DOCSLIB.ORG

William Angus Bateman Gonville and Caius College July 2018 This

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
William Angus Bateman Gonville and Caius College July 2018 This PARLIAMENTARY CONTROL OF PUBLIC MONEY William Angus Bateman Gonville and Caius College July 2018 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy ABSTRACT: “PARLIAMENTARY CONTROL OF PUBLIC MONEY” This dissertation analyses the idea that parliament controls public money in parliamentary constitutional systems of government. That analysis proceeds through an historical and contemporary examination of the way legal practices distribute authority over public money between different institutions of government. The legislative and judicial practices concerning taxation, public expenditure, sovereign borrowing, and the government financing activities of central banks are selected for close attention. The contemporary analysis focuses on the design and operation of those legal practices in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Australia, in the context of the boom-bust-recovery economic conditions experienced between 2005 and 2016. The dissertation’s ultimate claims are explanatory: that “parliamentary control” is a poor explanation of the distribution of financial authority in parliamentary systems of government and should be jettisoned in favour of an idea of “parliamentary ratification”. An empirically engaged methodology is adopted throughout the dissertation and (historical and contemporary) public sector financial data enrich the legal analysis. The dissertation acknowledges the impact of, but remains agnostic between, different economic and political perspectives on fiscal discipline and public financial administration. The dissertation makes a number of original contributions. It provides a detailed examination of the historical development, legal operation and constitutional significance of annual appropriation legislation, and the legal regimes governing sovereign borrowing and monetary finance. It also analyses the way that law interacts with government behaviour in situations of economic emergencies (focusing on the Bank of England’s public financing activities since 2008), and the institutional and doctrinal obstacles facing judicial involvement in disputes concerning public finance (focusing on the Australian judiciary’s recent engagements with public expenditure legislation). PREFACE I declare that this dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I also declare that this dissertation is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further declare that this dissertation does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend deep thanks to Professor David Feldman for supervising my research. Without his generosity, patience and support this project could not have been completed. I also wish to thank the funders and administrators of the Cambridge Australia Scholarship and the Cambridge Commonwealth Trust Scholarship, which supported me financially throughout my PhD. I acknowledge the following people who have (over many years) shared their wisdom with me: Jason Allen, George Blades, Timothy Boyle, Edward Cavanagah, Ben Folit- Weinberg, Mike Forster, Stephen Gageler, Mike Grainger, Georgia Huxley, Jonathan Ketcheson, Nicholas Kelly, John Liddicoat, Lachlan McCalman, Johannes Meyer, Leighton McDonald, Cameron Miles, Jacqualine Myint, Claire O'Callaghan, Felicitas Parapatis, Julia Powels, Jens van't Klooster, Barry Solaiman, James Stellios and Stefan Theil. Marion Poerio provided boundless emotional, logistical and typographical support, for which I am extremely grateful. Mark Hammond, Kelsey Kerridge Fitness Centre, Tempelhofer Feld, Steak and Honour, Jack’s, Seven Wolves and the Yim Wah Express held together body and soul in the home stretch. I dedicate my dissertation to Clara and Selena Bateman, and the memory of Alan Bateman. CITATION AND STYLE GUIDE Secondary sources First citation: Author (Year), [Title of book or ‘Title of article’], pinpoint. Subsequent citations: as above, omitting the title. Cases First citation: Case name (Year), pinpoint. Subsequent citations: Abbreviated case name (Year), pinpoint Legislation All citations: Title and year (Jurisdiction), section number. UK legislation: Regnal years replaced with “(UK)” for post-1801 legislation and all chapter numbers are omitted, unless necessary to distinguish Acts of the same calendar year. Full citations appear in the bibliography. Government documents All citations: Institution, Title (Year), pinpoint. General rules Subsequent un-broken citations: ibid. Cross-references: marked by in-text parentheses: eg, “(see text at chapter 2, heaDing 2.2.2)” is marked as “(§2.2.2)”. Abbreviations AGBP – Australian Government Budget Papers. ABS GFS — Australian Bureau of Statistics, Government Finance Statistics’ ABS NA — Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian System of National Accounts. BHS — Mitchel (1998), British Historical Statistics ONS NA — Office of National Statistics, National Accounts. ONS PSF — Office of National Statistics, Public Sector Finance Statistics. PESA — HMTreasury, Public Expenditure Statistical Analysis. 1 PART I INTRODUCING PARLIAMENTARY CONTROL OF PUBLIC MONEY ..................... 2 CHAPTER 1 SETTING THE PARAMETERS ................................................................................ 3 1.1 “PARLIAMENTARY CONTROL” .................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 “PUBLIC MONEY” IN “PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMS” ............................................ 17 1.3 “MAKING SENSE” OF PARLIAMENTARY CONTROL .............................................................................. 36 PART II LEGAL PRACTICES OF PUBLIC MONEY: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT ......... 48 CHAPTER 2 GROWING PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT WITH PUBLIC MONEY .... 49 2.1 STATUTORY FINANCIAL AUTHORISATION ............................................................................................ 49 2.2 PUBLIC DEBT, FINANCIAL INITIATIVE AND AUDIT .............................................................................. 75 2.3 JUDGES AND PUBLIC MONEY ................................................................................................................... 96 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................. 114 CHAPTER 3 PUBLIC MONEY IN MODERN PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT .......... 116 3.1 EXPORT OF THE LEGAL PRACTICES .................................................................................................... 117 3.2 TWENTIETH CENTURY EXPANSION .................................................................................................... 130 3.3 PUBLIC MONEY IN THE MODERN STATE ............................................................................................ 156 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................. 176 PART III LEGAL PRACTICES OF PUBLIC MONEY: CONTEMPORARY ANALYSIS ...... 178 CHAPTER 4 LEGISLATIVE PRACTICES (I): FISCAL AUTHORITY .................................. 182 4.1 LEGISLATIVE DESIGN ............................................................................................................................ 182 4.2 OPERATION OF THE LEGISLATIVE PRACTICES .................................................................................. 210 4.3 DISTRIBUTION OF FINANCIAL AUTHORITY ....................................................................................... 226 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................. 233 CHAPTER 5 LEGISLATIVE PRACTICES (II): DEBT AND MONETARY AUTHORITY . 235 5.1 LEGISLATIVE DESIGN ............................................................................................................................ 235 5.2 OPERATION OF THE LEGISLATIVE PRACTICES .................................................................................. 252 5.3 DISTRIBUTION OF FINANCIAL AUTHORITY ....................................................................................... 263 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................................. 269 CHAPTER 6 JUDICIAL PRACTICES ......................................................................................... 271 6.1 LOPSIDED JUDICIAL INVOLVEMENT .................................................................................................... 272 6.2 EXPENDITURE AND THE JUDICIARY .................................................................................................... 281 6.3 TAXATION AND THE JUDICIARY ..........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Council Tax Support Scheme 2021-22
    Council Tax Support Scheme 2021 Contents PART 1 Introduction 1. Introduction. PART 2 Interpretation 2. Interpretation. 3. Application of scheme: pensioners and persons who are not pensioners. 4. Meaning of “couple”. 5. Polygamous marriages. 6. Meaning of “family”. 7. Circumstances in which a person is to be treated as responsible or not responsible for another. 8. Households. 9. Non-dependants. 10. Remunerative work. PART 3 11. Procedure for reduction applications and appeals against reduction decisions. PART 4 Classes of person entitled to a reduction under this scheme 12. Classes of person entitled to a reduction under this scheme. 13. Class A: pensioners whose income is less than the applicable amount. 14. Class B: pensioners whose income is greater than the applicable amount. 15. Class C: alternative maximum council tax reduction – pensioners. 16. Class D: persons who are not pensioners whose income is less than the applicable amount. 17. Class E: persons who are not pensioners whose income is greater than the applicable amount. 18. Class F: Rotherham Care Leavers aged 18 to 21 and Rotherham Care Leavers in full time education aged 21 – 25. 19. Periods of absence from a dwelling – Pensioners 19a. Periods of absence from a dwelling – Persons who are not Pensioners PART 5 Classes of person excluded from this scheme 20. Classes of person excluded from this scheme. 21. Class of person excluded from this scheme: persons treated as not being in Great Britain. 22. Class of person excluded from this scheme: persons subject to immigration control. 23. Class of person excluded from this scheme: capital limit.
    [Show full text]
  • What the Crown May Do
    WHAT THE CROWN MAY DO 1. It is now established, at least at the level of the Court of Appeal (so that Court has recently stated)1, that, absent some prohibition, a Government minister may do anything which any individual may do. The purpose of this paper is to explain why this rule is misconceived and why it, and the conception of the “prerogative” which it necessarily assumes, should be rejected as a matter of constitutional law. 2. The suggested rule raises two substantive issues of constitutional law: (i) who ought to decide in what new activities the executive may engage, in what circumstances and under what conditions; and (ii) what is the scope for abuse that such a rule may create and should it be left without legal control. 3. As Sir William Wade once pointed out (in a passage subsequently approved by the Appellate Committee2), “The powers of public authorities are...essentially different from those of private persons. A man making his will may, subject to any rights of his dependants, dispose of his property just as he may wish. He may act out of malice or a spirit of revenge, but in law this does not affect his exercise of power. In the same way a private person has an absolute power to release a debtor, or, where the law permits, to evict a tenant, regardless of his motives. This is unfettered discretion.” If a minister may do anything that an individual may do, he may pursue any purpose which an individual may do when engaged in such activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Crossrail Act 2008 Page 1
    Crossrail Act 2008 Page 1 Crossrail Act 2008 2008 CHAPTER 18 Thomson Reuters (Legal) Limited. UK Statutes Crown Copyright. Reproduced by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty©s Stationery Of®ce. An Act to make provision for a railway transport system running from Maidenhead, in the County of Berkshire, and Heathrow Airport, in the London Borough of Hillingdon, through central London to Shen®eld, in the County of Essex, and Abbey Wood, in the London Borough of Greenwich; and for connected purposes. [22nd July 2008] BE IT ENACTED by the Queen©s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:± Extent Preamble: England, Wales, Scotland Works Law In Force 1 Construction and maintenance of scheduled works (1) The nominated undertaker may construct and maintain the works speci®ed in Schedule 1 (ªthe scheduled worksº), being± (a) works for the construction of an underground railway between, in the west, a tunnel portal at Royal Oak in the City of Westminster and, in the east, tunnel portals at Custom House and Pudding Mill Lane in the London Borough of Newham, (b) works for the construction of other railways in the London Boroughs of Barking & Dagenham, Bexley, Ealing, Greenwich, Hammersmith and Fulham, Havering, Hillingdon, Newham, Redbridge and Tower Hamlets, the City of Westminster, the Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea, the District of Basildon and the Borough of Brentwood in the County of Essex, the Royal Borough of Windsor & Maidenhead and the Borough of Slough in the County of Berkshire and the District of South Bucks in the County of Buckinghamshire, (c) works consequent on, or incidental to, the construction of the works mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b).
    [Show full text]
  • Inner Temple Library Newsletter Issue 43 – January 2016
    Contents Saturday Opening Legal Research Training 1 One of the four Inn Libraries is open from 10.00 a.m. Saturday Opening 1 to 5.00 p.m. on each Saturday during the legal terms. Westlaw Commentary Trial 1 Annual Review 2015 2 January IT Changes 8 30 January Inner Temple Library Committee 8 Digital Images: Inns of Court 8 February AccessToLaw: Banking 9 6 February Lincoln’s Inn New Acquisitions 10 13 February Middle Temple Book Prize 11 20 February Gray’s Inn David Humphreys, 1922-2015 11 27 February Inner Temple March 5 March Lincoln’s Inn 12 March Middle Temple Legal Research Training 19 March Gray’s Inn 26 March CLOSED Dates for our next series of training sessions for new April pupils are as follows:- 2 April Inner Temple Session 1: Essentials of Legal Research To view a Saturday Opening Timetable click here. Monday 4 April 2016, 6.00 p.m. to 7.30 p.m. Location: Inner Temple Drawing Room Session 2: Legal Research Workshop: Cases Westlaw Commentary Trial Tuesday 12 April 2016, 6.00 p.m. to 7.00 p.m. Location: Inner Temple Committee Room We have been given access to Westlaw commentary sources for a three-month trial period starting on Session 3: Legal Research Workshop: Legislation 1 February. The trial includes works such as Archbold, Tuesday 19 April 2016, 6.00 p.m. to 7.00 p.m. Charlesworth & Percy, Chitty, Clerk & Lindsell, Kemp Location: Inner Temple Committee Room & Kemp, McGregor, The White Book and Woodfall. For more details click here.
    [Show full text]
  • Statute Law Revision Bill 2007 ————————
    ———————— AN BILLE UM ATHCHO´ IRIU´ AN DLI´ REACHTU´ IL 2007 STATUTE LAW REVISION BILL 2007 ———————— Mar a tionscnaı´odh As initiated ———————— ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS Section 1. Definitions. 2. General statute law revision repeal and saver. 3. Specific repeals. 4. Assignment of short titles. 5. Amendment of Short Titles Act 1896. 6. Amendment of Short Titles Act 1962. 7. Miscellaneous amendments to post-1800 short titles. 8. Evidence of certain early statutes, etc. 9. Savings. 10. Short title and collective citation. SCHEDULE 1 Statutes retained PART 1 Pre-Union Irish Statutes 1169 to 1800 PART 2 Statutes of England 1066 to 1706 PART 3 Statutes of Great Britain 1707 to 1800 PART 4 Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801 to 1922 [No. 5 of 2007] SCHEDULE 2 Statutes Specifically Repealed PART 1 Pre-Union Irish Statutes 1169 to 1800 PART 2 Statutes of England 1066 to 1706 PART 3 Statutes of Great Britain 1707 to 1800 PART 4 Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801 to 1922 ———————— 2 Acts Referred to Bill of Rights 1688 1 Will. & Mary, Sess. 2. c. 2 Documentary Evidence Act 1868 31 & 32 Vict., c. 37 Documentary Evidence Act 1882 45 & 46 Vict., c. 9 Dower Act, 1297 25 Edw. 1, Magna Carta, c. 7 Drainage and Improvement of Lands Supplemental Act (Ireland) (No. 2) 1867 31 & 32 Vict., c. 3 Dublin Hospitals Regulation Act 1856 19 & 20 Vict., c. 110 Evidence Act 1845 8 & 9 Vict., c. 113 Forfeiture Act 1639 15 Chas., 1. c. 3 General Pier and Harbour Act 1861 Amendment Act 1862 25 & 26 Vict., c.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bank of England and the Bank Act of 1844 Laurent Le Maux
    Central banking and finance: the Bank of England and the Bank Act of 1844 Laurent Le Maux To cite this version: Laurent Le Maux. Central banking and finance: the Bank of England and the Bank Act of1844. Revue Economique, Presses de Sciences Po, 2018. hal-02854521 HAL Id: hal-02854521 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02854521 Submitted on 8 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Central banking and finance: the Bank of England and the Bank Act of 1844 Laurent LE MAUX* May 2020 The literature on the Bank of England Charter Act of 1844 commonly adopts the interpretation that it was a crucial step in the construction of central banking in Great Britain and the analytical framework that contrasts rules and discretion. Through examination of the monetary writings of the period and the Bank of England’s interest rate policy, and also through the systematic analysis of the financial aspect of the 1844 Act, the paper shows that such an interpretation remains fragile. Hence the present paper rests on the articulation between monetary history and the history of economic analysis and also on the institutional approach to money and banking so as to assess the consequences of the 1844 Act for the liquidity market and the relations between the central bank and finance.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing the Culture of Financial Regulation: a Corporate Governance Approach
    Changing the Culture of Financial Regulation: a Corporate Governance Approach Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Steven Ronald Cairns September 2014 1 | P a g e For Rhonda and John 2 | P a g e Acknowledgements First and foremost, I wish to express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisors, Dr Rob Stokes and Prof Anu Arora. Their patience and support throughout the entire process has gone beyond what is expected of any supervisory team, and for that I am truly thankful. It is amazing to think that this whole journey began with an email conversation six years ago around a failed bank and an unsuccessful furore into the city. Six years, and a few more grey hairs later, we are at the end of what has been a rollercoaster journey towards completion. I would like to take this opportunity to thank my partner Sarah Montagu, I am sure it hasn’t been easy putting up with me throughout this whole process and her selfless attitude and unconditional support has been the rock that the thesis has been built upon. I love you and couldn’t have done it without you. My gratitude also extends to my friend Bleddyn Davies. I will always appreciate our conversations; they kept me focused on the task at hand. I want to thank my Nan, Elsie May Nash, who has always believed in me no matter what I have undertaken, and for her steak pies that have gotten me through more than one late night session in the library.
    [Show full text]
  • Cornell Law School
    CORNELL LAW SCHOOL Central Bank Money: Liability, Asset, or Equity of the Nation? Michael Kumhof(1), Jason Allen(2), Will Bateman(3), (4) (5) (6) Rosa Lastra , Simon Gleeson , Saule Omarova (1) CEPR and Centre for Macroeconomics. Email: [email protected] (2) Humboldt Universität zu Berlin. Email: jason.allen@hu‐berlin.de (3) Australian National University. Email: [email protected] (4) Queen Mary University of London. Email: [email protected] (5) Clifford Chance. Email: [email protected] (6) Cornell University. Email: [email protected] Cornell Law School research paper No. 20-46 Cornell Law School Myron Taylor Hall Ithaca, NY 14853-4901 This paper can be downloaded without charge from: The Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3730608 Draft 5 August 2020 Central Bank Money: Liability, Asset, or Equity of the Nation? Michael Kumhof(1), Jason Allen (2) Will Bateman (3), Rosa Lastra (4), Simon Gleeson (5), Saule Omarova (6) Abstract Based on legal arguments, we advocate a conceptual and normative shift in our understanding of the economic character of central bank money (CBM). The widespread treatment of CBM as a central bank liability goes back to the gold standard, and uses analogies with commercial bank balance sheets. However, CBM is sui generis and legally not comparable to commercial bank money. Furthermore, in modern economies, CBM holders cannot demand repayment of CBM in anything other than CBM. CBM is not an asset of central banks either, and it is not central bank shareholder equity because it does not confer the same ownership rights as regular shareholder equity.
    [Show full text]
  • Crossrail Act 2008 (C.18) Which Received Royal Assent on 22 July 2008
    These notes refer to the Crossrail Act 2008 (c.18) which received Royal Assent on 22 July 2008 CROSSRAIL ACT 2008 ________________ EXPLANATORY NOTES INTRODUCTION 1. These explanatory notes relate to the Crossrail Act 2008 ("the Act") which received Royal Assent on 22 July 2008. They have been prepared by the Department for Transport in order to assist the reader in understanding the Act. They do not form part of the Act and have not been endorsed by Parliament. 2. The notes need to be read in conjunction with the Act. They are not, and are not meant to be, a comprehensive description of the Act. So where a section or part of a section does not seem to require any explanation or comment, none is given. SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND 3. The main purpose of this Act is to secure the powers necessary to build Crossrail. Crossrail will consist of new rail tunnels running west-east through central London connecting directly with existing surface rail routes to Maidenhead and Heathrow in the west and Shenfield and Abbey Wood in the east. By connecting the major London rail terminals of Paddington and Liverpool Street, Crossrail will enable interconnecting mainline train services to cross the centre of London via a number of new purpose-built stations. HYBRIDITY 4. The Bill for the Act was treated during its passage through Parliament as a Hybrid Bill, because it contained provisions which have an impact on the interests of particular individuals, as well as containing provisions of a more general public nature. A Hybrid Bill is a Public Bill promoted by the Government which affects particular private interests in a way different from the generality of people affected by the Bill.
    [Show full text]
  • Explanatory Notes
    BANK OF ENGLAND AND FINANCIAL SERVICES BILL [HL] EXPLANATORY NOTES What these notes do These Explanatory Notes relate to the Bank of England and Financial Services Bill [HL] as brought from the House of Lords on 19 January 2016 (Bill 120). • These Explanatory Notes have been prepared by the Treasury in order to assist the reader of the Bill and to help inform debate on it. They do not form part of the Bill and have not been endorsed by Parliament. • These Explanatory Notes explain what each part of the Bill will mean in practice; provide background information on the development of policy; and provide additional information on how the Bill will affect existing legislation in this area. • These Explanatory Notes might best be read alongside the Bill. They are not, and are not intended to be, a comprehensive description of the Bill. So where a provision of the Bill does not seem to require any explanation or comment, the Notes simply say in relation to it that the provision is self‐explanatory. Bill 120–EN 56/1 Table of Contents Subject Page of these Notes Overview of the Bill 3 Policy background 4 Legal background 6 Territorial extent and application 7 Commentary on provisions of Bill 9 Part 1: The Bank of England 9 Clause 1: Membership of court of directors 9 Clause 2: Term of office of non‐executive directors 9 Clause 3: Abolition of Oversight Committee 9 Clause 4: Functions of non‐executive directors 9 Clause 5: Financial stability strategy 9 Clause 6: Financial Policy Committee: status and membership 10 Clause 7: Monetary Policy Committee:
    [Show full text]
  • British Banks' Role in U.K. Capital Markets Since the Big Bang
    Chicago-Kent Law Review Volume 68 Issue 1 Chicago-Kent Dedication Symposium Article 27 December 1992 British Banks' Role in U.K. Capital Markets since the Big Bang Philip N. Hablutzel IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Philip N. Hablutzel, British Banks' Role in U.K. Capital Markets since the Big Bang, 68 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 365 (1992). Available at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol68/iss1/27 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago-Kent Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. BRITISH BANKS' ROLE IN U.K. CAPITAL MARKETS SINCE THE BIG BANG PHILIP N. HABLUTZEL* In the Fall of 1986, two legal events occurred in the United King- dom which became known as the "Big Bang." First, on October 27, the actual "Big Bang" was a reform in the operation of the Stock Exchange in the form of a settlement between the Exchange and the Government regarding claims that the Exchange had been anticompetitive. Particular practices complained of were the fixed brokerage commissions and the separation of brokers (who could not act on their own account) and job- bers (market-makers could not act for customers). The Big Bang abol- ished fixed commissions and the distinction between brokers and jobbers.1 Then, on November 7, 1986, the Financial Services Act began com- ing into force, a process completed by April 29, 1988.
    [Show full text]
  • Local Council Tax Reduction Scheme
    Local Council Tax Reduction Scheme Coming into force: 1 April 2021 www.doncaster.gov.uk CONTENTS PART 1 Introduction 1. Citation PART 2 Interpretation 2. Interpretation 3. Application of scheme: pensioners and persons who are not pensioners 4. Meaning of “couple” 5. Polygamous marriages 6. Meaning of “family” 7. Circumstances in which a person is to be treated as responsible or not responsible for another 8. Households 9. Non-dependants 10. Remunerative work PART 3 Procedural matters 11. Procedure for reduction applications and appeals against reduction decisions 11a. Uprating PART 4 Classes of person entitled to a reduction under this scheme 12. Classes of person entitled to a reduction under this scheme 13. Class A: pensioners whose income is no greater than the applicable amount 14. Class B: pensioners whose income is greater than the applicable amount 15. Class C: alternative maximum council tax reduction – pensioners 16. Class D: persons who are not pensioners whose income is no greater than the applicable amount 17. Class E: persons who are not pensioners whose income is greater than the applicable amount 19. Periods of absence from a dwelling 19a. Transitional Provision 2 PART 5 Classes of person excluded from this scheme 20. Classes of person excluded from this scheme 21. Class of person excluded from this scheme: persons treated as not being in Great Britain 22. Class of person excluded from this scheme: persons subject to immigration control 23. Class of person excluded from this scheme: capital limit 24. Class of person excluded from this scheme: students PART 6 Applicable amounts for the purposes of calculating eligibility for a reduction under this scheme and amount of reduction 25.
    [Show full text]