Review Sheet 3 – GHY 1011 – Global Know the definition and broader significance of the following terms:

 paleoclimatology o frost days  proxy measures of climate o heat waves  how are proxy data used to reconstruct o growing season duration climate?  Extreme events  limitations and strengths of large-scale  Are tropical getting stronger? climate reconstructions?  Changes in extreme events since 1900  climate signals preserved in ice cores o Globally  measured properties from polar ice cores o Regionally . annual accumulation o Temporal patterns . atmospheric chemistry  Tropical frequency and North . atmospheric turbidity Carolina . atmospheric temperature (δ18O)  Tropical cyclones and global warming  naturally occurring stable oxygen isotopes o basic theory and modeling  δ18O-climate relationship o observations o polar regions  trends o tropics o frequency  Quelccaya Icecap o intensity(Power Dissipation Index  Meteorological vs. geological perspectives o destructiveness on ice core annual layers o attribution  Laser ICP-MS: Inductively Coupled Plasma  Kerry Emanuel Mass Spectrometry  Roger PIelke, Jr.  Little Ice Age & Medieval Warm Period  Christopher Landsea  sunspot activity and climate  Attribution of extreme events  Maunder Minimum  changes in large-scale trends  Uncertainties in solar forcing  spatial patterns of precipitation trends  Volcanoes and climate  changes in snowfall  Sulfate aerosols  Lake Effect Snowfall  Tambora  ocean precipitation  Year without a Summer – 1816  drought changes and evapotranspiration  Global Climate Models (GCMs)  types of drought o Definition, schematic o agricultural representations o meteorological  Modeling process o hydrological  Parameterization  Climate surprises  Improvements in climate modeling since  Abrupt climate change 1970s  Climate forcing  Reliability of GCMs?  Climate response  Chaos theory  Climate tipping point  Atmospheric lifetime  Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation  Climate sensitivity  Conceptual model of thermohaline  Global temperature projections circulation o by latitude  Abrupt climate change in the North Atlantic o land vs. water  Observed current changes in salinity of  Multi-model mean changes by 2080-2099: North Atlantic spatial patterns  Temperature trends and projections in North o precipitation Carolina o sea ice  Precipitation trends and projections in North o ocean pH Carolina  Model projection of extremes  Sea level rise in North Carolina o precipitation intensity  Snowfall and snow depth trends and o dry days projections in North Carolina