10/18/2016

ACTIVE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

OVERVIEW, HISTORY, COMMONALITIES

Far-stretching, endless time Brings forth all hidden things, And buries that which once did shine. The firm resolve falters, the sacred oath shattered; And let none say, "It cannot happen here."

Sophocles Siege of Troy 400 B.C.

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ACTIVE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

• Data derived from recent shootings, historical data • Data provided by the USSS, BATFE, USNC, DHS, FBI • No profile of active aggressive behavior • No profile of active shooters exists • Does not address terrorist attacks • Some commonalities exist • Some behavioral indicators exist, LEAKAGE* • Firearms used but not the only weapon • Most over with prior to police arrival, <2 minutes • Many shooters commit suicide when confronted by police

BATH SCHOOL BOMBING

• Bath School Bombing 1927 • Disgruntled employee, opposed school tax • Trigger was losing election for school board • Killed his wife and burned his home and barn • 500 lbs. dynamite destroyed the school (500 lbs. did not detonate) • Then attacked rescuers • Drove a vehicle filled with dynamite to scene • Detonated the vehicle (VBIED) • Killed 45 (most were students), injured 58 persons

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1949

• Howard, Unruh, 28, WM • WWII veteran • Lived with mother • Loner and recluse • Trigger, gate stolen at home • Shot and killed 13 • Shooting lasted 12 minutes • “I'm no psycho. I have a good mind. I'd have killed a thousand if I had bullets enough.”

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TEXAS TOWER One of the earliest active shooter school incidents occurred at the University of Texas on August 1, 1966 when student Charles Whitman shot and killed 15 and wounded 31 from a school tower in the center of the campus. Possible brain tumor as cause. Told therapist he would shoot people from tower.

Charles Whitman

SAN YSIDRO, 1984

• James Huberty, 41, WM security guard • Told wife had mental health issues • Called hotline, call not returned (Trigger) • Told wife going to “hunt humans”* • Told daughter “would not be coming back”* • Drove 200 yards to McDonalds • Pistol, carbine, and shotgun, spare ammunition • Methodically killed customers from infant to 62 years • Shoot victims multiple times, one 48 times, 257 rounds fired over 78 minutes • Killed 21, wounded 11, killed by police marksman

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1999 COLUMBINE

• Two shooters • Illegally obtained firearms • Motive not clear • Wanted to rival Oklahoma City bombing • Multiple prior previous complaints to LE* • Said on web pages had bombs and firearms* • Threats against students and teachers, not reported* • 99 IEDs • Killed 12, wounded 21 • Shooter

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2006

• Goleta, CA, WF, 44 • Forced to retire from postal service three years prior • Mental health issues, possibly racially motivated • Shot and killed former neighbor • Snuck into heavily guarded post office • Took employee’s badge at gunpoint • Used handgun • Shot and killed two in parking lot • Shot and killed four more inside, Total seven killed • Shooter

2000-2015 Active Shooter Events 200 events

Total Casualties 578 killed 696 wounded

Highest Casualty Site-Aurora, CO 12 killed 58 wounded

Highest Fatality Site-Virginia Tech 32 killed 17 wounded Note almost one to one killed versus casualties

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2000-2015 ACTIVE SHOOTER OUTCOMES

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EVENTS PLANNED

• Violent behavior or potential for such is rarely new • Usually patterns of negative thinking, feeling, and behavior are part of the history • Triggers intensify the negative elements • Planning for violent reaction usually takes place over some time (usually weeks, some months, rarely years) • Leakage, during this time, signals, flags, and sometimes threats exist but are rarely seen as serious or are not reported

STAGES

Fantasy* (usually has a relationship with target, roughly 60% of victims know shooter)

Planning* (comfortable with weapons use)

Preparation* (may practice, Cho, Bishop)

Approach (must depend upon infrastructure)

Implementation (must depend on LE response, self rescue) *Leakage, opportunity to prevent the attack

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ENVIRONMENT

• Negative Situations • Personal • Social • Political • Religious • Philisophical • Intense Feelings • Festering Anger • Hostility • Retaliation • Vengeance

THOUGHT PROCESS

• Ideas • “Change is not possible in peaceful way” • “Violence is necessary” • “Violence is justified” • Planning • Weeks/months/years • Violent Behavior • Firearms most likely • May come prepared for extended operations • Handguns common • Long guns second choice • May use IEDs

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IF NO IDEOLOGICAL ISSUES

• Hostile reaction to some frustration, loss, or damage to ego • Self-centered, loner • Desire for vengeance “justifies violence” • Seeks psychological reward through terrorizing others, sees this as “pay back” • Thrilled by power of firearms, bombs, killing, and chaos

PLANNING

• Extra ammunition carried, multiple firearms • Shooter often exhibits cold, calm, and expressionless appearance • Mental rehearsals, practice firing prepare shooter • Avoidance and escape plans almost non-existent • Bishop practiced at pistol range prior to shooting • Cho practiced shooting targets on the ground • Cho brought chains and locks to prevent escape/entry

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EXAMPLE

• Amy Bishop, 44 • History occasionally violent reactions • Murdered brother in 1986 • Investigated for bomb threat • Arrested for assault • Swing between rage and empathy • Lost battle for job tenure • “Always about to explode!”* • Trigger – Denial of Academic Tenure, 2010 • University of Alabama, 3 killed, 3 wounded, shooter arrested, systematically shot coworkers

EXAMPLE

• Seung-Hui Cho, 23 • Ideology – Warfare for Oppressed and Poor • 2007 Virginia Tech - Blacksburg, VA • 32 killed, 23 wounded • Shooter suicide

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CHO LEAKAGE

• Disturbing writings* • Gruesome poems, stories, and plays* • Ignored conversation attempts • Class laughed at him, bullied • Known as “the Question Mark” Kid • Isolated loner • Stalking behavior • Harassing behavior • Manifesto to NBC between first/second shooting

CHO

• Suicidal • Many warning signs missed • Mental health professionals failed • Associates failed to pass on threats • Professors failed to pass on threats • Students failed to pass on threats • Was able to purchase firearms with mental health issues (National changes)

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JARED LEE LOUGHNER REP. GABRIELLE GIFFORD'S SHOOTER

• Pre-Disturbed Normal State 3 years prior to shooting Approx. 2007 • Strange Thinking State 1-2 years prior to shooting • Delusional State Post-Shooting Mug Shot January, 2011

Chris Harper Mercer

Killed nine, wounded seven, committed suicide

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CHRIS HARPER MERCER

• Graduated from school for learning disabled with emotional issues, Asperger's Syndrome, head banger, had a manifesto, said he was hated • Neighbors said odd, “got bad vibes from him,” “seemed unfriendly,“ loner with a grudge • Email Iron Cross 45, Pro IRA, says mixed race • Prepared, took six firearms, wore body armor, three handguns, AR-style rifle, multiple magazines • Mother said he was fascinated with firearms • Obsessed with Satan, did not want die friendless or as a virgin

CHRIS HARPER MERCER POST

• “The material world is a lie…our spiritual development has been halted.” • “Doesn’t Like Religion” • Studied Sandy Hook • Studied TV Reporter shooting, Vester Flannigan • “…people like him are all alone and unknown… when they spill a little blood, the whole world knows who they are…” • “Seems the more people you kill, the more you're in the limelight.” • My success in Hell is assured

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INCIDENTS

• 237 active shooter incidents from 1966 to 2010 • Significant variations among shooters and attack elements • 96% male shooters • Non-school shooters modal age group 35 to 44 years old • 98% carried out by a single attacker • More than half white

Terrorist Significant Mental Health Event Issues

Repeated features: loners, mental health issues, job or school failure, anger issues, obsessed with morbid themes and suicide, attraction to security guard type jobs

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TERRORISM

• San Bernardino Anomaly • Tashfeen Malik, the 27-year-old Pakistani mother who helped kill 14 partygoers at her husband’s workplace in San Bernardino, was an anomaly among mass shooters in two ways: She was part of a pair rather than a lone gunman, and she was a woman. • Terrorists events may not follow typical mass shooting patterns

TERRORISM

• Pulse Nightclub • 49 Killed, wounded 53 • Contact with radical Islam, pledges allegiance to al baghdadi • Multiple weapons

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CHILD KILLERS

• Two middle-schoolers • Andrew Golden, 11, and Mitchell Johnson, 13, pulled a fire alarm to flush students and teachers out of their Jonesboro, Arkansas, middle school on March 24, 1998, and began shooting, killing four girls and a teacher and wounding 10 others. Between them, they had nine guns including two semiautomatic assault pistols. Both were released from prison when they turned 21.

KNIFE ATTACKS JAPAN

• At least 19 people were killed and 26 injured in a stabbing spree at a facility for disabled people west of Tokyo, making it one of Japan's deadliest mass killings since World War II. Nine men and 10 women, ranging in age from 18 to 70, were killed in the attack. Mental health issues. • 37-year-old former janitor entered the school armed with a kitchen knife and began stabbing numerous school children and teachers. He killed eight children, and seriously wounded 15 other children and teachers. Mental health issues.

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GASOLINE

• That was all Julio Gonzalez needed to set the Happy Land social club in Brooklyn on fire in March of 1990. After starting the fire near the entrance, he pulled down the metal gate and left 87 people inside to burn or suffocate to death within minutes. Argument with girlfriend who worked there. • On February 18, 2003, a 56-year-old unemployed taxi driver boarded a subway train in Daegu, South Korea, with the intention of killing himself. He emptied two cartons of gasoline and dropped his lighter, the fire spread quickly throughout the train. The death toll of 133.

MOTIVATION

• Materialism – “Get there what I don’t have here.” Nidal Hasan (Fort Hood shooter) • Religious Salvation – “Sacrifice for Eternity.” Nidal Hassan • Vengeance – “Violence against oppressor.” Seung Hui Cho, Bill Phillips, Amy Bishop, Omar Thornton, Robert Hawkins, Clay Duke • World Order Change – “War for ideology.” (e.g., religion, legal system, government, environmental, social)Anders Breivik, Jared Lee Loughner

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PLANNING AND LOCATION

• Planning tactics range from very little to extensive • Average number of deaths is three • Average number of wounded is 3.6 • Almost 1:1 correlation of wounded to dead • Location of attacks: • 29% school • 23% open commercial • 22% Others, including healthcare and hospitals • 13% office building • 13% factory/warehouse • Homicide leading cause of death for women in the workplace

ALABAMA

• 2012 St. Vincent’s hospital, three shot, one dead • Police officer shot • Gun battle on fifth floor of hospital • At least 12 shots fired • Police kill shooter • 38, white male, handgun • Wife patient, wanted better care for wife • Took unarmed security officer hostage • Had been ejected several hours previous to event* • Said he “would meet his maker”*

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UPS

• UPS shooting Birmingham 2014 • WM, 45, 20 year employee • Previous firings • Fired in months before event • Lost final appeal day before, trigger • One victim his supervisor, kills two • Wore UPS uniform • Used handgun • Committed suicide

UPS SHOOTING

• “This man made people uncomfortable and no one at our facility who knew Joe was caught by surprise,'' said a longtime UPS employee who worked alongside all the men. "It's a shame, because three people are dead and it could have been prevented. The irony is, one of the victims knew, and had been forewarned, that this man possessed the potential to do what he did. He should (along with his superiors) have taken action to prevent this horrible day."

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COPPERTOP BAR SHOOTING 2012

• WM, 44, shoots from two locations • In serious debt, under influence, divorce • Fired day before shootings, trigger • 17 people shot • Fired at least 11 rounds (conflicting accounts) • AK47 style rifle • 45 minutes prior shot another person at a residence • Set three arson fires at former employer • Target is present in the bar

EXAMINE

• Public Facebook pages, web pages • Ask associates and friends with access if they have seen any unusual statements or photographs

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COLLAGE OF PHOTOGRAPHS OBTAINED VIA JEFF WEISE’S INTERNET WEBSITE (RED LAKE, MINNESOTA SCHOOL SHOOTER) NOTE THEMES OF DEATH, NAZI, CHARLES MANSON, FIREARMS AND SUICIDE THEME

THE REASON FOR FAILURE

• No coherent plan to track and assimilate threats • No central reporting point • Failure to educate leadership, employees, students, staff, and faculty

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SUMMARY

• Shooters planned the events • Threats made prior to the event (leakage) • Almost everyone provided warning • Some had mental health issues • Most male, more than half-white male • Suicide or suicide threats common • Wide range of ages • Organization must have culture of reporting • Must have management supported behavioral intervention procedures/team

WHAT YOU MUST DO!

• TRAIN EMPLOYEES TO REPORT BEHAVIOR! • ENTITY MUST REACT TO REPORTS, INVESTIGATE, MITIGATE! • TRAIN EMPLOYEES TO RESPOND! • Management must consider shooters a THREAT! • Establish a notification system • Establish escape plans • Establish refuges • Establish off site assembly points • Exercise the plan • These events are completed in usually less than two minutes!

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RESOURCES

• Videos on YouTube • ALICE – Auburn University • Run, Hide, Fight – Homeland Security Houston, TX • LASO Surviving an Active Shooter*(well made but graphic violence) • Code Silver – Hospital Active Shooter • Homeland Security website Active Shooter Resources • FBI Coming Storm

PROCEDURES AND TRAINING

NEEDED

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PROCEDURES AND NEEDED TRAINING

• Culture of reporting in organization • Definition of reportable behavior • Aggressive • Depressed • Harassing behavior, Title VII • Mechanism and format for reporting behavior • Central reporting point • Procedure for tracking behavior • Procedure for evaluating/correcting behavior (BIT) • Anonymity of reporting ensured

PROCEDURES

• Procedure for initiating an investigation • Method for obtaining witness statements • Procedure employees to assist investigation • Procedure for meeting with and questioning employees • Recording • Witnesses • Documentation • Legal issues are addressed • Garrity • Weingarten • Douglas Disciplinary Actions

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PROCEDURE

• Procedures for pre-discipline meetings • Witnesses • Documentation • Threat assessment prior to meeting • De-escalation of such meetings • Method for suspending employees • Method for banning employees • Notification of security and law enforcement • Distribution of this information • Access controls • Keys • Key fobs

PROCEDURES

• Reporting of active aggressive behavior • Facility wide notification procedure • Lockdown and shelter in place • Evacuate • Combination • Duress codes • Training to provide self protection • Evacuation plans, near and far, assembly points • Accountability plans for employees and visitors • Go Bag, floor plans, keys, rosters, contacts • Emergency contact for employees (offsite location)

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PROCEDURE

• If CCTV available, offsite and onsite access • Prior liaison with law enforcement • Chain of command if supervisors absent • Offsite shelter locations (transportation to/from) • Offsite communications • PIO, press releases in concert with law enforcement • Facility inaccessible as a crime scene, COOP • Employees injured/killed, notifications • Identification of injured/killed • Notification of employees, CISD, schedule

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ACTIVE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

PREVENTION

CULTURE OF REPORTING

• Adopt a culture of reporting and communications • Communications must be upward and downward • Employees must be comfortable making reports • Must assure anonymity • To stop active aggressive behavior • Must have reports • Reports likely from multiple sources • Reports likely minor incidents • Must have single point of contact for reporting • Reports must be reviewed and collated • An assessment must be completed • Consider intervention if warranted

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BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION TEAM

• Take a team approach to perceived or reported threats • Sign non-disclosure agreement • Typical team Members • Human Resources • Management • Risk manager • Law enforcement and security • As needed, a mental health professional • Legal advisor as needed • Consider employee representative

SHOOTERS

• Key is early detection • Detection during planning phase • Detection prior to acquisition of firearms, weapons • Use all available information • Establish a policy on reporting • Establish a policy on behavioral intervention • Establish a behavioral intervention team • Establish a culture of reporting and communicating • Make certain administration and management support the concept

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PRE-EVENT

• Some perceived personal tragedy or failure • Failure is common factor • Event triggers the attack • Unstable personal life common finding • Many had mental health issues • Some taking psychotropic drugs • The events are planned • Some research prior similar events • Some may practice • Look for behavioral changes

TRIGGERS

• Perceived Failures • Inability to care for loved one • Domestic issues, divorce, child custody • Lack of recognition • Failure at work • Discipline at work • Dispute at work or school • Romantic breakup • Bitter dispute culminates, especially in workplace • Loved one critically ill, feels powerless

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EARLY WARNING SIGNS

• Withdrawal • Isolation • Expressing feelings of persecution • Feeling bullied • Lack of interest in work • Loss of interest in routine activities • Poorly controlled anger, history of outbursts • Disciplinary issues occurring • Absenteeism • Threats of violence including written or verbal

ATTACK IMMINENT

• Triggering event has occurred • Suicidal ideation or threats common • Preoccupation with death and morbid themes • Uncontrolled rage • Outbursts regarding minor issues • Collecting or preparing firearms • Practicing • Disposing of personal items

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ACTIONS TO TAKE

• Report(s) received by Behavioral Intervention Team • Determine what prompted the report? • Refer to full behavioral intervention team if needed • Interview the person reporting the behavior • If a the threat is involved • Interview any named in the threat • Determine if any other potential targets • Review any relevant documents • Interview associates as needed • If known and appropriate interview the suspect (usually late in the process)

REVIEW

• Review screening and background • Look for crimes involving violence including misdemeanors, public records check • Poor attendance records • Excessive use of sick leave with no good reason • Lack of financial stability • Prior disputes or terminations • Taking psychotropic medications • History of severe , narcissism, or schizophrenia • Associates are good sources

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QUESTIONS TO ASK

• Is the person troubled? • Exhibited this behavior before • Any known mental health issues • Prior violence or arrests • Military history, access to firearms • Family dynamics, friends, social support • Restraining or protection orders • Showing signs of depression • Does the reporter or associate consider the person a threat or suicidal?

DETERMINE

• Explosive temper, poor impulse control, acts out • Substance or alcohol abuse • Loner who has a “festering anger” • Lack of socialization, isolated • Recent adverse job or personal events • Other stressors such as financial problems or domestic issues, death of loved one • Prior or current disputes with management or fellow workers • Has access to firearms or bomb making materials • Bitter dispute with company or employees

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EXAMINE

• Public Facebook pages, web pages • Ask associates and friends with access if they have seen any unusual statements or photographs

COLLAGE OF PHOTOGRAPHS OBTAINED VIA JEFF WEISE’S INTERNET WEBSITE (RED LAKE, MINNESOTA SCHOOL SHOOTER) NOTE THEMES OF DEATH, NAZI, CHARLES MANSON, FIREARMS AND SUICIDE THEME

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JEFF WEISE, DRESSED IN ALL BLACK WITH HIS HAIR DONE INTO DEVIL HORNS, SHOT AND KILLED NINE INDIVIDUALS.

DETERMINE

• Any prior examples of impulsiveness • Access and proximity to target (if known) • Erratic behavior, substance abuse • Hostile acts • Homicidal or suicidal, Any threats? • Target? • Executives, management, supervisors, coworkers • Symbolic attacks may be against property • Is the threat credible? • If credible, is the threat a crime? • What type intervention is needed?

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ACTIONS

• Terminate or assist? • Is the event a mental health, security or law enforcement issue? • Designate lead agency • Single point of contact with each entity involved • Re-evaluate as needed • Implement protective measures • HR advice and action as needed • Legal advice as needed

ACTIVE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

RESPONSE

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ACTIVE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

• Policies and procedures must be established • Administration must support the policies • Employees must be trained • The response policy • Well thought out • Provide the employee flexibility • Prompt notification • Allow unilateral action • Clear chain of command • Anticipate unique circumstances

EMPLOYEE RESPONSE

• Exit if feasible • From a safe place call 911 • Hide if needed • Lock or barricade door staying of out sight • Seek cover (resistant to bullets) • If possible keep others out of the danger area • If needed, fight for your life • Recommended training videos • DHS Run, Hide, Fight • Code Silver • ALICE, Auburn University • LASO, Surviving an active shooter

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HAVE A PLAN!

• Encourage each employee to have a plan for their workspace • Always know where TWO nearest exits are located • If you see a gun or hear gunfire seek cover • Move to the nearest exit that takes you away from the sound of gunfire, use fire exit or delivery exit • If you cannot escape • Lock yourself and others in a room • Turn off lights and close blinds • Barricade the door and stay out of sight • Silence cellphone and stay quiet • Seek cover behind substantial objects or masonry wall • Call 911 if shooter not nearby • Do not open the door until you confirm police are present

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SHOOTERS DO NOT STOP

• Avoid opening the door unless you are certain you can escape safely • Do not endanger others in the room by rescue attempts • Shooters rarely have entered locked areas • May shoot through the door • Remember most events are over quickly • If 911 called, report location (building, room number), number of people present, any injuries • 911 may be overwhelmed, have a seven digit number

REPORTING SHOOTERS

• If you report the shooter or shooters • Specific location • Number • Race, gender, height, weight • Clothing color and style • Type weapons (pistol, long gun) • Carrying any items? • Backpack present or worn • Any explosions heard? • Number of persons shot or down • Do not endanger anyone to gather information

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POLICE RESPONSE

Injured persons • Initial responding officers will not treat the injured • Officers will bypass those down • Initial responders will not begin evacuation • Law enforcement has one goal – Neutralize or contain the threat • You may need to explain this to others to keep them calm if you are hiding • Once the shooter is contained or neutralized, officers will begin treatment or bring EMS to the injured or remove the injured to EMS • Control bleeding with direct pressure • May have “throw first aid dressings”

EVACUATION

Evacuation • Safety corridors will be established. This may be time consuming (minutes to hours) • Remain in secure areas until instructed otherwise • Follow police instructions • Do not approach officers • Do not yell at officers • You may be instructed to keep your hands over your head with fingers spread • DO NOT CARRY OBJECTS WITH YOU! • You may be handcuffed and searched • You may be detained until interviewed

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ON SITE RESPONSE

• On site medical equipment • Easily made and inexpensive (4X4s, Coban) • Commercial components inexpensive • Commercial kits expensive (ARK) $600 • Establish multiple kits in several locations • Train personnel • Establish casualty collection points • Establish triage areas • Casualty tags, tarps, inclement weather

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