Study on the Integrated Management System of Environment Information

Final Report

28th February 2019

Preface

Saudi Arabia aims to achieve the goals of it’s national vision “Saudi Vision 2030”, by following the three pillars "vibrant society", "thriving economy" and "ambitious nation". One of the six goals under the pillar of "a vibrant society" is to "provide a healthy and fulfilling life" with the sub-targets "to guarantee environmental sustainability", and "to reduce all types of contamination".

In order to realize the goals of the Saudi vision, the The General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection (GAMEP) has begun efforts. In particular, GAMEP is planning to update and expand the environmental monitoring system, which is the basis of grasping environmental problems and environmental improvement. We plan to set up a National Environment Monitoring Center (NEMC), a central organization on environmental monitoring.

Based on the above circumstances, the study team conducted the feasibility study project (hereinafter referred “FS”) with the aim of proposing GAMEP the introduction of “integrated environmental monitoring and management system".

The "integrated environmental monitoring and management system" studied in this FS is a system that forms the basis for GAMEP to accurately grasp the state of the environment in Saudi Arabia and to plan and execute effective environmental policy.

In this FS, we first surveyed the current situation of environmental policies and regulations and environmental monitoring in Saudi Arabia. Next, we drafted the concept of system components and technical specifications necessary for achieving the mission of GAMEP, as well as the concept to provide package of policy planning and execution know-how.

From this point of view, we proposed to introduce the advanced monitoring technology, advanced information management system and network of the Air Quality Monitoring Systems of Japanese companies, and the introduction of Japanese environmental policy know-how as a package .

ii Table of Contents

1． Environment Policy in Saudi Arabia ...... 1

1.1 Basic Information ...... 1 1.1.1 The position of air environment measures in Saudi Vision 2030...... 1 1.1.2 Organization ...... 2 1.1.3 Legal system ...... 3

2． Status Quo of the Environment Monitoring in Saudi Arabia ...... 7

2.1 Basic survey on air environment of major cities (Riyadh, Jeddah, Dammam) ...... 7 2.1.1 Confirmation of pollution source of air environment ...... 7 2.2 Status Quo of the Operation of AQMS ...... 11 2.2.1 Basic Specification of AQMS ...... 11 2.2.2 Operation organization ...... 13 2.2.3 Management of measurement data ...... 14 2.2.4 Directions of solutions based on survey results ...... 15 2.3 Status Quo of the Implementation of CEMS...... 20 2.3.1 Status Quo of the Implementation of CEMS ...... 20 2.3.2 Efforts made at each business site ...... 20 2.4 Status Quo of the Emissions from Automobiles ...... 20 2.5 Status of Quo the Integrated environmental information management system ...... 27 2.6 Calculation of CO2 reduction effect of energy origin by implementing this project ...... 29

3． Proposal for the Integrated Monitoring and Management System ...... 34

3.1 Introduction System Review ...... 34 3.2 Examination of the business size and business profitability of the introduction system ...... 34 3.3 Examination of measures to increase the likelihood of Japanese companies ' orders ...... 34

4． Reporting Meetings ...... 35

4.1 Final Reporting Meeting in Saudi Arabia ...... 35 4.2 Final Reporting Meeting in Japan ...... 35

iii List of Figures

Figure 1-1 GAMEP structure diagram ...... 3 Figure 2-1 Overview of GAMEP’s monitoring stations ...... 9 Figure 2-2 The basic structure of AQMS ...... 11 Figure 2-3 AQMS system integration configuration ...... 16 Figure 2-4 General Publication Flow of AQMS ...... 18 Figure 2-5 Proposed ambient air management scheme ...... 19 Figure 2-6 Highway situation of capital Riyadh (taking a picture in January, 2019) ...... 21 Figure 2-7 Vehicle recognition and sorting function in the software of Fujitsu ...... 24 Figure 2-8 Vehicle recognition and classification example of Citywide Surveillance...... 24 Figure 2-9 Person detection and headcount example of Citywide surveillance ...... 25 Figure 2-10 Calculation and display example of CO2 emissions from surveillance footage ..... 26

iv List of Tables

Table 1-1 Issues and initiatives for "Climate Change and Air Pollution" ...... 1 Table 1-2 Challenges and initiatives in ”Meteorology” ...... 2 Table 1-3 The Ambient Air Quality Standards ...... 4 Table 1-4 Emission standards and thresholds from fixed emission sources ...... 5 Table 2-1 Overview of the MODON-jurisdiction industrial Park ...... 7 Table 2-2 Outline of the competent industrial park...... 8 Table 2-3 Number of measuring stations by area ...... 9 Table 2-4 Air pollutant concentrations and environmental standards in each area (Values measured in 2017) ...... 10 Table 2-5 List of how to use environmental monitoring system to reduce CO2 emissions ...... 30

v List of Abbreviations

This report uses the following abbreviations.

In this report Meaning 3G 3rd Generation telecommunication standard 5G 5th Generation telecommunication standard ADA Arriyadh Development Authority AI Artificial Intelligence AQI Air Quality Index AQMS Air Quality Monitoring System CAPEX Capital Expenditure CCTV Closed Circuit Television CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEMS Continuous Emission Monitoring System CER Certified Emission Reductions DB Data Base GAMEP The General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection HPC High Performance Computing ICT Information and Communication Technology ITS Intelligent Transport Systems MEWA Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture MODON Saudi Authority for Industrial Cities and Technology Zones MRI Mitsubishi Research Institute, INC NEMC National Environment Monitoring Center NES National Environment Strategy OPEX Operating Expense PM Particulate Matter PME General Presidency of Meteorology and Environment Protection RCJY Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu SEC Saudi Electricity Company STC Saudi Telecom Company SWCC Saline Water Conversion Corporation VOC Volatile Organic Compound

vi 1． Environment Policy in Saudi Arabia

1.1 Basic Information

1.1.1 The position of air environment measures in Saudi Vision 2030

Saudi Arabia aims to achieve the goals of it’s national vision “Saudi Vision 2030”, by following the three pillars "vibrant society", "thriving economy" and "ambitious nation". One of the six goals under the pillar of "a vibrant society" is to "provide a healthy and fulfilling life" with the sub-targets "to guarantee environmental sustainability", and "to reduce all types of contamination". Saudi Arabia's government has launched the National Environment Strategy (NES), chaired by the Minister of Environment, Water and Agriculture, as one of the measures to achieve the Saudi Vision 2030. The NES aims to conserve and improve the natural environment of Saudi Arabia from four perspectives: protection of the natural environment, economic sustainability, social welfare, and international presence. In the early stages of the NES, the government of Saudi Arabia has established seven priority areas (Domains), investigating the environmental and meteorological efforts in 57 countries in order to understand the situation in the country and to outline environmental strategies. A short list of twelve countries was created in order to dig deeper into the country's policies and initiatives, which were judged to be particularly good in any of these areas of focus. Although Japan has been selected as a good example in the meteorological field, it has not been mentioned as a reference example in the environmental field. Regarding "Global Warming and Air Pollution" which is one of the major priority areas of the NES, the focus was set on the best practices of the five topics (1) shifting to renewable energy, (2) optimization of road traffic and ground transportation, (3) Reduction of industrial emissions, (4) Reduction of automobile exhaust gas and (5) Expansion of green area. In addition, in the "Meteorology" which is another priority area, the focus was set on the three areas (1) The collection of meteorological data, (2) Modeling and Data Analysis, (3) identification and provision of services suitable for the needs of the domestic market.

Table 1-1 Issues and initiatives for "Climate Change and Air Pollution" Challenges Efforts ① Shift to renewable energy ⚫ A phased transition to renewable energy by the development of solar power plants and wind power plants ② Optimization of land transportation ⚫ Efficiency of transportation and transportation by and ground transportation promoting mass transit methods such as subways and buses ③ Reduction of industrial waste ⚫ Introduction of facilities to reduce emissions from power plants and water stations ⚫ Introduction of incentives to apply more effective measures in the industrial sector ④ Reduction of automobile exhaust gas ⚫ Improving fuel quality ⚫ Providing incentives to use environmentally friendly equipment ⑤ Expansion of green area ⚫ Allocation of land for parks and forests ⚫ Establishment of Green Belt ⚫ Increase in green space Source: National Environment Strategy Executive Summary for the Council of Economic and Development Affairs

1 Table 1-2 Challenges and initiatives in ”Meteorology” Challenges Efforts ① Collecting meteorological data ⚫ Establishment of Meteorological Observatory, Air Quality Observatory and Radar Observatory ⚫ Use of satellite imagery ⚫ Establishment of information management and Analysis Center ② Modeling and data analysis ⚫ Development of weather forecasting system ⚫ Introduction of equipment for modeling ③ Identifying and providing services ⚫ Market Analysis for weather services appropriate to the needs of the ⚫ Review of Weather Services ⚫ Development of information platforms and electronic domestic market applications to provide weather services to the public and customers Source: National Environment Strategy Executive Summary for the Council of Economic and Development Affairs

At the NES, the environmental issues of Saudi Arabia were identified by investigations made to formulate the strategy, and significant progress was made regarding the necessary measures and efforts. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia also highlighted that the ability to implement these efforts was not sufficient. In particular, it points out that there is a lack of capacity to control and monitor the environmental compliance of, especially business operators.

According to the interview with GAMEP, in order to achieve Saudi Vision 2030 and NES, GAMEP will set 20 initiatives and focus on it. Details of 20 initiatives are not disclosed, one of which is the establishment of a monitoring network for the air environment, which shows the utilization rate of AQMS of 90% as a concrete target figure.

1.1.2 Organization

(1) Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture（MEWA）

The Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture has its roots in the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Water and Power. In 2016, the Ministry of Water and Power was abolished, and the role of environment and water resources was transferred to the Ministry of Agriculture at that time. In order to achieve sustainability in the field of environment, water and agriculture, the development and application of a comprehensive policy and effective strategy are the main roles. It is also one of the purposes of promoting public-private partnerships in each field. There are eight directorates in MEWA, including the Directorate of Environment, the Directorate of Waters and the Directorate of Agriculture. In the past, the environmental field was covered by the General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection (GAMEP) described below, but it is positioned as a additional organization under MEWA since a reorganization of ministries, and some functions and authority are transferred to MEWA.

(2) The General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection（GAMEP）

The predecessor of the General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection (GAMEP), the General Presidency of Meteorology and Environment Protection was made in 2001 by a large- scale reconfiguration. The introduction and management of the environmental management system was put under its jurisdiction at that time. In 2016, the name was changed to the current General Authority of Meteorology and Environmental Protection.

2 In the field of meteorology, GAMEP is the national authority responsible for providing weather and climate monitoring, forecasting and warning information services for other government authorities, the private sector, the research community and the general public. In the field of environment, they are given the duty and authority to observe and evaluate the state of the environment, to develop observation means and tools for collecting information, and to conduct environmental investigations. In addition, GEMP is permitted to regulate environmental regulations related to the scope of responsibility and to manage the observance of environmental regulations, standards and guidelines in cooperation with relevant organizations. Since the establishment of MEWA, it has been positioned as a lower organization of MEWA, the review of the jurisdiction has been made, there are many parts that are not currently in doubt. The field of air environment is currently under the jurisdiction of GAMEP.

Figure 1-1 GAMEP structure diagram Source: GAMEP website

1.1.3 Legal system

The legal system centering on the governing law system concerning mainly on the air environment was surveyed.

(1) Air pollution laws and regulations

In Saudi Arabia, in the "Article 32 of the Basic Law of Governance adopted in 1992, "the state We are committed to environmental protection, protection and development and measures to prevent environmental pollution. " In 2001, "General Environmental Law" was enacted, and under article 3 of the Act, the Meteorological Environment Protection Agency (MEPA), the predecessor of GAMEP, was established as a competent government office. The agency was entrusted with the establishment of standards for environmental regulation and environmental protection within the affairs jurisdiction

3 range. The General Environmental Regulations and their Implementation Rules (the Presidency of Meteorology and Environment: PME), which was established by MEPA and MEPA as the predecessor of the Meteorological Environment Supreme Conference Environmental regulations and its Rules for Implementation) "is a concrete set of environmental and emission standards in Appendix 1 (Document number 1409-01) of the "Implementation Rules". This appendix 1 is "Environmental standards: General air quality standards (Environmental Standards, Ambient-level): ' ES/Ambient air '" and " Environmental standards: Emissions management from fixed sources to the atmosphere (Environmental Standards, control of Emissions to air from Stationary Sources): ' ES/Emission ' has been revised and enforced since March 24, 2012.

(2) Environmental standards (Ambient Air Quality Standards)

The Ambient Air Quality Standards is as shown in table below, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, benzene, PM10, PM2.5, ozone, and 9 kinds of hydrogen sulfide substances are targeted as air pollutants. Besides, the number of times that are allowed to exceed the average period of one hour value(s) except some substances, and the limit values for each are defined.

Table 1-3 The Ambient Air Quality Standards Limit value Times of allowable Air pollutants Average period μg/Nm（ppm） exceedance

10,000 (8.1) 8 hours None Carbon monoxide 40,000 (32) 1 hour None Lead 0.5 (0.00005) 1 year None 660 (0.35) 1 hour Twice in 30 days Nitrogen dioxide 100 (0.05) 1 year None 730 (0.28) 1 hour Twice a year Sulfur dioxide 365 (0.14) 24 hours Once in a year 80 (0.03) 1 year None Benzene 5 (0.0015) 1 year None 340 24 hours 24 times in a year PM10 80 1 year None 35 24 hours 24 times in a year PM2.5 15 1 year None 235 (0.12) 1 hour Twice in 30 days Ozone 157 (0.08) 8 hours Twice in seven days 150 (0.1) 24 hours Ten times a year Hydrogen sulfide 40 (0.03) 1 year None Source: Appendix A – Prescribed concentrations and values, Environmental Standards, Ambient Air Quality, PME

4 (3) Emission standards (Air Pollution Source Standard)

The target substances of emission standards pertaining to fixed emission sources are classified into specific air pollutants, particularly highly toxic substances, carcinogenic substances, organic substances, inorganic substances (solids), inorganic substances (gases/vaporizers), volatile organic compounds (VOC), and the substances are further subdivided into each class1. As a specific criterion, (a) General emission standards (the Normal Limit Values) and (B) air pollution for each substance to be discharged is a standard for a serious place (the Degraded airshed Emission Limits) have been prescribed. In response to these criteria, also the threshold (threshold) is set for each discharge material, the emission criteria are applied in the case of exceeding this threshold2. These criteria and thresholds are as shown in the table below.

Table 1-4 Emission standards and thresholds from fixed emission sources Threshold Classification Emission standards (ug/Nm3) values Comments (g/hr) (A) Normal (B) Degraded airsheds Specific Air

Pollutants Over PM10 150 100 500 background conditions Particulate matter Over 50 25 100 background (PM2.5) conditions

Dioxins and Furans 0.0001 0.0001

Sox 600 400 1000 NOx 500 350 1000 Extremely toxic

substances Class I 0.05 0.05 0.02

Class I and II 0.1 0.1 0.5 Carcinogenic

substances Class I 0.1 0.05 0.5 Class I and II 1 0.5 5 Class I, II and III 3 1 25 Organic substances Class I 40 20 25

Class I and II 150 100 100 Inorganic substances

1 A list of target substances is shown in the reference material. 2 Article IV – Point source emission controls, 1), d), Environmental Standards, Control of Emissions to Air From Stationary Sources, PME

5 Threshold Classification Emission standards (ug/Nm3) values Comments (g/hr) (solid) Class I 0.2 0.05 1 Class I and II 1 0.5 5 Class I, II and III 5 1 25 Inorganic substances

(gas/vapor) ClassI I 3 0.5 10 Source: Appendix A – Prescribed concentrations and values, Environmental Standards, Control of Emissions to Air From Stationary Sources, PME

6 2． Status Quo of the Environment Monitoring in Saudi Arabia

The status quo of environmental monitoring in Saudi Arabia was surveyed based on the field and literature survey..

2.1 Basic survey on air environment of major cities (Riyadh, Jeddah, Dammam)

The study team surveyed the current air pollution situation in major cities based on the data provided by GAMEP and visits to relevant organizations.

2.1.1 Confirmation of pollution source of air environment

(1) Industrial structure and location

1）MODON Jurisdiction Industrial Park

There are currently 35 complexes (including those under planning phase) in the MODON (Saudi Authority for Industrial Cities and Technology Zones) jurisdiction. The outline of the industrial park was shown in the table below.

Table 2-1 Overview of the MODON-jurisdiction industrial Park Number of Year Industrial park Surface (ha) companies/factories incl. established under construction Riyadh 1st 1934 50 63 Riyadh 2nd 1976 1,900 1091 Riyadh 3rd 2010 100 17 Jeddah 1st 1971 1,200 1,073 Jeddah 2nd 2009 800 271 Jeddah 3rd 2012 8,000 522 Dammam 1st 1973 250 171 Dammam 2nd 1978 250 1051 Dammam 3rd 2012 4,850 160 Makkah Al-Mukarrama 1985 73 73 Al Qassim 1st 1980 150 135 Qassim 2nd 2012 400 25 Al-Ahsa 1st 1981 150 147 Al-Ahsa 2nd 2013 30,000 24 Madina Al-Munawwara 2003 1,700 239 Al-Kharj 2009 9,900 343 Sudair 2009 26,500 304 Al-Zulfi 2010 1,800 14 Shaqraa 2011 1,000 29 Durma 2013 1,150 12 Ha'il 2003 388 101 Tabuk 2003 400 68 Ar'ar 2009 200.0119 14

7 Number of Year Industrial park Surface (ha) companies/factories incl. established under construction Al-Jouf 2003 75 N/A Assir 1990 270 150 Jazan 2009 3,900 56 Najran 2003 760 36 Al-Baha 1st 2012 300 19 Al-Baha 2nd 2012 300 19 Hafr Al-Batin 2012 10,000 15 4.5 billion the investment of the riyals and planned Wa'ad Al-Shammal In planning 44,000 development and construction Al-Ahsa 2013 54.3431 20 (MODON Oasis)3 Jeddah 2015 500 24＋24 under construction (MODON Oasis) Al-Qassim 2014 74 Under construction (MODON Oasis) Al-Jouf an Yanbu N/A 300 6 (MODON Oasis) Source: MODON Website; https://www.modon.gov.sa/en/aboutmodon/Pages/about_modon.aspx

2）RCJY Jurisdiction Industrial Park

In addition to MODON, RCJY (Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu), which is also responsible for the industrial park in Saudi Arabia, have industrial parks. The following is an overview of the industrial park of the RCJY jurisdiction.

Table 2-2 Outline of the competent industrial park Number of Year Industrial park Surface（ha） companies/factories incl. established under construction

Jubail II 2023 6,200 N/A

Running (129) Under construction(34) In planning (34) Yanbu N/A N/A In the agreement (8) (Until the end of FY2017） RAS AL- N/A N/A N/A KHAIR JAZAN 2006 10,600 N/A Source: RCJY Website; https://www.rcjy.gov.sa/en-US/Riyadh/Pages/default.aspx

3 A female-only industrial park developed by Modon

8 (2) Status of environmental pollution

In Saudi Arabia, the status of air pollution is grasped by a total of 80 measuring stations, consisting of 66 fixed stations and 14 mobile stations. The entire region of Saudi Arabia is divided into eight areas, with approximately 10 measuring stations in each area.

Table 2-3 Number of measuring stations by area No. Area Stationary station Mobile station 1 Jeddah 17 3 2 Riyadh 10 4 3 Eastern Province 8 2 4 Mecca 6 1 5 Medina 5 1 6 Tabuk 6 1 7 Quassim 7 1 8 Hail 7 1 Total 66 14 Source: GAMEP Annual Report 2017

Figure 2-1 Overview of GAMEP’s monitoring stations

Comment: Red circles indicate the major monitoring stations Source: GAMEP website (accessed on 7th Jan. 2019) ; https://www.pme.gov.sa/ar/Environment/airquality/pages/AQ-Dashboard.aspx

9 5 substances of air pollutants including SO2 (Sulfur dioxide), NO2 (Nitrogen dioxide), PM10 (Particulate matter 10), O3 (Ozone), and CO (Carbon monoxide), are measured. All air pollutants’ concentration, except that of PM10, have declined recently. The concentration of PM10 is still high and exceeds the regulatory standards (80 micrograms per cubic meter). The cause of high PM10 value has not been explicitly indicated by GAMEP.

Table 2-4 Air pollutant concentrations and environmental standards in each area (Values measured in 2017) Jeddah Riyadh Eastern Mecca Medina Tabuk Quassim Hail Regulatory Province standards (Reference) SO2 27 19 23 33 12 24 13 4 80

NO2 40 44 6 29 28 24 36 49 100

PM10 105 142 - 125 103 96 116 140 80

O3 47 64 57 46 55 60 47 50 -

CO 1.2 1.1 1.4 1 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.5 -

Unit: micrograms per cubic meter Source: Created by MRI from GAMEP Annual Report 2017

10 2.2 Status Quo of the Operation of AQMS

For the AQMS which GAMEP is operating and planning to replace and expand in the future, we surveyed the current management situation.

2.2.1 Basic Specification of AQMS

(1) The existing air environment monitoring network

As shown in .

Table 2-1, in Saudi Arabia, AQMS is divided into 8 (eight) phases, mainly in urban areas, 66 fixed stations and 14 mobile stations throughout the country, and a total of 80 measuring stations are operated. Manufacturers of measuring equipment is basically from France and Australia and it seems that they were delivered by each Saudi local agents. As a result of interviewing GAMEP and site visit to their some measurement stations, the basic structure of AQMS introduced at each stage is as shown in the below figure.

Fixed Station Fixed Station Closed GAMEP HQ Fixed Station Network (Jeddah)

Mobile Station

Figure 2-2 The basic structure of AQMS

The issues that could be confirmed here and the points where there is room for improvement are the following 3 (three) points.

1) System integration between AQMS introduced in each period has not been done and centralized management of measurement results has not been completed. 2) Completed drawing of AQMS introduced in each period were not take over , the purpose of introduction, the grounds for placement / item basis, the timing of introduction, detailed system configuration are unknown, thus it prevents to system integration and formulation of maintenance plan. 3) Regarding the number of AQMS allocations, it has not reached the density as developed countries.

As for these issues and improvement points, we confirmed that they also agreed with the recognition of GAMEP at the on-site visit.

(2) Measurement items

Based on the documents provided by GAMEP, the results of aggregating the number of arrangement by observation items are shown in table below. In addition to the 5 (five) items for which environmental standards reported in GAMEP Annual Report 2017 are set, PM 2.5 (fine particulate matter), NH 3 (ammonia), H 2 S (hydrogen sulfide), VOCs (volatile organic compound), HC (Hydrocarbons) air pollutants have been added. In addition, weather 6 elements (wind direction / wind

11 speed, temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and air pressure) are also observed at all measurement stations.

Table 2-1 Measurement items Introduction number list

2

Measuremen 2 4

t Item

10 2.5 3

S / SO / S

3 2

CO NO / NOx PM PM SO / SOx O NH H NMVOCs / VOCs Hydrocarbons Meteorology Number 80 80 80 10 80 80 70 76 70 70 80 introduced Introduction 100 100 100 13 100 100 88 95 88 88 100 rate % % % % % % % % % % % Standard of ✔ ✔ ✔ N/A ✔ ✔ N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Environment NO2

Source) GAMEP provided information

The issues that could be confirmed here and the points where there is room for improvement are the following 2 (two) points.

1) While the purpose and evidence are unclear, there are tendencies to introduce many types of measuring instruments and there is room for cost reduction 2) In recent years, the establishment of the monitoring system of PM 2.5 where environmental standards are introduced in each country has been delayed.

As for these issues and improvement points, we confirmed that they also agreed with the recognition of GAMEP at the on-site visit.

12 2.2.2 Operation organization

(1) Maintenance of AQMS

As a result of interviewing GAMEP on the maintenance and management organization of AQMS, they adopted a method of entrusting it to a private company. A three-year contract with collective maintenance of 80 measuring stations has been started since September 2018. Also, with the arrangement of GAMEP, we visited the measuring stations (Bani-Malik Fixed Station and Mobile Station) near the HQ of GAMEP, we were able to interview about the maintenance method, management method and how to manage quality record with old trustee (name unknown) and the current trustee (AEC: Advanced Electronics Company). Although the content of the contract concluded by the contractor is unknown, as a result of interviewing both sides, we have confirmed the essential issues in terms of quality control, shown in the table below.

Table 2-2 Main results of AQMS maintenance management organization Question Answer from GAMEP Answer from trustee 6 people in each of the 7 branch 5 (Five) people with 1(one) Number of staff at 80 AQMS of GAMEP, in total 42 people leader and 4(four) technicians required Quality audit implementation Once a year required [[Not grasp the situation]] status According to the manual Calibration method According to the manual ※Standard gas is made by Allah Hashim Company Submit hard copy in the past, Maintenance record N/A and submit online currently Support of instrument Supply of parts is slow or Recognition issue manufacturer unavailable them

The issues that could be confirmed here and the points where there is room for improvement are the following 2 (two) points.

1) The management system of GAMEP itself has not been developed and ownership as an project owner has not been implemented. As a result, supervision and guidance to the contractor is stalled. 2) Since the trustee is not an official agent of the measuring equipment maker, the troubleshooting ability is limited. In addition, the concern of maintenance concentrates on the mechanical and electrical behavior of measuring instruments, and the understanding of the measurement result of air pollutants is lacking.

Based on the results of the field confirmation, GAMEP recognizes that problems are occurring in terms of quality control, but it is not possible to find a solution to that problem for GAMEP. It can be said that the quality and capacity of GAMEP itself has room for improvement both in quality and quantity.

13 (2) Operation ratio of AQMS

33 Measuring station (48%), something has occurred. It seems that due to insufficient maintenance and management system, the restoration work is not catching up. Currently, GAMEP plans a data acquisition rate of 90%. On the other hand, in both cases, it is considered to be a very high level challenge under the current maintenance and management system, and it can be said that it is necessary to firstly look at feasible lines when setting the target.

Table 2-3 Current operating status of measuring instruments Communication AQM not in Analyzer under Type of troubles problem Operation maintenance Number of 2 / 69 6 / 69 25 / 69 stations Trouble ratio 3% 9% 36%

Source) Created based on GAMEP provided information

2.2.3 Management of measurement data

(1) Flow of data collection to publication

Regarding the measurement result of AQMS, there is a system in which content to which Air Quality Index is mapped is published from time to time on the GAMEP website. Meanwhile, it is not in a mechanism that makes the results of all measurement stations be published in real time, and the contents of the public announcement fluctuate each time it accesses. The issues that could be confirmed here and the points where there is room for improvement are the following 2 (two) points.

1) As a result of confirming the GAMEP publication site several times, it seems that there is a factor of instability in the collection system of the measurement result, not the application software system. 2) There is no system for GAMEP to regularly confirm the publication status of measurement results.

In consideration of the significance of AQMS, it is essential that the mechanism for announcing the results of measurement at real-time contributes to the benefits of residents, and it is necessary to raise GAMEP's awareness about the security of its mechanism.

(2) Efforts to secure the reliability of data

Air pollution data obtained by AQMS contains error values due to various factors, and it is essential to ensure data reliability by appropriately excluding them. As an example, in Japan, according to the air pollution continuous monitoring manual published by the Ministry of the Environment Japan, maintenance records, past statistical information, data screening based on a comparison between adjacent measurements stations are performed as essential tasks. These fundamental mechanisms are in place in all developed countries The issues that could be confirmed here and the points where there is room for improvement are the

14 following 2 (two) points.

1) It is necessary to develop a mechanism related to data management, such as data screening

method and error value exclusion criteria.

2) GAMEP does not have a system for data screening.

As a goal of GAMEP, it is very meaningful to have an intention to build a reliable AQMS with a data exchangeable level of international air pollution. For that purpose, GAMEP needs to maintain the data management system reliably.

2.2.4 Directions of solutions based on survey results

(1) Organization of AQMS management issues and GAMEP requests

Table 2-9 shows the issues of the results of investigating the operational situation of AQMS and the results of organizing the requests of GAMEP, through the interviewing with GAMEP, organizing information provided, organizing AQMS on-site inspections.

Table 2-4 list of AQMS management issues and GAMEP requests Area Issues raised by GAMEP a. Whole integration of AQMS is not done 1) The existing air environment b. Technical specifications of AQMS are not inherited monitoring network c. The number of AQMS from the viewpoint of national land and population is smaller than that of developed countries a. Many measuring instruments are uniformly introduced 2) Measurement Item b. Monitoring system of PM 2.5 is not maintained a. The management system of GAMEP is not in place 3) Operation Organization b. GAMEP has challenges to contractor quality a. The management system of GAMEP is not in place 4) Flow of data collection to b. GAMEP has challenges on the system stability of the publication publication site 5)Efforts to secure the reliability a. The management system of GAMEP is not in place data b. GAMEP does not have procedures for data quality control

(2) Direction of solution

1） The existing air environment monitoring network

As mentioned above, AQMS in GAMEP is procured separately in the 8 phases, but since integration between these systems is not done, troubles have occurred in the management of daily AQMS, GAMEP recognizes it as a challenges for them. As a solution to these problems, it is rational to construct an environmental information management system that considers each AQMS procured separately in the 8 phases as a subsystem, and it should be integrated management system on the upper level.

15

Future Development Scope

Integrated Environment Management System

Application Interface

DB DB DB

1st Phase AQMS 2nd Phase AQMS ･･･ 8th Phase AQMS

Figure 2-3 AQMS system integration configuration

Next, in the procurement of AQMS, delivery specifications or finished drawing books are delivered from manufacturers of any measurement equipment. Since these are usually paid in hard copy, when the person in charge of GAMEP changes, the management of this book can not be handled and technical specifications are not inherited. Regarding these issues, it is important to electronically manage such as introduction of electronic delivery systems and soft copy storage of various books in the GAMEP site. Finally, with regard to the number of installed AQMS, GAMEP intends to prepare density as developed countries. However, there are no international standards on the number of placements. Here, as a reference, the below table shows the result of comparing the number of AQMS installed in some developed countries.

Table 2-5 Number of AQMS installed in developed countries Number of installed Number AQMS per Source of AQMS population Review of air environment monitoring approach Committee: On the way of air Japan(2005) 2,101 1 station/60,000 environmental monitoring - Report -, Heisei era 2005 Concept and practicality of proper placement US(2008) Apx.4,000 1 station/75,000 of real-time monitoring stations Heisei era 2008, Noritaka, Kataya AIR POLLUTION MONITORING IN Germany(1997) 467 1 stations /175,000 EUROPEPROBLEMS AND TRENDS https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92- France(1997) 875 1 station /66,000 9167-058-8 (1997) Saudi 80*1) 1 station/412,000 Based on GAMEP provided information Arabia(2018) *1) Number of AQMS under the direct control of GAMEP. Excludes AQMS owned by local governments and industrial estate.

AQMS is established mainly from the viewpoint of preventing the influence of air pollutants on human health. Therefore, paying attention to the ratio with the population, there are variations among countries in developed countries, one station is installed at approximately 100,000 people. With this installation density as the standard, in Saudi Arabia with a population of 32 million people it is

16 necessary to set up more than 300 stations together with AQMS owned by each municipality and industrial estate in order to achieve the AQMS installation density as comparable to developed countries . It is necessary to increase a considerable number of stations even under the direct control of GAMEP.

2） Measurement Items

In most of the AQMS currently operated by GAMEP, most measurement equipment are uniformly introduced. In general, the type of measurement equipment is different depending on its installation purpose, and there is room for improvement even in view of maintenance and management cost. There are three categories in Japan: Ambient station, Roadside air pollution station and characteristic station. In the EU there are four categories: Urban Background, Traffic Hot-spot, Industrial Hot-spot (Urban or Rural), and Regional. Measurement equipment to be introduced is selected according to the purpose of each installation. Therefore, in GAMEP, it is necessary to segment the purpose of installation first. Next, when selecting an update or a new installation, select measurement equipment. As a result, it can be expected to improve the cost-effectiveness of AQMS. In addition, concerning PM 2.5, there is concern about its health effects globally in recent years, according to GAMEP, an increase in asthma patients is also reported in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, even in GAMEP, it is desirable to preferentially introduce measurement equipment of PM 2.5 at the time of renewal or new installation.

3）Operation Organization

As mentioned above, there is still room for improvement in the operating organization of GAMEP’s AQMS, and although it is recognized that GAMEP needs improvement, there is no appearance that some activity is underway at present. To maintain AQMS properly, guidelines for guaranteeing plan and quality, and budget for supporting it are essential. The below table lists examples of activities that should be improved as GAMEP.

Table 2-6 Example of AQMS operation organization improvement activity Phase Example of activity a. Maintenance of air pollution continuous monitoring manual for Saudi Arabia PLAN b. Introduction of a certification system for measuring instruments c. Introduction of engineer training program and certification system a. Securing operation staff and technical education DO b. Direct support contract from measuring equipment manufacturer a. Improvement of audit capacity of supervisory staff of GAMEP, enhancement of audit system CHECK b. Construction of standard substance control system c. Reliable preservation of quality records, review a. Organizing a quality assessment/review meeting for continuous improvement ACTION b. Securing the next budget

4）The flow of data collection to publication

Data measured by AQMS are gathered from the stations to the center, then informed to the residents

17 in real time, reports are made to the policy planning authorities after undergoing verification work for sustainable air quality management. In Saudi Arabia, a basic framework from data collection to publication has already been established. As a next step, it is necessary to effort the enhancement of each stage, specifically the stabilization of the public system and the quality improvement of the final report value by standardization of the data verification process. For that purpose, it is essential to secure the number of staff and technical education and to strive to secure the budget that supports it.

All AQMSs

Integrated Environment Management System

DB (Raw Data) Validation process

DB (Validated Data)

Real-time Publishing Official Publishing (Raw Data) (Validated Data)

On the Website To Senior Authorities

Figure 2-4 General Publication Flow of AQMS

5）Efforts to secure the reliability data

As mentioned above, the air pollution data acquired by AQMS contains error values due to various factors, and it is essential to ensure data reliability by appropriately excluding it. For reference, the Japan Air Pollution Real-time Monitoring Manual is required to conduct verification work from roughly three viewpoints. These operations are called a screening operation.

Table 2-7 AQMS data screening work in Japan Phase Example of activity Automatic calibration work, inspection work for maintenance, reliable, missing Inspection processing of time attributable to measuring instruments, implementation of data result completion processing screening Confirm whether operation parameters of measuring devices have been within the permissible range When the measurement data of AQMS are subjected to statistical processing at regular Statistical intervals, periodicity associated with seasons and time variations can be seen. screening Therefore, a threshold value is set from the past data and statistical verification processing such as whether or not the threshold value is exceeded is performed Measurement data of AQMS depends not only on the source but also on the regional Regional weather conditions. The relationship between neighboring measuring stations or screening between other items of the same station is found beforehand, and a verification

18 process is carried out from the viewpoint of whether or not deviating from the relationship

As far as the interview survey to GAMEP, verification work as described above is not clearly stated in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, the introduction of the data screening process described above is indispensable to construct reliable AQMS at a level that contributes to international air pollution data exchange. It is necessary for the GAMEP staff to educate themselves concerned about this point.

6）Development of air environment management scheme

According to the information provided by GAMEP, the establishment plan of the National Environment Monitoring Center (NEMC) is being considered for strengthening and maintaining the management system of AQMS. Meanwhile, GAMEP has not yet examined the functions to be provided, the quality and quantity of necessary human resources, the type of equipment, and many discussions are still needed to realize it. Here, we propose the scheme shown in the figure below on the role that NEMC should take in order to support appropriate air quality management administration from the Japanese knowledge. This is a model of a system that unified takes the measures listed in each item of 1) to 5).

MEWA

National Env. Vision, Status Report (by Monitoring), Master Plan, etc. Strategic Scenario (by Modeling), etc. GAMEP NEMC Monitoring Team

CEMS & AQMS Operation Guideline (including Technical Std. Manual); Audit Standardization of Monitoring & Analysis Method, Std. Substance & QA/QC Audit Lab., Cert. System of Technician & Analyzer, Data Com. Protocol & API, etc. CEMSs AQMSs Data Data (Biz. Sector) (Outsourcing)

Data ---> Simulation Enhancement; Optimization; Regulation, Criteria, Regulation, Criteria, Technical Support, Monitoring Location & Incentive, etc. Result Item, etc.

GAMEP NEMC Modeling Team

Simulation Model (WRF | CMAQ) Meteorological Observation Data

Figure 2-5 Proposed ambient air management scheme

19 2.3 Status Quo of the Implementation of CEMS

GAMEP is planning to mandate private sectors to install CEMS in the future to monitor continuously emitted air pollutants from each business site. Investigation of what will be required will be decided throughout meetings with GAMEP and business sites.

2.3.1 Status Quo of the Implementation of CEMS

To enforce regulations, evaluating the system integration and improving regulations between GAMEP`s system and the system on the business operator`s side are to be considered. At present, as there are no obligations to submit monitored values of fixed sources, business operators will be requested to submit data in order to have an accurate grasp of the current situation. From April 2019 onwards, regulations will be implemented and Real-Time Monitoring will be carried out.

2.3.2 Efforts made at each business site

To confirm the situation at each site, we visited Saudi Electricity Company Shoaiba Power Plant （SEC）, Saline Water Conversion Corporation Jeddah Plant（hereafter SWCC）, MODON (Industrial Estate Authority), Jeddah 2nd Industrial City located in the suburbs of Jeddah and MODON Riyadh 2nd Industrial City located in Riyadh.

2.4 Status Quo of the Emissions from Automobiles

The railway and the public transportation infrastructure maintenance are rapidly advanced in Saudi Arabia. The car, the microbus, and the large-scale truck are the majority for the movement of the person in the city and between the urban areas and the distribution of goods. The number of vehicles for each population and the traffic of capital Riyadh and the major city (ex. Jeddah, Mecca, Dammam) show the tendency to increase. Therefore air pollution with car's (private and commercial) traffic jams and the exhaust gases is made a social problem in the urban area. The applicability of a new monitoring methodology of the exhaust gas a large-scale transportation sector, especially in the arterial highway (expressway etc.) in the major city part is investigated here. The method is to do the analysis of data that uses the AI technology based on the surveillance footage. The exhaust gas estimation model making is done to the number of vehicles, the vehicle type of the car, and the exhaust gas calculation the function and making various specs of the car that is related (fuel and fuel cost coefficient) a coefficient.

(1) Research of vehicle traffic amount data and CO2 emission

1） Traffic and congestion situation of Saudi major city part

The image that took a picture of the traffic jam situation of the capital Riyadh in the highway when the research is executed in several days, the numbers or places is shown below. All lanes, cars, and taxis are running in a high density in the place where the research execution was done though about the confluence part on the expressway (elevated line) in three lanes (six lanes in total) in one way where the influence of the pedestrian in the signal and the crosswalk, etc. is not received and roads. The car becomes remarkable by the time zone (morning and evening) on the weekday the traffic jam in the town and exists in the situation in which it stops and it stays in the same place in some time

20 fixed time.

Figure 2-6 Highway situation of capital Riyadh (taking a picture in January, 2019)

Traffic (transport rate of the car) according to a day of the week and the time of capital Riyadh was interviewed to the person in charge of ADA. Moreover, it researched while actually moving in the town by car in the locale. In the Middle East nations including Saudi Arabia, the business day is to Thursdays from Sunday. Friday and Saturday are holiday. Moreover, business hours in the government office is from about 8 AM to 3:30 PM in the weekday as for the business hour of Saudi Arabia. Though it was not possible to acquire up to a detailed number of vehicles (ratio of each vehicle type) while local staying, Sunday morning (Around 7 AM ~ 10AM) when the week dawned and information of being likely intense traffic and the traffic jam in the Riyadh urban area, and to require about three about twice-times at the time that was able usually to be moved on the afternoon (Around 2 PM ~ 4 PM) of weekend (Thursday) was obtained in the hearing from ADA. The traffic jam obtained information that the car was able to be moved at few steady speeds on the other hand at the time zone at the morning of holiday (Friday and Saturday). The number of vehicles that passes obviously was able to be a little on the weekend (Friday and Saturday), to recognize the traffic jam in get congested intense on Sunday morning while not possible even to be crossed road, and to recognize easing in the place where it is not only capital Riyadh but also is a similar situation in the major city part, and Jeddah where it stayed while visiting GAMEP.

2） The method of calculating the CO2 emission of the car

The following formula for calculation can be used as a method of calculating the CO2 emission from the transportation sector of the urban area according to the document of the municipality in Japan.

21 CO2 Emission（KgCO2）＝

Σ｛Traffic（Number of vehicle）×Moving distance（km） ×CO2 Emission intensity（KgCO2/Number of vehicle・km）｝

In addition, the CO2 emission can be calculated by using the parameter coefficient (The unit: KgCO2/L) that is called fuel efficiency of the movement car of each one (Fuel Efficiency: unit km/L) and emission factor when paying attention to the CO2 emission intensity.

CO2Emission（KgCO2）＝ Σ｛Traffic（Number of vehicle）×Moving distance (km) ×Emission factor（KgCO2/L）÷ Fuel Efficiency (km/L）｝

Therefore, when the CO2 emission is requested by the above-mentioned calculation method, the number of motor vehicles count and the vehicle ride distance a day (mean running speed) are needed. Moreover, the numerical value that the movement car of each one manufacturer has opened the fuel cost efficiency to the public by the specification of the model and each manufacturer of the car exists. A new technology application to calculate the CO2 emission of the car by adopting the average fuel cost coefficient of "Car (compact car and van)", "Bus", "Track", and "Motorcycle" as a classification so that this research may request the CO2 emission calculation of the car as a rough estimate is researched.

(2) Examination of method of calculating CO2 emission of car by surveillance camera image analysis

1） Traditional vehicle counting system It is necessary to understand the number of vehicles as traffic for the CO2 emission calculation of the car. It is a main current to count the number of vehicles by setting up apparatus for dedicated device (infrared ray sensor etc.) in the ceiling in the building and on the road pole so far for the count of the number of vehicles in traffic and the transportation sector. As for these apparatus for uses, the new product and service are provided as each manufacturing vender the market price of the product generates work and a cost respectively special in consolidating, the management of data acquired from the material and the sensor for the equipment installation, and the maintenance of measuring apparatus though is advanced the price cutting. In this research, it focus to the image analysis (AI technology) that grow up the main current of the digital society in the future different from a traditional technology,

2） Trend of surveillance camera market in city and transportation sector

Small surveillance camera (CCTV: Closed Circuit Television) is installed in a lot of places in the

22 city (in the buildings and outside, the road, the shop, and the station). Those have been used for crime prevention, disaster prevention, to measure, and to record. As for the use purpose of the surveillance camera, security that secures the resident's safety and safety by the public institution, the municipality, and the local operation person is to focus on. It is assumed the grasp of traffic and congestion and records when the incident is generated the traffic accident and is used in the transportation sector. The surveillance camera is installed with a case almost current in the intersection, and the charge payment gate of the main arterial highway.

3）Surveillance image analysis using AI technology

In the situation where many surveillance cameras are installed throughout the cities around the world, we will research and examine methods to enable calculation of automobile CO 2 emissions using surveillance camera images Fujitsu who is the ICT vender is offering smart city surveillance solution "FUJITSU Technical Computing Solution GREENAGES Citywide Surveillance V2 (Hereinafter abbreviated as Citywide Surveillance)" for Japan-domestic and the overseas branch. Citywide Surveillance has recognition and the attribute sorting function concerning "Vehicle" and "Person" to the image and the image of which the surveillance camera installed in the town. It explains the function related to "Vehicle" of Citywide Surveillance in the beginning. The vehicle recognition and classification function of Citywide Surveillance is to recognize vehicles from camera images and images and classify and record the car attributes (car, Bus, Truck, Motorcycle etc.), car type/manufacturer, the vehicle it can. It also has a vehicle number plate recognition and analysis function in Japan / overseas. Furthermore, it has a function to realize the number of vehicles by recognizing stagnation/passage in areas/places (lines) set in advance on the road for roads/intersections. There are various types of vehicles and manufacturers that run in major cities of Saudi Arabia, and number plates (character and figures) are different in each country/region. In order to improve recognition rate (accuracy) of vehicle/car type, it is necessary to adjust functions (customization) on software according to a fixed learning amount/time using Deep Learning and view angle/resolution of camera image, however AI Image analysis using technology is a technology expected to penetrate and standardize in the future in the future as well as automatic driving technology.

It explains the function concerning "Person detection" of Citywide Surveillance next. It has the function to recognize and to classify a person's clothes, color, and the attribute of the face after "Person" is recognized from the camera image in Citywide Surveillance. The number of people who exceed on a certain line in the space-specific of the area of certain can be counted by using these functions. A rough number of people (number of head counts) in the car can be acquired by this using "Person count in the area" function (Though it depends on the condition like the resolution and the distinction etc. between the camera image and the image). There is a "carpooling countermeasure" that regulates single ride as one of regulations and measures to alleviate traffic congestion and congestion, and carpooling cases have already been reported in the United States. I think that the "person detection" and "person count" functions of Citywide Surveillance are technologies that can be practically used as one tool to be utilized for a countermeasure against carpooling using surveillance camera images.

23 Individual/ Detection/ counting Attribute sorting vehicle identification Position estimation

Patent Application Filed

Area-specific Barrier entry/ exit Person classification Automatic seat People Face recognition congestion detection detection Clothing type/ color position estimation

Vehicles Area-specific Barrier entry/ exit Vehicle classification License plate congestion detection detection Type/Make/Model/Color recognition

FUJITSU Technical Computing Solution

Figure 2-7 Vehicle recognition and sorting function in the software of Fujitsu Source: Materials provided by Fujitsu

Figure 2-8 Vehicle recognition and classification example of Citywide Surveillance Source: Materials provided by Fujitsu

24

Figure 2-9 Person detection and headcount example of Citywide surveillance Source: Materials provided by Fujitsu

4）Research and examination of the calculation method of automobile CO2 emissions using AI technology

The AI image analysis software from the surveillance footage recognizes the vehicle, classifies, and can obtain the number of counts of vehicles between by Citywide surveillance as shown in those mentioned above. Next, to calculate the CO2 emissions of a car, a fuel efficiency factor (Fuel Efficiency) is necessary. However it depends on the type of cars Citywide surveillance identifies (① Car, ② Van, ③ Bus, ④ Truck etc.) Prepare appropriate fuel coefficient parameters (in a state where they can be changed appropriately) and set them from the outside. With respect to the travel distance (km) of the vehicle, tracking by multi-point monitoring using multiple cameras can be considered, but at the time of investigation / examination, the distance traveled distance (km) per car according to the city characteristics is set according to the vehicle type ①②③④ By defining the travel distance parameter (km), the above-mentioned automobile CO2 emission amount (approximate value) can be automatically calculated as follows.

25

CO2 Emission（KgCO2）＝ Σ｛Traffic（Number of Vehicle）⇒ The number of vehicles is counted from the surveillance footage. ×Moving distance（km） ⇒ The distance parameter is set according to the model and the city characteristic classified from the surveillance footage. ×Emission factor（KgCO2/L）⇒ The value is adopted from opening to the public and the technical document. ÷Fuel Efficiency（km/L）｝ ⇒ Coefficient setting according to model ( ① Car ② Van ③ Bus ④ Track) obtained from surveillance footage

When calculating the CO2 emissions of automobiles by the above method, it is intuitively easy to understand information on CO2 emissions by cars by combining with the dashboard (software) displayed together with the surveillance camera image and surrounding map status, it is also necessary to have a mechanism and so on.

CO2 Emission ０．８ Kg／Day

Figure 2-10 Calculation and display example of CO2 emissions from surveillance footage Source: Materials provided by Fujitsu

26 2.5 Status of Quo the Integrated environmental information management system

GAMEP collects and manages meteorological data and air environment data, and introduces infrastructure related to these information systems (ICT) (network equipment, PCs, servers, storage, etc.). In this section, we surveyed the current infrastructure improvement situation and the issues for future management system improvement centering on the air monitoring system managed and operated by the GAMEP monitoring department.

1） Current status of operation of GAMEP air environment monitoring system As mentioned above, GAMEP manages and operates AQMS (including mobile stations) of about 80 stations at present. GAMEP has HQ in Jeddah and 7 branch offices in KSA, and about 80 AQMS stations are established in each branch area including HQ. As a result of interview with air monitoring department, air monitoring data was not integrated into one data center (Server group), and obtained information of being managed with 4 (four) servers (Laptop PC). Currently data of 80 stations are collected through network (3G) . Furthermore, the data managed by the 4 (four) servers are managed as individual (expressed as separate). Although detailed information on the current 4 (four) server management methods (classification) could not be gathered, in order to expand the number of installed AQMS (including mobile stations) including each branch office, distributed management of monitoring data is efficiently, master data (original data) of all stations should be managed centrally at 1 (one) data center efficiently, each branch station (each area) manages the data of the own area (own station) on that basis.

2）Current status of GAMEP air monitoring system network In GAMEP, AQMS (including mobile station) and GAMEP HQ (or branch office) are connected with a carrier line in Saudi Arabia (3G / 4G line). However, as mentioned above, due to problems with the network, data transmission / reception is still disrupted at several stations. In addition, it was rare case in the process of operation that the network state became disconnected / not connectable and data transmission / reception cannot be done. In Saudi Arabia with a large land area it requires a lot of measures to secure a stable Internet line (3G / 4G), however network communication situation (carrier base station is nearby), AQMS studio building We monitor the network equipment (connection router, SIM insertion device, connection PC etc.) within the AQMS station building and prepare for periodic automatic refresh (service reboot) , It is necessary to have an operation design that can perform recovery processing after recovering from the network. Below is the state of the network equipment and the PC terminal at the time of visiting the facilities in the AQMS station building of GAMEP.

27 3）Operation status of ICT equipment (Server/Storage) of GAMEP

We visited the ICT server room (data center) in the GAMEP head office and conducted interviews with ICT person in charge. For entering the data center, security management and management were adequate as a data center called security pledge writing and cannot take photo inside of data center. We could not collect explanations of GAMEP side up to detailed use of ICT equipment, but server equipment related to meteorological department is deployed and system related to air environment monitoring is planned to be developed (being promoted) It was a comment with. In the GAMEP data center room, it is arranged in a dedicated rack such as server equipment, storage equipment and network equipment of prominent vendors in the ICT industry, and the operation and maintenance staff (ICT dedicated staff) are arranging 30 persons in total, Professional engineers were introduced and operated from the situation inside the room and the dedicated rack (the wiring state of the power cable and the network cable). The storage capacity to store data is 200 TB (1 TB ≈ 1000 GB) in the GAMEP data center and uses the STC cloud of Saudi Telecom Company (STC), Saudi Arabia's leading telecommunications company, and in the future 70% of their resource to the cloud side that GAMEP has a track record of creating a new platform concept with US ICT vendors with their consultant team.

4）Current status of air monitoring data management and data sharing

The GAMEP air monitoring department is in a situation where the monitoring data is managed individually by the 4 (four) PC servers, and operational rules of data management, that is, data collection / storage, data screening, data validation, and data disclosure are performed according to a unified standard it was not seem to be determined. As mentioned in Chapter 2.2, the GAMEP public site (see figure below) has a site that displays air monitoring data as AQI (Air Quality Index), however it does not publish real-time (immediacy) data, also browses the site as far as it is concerned, it is an operation that publishes data of 1(one) day ago (data of all sites are not available for viewing). Regarding data management and data disclosure, policies differ between countries and agencies, so it cannot be said unconditionally, as an example in Japan, "Ministry of the Environment Air Environmental Regional Observation System (AEROS): Soramame-Kun" operated by the National Institute for Environmental Studies and the Ministry of the Environment Japan operates an hourly report value (not a fixed value) of 1 hour that it has released the previous values. In the future it is though that there is a need to systematically build a structure and platform/infrastructure to manage data management and data disclosure.

(2) Confirmation of air monitoring data analysis and air pollution prediction needs of GAMEP

We conducted a interview and survey on ICT department concerning the necessity of HPC (High Performance Computing; generally representing supercomputer) together with the needs of GAMEP's air environment data analysis and air pollution / diffusion prediction model (simulation). GAMEP has already developed and operated several numerical simulation models for example meteorological model (WRF-ARW), the ocean simulation model, and a biotechnology chemical model, also they has been operated these calculation resources were used GAMEP data center and external Cloud (for example STC Cloud ) . Similarly, when conducting interview concerning the needs of the air monitoring department, they has been consided that air pollution and chemical substance transportation to grasp the influence of pollutants from Saudi Arabia domestic and peripheral (boundary) using air environment measurement data and weather data are necessary. However, they

28 don’t have own (currently) the person in charge and technical skills that can plan and carry out these practices, and furthermore, it seems that calculation resources and data sharing are not done between the meteorological department and the air monitoring department currently. As mentioned above as for GAMEP, the NEMC (National Environmental Monitoring Center) construction is planned in the future, and the human resource expansion such as the engineer, consultants, and engineer of ICT who are related to the environmental field from the outside agency to say nothing of the GAMEP staff is expected. It is recognized that it is a strategy that expanding the elemental technology and contents of the analysis of data and the air prediction and simulation (model development) with the maintenance of the data management described in Chapter 2.2 in the NEMC plan should promote as GAMEP air environment monitor department.

(3) The Proposal of Integrated Environment Information Management System Based on the information about the operational scheme concerning data management by air monitoring department and ICT facility situation, it would be organized the policies and proposals on how to build Integrated Environmental Information Management System for GAMEP. As a basic policy, it is desirable to manage the master data one by one because of the efficiency of data management. Because the monitoring data that AQMS currently acquires is managed by several servers (places) currently. Furthermore, in addition to AQMS data, integrated management of data from CEMS and other data than air measurement substances (climate change, water quality, waste, energy, transportation, etc.) is expected in the future. Resource design that can collect and manage data of these other areas is required. Also, in the integration environmental information management system construction, it is necessary to plan each phase separately in 5 years The target systems are: (1) Infrastructure platform (network, server / storage) of NEMC (National Environment Monitoring Center) and various software selection and customization. ② Data transfer and installation of 80 existing AQMS stations and data collection and management of AQMS 70 newly stations, ③ Development of software for data collection function (network) and data processing / reporting tools for CEMS, ④ Development of other tools owned and operated by GAMEP (Early Warning System, Numerical Weather Forecast System), it is necessary to advance integrated design and implementation step by step.

2.6 Calculation of CO2 reduction effect of energy origin by implementing this project

The development of monitoring data will be provided by the reform of the environmental monitoring system planned by the Saudi Arabia government. Environmental monitoring is an effort to be positioned as the basis for all environmental measures, including CO2 countermeasures, but of course the environmental monitoring system itself will not be able to achieve CO2 reduction effects. In accordance with the introduction of the new environmental monitoring system and the introduction of possible measures, the energy-derived CO2 reduction effect was calculated. When combining image analysis using Japan advanced IT technology (especially AI), it can be expected that it will contribute to the formulation of legislation to reduce the energy-derived CO2 reduction effect. These technologies are likely to be considered as measures to promote the conversion to high-efficiency vehicles by road pricing and traffic flow countermeasures such as congestion mitigation. We will consider the case where such measures were realized by the implementation of the monitoring and information processing system. As a concrete item, it is as follows.

29 (1) Feasibility study of monitoring system for policy

We will consider the possibility of utilization of data obtained from environmental monitoring systems and policies that combine it technologies. As a result of the consideration among the operators, as a method of utilizing the environmental monitoring system envisioned in this project to reduce CO2 emission reduction measures, measures as shown in table 212 can be considered.

Table 2-5 List of how to use environmental monitoring system to reduce CO2 emissions Measures Overview/How to use the technology to keep in mind Road Pricing ▪ The image recognizes the vehicle's ▪ The target of image recognition size and number, and reflects the toll becomes an issue. Large on the specific road. This encourages vehicles are generally fuel- the use of vehicles with a good fuel efficient, but depend on the economy level. vehicle type.In addition, it is difficult to sharply the engine between different vehicles (such as models where ICV and HV exist) in the same form. ▪ Therefore, it is desirable to recognize the number, and a method to identify the vehicle from there. Traffic flow ▪ A car model that passes through a ▪ The same problems as Restrictions certain area is less than or equal to a described above exist. For (Model certain scale. example HV, PHV, if the EV Regulations) and the like limited, it is assumed to be more efficient to identify with the number or the like. Traffic flow ▪ When the vehicle that passes through ▪ Emergency vehicles, it is restrictions the region reaches a certain number, desirable to provide an (traffic the vehicle (size) and the number are exception such as construction control recognized by the image, and the vehicles. traffic of more vehicles is prohibited. The congestion is expected to be eased by this. Speed limit ▪ Identify vehicles running beyond the ▪ Must be coordinated with speed limit and notify them at a later traffic regulations. date. Car pooling ▪ Impose regulations (prohibition of ▪ By applying the current image entry, billing, etc.) for single-ride recognition technology, it is vehicles possible to monitor in a remote ▪ Identify the number and number of place. passengers by image recognition ▪ On the other hand, the technology, or take measures such as application to the precise rule charging separately for vehicles on a becomes a problem (when the

30 Measures Overview/How to use the technology to keep in mind single ride. recognition of the back seat and ▪ This leads to a reduction in the the shading film are pasted) number of vehicles in order to encourage multiple rides. In addition, because the number of vehicles decreases, it contributes to the congestion mitigation (efficiency due to an increase in average speed).

(2) Energy-derived greenhouse gas emissions reduction estimates

1） Method of calculation

The calculation method of such a project is considered to conform to the Recage calculation method (equation 16) of the CDM methodology ACM0016.

−6 퐸푅퐶퐴,푦 = ∑ 10 × 푁퐼푍푖,푦 × 푇퐷퐼푍푖,푦 × (퐸퐹푃퐽,푖,푦 − 퐸퐹퐵퐿,푖) 푖 where,

ERCP,y Reduction of emissionsby car pooling for the year y （t-CO2/yr）

NIZi,y Number of model i driving in the Regulation section in Year y

TDIZi,y The average mileage of the model i running in the Regulation section in Year y (km)

EFPJ,I,y CO2 emission rate of model i in year y（g-CO2/km）

EFBL,I,y CO2 emission rate of model i in the base year（g-CO2/km）

Here, for parameters, 푁퐼푍푖,푦 and 푇퐷퐼푍푖,푦 , CDM methodology ACM0016 is requesting monitoring after project implementation. Methods are based on electronic or visual tracking, and no specific methods are described. For the application of image recognition technology, for example, a method of capturing as a difference between the entry and exit into the area compared with the time when the number of vehicles seems to be the fewest (such as before dawn), the camera is installed everywhere in the area, The method of calculating the density of the road area and the vehicle of the area is considered. As for the emission rate, the general rule that the ratio of the fuel consumption rate in urban driving is proportional to the negative 0.7 power of the ratio of the rate (European Air Emission Inventory System: CORINAIR) is applicable, The methodology ACM0016 and similar bus transportation systems (BRT) have been applied to the methodology AM0031. Specifically expressed as follows. −0.7 퐸퐹푃퐽,푖,푦 푉 = ( 푃퐽 ) 퐸퐹퐵퐿,푖 푉퐵퐿

where,

EFPJ,I,y CO2 emission rate of model i in year y（g-CO2/km）

31 EFBL,I,y CO2 emission rate of model i in the base year（g-CO2/km）

VPJ Average speed after project execution（km/hr 等）

VBL Average speed of the base year（km/hr, etc.）

That is, if the running speed rises to 22km from 20km per hour, the fuel consumption rate is,,, 22 −0.7 ( ) , that is about 6.5% decrease. Here, the numerical value of 20km per hour recalled that the 20 travel speed at the time of congestion in the Japan metropolitan area often falls below 20km per hour4. Although there are not many case studies on energy saving caused by the speed increase caused by the congestion mitigation, example of improved to about 15km/h that the speed at the time of congestion was lowered to 8 km/h by traffic demand management (Niigata City5), travel speed is 20% by road maintenance There is an example of improvement (Aichi Prefecture6), it can be assumed that such a setting is not excessive as the effect of the congestion relaxation by introduction. Due to factors such as the increase in vehicle ownership due to the increase in population, many projects may not explicitly show the effects of emission reductions before and after implementation of countermeasures. It is thought that such an event does not occur when the number of vehicles in the target area is absolutely limited.

2）Calculation of emission reduction effect

Based on the above calculation method, the effect of reducing the emission of such projects is calculated. 10,000 vehicles in the area, the mileage per day is 300km (approximately the same as the route bus, taxi), the CO2 emission rate of the reference year is 130g-CO 2/km, assuming that the vehicle running speed was improved by 10%, the reduction rate is about 6.5%, Emission reduction amount is calculated as about 7, 600t-CO2. Here, the reduction rate as the effect of traffic congestion measures was estimated to be 6.5%, but in the case of various measures described in table 2-13, there is more than 10%. As with the car pooling project, the CO2 emission rate for the base year is a very conservative setting (130G-CO 2/km = 17.7 km/l) based on the catalog spec in the EU, and is assumed in Saudi Arabia It is assumed that the discharge rate is even larger when based on the assumption that running the air conditioner is operated by a large vehicle. According to EU statistics, the CO2 emission rate of SUVs with gasoline engines of about 3 liters of displacement is around 200g-CO 2/km7. This is assumed that the discharge rate in the case of operating the constant air conditioning under intense heat conditions is further higher (thus the emission reduction amount due to the project is also increased proportionally). However, since the application of such actual driving-based discharge rate requires additional monitoring, it is considered to conform to the catalog spec as a simple and conservative value. As an issue, if you are regulating entry into some areas, there may be a traffic jam in the route that bypasses the region, and a substantial emission reduction effect can be eliminated, so whether such infrastructure is maintained The point is that it is desirable to introduce at a point that has already been

4 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, understanding traffic conditions and countermeasures for congestion (http://www.mlit.go.jp/common/000987228.pdf) 5 http://www.mlit.go.jp/road/management-e/e_pdf/0403_3.pdf 6 http://www.mlit.go.jp/road/ir/ir-perform/h18/07.pdf 7 EU, Monitoring of CO2 emissions from passenger Cars website (HTTPS://WWW.EEA.EUROPA.EU/DATA- AND-MAPS/DATA/CO2-CARS-EMISSION-13) see data, etc.

32 developed but is not used.

(3) Conclusion

As an example of application of image recognition technology, we assumed the car pooling and congestion mitigation effect, and examined the calculation method of emission reduction amount and calculated the amount of emission reduction. The project assumed here is not a large scale, such as a main road and a city area, but it is inferred that the amount of emission reduction is assumed to be a scale of several thousand T-co2. Although this is classified as a small part of the CDM, there are only two projects where credit was issued based on the bilateral credit system, exceeding the size of the annual emissions reductions shown above (10 MW scale in Mongolia). When the project envisioned in this study is assumed to be a bilateral credit system (JCM) project, there is a possibility that the scale is likely to fall into a large category. The benefits associated with this project include mitigating air pollution and enabling monitoring in remote places such as offices. Other possibilities include the traffic information-based signal measures. As an example, the road side is green light only when it detects a vehicle, turn left sensitive to adjust the time of the left direction in accordance with the number of vehicles (in the case of Keep right), a method of controlling the traffic information in the central completion Center. In the Japan, there is a report that the improvement of such a traffic signal has reduced the total 7.5 million T-co2 to five years of 2008-2012 years (the Kyoto Protocol No. 1 promise period)8. This is equivalent to about 0.01% of the origin emissions of the Japan transportation sector, but will be a higher ratio when confined to urban traffic.

8 Takagi, 2015, global warming countermeasures by Traffic management (http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/sankoushin/sangyougijutsu/chikyu_kankyo/yakusoku_souan_wg/pdf/005_06_00.p df)

33 3． Proposal for the Integrated Monitoring and Management System

1. and 2. Based on the results of the survey, we examined the strategy for Japanese companies to take orders for the environmental Monitoring System renovation project of GAMEP.

3.1 Introduction System Review

For the Integrated Environmental Monitoring management system proposed to GAMEP, (1) Structure: establishment of system and measures for appropriate monitoring, and (2) Monitoring: Aqms (Air Quality Monitoring System) to build an integrated environment monitoring and management systems, (3) Capacity building: A comprehensive proposal from three layers of skills development to achieve sustained monitoring.

3.2 Examination of the business size and business profitability of the introduction system

3.1. (1) Framework: establishment of systems and measures for appropriate monitoring, and (2) monitoring: establishing an integrated environmental monitoring and management system using AQMS (Air Quality Monitoring System) , (3) Capacity building: The cost required to implement the three skills development to achieve sustained monitoring is estimated. The cost estimates the initial cost (CAPEX) and running Cost (OPEX) for a total of five years. Note that this cost is a cost including items to be carried out in the GAMEP side, such as O&M of AQMS, not the cost limited to the scope of the consortium is implemented.

3.3 Examination of measures to increase the likelihood of Japanese companies ' orders

According to the interview with GAMEP, the order scope that GAMEP considered before the implementation of this FS was a form separating the planning work related to the maintenance of AQMS and the equipment procurement and maintenance work of AQM. This FS includes capacity building for management in order to manage sustainable atmospheric environment by GAMEP, from the formulation of policies and plans for air quality management, in addition to the actual improvement of AQMS. It is confirmed that this scope conforms to the needs of the GAMEP side. And in order to cope with the scope, it cannot be done by the manufacturer alone, and the strength of the consortium by the think tank, measurement equipment maker, system integrator.

According to the interview with GAMEP, their emphasis is placed on human resources development such as nurturing officials at NEMC (National Environment Monitoring Center) scheduled to be established. In Japan, local governments in large cities mainly have facilities and systems that manage AQMS and related analyzes, and have accumulated relevant knowledge since the 1970s. In order to develop human resources in Saudi Arabia in the future, it is desirable to transfer technology in intergovernmental efforts to utilize the knowledge of local public organizations in Japan and related public interest corporations. In Saudi Japan Vision 2030, efforts are made to promote exchanges in the environmental field. Training will be carried out for GAMEP staff as a result of arrangements with GAMEP and MEWA of the upper government office with the Japanese side As a result, superiority will be demonstrated in the competition with foreign companies.

34 4． Reporting Meetings

The final reporting meeting of the findings was held in Saudi Arabia and in Japan.

4.1 Final Reporting Meeting in Saudi Arabia

The study team held a reporting meeting to report to the stakeholders on Saudi Arabia side including GAMEP the findings of this FS in February 2019. At the meeting for the deputy secretary for GAMEP, an integrated environmental monitoring and management system was constructed and the operation project proposal was explained. O & M, installation of measurement equipment, O & M, introduction of a system that realizes comprehensive management of measurement data, O & M, policy advisory to effectively utilize data and to take effective policy, as a package. The content of the proposal got very high evaluation from GAMEP.

4.2 Final Reporting Meeting in Japan

We held a briefing session for stakeholders on the Japanese side concerning the results of this FS and the response of the report meeting held during the last visit to the site.

35

Study on the Integrated Management System of Environment Information Final Report

February, 28th 2019

Mitsubishi Research Institute, Inc. TEL +81- 3-5157-2111

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サウジアラビア国・統合的環境モニタ リング・マネジメント事業

平成３０年度質の高いエネルギーイン フラの海外展開に向けた事業実施可能 性調査事業 株式会社三菱総合研究所

頁 図表番号 タイトル 3 Figure 1-1 GAMEP structure diagram 24 Figure 2-7 Vehicle recognition and sorting function in the software of Fujitsu Vehicle recognition and classification 24 Figure 2-8 example of Citywide Surveillance Person detection and headcount example of 25 Figure 2-9 Citywide surveillance Calculation and display example of CO2 26 Figure 2-10 emissions from surveillance footage