 1170.3 103.9 212.9 333.4 501.0 793.8 28.7 Chi 9.6 2 [112; 642] <0.0000 0.00001 24,968 14 112 16 27 40 55 72 91 df 7 Geologia Croatica 72/1 0.214 0.026 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 level p- Geologia Croatica - - - - 31

The main sediment andwater characteristics theMarinska, of 5. DISCUSSION geochemical5.1. Foraminiferal assemblages and fromcharacterization of the surface sediments the marine ponds on Cres Island Studies the foraminiferal of assemblages or sediment geochemi- stryin the marginal marine environments the along eastern Adri atic coast have been relatively scarce (MIHELČIĆ et al., 1996; VANIČEK et al., 2000; 2017). et al., SONDI 2016; et al., CUCULIĆ SHAW 2015; et al., FELJA et2015; al., 2009; MLAKAR et al., The many focus studies of including worldwide, the western coast the Adriaticof Sea, has been determination the foraminiferal of fauna inhabiting these transitional SERAN environments (e.g., CARBONI 2009; KEMP etDREI-BARBERO 1999; al., et al., et al., 2013; STÉPHAN et al., 2014; MILKERenvironmental parameters and sediment geochemistry et are con al., 2015). Differentsidered to be important foraminiferal for distribution (DEBENAY & GUILLOU, FRONTALINI 2002; et DEBENAY 2001; et al., FRONTALINI 2013). et al., 2011a; al., Arcij and marine Podbrajde ponds investigated here are shown the At sampling time, 7. water inin the Marinska Table pond was brackish with a temperature above 28⁰C and oxygen saturation mg/l. Sediments in this 15.12 of marine pond are characterized theirby high N and A high P contents and P con 9F 9G). (Figs. centration in the surface sediments occurs probably due to delay in mineralisation recently of settled organic material (HOLTAN - - - - Box and whisker plots of sediment core data. The squares in the each box represent median values. The 25th and 75th percentile are the bottom and the the bottom are 25th and 75th percentile The median values. represent in the each box squares The data. core of sediment and whisker plots Box As seen from the scatterplot variable of loadings 10), (Fig. geochemi- variance totalof the of 25% comprisingover DF2, distinguished sediment core units from and cores,LK-2 LK-3 nine groups cored of sediments were created to provide the most effective rapport between theirgeochemical signature and im Figure 9. Figure the non-outlier ends are Whisker minimum and maximum values. respectively. of the each box, top mediate sedimentary environment. is highly bipolarDF1 separating and principally LK-7 the LK-5 groups from most of the LK-3 sediment3-3 and LK-3-4) while other groups coreremain to groupsa great extent (LK-3-2, axis differentiatedthe of interpoorly point stickingthe to closer LK- section. The rationale this for separation is founded primarily in the association negative between Geochemically P and Mo. can it cores are enriched relatively be understood and LK-7 as the LK-5 in P and depleted in Mo in comparison to the upper three LK-3 units. The groups positioned in the middle reflect theaverage allcomposition the of investigated core units – a “mixed” geo chemical signature. nega- interpretedreflectingbe a canas and bipolar also is datacal correlationtive between the suite element including Cu, K, Pb, againstAl, Fe another elements TIC, Ca, set led by of This N. patternis geochemical a signature from LK-6 dividing the LK-2-1 groups (inorganic on the the basis clay/carbonate back carbon) of ground. Despitemaking only minora contribution to theoverall model significanceDF3 (6%), as amonopolar functionclearly groups highlightsbasedand LK-3-2 on their the affinityLK-3-1 with C/N with a slight TOC association 10). (Fig. Brunović et al.: Holocene foraminiferal and geochemical records in the coastal karst dolines of Cres Island, Croatia Geologia Croatica linked to the input of terrestrial soil material based on the high high the on based material soil of terrestrial input the to linked be can and conditions of environmental anoxic indicator an low (Figs. are 10E; 9Dments and Fig. 11A). Mo not is Preserved sedi pond Marinska the in TIC Sconcentrations Mo9H). and The The 2006). al., et (Tab. component LAMB 5, sediment Fig. important an proved be to also 2003; MEYERS, 1994; (MEYERS, matter organic of preserved the origin algal an implies ratio C/N (Figs. 9G). 9F and Alow sediments the in matter oflation organic accumu facilitated that conditions velopment of environmental de the enabled concentrations nutrient High area. the in hunted frequently also are woodcock and pers.comm.). mallard The Table Arcij 7.The andPodbrajde mainsediment andwater oftheMarinska, characteristics ponds. marine ( well woodcock as platyrhynchos Anas mallard- (most birds commonly marsh for migratory habitats are areas investigated the that considering (BATANERO ponds the al., et into 2017), (guano) faeces bird of al.,et 1988). input be also could elements of these source A discriminant scores (samples)inthereduced discriminantspace (DF1–DF2andDF1–DF3). ofthefirstthree functions discriminant Figure 10.Comparison between variables andgroups intheclr-transformed model(DFM): data discriminant function the scatterplots ofvariable loadingsand 32 Podbrajde Arcij Marinska MARINE POND brackish marine marine WATER Scolopax rusticiola Scolopax shallow (drying out phases outphases shallow (drying WATER COLUMN DEPTH deeper (no drying out) deeper (nodrying margins ofthepond) possible only at the possible onlyat the very shallow very ) and seagulls (KRALJ, (KRALJ, seagulls ) and NUTRIENTS AMOUNT high high high ), as as ), - - - ORGANIC MATTER significantly less abundant. Different species of the genus genus the of species Different abundant. less significantly and canariensis H. species The pond. marine Marinska the in present al., et 2007). Mo (MIKO of 3mg/kg tration Terra rossa (Fig. of Al 11C) Mo with correlation (GOLDBERG al., et 1996). et al.,et DEBENAY 2004; et 2002; FRONTALINI &GUILLOU, BARBERO BARBERO al., et 1999; SERANDREI RANDREI (SE- region Mediterranean the in environments water brackish restricted, many from reported been has species this Generally, al., et (FELJA Sea 2015; of Adriatic the coast SHAW al., et 2016). Croatian along the environments marine marginal the in quent al., SHAW 2004; al., et 2016), T. while inflata 1991; BARBERO &LANGER, et (CIMERMAN SERANDREI lophragmoides high high high T. inflata T. Only agglutinated taxa typical of intertidal environments are are environments of intertidal typical taxa agglutinated Only topsoils from sites in Dalmatia have a mean concen have amean Dalmatia in sites from topsoils predominate, while E. while predominate, have already been recognized in the Adriatic Sea Sea Adriatic the in recognized been have already redox conditions terrestrial terrestrial Mo Mo MAIN ASSEMBLAGES FORAMINIFERAL

Haplophragmoides canariensis macrescens scarce butpresent Ammonia tepida Ammonia Geologia Croatica 72/1 appears to be fre be to appears and M. fusca and Hap are are - - -

Geologia Croatica ------33 measurements in the water in the 2 ) and O c Mineralanalysis also revealed the presence mine- the clay of Conductivity (E nated taxa for specific mineral grains. ALLEN et al. (1999), AR specificnatedtaxa mineralfor (1999), grains. al. et ALLEN MAKLEDMYNOT CHÂTELET et al. (2008), DU & LANGER and ARMYNOT(2010) DU CHÂTELET inet al. their (2013) studies determined have that some species preferentially select certainmineralgrainssurroundings,their from significant while differences among species alsoexist. ral sepiolite, usually found in restricted environments, ponds or shallow brackish lakes with high evaporation rates (ORDÓÑEZ et VELDE,al., 1991; MEUNIER,1995; 2003; BUSTILLO & ALONSO-ZARZA, 2007). Direct precipitation sepiolite oc of etal., curs from solutions with abundant and (MAYAYO Mg Si in the high environments pH 1998) (STARKEY BLACKMON, & ALONSO-ZARZA& BUSTILLO 1984). indicate (2007) that se canpiolite beformed the by transformation illites of or smectites in a vadose alkaline environment with rich Mg groundwater ori- (precipitation, ginating from dolomitic aquifers. The presenceconditions sepiolite im of climate of impact significant the plies onevaporation) the in water the level Marinska pond that has been in developed a generally dolomitic lithological setting. Sea sonal climatic variability with periods high of evaporation from the marine pond, envi enabled could of the have development ronmental conditions that favoured the precipitation sepiolite of in the Marinska pond. their abundances. low This indicates the preference aggluti of Arcij marine pond indicate the existence an oxygenated of en ------in marshes with vari Scatterplots of A) Mo (mg/kg) against S (%) B) N (%) against P (%), C) Mo (mg/kg) against Al (%), D) TOC (%) against C/N. TOC Mo (mg/kg) against S (%) B) N (%) against P (%), C) of A) 11. Scatterplots Mo (mg/kg) against Al (%), D) Figure able salinityable & GUILLOU and TOC content, while DEBENAY reported(2002) the preference this of species muddy sedi for ments in microtidal Mediterranean environments. our However, results that proved although TOC content was high, this species occurredin the brackish waterenvironment withhigh percenta- ges of sand Grain-size(up to 75%). distribution, as well as the mineralogical the composition sediment, of has important impli cations agglutinated for ARMYNOT taxa 1999; (ALLEN et al., ARMYNOT 2008; CHÂTELET et al., DU CHÂTELET et DU agglutinatedidentified that showed analysis SEM-EDS 2013). al., foraminifera from the Marinska pond used variable mineral grains buildingfor theirtests (quartz, amphibole, mica and feld Some mineral 8). grains (Fig. spars) recognized were not in the bulk mineralogical the composition sediment, of due to probably BERO et al., 1999; SHAW et al., 2016), indicating that in the 2016), et al., in SHAW 1999; et al., BERO vestigatedenvironment tidal influence is important. The Marin- ska marine pond is located from m 50 the sea and the possible tidal influence could be through karstfeatures. Althoughfo raminiferal species richness in the Marinska recog pond is low, nized species seem to adapted be well to the restricted environ significanta abundance.theirHowever, to dueconditions mental number damaged of tests were also observed, indicating possibly conditions unsuitable their for preservation DEBENAY (Plate 1). observed theinflata presence T. of (2001) al., 2011a) and elsewhere (LIDZ & ROSE, 1989; SEN GUPTA et GUPTA SEN and elsewhere 1989; (LIDZ & ROSE, 2011a) al., Recognized 2009). al., agglutinated foraminiferal fauna typically occurin the zone betweenmean and mean sea level high water in salt-marsh level areas the Adriatic of Sea (SERANDREI BAR Brunović et al.: Holocene foraminiferal and geochemical records in the coastal karst dolines of Cres Island, Croatia Geologia Croatica high (Fig. 9E). The presence of hydrogen sulfide (H sulfide of hydrogen presence (Fig. 9E). The high also are Sconcentrations The conditions. reducing and water tom bot of stagnant aconsequence is pond Arcij the Mo in with ment (ALGEO &LYONS, basins silled rich We 2006). enrich suggest matter- organic and anoxic in occurs often Mo precipitation that It considered is emphasized. was of conditions redox indicator LYONS, SCHOLZ 2006; al., et 2017) of an application Mo as the SIUS et al., 1996; CALVERT & PEDERSEN, (Fig. pond 1993; 11C). (PEDERSEN, 1989;rinska papers many CRU In ALGEO & Ma- the of that to different be could Mo of source the pond, cij Ar the In matter. of organic preservation the facilitating further thus and conditions sediment reducing causing ponds, marine other the to comparison in higher are sediment the in centrations Scon Mo and The P) abundant. and are (N indicators ductivity pro primary the pond, marine Marinska the to Similarly 2006). al., et LAMB 2003; 1994;MEYERS, (C/N<12; MEYERS, gin ori algal of predominantly is matter organic (8.29%), the while (7.58%) TOC with enriched is TIC and sediment surface silty A and system fissures ofthethe ridge pond fromseparating the sea. karstification well-developed the to due occurs probably water (92 sea of the m), sea seepage from pond astronger marine this of distance of larger the Regardless environment. closed marine 34 analysis revealed similar conditions to those in the previously de previously the in those to conditions similar revealed analysis sediment Geochemical assemblages. of foraminiferal lack rich the to explain it which makes difficult conditions marine normal influence. However,influence. E measured marine adirect from disconnection prominent amore and sea the from environment of this distance greater by the explained be could ponds, marine other the to comparison in assemblages, foraminiferal of abundant (Tab. absence top core general 5). This analysed the in found have been specimens 7 foraminifera only possible factors. be could sediment the in abundance nutrient and deficiency Oxygen pond. Arcij the in stress the ing caus factor of dominant the explanation not facilitate does which sample, Tab. (6 analysed mens the in specimens; 4) observed was al., speci 1992). deformed of living number Arelatively small et (ALMOGI-LABIN influences mechanical or possibly genetic or stress of environmental existence the indicating further nized, recog have been also morphology test abnormal with specimens Ammonia pond. marine investigated the in conditions ronmental envi the to adaptation their implying observed, was specimens this. A supports numbersignificant pond of marine further living Arcij matter-rich organic the in species of2002). this Abundance al., 1992; DEBENAY al., et 2001; DEBENAY &GUILLOU, et (ALMOGI-LABIN emphasized been has stress environmental of A. tepida ability the research, conducted previously 2011a).al., et 2010;In FRONTALINI VIDOVIĆ, RAY, 2006; NAY MUR 2006; & 2002; GUILLOU, DEBENAY & GUIRAL, al., et 1992;ALMOGI-LABIN DEBENAY al., et 2001; DEBE (JORISSEN, 1988; conditions water DEBENAY,saline 1990; hyper and brackish normal, to tolerance its to due pools saline inland salt-marshes) and estuaries, (lagoons, environments rine ma marginal restricted environments, marine shallow water ous numer in identified been has (Tab.species 97% almost 5).This A. is tepida pond Arcij the in ring occur species common most The of foraminifera. presence the for factor alimiting be to not do seem conditions environmental (Fig. pond 11A), Arcij the to Established formed. is pyrite where & LYONS, SCHOLZ 2006; al., et 2017). applicable be can This (PEDERSEN, 1989; basins non-silled ALGEO and environments water shallow in of Mo, uptake especially for the important be In the Podbrajde marine pond, located 136 m from the sea, sea, the from 136m located pond, marine Podbrajde the In c values indicate the existence of existence the indicate values , with a relative abundance of arelative abundance , with 2 S) seems to to tolerate ------

LK BARBERO al., et 2004). Venice the (SERANDREI in lagoon Sea Adriatic the in conducted been already has of research type Asimilar ponds. marine the in and downcore present taxa the with area the in assemblages marine shallow typical compare to order in investigated also were embayments the in collected tops core the from assemblages Foraminiferal ofzone Island. Cres coastal the in exist nowadays that environments marine marginal of Holocene the analogs possibly detect to order in ponds marine Arcij Podbrajde and Marinska, the from data the to compared were data geochemical and fauna foraminiferal recognized more, Further assumed. was environment marine to terrestrial tional of atransi existence the were intervals in only conducted was analysis Foraminiferal palaeoenvironments. Holocene different to correspond embayments, Sonte and Jaz the in dolines merged sub the in collected cores sediment from units Differentiated tal evolutionoftheJazandSonteembayments 5.2. Palaeo-marinepondsandthepalaeoenvironmen- ponds. the into fauna rine 2005;&LIKSO, SIGNELL al., et 2010),(PANDŽIĆ ma introduce also could coast Adriatic eastern the along common are that winds, bora and Sirocco dispersal. foraminiferal the to ting is underground probably thekarstified factor contribu- dominant the However, ponds. through seepage marine investigated the in presence foraminiferal the explain can mechanism transport (DEBENAY, al., et 1992). 1990; ALMOGI-LABIN same The by to hastransport birds a influence been attributed marine direct limited. with ronments those of the could past (pre-flooding) be somewhat envi of modern correlation then fauna, foraminiferal abundant an of lack the on influence major a have pond marine studied of the Pb in concentrations the If pond. marine coastal studied the within assemblages foraminiferal velopment of abundant de the of possibly inhibit Pb could concentrations elevated The stress. pollutant-induced to related be might that modifications showed cytological Specimens of sediments. Pb in trations soniana (2015) al. et FRONTALINI parkin tests. Ammonia feral exposed of foramini- abnormalities the in increase an well as as species, of opportunistic predominance the and oflow fauna diversity in result sediments marine in Pb concentrations high that cate to including heavy pollutants metals.different indi Most studies exposed foraminifera to related of studies overview an provided (2017) al. et SUOKHRIE coast. Adriatic northern the on goons (2015) al. et for conclusions la MIGANI ments. similar to came sedi wetland in redistribution and mobilization its to leading wetlands in dissolved and oxidized is hunting shot during spent (2016) al. ROMANO et from Pb from results metallic that imply al., et 2015). MIGANI 2009; (MATEO, hunting The shot during spent the to due occur also Pb could with enrichment Sediment 2001). (CLARK, activities of anthropogenic aconsequence are Zn Pb, and of Cu Cd, concentrations elevated that it considered is (Fig. 9C). Generally, Pb concentration high the is ponds, scribed difference notable only de previously the to comparison in The record, geochemical the in 1996). al., et (GOLDBERG 11C) (Fig. origin of be to terrestrial seems also pond Podbrajde marine the (Tab. al.,2006) et 4). Moin 2003;The 1994;LAMB MEYERS, (MEYERS, matter of organic source algal an and enrichment ent nutri with pond, Marinska the especially ponds, marine scribed -2 collected in the Jaz embayment. The first interval (unit (unit interval first The embayment. Jaz the in -2collected Two distinct intervals were recognized in the sediment core core sediment the in recognized were Two intervals distinct from isolated environments in of foraminifera presence The specimens, cultured in mesocosms, to various concen various to mesocosms, in cultured specimens, Geologia Croatica 72/1 ------Geologia Croatica 35 importantenvironmental transition. significantA rise in Mo the and S concentrations indicates probably 5) (Fig. establishment of depletedan oxygen restricted water body 1989; (PEDERSEN, CRUSIUS et al., 1996; The CALVERT high TOC content 2017). et al., 2006; SCHOLZ & PEDERSEN,& LYONS, 1993; ALGEO supportsthis, while also implying increased primary productivi- seems it that this However, ty environment 5). (Fig. was as not productive as the present-day marine ponds on Cres Island or thesedifferences 9Fconsequence a could be of diagenesis (Figs. - soils in developed carbonate -2-1), comprising the basal part the-2-1), core, of implies soil accu LK Schematic drawing of the palaeoenvironmental development of the Marinska, Arcij and Podbrajde marine ponds and the Jaz and Sonte embayments marine embayments ponds and the Jaz and Sonte of the Marinska, development and Podbrajde Arcij of the palaeoenvironmental 12. Schematic drawing Figure present. D) 711 cal BP, C) approximately 6610 cal BP, B) approximately 7000 cal BP, approximately A) at Brunović et al.: Holocene foraminiferal and geochemical records in the coastal karst dolines of Cres Island, Croatia mulation with high metal concentrations (Fig. K, Cu, Fe, Pb) (Al, in the karst10) depression. The geochemical and mineralogical signature is typical terra for rossa terrains Foraminiferal (DURN MIKO2001). et al., 1999; et al., absence is a prominent characteristic this of environment, which further supportsthe palaeoenvironmental interpretation (Figs. The abrupt and change in 12B). 12A the core data LK-2-2) (unit evidencing cal BP was 5) observed an(Fig. at approximately 711 Geologia Croatica LK-2 core (Fig. 10) and indicate terrestrial soil (DURN et al., et (DURN soil LK-2 (Fig. core 10) terrestrial indicate and of the part basal the to composition mineralogical and chemical geo- in similarity exhibit of core the part lowermost the ples from sam Analysed depression. of this morphology the to possible due the sill depth is 3 m. Accumulation of the sequence sediment was of while 5m, depth amaximum has embayment Sonte sent-day (Figs. 12A 12D). span and alonger time pre The encompasses 2010). (VIDOVIĆ, coast Adriatic eastern along the vironments depressula H. Ammonia species. The most common species A. tepida species common most The species. 32 with recognized ponds, marine present-day to comparison in sample top core assemblage The foraminiferal diversified highly a 2006). contain to proved al., et LAMB 2003; MEYERS, 1994; (MEYERS, origin matter organic terrestrial and algal mixed ing indicat ratio C/N ahigh with matter, of organic source and lity isdifference ponds. inA thesignificant marine availabi- nutrient inland investigated the to comparison in contents TIC and TOC lower and (8.2 mg/kg) Mo concentrations high revealed ment sedi- (Fig. 12D).embayment of surface the analysis Geochemical Jaz present-day the in environment sedimentary depleted gen flooded with sea-water and the Jaz embayment was formed. was formed. embayment the Jaz and sea-water with flooded before it was time short for avery existed environment this that (Fig. 10). prominent more is input siliciclastic where It probable is embayment Jaz the and pond marine of Arcij the setting gical geolo- the in (Fig. 10), differences to due possibly interpretation this support not fully does data of geochemical analysis tistical m(Fig. 12C). at–0.5 of sill the However, depth the proached sta 711veloped approximately at level sea-water BP ap the cal when de pond, marine Arcij present-day the to analogous influence, marine a strong with pond a palaeo-marine Therefore, ments. environ of similar of establishment the evidence as pond rine ma Arcij the from samples and core of Jaz zone the transitional the of from samples blages (Fig. 7). We similarity the consider assem similar by characterized intervals core different of tion identifica the 2014). enabled al., et analysis (VIDOVIĆ Cluster parkinsoniana A. 2009).al., et BENAYHowever, VIDOVIĆ 2002; GUILLOU, & al.,et 1992; DEBENAY DEBENAY al., et 2000; al., et 2001; DE (ALMOGI-LABIN determined previously been has stress mental specimens were probably deposited due to transport by waves transport to due probably were deposited specimens rare The environment. established an interpret to difficult it ing mak low in numbers, occur of foraminifera specimens preserved susceptibility of A. tepida susceptibility The sediment. the in oxygen availability reduced the to adapted well be to seem species Differentiated 2000). al., VANIČEK et 1999; MIKO et al., 2001). Within this interval (unit LK-3-1)(unit interval 2001).al., this et 1999; MIKO Within ida ( environments marine marginal the in established usually conditions or shallow marine of brackish the typical foraminifera of specimens of numerous composed predominantly determined, was assemblage 711 BP.diversified approximately cal poorly A at begun embayment the in Jaz influence marine provedthe that of (Fig. foraminifera 3). presence conducted was The semblages as LK-2, core of in foraminiferal analysis tion detailed a more transi this At 2006). al., et LAMB 2003; MEYERS, 1994; ERS, (Fig. 11D) ponds marine present-day (MEY the to comparison in differs also which provenance, matter organic algal and trial 9G; Fig.and 11B). terres of amixed indicative is ratio C/N The 36 , Palaeoenvironmental development of the Sonte embayment development embayment of Sonte the Palaeoenvironmental The LK-2 core top analysis implies the existence of oxy an LK-2 existence the The implies analysis top core A. parkinsoniana B. striatula B. sp., are typical for organic matter enriched marine en marine enriched matter for organic typical are is not considered to be a stress-tolerant species species astress-tolerant be to not is considered and H. depressula and , and the genus Haynesina genus the and E. margaritaceum ) (MURR AY, 2006; 2006; AY, (MURR ) , , E. translucens A. parkinsoniana A. to environ to A. poorly poorly

and and tep ------, A. tepida, Ammonia beccarii Ammonia tepida, A. taxa, Dominant (Fig. body Fig. 9E, oxygen water and poor 11A).of arestricted development the supporting further Island, Cres on ponds marine Podbrajde and Arcij Marinska, the in those to similar and high are concentrations S The stratification. water with vironment en development the of to due arestricted low oxygen abundance (Fig. 9D), ponds indicating marine the in concentrations sent-day tothe pre incomparison higher significantly are concentrations 1993; &LYONS, ALGEO SCHOLZ 2006; al., et 2017). Mo The conclusion (CRUSIUS al., et 1996; CALVERT &PEDERSEN, this of corroborates TOC Mo and covariation and values high Relatively matter. of organic preservation the enabled which ted, al., et 2018). al., BALBO et ILIJANIĆ 2006; 2000; al., et (SCHMIDT coast Adriatic eastern along the located lakes poljes and karst from sediments al.,et 2001) lacustrine the in and al., et 1999; SCHMIDT (WUNSAM Sea Adriatic the in gnized reco- Holocene period pluvial the with correlated be could terval (Fig. plants 11D). in of terrestrial This growth enhanced or the setting climatic different a under land the from input indicating possibly source a terrestrial has matter ever, of organic most the (Fig. 11B). ponds marine Arcij Podbrajde and How Marinska, the to similar production, matter organic facilitate could availability nutrient soil. Increased model) formed previously on age-depth the BP to cal (according 8000 atapproximately body water nant (Fig. 9I). We observed was developmentcontent of suggest astag sill/barrier. side of karstified seaward the the on level rise sea Mid-Holocene of gradual the aconsequence as winds and/or ERS, 1994; MEYERS, 2003; LAMB et al., 2006). Foraminiferal assemblages became andhighly diversified by dominated Foraminiferal 2006). al., et LAMB 2003; MEYERS, 1994; ERS, (Tab. origin 4, Fig. (MEY 6) algal-terrestrial mixed has matter (Fig. 11B). accumulation matter nic However, organic preserved orga- prevented which nutrient-deprived, was environment med 2010). al., et PIKELJ, 2009; (PIKELJ newly for- The carbonates in enriched also are coast Adriatic eastern present-day along the (Fig. component 9H,ment Fig. deposited 10). sediments Surface sedi important amore become (Fig. 6). Carbonates unit cribed des- previously the to comparison in change jor environmental ma indicate TIC in followed increase by an Mo concentrations, LK-3-2. unit from sediments dence of a significant marine influenceduring the deposition of butprovide generally evi suggest palaeoenvironments, different therefore (Fig. 10). geochemistry and data Micropalaeontological environments of these similarity implying therefore core ment embay of Jaz the part topmost the well with correlates unit this where data, geochemical analysed statistically the in not observed (Fig. water 12A). was marine However,normal similarity such with pond development of apalaeo-marine suggests This ment. embay Jaz the from core the in zone transitional ously described previ and pond marine Arcij present-day the with unit this from assemblages of foraminiferal the similarity highest the strated demon analysis 2014). al.,Statistical et VIDOVIĆ 2009; al., (DEBENAYment of sediment TOC in et al., 2001; et VIDOVIĆ Haynesina of genus the 2014). al., presence et The (VIDOVIĆ content TOC and P high with Sea of Adriatic the coast eastern along the sediments the in 2006). (MURRAY, conditions environmental water slightly brackish and sp., Porosononion mamilla, terigerinata C. gerthi C. The established environment was probably oxygena- poorly was environment established The TOC the LK-3-2),(unitin rise up-core significant a Further At 6610 cal BP (unit LK-3-3) a decrease in TOC content and and content TOC in LK-3-3) decrease a (unit BP 6610At cal A. tepida and tepida A. imply the existence of shallow marine to possibly possibly to of marine shallow existence the imply have been frequently observed observed frequently have been beccarii A. can also be correlated with the enrich the with correlated be also can Elphidium fichtelianum Geologia Croatica 72/1 , H. depressula H. A. tep A. , As ------Geologia Croatica - - - - 37 - paleohy paleoredox and of analysis environments: Implications for anoxic marine doi:10.1029/ 21/1, PA1016. drographic conditions.– Paleoceanography, 2004PA001112 Affinitiesraminifera: for mineral phases.– 18/2, J. 183–191. 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VENTALON, & TRENTSAUX, A., LEAU, Environmental control on shell structure and composition of agglutinated foraminifera along a proximal-distal transect in the Marmara Sea.– Geol., Mar. 335, 114– 128. doi: 10.1016/j.margeo.2012.10.013 (2006): Palaeoenvironmental and archaeological implications of a sediment core from Polje Čepić, Istria, Croatia.– Geol. Croat., 59/2, 109–124. M., SUTTLE, C.A. & RECHE, I. (2017): Flamingos and drought as drivers of nutrients and microbial dynamics in a saline lake.– Scientific Rep., 7/1, 1–13. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-12462-9 Acta Geographica Croatica, 32/1, 7–19. conditions of formation.– Adri- during Upper Pleistocene (Würm) and Holocene in the Kvarner Region (NE Acta Geographica Croatica, 33, 27–45. atic Sea).– palaeontological and geochemical dataenabled detection the of palaeo-marineHolocene suggest of the ponds. development We palaeo-marinea pond, similarto thepresent-day Arcij pond, at in cal BP the Jaz embayment.approximately A palaeo-marine 711 These pond in thecal SonteBP. embayment existed up to 6610 level sea Holocene palaeo-marine duringflooded the were ponds rise,when the marine environment was established. Therefore, recognition of different environments developed in the karst dolines, located in the coastal Cres zone Island, of was possible. The research the present-day of marginal marine environments thealong eastern Adriatic coast to be could valuable for prove palaeoenvironmentalstudies and especially sea level Holocene change research. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research was funded theby Croatian Science Foundation (HRZZ) through the interdisciplinary project „Lost Lake Land scapes the Eastern of Adriatic Shelf“ (LoLADRIA; project no. The authors would9419). like to thank Hrvoje BURIĆ and Edin BADNJEVIĆ for their help during the fieldwork campaign and Ana-Maria HESKI and Helena ĆUĆUZOVIĆ for performing grain-size also would like to analysis. thank We Editor Mladen JURAČIĆ and two anonymous reviewers whose comments sig nificantly improved the manuscript.Furthermore, we thank the financing at for communityINQUA and„MOPP-MEDFLOOD“ tendances on their workshops and fieldexcursions where some results this of studywere presented and discussed. REFERENCES modern in covariation carbon organic Mo-total (2006): T.W. 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------E. H. El ) is , , , H.depressula and seminula Q. , , can , be compared to the Ammonia sp., C. gerthi Ammonia assemblage from the , G.praegeri Bolivina pseudoplicata and Bolivina - sp.1, Q. parvula Quinqeloculina and seminula Q. in the subtidal areas, A. mamilla A. beccarii A. is abundant in the Mljet Lakes (ĆOSO-VIĆ , , and tepida

Porosononion , A. tepida A. , Haynesina , , In the investigated embayment, the determined surface as Thetopmost part of the core (unit LK-3-4) can be geochemi- Quinqueloculina phidium germanica typical littoral for environments in the Adriatic Sea (JORISSEN, VIDOVIĆ, 2010). 1988; marshes and mudflats with developed seaweeds.According to marineincommonaremiliolids environments (2010) VIDOVIĆ thealong Croatian coast the Adriatic of Sea. The determined as et al., 2016), while DEBENAY & GUILLOU (2002) reported & GUILLOU (2002) the while DEBENAY 2016), et al., association A. of predominantlysemblage, comprising the genera Ammonia Marine ponds been have in developed the coastal karst dolines Cresalong Island. Sediments preserved in the Marinska, Arcij and marine Podbrajde ponds revealed important micropalaeon 6. CONCLUSIONS tological and tological geochemical data that was used to characterize these marginal marine environments. Detailed analysis sedi of ment cores from the Jaz and Sonte embayments, in developed submergednow dolines, revealed palaeoenviron the complex themental investigated of evolution area. The downcore micro shallow marine environments in the Soline embayment and Nin Bay Cluster(VIDOVIĆ, analysis2010). grouped samples from this unit into the same subcluster as the surface sample from the Jaz embayment where shallow marine environmental conditions Statisticalprevail today. analysis the geochemical of data also indicated this similarity. is our It interpretation cal that at 6610 marinea BP influence became prominentmore Sonte em in the previously recognized Haynesina bayment, with possibly the sea water spilling the sill over (Fig. This is in general12B). agreement with the published global and regional curves sea level (CORREGGIARI WAEL 1996; et al., et al., VACCHI LAMBECK 2002; et al., 2014; et al., BROEK 2016). callydistinguished from the previously described core intervals This 6). (Fig. indicative is the probably establishment of a more of permanent, fully marine A highly environment diver 12D). (Fig. sified foraminiferal assemblage consistingcies was 41 of determinedrecognized in thecore top. LK-3 The spe dominant Sonte embaymentforaminiferal fauna ( is presentsemblage in the sand dominated sediment, with low andMo S concentrations, TOC content low and high TIC values althoughthe sediment However, 6). (Fig. is oxygenated, measu- concentrationsred oxygen in the water among were the all lowest the investigated due to probably the environments 2), (Tab. greater depth this of environment. Primary productivity in the Sonte embayment is limited due to the nutrient deficiency (Fig. and therefore organic matter Cluster 9I). 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Plate chambers; 4-6 Haplo side with deflated 3 spiral 2 umbilical side, side, 1 spiral inflata (MONTAGU), marine ponds: 1-3 Trochammina specimens from Foraminifera (CUSHMAN), 7 deformed specimen, 8 umbilical view, 6 side view; 8 umbilical view, specimen, 7 side view; 7 deformed view, 5 face 7-11 Ammonia (CUSHMAN), (d’ORBIGNY), tepida canariensis phragmoides view, 4 side surface. of the test surface 10 enlargement of the test 9 enlargement with diatoms, Brunović et al.: Holocene foraminiferal and geochemical records in the coastal karst dolines of Cres Island, Croatia Geologia Croatica ral side;7Haynesinadepressula (WALKER &JACOB) 9BolivinapseudoplicataBolivina striatula 8(CUSHMAN) (HERON-ALLEN &EARLAND) sideview; side view; side view. (van broelphidiumBuccella 4 gerthi sp.2VOORTHUYSEN) sideview; umbilicalside;Rosalina 5 macropora (HOFKER)spiral mamilla side;Asterigerinata Foraminifera 3Cri sideview; specimensfrom theJazandSonte embayments: 1Peneroplis 2Elphidiumaculeatum (d’ORBIGNY) planatus(FICHTEL&MOLL)side view; Plate 2. 42 Geologia Croatica 72/1 (WILLIAMSON) spi (WILLIAMSON) - -