WIN2000 FAT16/32/ntfs-True 32 bit OS WIN2000 NTFS file system gives better sec be it has its own data encryption.Has ACPI w/c enables the computer to power down devices that are not in use. Power opt are in Control panel. Also dial up connections and schedules tasks are in the control panel instead of my computer. Provides recovery console that work similar to using an ERD in WINNT. Start 4 diskettes and wait for the window that allows you to repair your OS installation. All back up of the registry is stored on c:\winnt\repair\regback. Originals are stored on c:\winnt\system32.config. These files are called SAM, Security, software, system, default. WINNT (FAT16, NTFS, HPFS, CDFS) A computer running WINNT operates either a domain or a workgroup. DOMAIN all computers have access to a central dir database of user accts and sec info. Advantages: Centralized acct and security administration Single user logon provides network-wide resource access. Disadvantages: Requires at least 1 Windows NT server domain controller. Require additional planning prior to deployment WORKGROUP each computer has access only to its own dir database of user accts and sec info. Advantages: Does not require a WINNT Server domain controller Simple design and implementation Convenient for a limited number of computers in close proximity Disadvantages: Non centralized account management Inefficient for networks that have many computers Limited centralized administrative control. èERD To create a WIN95/98 startup disk/WIN98 ERD: place the WIN95/98 CD in the DC-ROM drive, boot the WIN destop, insert a blank FD in the A: drive, the start-settings-ctrl panel-add/remove programs- startupdisk-create disk (WIN98 FAT16 & FAT32, Combination of 16&32 bit OS To create a WIN95 ERD-boot to the windows desktop, place a win95cd, insert a FD –my computer- ctrl panel-add/remove programs-startup disk-created disk. WIN95 FAT16 & FAT32--- 1st version of Win95 doesn’t support FAT32 To make an ERD WINNT: Type RDISK at command prompt. Io.sys: the 1st OS file loaded during system startup Himem.sys: Loaded by Io.sys during system startup. Himem.sys provides access to the HMA and Extended memory. IFSHLP.sys: Loaded by IO.sys during system startup. This is the 32 bit installable file system. It is responsible for intercepting disk access request made by 16bit app and supporting network files access. Config.sys: provides a way of loading real mode device drivers and terminate and stay resident (TSR) programs that may be required for some systems or applications to operate properly. Autoexec.bat: provided for compatibility and as a way of configuring the command line environment. Win.ini: provides support for selected Win9x configuration settings. Most conf settings have been moved out of Win.ini and into the WIN9x registry. èWIN98/95-uses same CORE components: kernel, GDI, user // The kernel serves the same purpose as it did in WIN95-handles mem mgnt, file I/O and loading and executing programs. //User-controls mouse, keyboard ports, & desktop, also control pos of windows icon and dialog boxes. //GDI-draws screens and graphics. Krn386.exe: 16/32bit versions of the Kernel file // Gdi.exe // user.exe System.ini: provides support for windows95/98 config settings. // Win.com=to win3.x, verifies system conf and loads remaining OS system core files. // Vmm32.vxd--The VMM manager file that is responsible for loading initial device drivers, creating VM for application support 16bit & 32 bit progrng.: Windows contains both 16-32bit code for operations. The kernel uses only 32bit code to handle all its operations while the User mostly 16bit code. GDI uses a combination of both 16 and 32 bit code for all its functions. Windows is capable of using 16bit code however the OS was catered to run 32bit code bec of speed and 32 bit drivers are loaded in ext mem where it frees up convent mem, also 32-bit drivers can be loaded dynamically where it is only loaded when needed. // Win98 also implement virtual machine on its OS/--2 Types of VM that W95 supports- System virtual machine and MS-dos virtual machine.// Page faults occur when there is a call for mem and the data is in the hard drive instead of mem. Excessive page faults-(i.e. very high cpu use, slow system response, constant hard drive use) can cause disk thrashing bec of the overuse of the hard drive. Disk thrashing can cause appl. To lockup or fail or even hard drive failure. To cure the prob-to open fewer app. or install more RAM on computer. 'Win98 starts off in real mode where all control is handled by IO.sys and when in protected mode the control is handled off toe VMM32.VxD. Five phase of boot up Process Phase 1: comp goes through its POST, checks for RAM and hardware devices. Phase 2: Dos drivers and TSRs and environmental settings-Ctrl gets turned over to IO.sys w/c creates a real mode OS environment. Loads IFSHLP.sys and Himem.sys. Command.com is loaded and checks Autoexec.bat. Loads win.com where all other real mode components are loaded. Phase 3: Io.sys gives control to VMM32.vxd. Loads all critical static vxd files for boot. Locations for the vxd are either in a folder, embedded in the VMM32.vxd or inside the registry or an INI file. Phase 4: Switch over to protected mode-Loads configuration manager for PNP devices loads the remaining vxd drivers for devices. Phase5: core components are loaded for protected mode. How PNP works PNP provides two main services: resource management and run-time configuration. Resource management occurs at startup as system resources are allocated to devices. Run-time config. Is on going process that monitors any changes in system devices. Configuration manager examines &reexamines the reqd resources for the dev and sets up the best configuration for each device. It interacts with the resource arbitrator allowing the arbitrator to give resources to each device. It then passes info to the bus enumerator. Bus enumerator then assesses all the info and creates a hardware tree. Win98/95-Registry works/sub keys same way. Registry is contained in two files the System.dat and user.dat. WIN98 provides a too called the registry checker that scans your registry for errors and allows backup of the registry. Backup cab files and is located in c:\windows\sysbckup folder. They will look like zip files and are labeled rb001.cab. To restore from a backup registry start your computer in real mode DOS or from a bootable floppy. SCANREG /restore=restores the registry from a previously saved backup // /fix-repairs a corrupted registry /backup-creates a new backup, don’t use this if registry is corrupted // /opt-an option that scans the registry for data that is no longer needed and removes them. WIN95/98 uses win32api as an interface for users and programs. API are build in programs that the software programmers do not have to write. Many of DLL are part of this model. Most app will not have direct access to your devices they must go through the OS to gain access. èWINDOWS 95 NOTES (See also windows note) Complete, integrated 32 bit operating system that does not require MS-DOS Preemptive multitasking and multiple threads of execution for 32bit app Preemptive multitasking means application with the highest priority largest processor time Long file name support up to 255 characters // PNP architecture (3 factors: OS, Hardware & BIOS) Enhanced multimedia support // Build in support for networking // Document-centric approach where OS around the document instead of application 2 Types of VM that W95 supports- System virtual machine and MS-dos virtual machine-same as inW98 WIN386.swp=represents virtual memory in WIN95 // User.dat-contains all your configuration inW95 System.dat-they makeup registry WINNT page file: Pagefile.sys -FAT16-Max size partition 2GB and clusters at 64KB. Limited to 255 entries at root. FAT32 able to see partitions larger than 2GB. Clusters are sized at 4KB IRQ2,5,9-11: open IRQ0: IT/SC; 1KB, IR15Sec HD controller, 14-Primary HD, 13Math processor, 6Floppy,7LPT,8Realtime clock èWINDOWS NOTES Sysedit in the run str men-shows system.ini/win.ini/config.sys/autoexec.bat (INI files not larger than 64KB) Regedit: made up of 6 sub-keys-c:\windows-2 files-*user.dat-holds all win envir. Info/users; *system.dat- holds all hardware info. // *make up the registry— 6 sub-key of the REGISTRY // Two files user.da0 & system.dao used as backups if the registry gets corrupted. Hkey_classes: divides files into ext type and assoc. Hkey_current_users: holds spec. conf settings on a sys. Hkey_local_machine: contains all info on hardware Hkey_users: info abt various users Hkey_current_config: holds data of the curr hardware on the system Hkey_dyn_data: data changes as devices are changed on the fly. WIN95FilesystemVFAT-WIN95 to FAT in FDISK. Vfat initializes every time you start windows. The IFSHLP.SYS must be loaded in order to start up VFAT-allows windows to use the LFN Protected mode drivers: *.VxD or .386 // Real mode drivers: *.SYS or *.DRV Kernel-most low level function-related to hardware. Main role-control mem alloc, resources, and multitasking-open mult appl ¥The 4 tabs of system properties: Device manager:list of all devices connected to your system; Performance: Filesys, graphics, adj toVM; General: shows basic system info.; & Hardware Profile-allows multiple hardware config on one comp. Virtual Mem: Part of HD that acts as memory. In WIN95 VM is dynamic w/c means that it will adjust according to your system’s needs.