Kamatz-Katan

Hebrew

Step-By-Step

By Rae Antonoff, MAJE - Distributed by JLearnHub and ShalomLearning

NEW RULES:

- חַַַ- יוַַ ָ ַׇ / ֳַַ ֹש/שַ ַַ ַּ REVIEW LETTERS: אַּב/בַגַדַהַוַזַחַטַיַּכ/כ/ךַל מ/םַנ/ןַסַעַּפ/פ/ףַצ/ץַקַרַׁשַׂשַת ַ REVIEW VOWELS: ַ ַַ ֲַַ ַַָ י/ ָיַַ ְ ַַ ֶַַ ֱֵַַ ַַֹוַ ַַֹּוַ ַֻ

Licensed for distribution through August 1, 2019 Page 1

Maybe you’ve heard of some rules in English – -

– ”like “i before e except after c ַ ח ַ

that have plenty of exceptions:

weird beige foreign neighbor

Well, Hebrew also has some exceptions to its rules. (Not as many as English though! Whew!)

One very common exception comes up

when a Hebrew word ends with

Patach Ganuv Patach This exception is called the

: : Patach Ganuv, 8

3 or “Stolen Patach/AH-vowel,” because the vowel gets stolen - חַ and is said before the letter.

Lesson Lesson Like in the word for “happy”:

ח ׂשַָ|מֵַ| חַ ACH MAY SA

Now you try: חָ גַ ׂשַָ|מֵַ| חַ ׂשָמֵחַ as in חָ גַ ׂשָמֵחַ! (Have a) happy holiday!

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Now you can read the Hebrew word for “moon”:

יָרֵ חַ and a phrase many communities say after someone reads the Torah or delivers a d’var Torah (speech/short sermon):

יָׁשָ רַּכֹח!

It’s used a little bit like מָ זָלַטֹוב literally means “good luck” (even though we מָ זָלַטֹוב but since use it as “congratulations”), instead we offer praise for something that requires learning and practice (like chanting Torah or giving a speech) by wishing that they go יָׁשָ ר ַַ ּכֹח! strength  (in)  forward Reading Strategy: Other Stolen Vowels

Technically, the Patach/AH gets “stolen” when it comes under …at the end of a word too ע/an Ayin לִׁשְ מֹוע ַַַׁשָ בּועַַַרָקִ יעַ heavens week to hear/listen …which used to make a difference back when the Ayin made a sound. But since the Ayin is generally silent now, it doesn’t really change the sound.

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Match-A-Rhyme

Read the Hebrew on the right out loud, then the Hebrew on the left. Match the ones that rhyme! (One has been done for you as an example!)

blackboard 1 לּוחַ מֵַרֵ יע ְך A

Noah bald (boy’s name) B 2 ַקֵרֵ חַ נֹחַ

spirit/wind C happy 3 ַׂשַָ מֵחַ רּוחַ

in the scent/ bush/shrub smell D 4 ַ ׂשִיחַ ּבַָרֵ יחַ

snot E strength 5 ַ ּכֹחַ ּכִיחַ ַ ַ

A spirit/wind 1 ַ רֻחַ ּפֵחַ

sends B eagle owl 2 ַ אֹוחַ ׁשֹולֵחַַַ we will have a scent/smell conversation C 3 ַרֵ יחַַַ ַנָׂשִיח ַ

messiah/ blackboard D savior 4 ַ מָׁשִיחַ ַ לּוחַ

strength E forgives ַ 5 ַ סֹולֵחַַַ ּכֹוחַ

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Speed Read! Time yourself reading the Hebrew below out loud at least twice. What’s the fastest time you can get? 1 ַ רּוחַ נֹחַַַ סֹולֵחַַַ forgives Noah (boy’s name) spirit / wind 2 ַ ׂשָמֵחַ ׁשֹולֵחַַַ רֵ יחַַַ scent / smell sends happy 3 ַאֹורֵַ חַ מצְ לִיחַ ּפֹוסֵחַ passes over succeeds guest / visitor 4 ַ לּוחַ מָׁשִיחַ ּפֹותֵחַ opens x messiah / savior blackboard 5 ַ יָרֵ חַ ּומ צְמִיחַַַ ּכֹחַ strength and brings forth moon 6 ַ תָּפּוחַ לְׁש ּבֵחַ קִ לֵחַ he showered / washed to praise apple

Time Log: 1 2 3 4

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Reverse It! Write out Hebrew that sounds the same as the English on the left. The first one has been done for you as an example!

KO-ACH ______ַ 1 ROO-ACH ______ַ 2 TZOLAY-ACH ______ַ 3 YARAY-ACH ______ַ 4 BOTAY-ACH ______ַ 5 KAYRAY-ACH ______ַ 6 NO-ACH ______ַ 7 SAMAY-ACH ______ַ 8 MATZMEE-ACH ______ַ 9

Vowels Letters אַב/ּבַגַדַהַוַזַחַטַיַכְך/ּכַלַ ַָ ְַ ִַ ֶ ֵ ַ מםַנןַסַעַפ/ּפַצַקַרַׁש/ׂשַת ַ ֹו ַַַֹּוַ ַֻ

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Usually, either AH-vowel followed by a Yud -

sounds like “ie,” either at the end of in the middle:

ָ יו

חיַַַ לָיְלָהַַַמָתי

when night life Vav

but when a Vav is also added…

Yud יָדיו - his hands AH : : …the “AH” still sounds like “AH,” 39 so that word sounds like “YAH-DAV.” Basically, the Yud does nothing except change the spelling.

This ending usually means “his.” Lesson Lesson Now you can read all of the possessive endings. hands), you can give) יָדִ ים If you take the word it an ending to say whose hands they are: my hands יָדַי our hands יָדֵַינּו your (m) hands יָדֶַיָך your (m, pl) hands יָדֵַיכֶם your (f) hands יָדַיְִַך your (f, pl) hands יָדֵַיכֶן his hands יָדַיו their (m) hands יָדֵַיהֶ ם her hands יָדֶַיהַָ their (f) hands יָדֵַיהֶ ן

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5 חַ ייו יַָ דיו ּבַָ ניוַַ his sons his hands his life 6 אַָ חיו עבְַ דיו קֹרְַ איו his call his servants / workers his brothers 7 אֱ ֹל היו ּבִמְ רַֹ מיו in his heights his God

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Soundalike Matching

Read the Hebrew on the right out loud, then the Hebrew on the left. Match the ones sound exactly the same but are spelled differently! (One has been done for you as an example!)

his life 1 ח ייו ימָ ב A

B his brothers 2 ַ אָחיו יָדָ ב

required to/ his hands have to C 3 ַ יָדיו חיָב in the growing D his days 4 ַיַָ מַיו ּבנָב

E his sons 5 ַ ּבָניו עכָב ַ ַ

A his God 1 ַ אֱֹלהיו ּבִמְרֹומָ ב

B his servants 2 ַ ע בְדיו קְ ּבָנבַַ

C his call 3 ַקֹרְ איו אָבְדָ ב

D in his heights 4 ַּבִמְ רֹמיו ַ ּכֹורְ עב

E like sons ַ 5 ַ ּכְּבָניו עֶלֹוהָ ב

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Sound Count How many Hebrew letters in each row make the same sound as the English?

RAV 1 ר בַַדָוַַרֵיבַַריוַַדָבַַרָ וַַיו

TAV 2 טָבַַת יוַַמ יוַַט יוַַתבַַטִ ב KAV 3 ּכ וַַק יוַַכ יוַַּכָבַַקֵ וַַּכיוַַקָ וַ TZAV 4 צֵבַַצ יוַַעָבַַצבַַעִ יוַַצָבַַצֶ ו

SAV 5 ס יוַַׂשָ בַַׁש וַַסֵ בַַׂש יוַַטבַַסָ ו

AV 6 אָ בַַע יוַַעֹבַַאיוַַצָבַַעֵוַַטָ יו

CHAV 7 ת יוַַחָ בַַּכָוַַכ יוַַח וַַה בַַחיו (guttural) VAV 8 ו וַַב יוַַּבָבַַנָוַַר יוַַויוַַבָבַַוָו

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You know two vowels that usually make an AH sound:

ַַַ ַָ Katan - AH AH kamatz patach …and you’ll recall

that when either Kamatz

: : one is followed by a yud, it יַַַ ָ י :”changes to “ie 40

IE IE

Lesson kamatz-yud patach-yud Sometimes, the kamatz (T), but never the patach (–), turns into an “oh” sound: ׇָ ַַַַַ ֳַ OH OH chataf-kamatz kamatz-katan

katan regular The rules for when a kamatz turns into kamatz- katan regular katan/OH are complicated – but some thoughtful publishers will make the kamatz-katan a little longer, ַָ ַ a different color, ַׇ .ׇ ָ or different in some other way so it’s easier to read

katan regular katan regular ַָ ׇ ָ ׇ Page 12

There are two very common words that always get a kamatz-katan/OH, and it’s handy to know them in case you need to read some Hebrew from a lazy publisher who didn’t bother making the kamatz-katan look different:

ּכַׇלַ ַה ּכַׇל

everything all

And whenever the kamatz (T) combines with the sh’va / silent vowel, it always turns into OH, and it’s usually paired with a kamatz-katan:

צַׇהֳר יִםַטֹובִ ים! Good afternoon! צַׇ הֳריִם

afternoon

You’ve probably heard kamatz-katan in some of the prayers and songs you already know. Read these words with a kamatz- katan out loud – take your time, some can be tongue-twisters!

1 קָדְ ׁשֹוַַחָפְׁשִ יַַתַָכְַנִַיתַַה ּכָלַַּבְ כָל in/with all everything program/show free (people) his holiness 2 אָמָ נּותַַזָכְרֵ ינּוַַחַָנֵַנּוַַעָבְדֶ יָךַ your servant pardon us remember us art 3 קָדְׁשְַָךַַּובְַׁשַָכְַּבְַָךַַּבְחָכְמָ הַ גָדְ לֶָךַ your greatness in wisdom and when you sit your holiness 4 אָ הֳלִיאָ בַַ צׇהֳריִםַַנָעֳמִ יַַלְפָעֳלֹוַ to his work (girl’s name) afternoon (a biblical king’s name) Page 13

Soundalike Matching

Read the Hebrew on the right out loud, then the Hebrew on the left. Match the ones sound exactly the same but are spelled differently! (One has been done for you as an example!)

all/every 1 ּכָלַַ קֹדְ ׁשֹו his holiness A

his holiness 2 ַקָדְ ׁשֹו אֹובְדִ י my lost thing B

(free (people 3 ַחָפְׁשִ יַַ קֹול voice C

my servant 4 ַעָבְדִ י חֹוכְמָ ה wisdom D

wisdom 5 ַחָכְמָ ה חֹפְׁשִ י free (people) E ַ ַ

your A greatness 1 ַגָדְ לֶָך קֹודְׁשְַכָה

B your holiness 2 ַקָדְׁשְ ָךַַ וְ כַֹנֵַינּוַַ

C your servant 3 ַעָבְדֶ יָך זַֹכְרֵ נַֻה

D remember us 4 ַזָכְרֵ ינּוַַ ַ אֹווְַדֶ ָך

and pardon E ` ַ us 5 ַוְַחָ נֵנּוַַ גַֹדְ לֶַכָה

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Kamatz-Katan in Action Read the Hebrew out loud – keep an eye out for that OH/kamatz-katan! Circle the ones you recognize from services or a song you’ve heard before. Source התִקְ וָה Israeli National 1 לִהְ יֹותַע םַחָפְׁשִיַּבְא רְ צֵ נּו Anthem קְדּוׁשָ ה לְדֹורַוָדֹורַנגִ ידַגָדְ לֶַָךַ Part of the Amidah 2 קְדּוׁשָ ה ּובְדִבְרֵ יַקדְׁשְַָךַּכָתּובַלֵאמֹר Part of the Amidah 3 יֹוצֵ רַאֹור עֹׂשֶהַׁשָ לֹוםַּובֹורֵאַאֶתַה ּכַָל Morning Prayer 4 מעֲרִ יבַ אֲַׁשֶַרַּבִַדְַבַָרֹוַ מַעֲַרִַיבַעֲַרַָבִַיםַּבְַחכְַמַָהַ 5 עֲרָ בִ ים Evening Prayer ּפֹותֵַ חַַׁשְַעַָרִַיםַ 6 וְַאֲַהַָבְַתַָ ּבְ כל־לְבָבְ ָך ּובְ כל־נ פְׁשְ ָך ּובְכל־מְ אֹדֶ ָך 7 וְַאֲַהַָבְַתַָ ּובְׁשכְּבְָךַּובְקּומֶ ָך׃ קִ ידּוׁשַ וְַׁש ּב דְ תַקׁשֹוַ ּבְאהֲבָהַּובְרָ צֹוןַ 8 לְׁש ּבָת Shabbat Kiddush הִ נְחִ ילָנּוַ ׁשֶ לֹאַׂשָםַחֶ לְקֵ נּוַּכָהֶםַוְגֹורָ לֵנּוַ 9 עָלֵינּו ּכְ כלַהֲמֹונָם ַ 10 עָלֵינּו ּוׁשְ כִ ינ תַעֻּזֹוַּבְ גָבְהֵ יַמְרֹומִ ים

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Speed Read! Time yourself reading the Hebrew below out loud at least twice. What’s the best time you can get?

1 ַ ּכָל אָמָ נּותַַ עָבְדִ י my servant art all 2 ַקָדְ ׁשֹו צׇהֳריִםַַ גָדְ לֶָך your greatness afternoon his holiness 3 ַחָפְׁשִ יַ ּבְ גָבְהֵ יַ נָעֳמִ יַַ Naomi (girl’s name) in the heights of free (people) 4 ַחָכְמָ ה לְפָעֳלֹו ּבְ כָל in all to his work wisdom 5 ַקָדְׁשְ ָך תָכְ נִיתַַ מִ ּכַָל from all program/show your holiness 6 הַ ּכָל ּובְׁשָכְּבְ ָךַַ חָ נֵנּוַַ pardon us and when you sit everything

Time Log: 1 2 3 4

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Hebrew-by-Number

Use the number chart at the bottom to fill out a verse from the Book of Psalms – remember that some letters change shape when they’re at the end! Once you’ve filled out the verse, read it out loud to a friend!

______5 9 80 300 40 10 5 30 1 5 40 6 100 ______: ______30 8 50 400 5 400 1 10 20 90 200 1 5 .______40 10 6 3 5 30 20 2 - Psalm 82:8

א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 ש ת 400 300 Fun Fact: Writing a number in Hebrew uses the same numbers כה = and 25 יא = as the chart! For example, 11

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Reading Strategy:

“Double-Duty” Dot

Hebrew publishers can get a bit lazy sometimes when there’s an OH vowel followed by a Shin:

So this dot is a “Double- Duty” dot: it’s the ַ OH vowel and ַֹ +ׁש= ֹש the Shin dot at the same time! OSH Shin OH

Hebrew scribes and printers may have started doing this to save money on ink and parchment, back when those were very expensive, and every little dot adds up!

ַ ח ֹשֶ ְך

חַֹשֶ ְך

darkness This doesn’t come up very often… but now you can be prepared for it when that “Double-Duty Dot” shows up, like in the middle of the Ma’ariv Aravim (evening creation) prayer:

גֹולֵלַאֹורַמִ ּפְ נֵיַחַֹשְֶךַוְ חַֹשְֶךַמִ ּפְ נֵיַאֹור

Circle every double-duty dot you see! Page 18

Reading Strategy:

“Double-Duty” Dot

The same thing can happen when a Sin is followed by an OH vowel:

So this dot is also a “Double- Duty” dot: it’s the OH vowel and שַֹ+ ַֹ = שֹ ַֹ theַַַַַַ Sin dot at the ַ same time! SO OH Sin

ַ שֹרָ ה

שַֹרָ ה

she overcomes

Try reading a few words with “Double-Duty” Dots in them:

1ַַמַֹשֶ הַַשַֹנֵאַַחַֹשֶ ְךַַשַֹגָה she flourishes darkness enemy Moses

2ַַגַֹשֶ ןַַשַֹרֵ טַַקַֹשֶטֶ תַַשַֹרֶ ה he overcomes she is direct/tells the truth he scratches (Israelite region in Egypt)

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Put It All Together

Now you can read the whole Ma’ariv Aravim prayer for creation we say in the evenings – read it out loud with a friend, then to a teacher!

(Draw in all the syllable lines if they help you out – the next page has them drawn in for you so you can check your work!)

1 ּבָרּוְךַאתָ הַאָ דֹונָיַאֱ ֹלהֵינּוַמֶ לְֶךַהָ עֹולָםַ 2 אֲׁשֶרַּבִדְ בָרֹוַ מעֲרִ יבַעֲרָ בִ יםַ 3 ּבְחָכְמָ הַּפֹותֵח ַׁשְ עָרִ יםַ 4 ּובִתְ בּונָהַמְׁשנֶהַעִתִ יםַ 5 ּומ חֲלִיףַאֶתַה ּזְמנִיםַ 6 ּומְס דֵרַאֶתַה ּכֹוכָבִ יםַ 7 ּבְמִׁשְמְ רֹותֵיהֶ םַּבָרָקִ יע ַּכִרְ צֹונֹו.ַ 8 ּבֹורֵ אַיֹוםַוָלָיְלָהַ

9 גֹולֵלַאֹורַמִ ּפְ נֵיַחַֹשְֶַךַוְ חַֹשְֶךַמִ ּפְ נֵיַאֹורַ 10 ּומ עֲבִ ירַיֹוםַּומֵבִ יאַלָיְלָהַ 11 ּומ בְדִ ילַּבֵיןַיֹוםַּובֵיןַלָיְלָה,ַ 12 אָ דֹונָיַצְ בָאֹותַׁשְ מֹו. 13 אֵלַח יַוְקיָםַ 14 תָמִ ידַיִמְ לֹוְךַעָלֵינּוַלְעֹולָםַוָעֶד. 15 ּבָרּוְךַאתָ הַאָ דֹונָי ,ַה מעֲרִ יבַעֲרָ בִ ים.

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Put It All Together

Draw syllable lines in the Ma’ariv Aravim prayer on the previous page – then check your work here!

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You’ve seen several letters that can get a dot in the middle – that dot is also ּ .called a dagesh

dagesh דָ גֵׁש Sometimes the dagesh

changes the sound of a letter:

Devious Dagesh Dagesh Devious …and sometimes : : it doesn’t change 41 the sound at all:

בַ ַּב

Lesson Lesson תַ ַת As a general rule, although the dagesh shows up for a lot of complicated spelling and grammar reasons, it only changes the sound when it appears inside four letters:

1 ב ּ ּב These are the B V three sets of 2 כ ּכ ּ ”twin“ K CHHH letters.

3 פ ּ ּפ This one P F turns into a 4 ו ּ ּו vowel. OO V Page 22

Dagesh Dig Circle every letter where the dagesh changed the sound.

Cross out every letter where the dagesh did nothing. (Use the chart on the last page to help! If it’s not on the chart… the dagesh will never change its sound!) ּפ ג ת ּכ ּב ל ּק ּו ּׁש ּס ּצ ּמ ּו ּנ ּט ּפ ּי ּב ּכ ּד

ּכ ּס ּׂש ּב ּל ּו ּק ּפ ּמ ּכ

ּו ּז ּב ּג ּד ּת ּפ ּצ ּכ ּׁש ּנ ּכ ּק ּת ּו ּב ּט ּס ּפ ּב

THE EXCEPTION Every once in a while, you’ll run into a Vav that has both a dagesh and another vowel:

מִצְ ּוָהַַה ּו ע דַַמִצְ ּוַֹתָ י my commandments the committee commandment When this happens, the Vav keeps its V-sound.

מִצְַּוַָהַַ הַ ּוַ עדַַמִצְַּוַֹתָ י VOE VAH VAH Each letter can only get one vowel. The other vowel always wins. Page 23

Packet 8 Review Now you can read the whole Shabbat Kiddush, the blessing for the Shabbat wine – read it out loud with a friend, then to a teacher to earn your Packet 8 Award!

(Draw in all the syllable lines if they help you out – the next page has them drawn in for you so you can check your work!)

Bonus: Highlight the word that has a Vav with a dagesh and another vowel!

1 ּבָרּוְךַאתָ הַאָ דֹונָיַאֱ ֹלהֵינּוַמֶ לְֶךַהָ עֹולָםַ 2 ּבֹורֵ אַּפְרִ יַהגָפֶן. 3 ּבָרּוְךַאתָ הַאָ דֹונָיַאֱ ֹלהֵינּוַמֶ לְֶךַהָ עֹולָםַ

4 אֲׁשֶ רַקִדְׁשָנּוַּבְמִצְ ּוַֹתָ יוַוְרָ צָהַבָנּו, 5 וְׁשּב תַקדְׁשֹוַּבְא הֲבָהַּובְרָצֹוןַהִ נְחִ ילָנּו 6 זִּכָרֹוןַלְמעֲׂשֵהַבְרֵאׁשִ ית, 7 ּכִ יַהּואַיֹוםַתְחִ ילָהַלְמִקְרָאֵ יַקֹדֶ ׁש, 8 זֵכֶרַלִיצִ יאתַמִצְרָ יִם, 9 ּכִיַבָנּוַבָח רְ תָ ַוְאֹותָנּוַקִד ׁשְתַַָמִ ּכלַהָ עמִ ים 10 ַוְׁשּב תַקדְׁשְָךַּבְא הֲבָהַּובְרָצֹוןַהִ נְח לְתָ נּו. 11 ּבָרּוְךַאתָ הַאָ דֹונָיַמְקָדֵׁשַה ּׁש ּבָת.ַ

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Packet 8 Review Check your syllable lines on this page!

Bonus: Highlight the word that has a Vav with a dagesh and another vowel!

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This award certifies that ______ח has completed Packet 8 8

in the Hebrew Step-By-Step program, now knows all the Hebrew letters: א✡ּב/ב✡ג✡ד✡ה✡ו✡ז✡ח✡ט✡י✡ּכ/כך✡ל מם✡נן✡ס✡ע✡ּפ/פף✡צץ✡ק✡ר✡ׁש/שַֹ✡ת …and all the vowels, including the “tricky” ones: ַָ ַ ַ ַ יַ ְַ ַ ִַ ֶַ ֵ ַַֹֹוַ ַֻּוַ ַׇ ֳַ …and is ready to start learning prayers, blessings, and Torah! Teacher Signature: ______Student Signature: ______

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