7.5 X 11.5.Doubleline.P65

Cambridge University Press 0521530172 - Radiogenic Isotope Geology, Second Edition Alan P. Dickin Index More information

Index

α, β, γ, see alpha etc. achondrites (see also eucrites), 47, 70, Alder, 389 µ value, see mu 116, 232, 433, 437, 441–2, 445 Aldrich, 291, 307 α-process, 5 actinides, 11, 427, 431, 447 Aleinikoff, 106–7 107Pd, 205 activated charcoal, 255 Aleutians, 167, 243, 376–7, 407–9 142Nd, 445 activation, see neutron alkali basalt, 89, 139, 190–1, 293, 360, 14C dating, 355 activation energy, 277, 283, 285, 458, 461 374–5 207/206 lead ages, 109, 347 activities, 324–5, 328–9, 334, 336, 339, alkali feldspars, 283 210Pb, 128–9 353–4, 359, 368–9, 374, 383–4 alkaline soils, 400 226Ra, 129 Adirondacks, 125 Allan hills, 233, 415, 416 254Cf, 3–4 Adkins, 394 allanite, 246–7 2/4pi, see geometry ADOR, see Angra Allegre,` 47, 80, 87, 106, 117, 122, 136, 760-km discontinuity, 161 adsorption, 129, 271, 302, 331–2, 334, 140, 153, 155–6, 159, 164, 205, 95% conﬁdence, 36, 342 339, 400, 403 207–10, 213, 218, 223, 295–7, 305, advection, 335, 337, 392, 403–5 309–11, 314–6, 346, 354–5, 359–60, AAA treatment, 386 aeolian dust, 245 364–5, 370, 378, 440–42 AABW, AAIW, AIW, see Antarctic aeolian island arc, 167, 376–8 Allende meteorite, 31, 47, 71, 117, 233, Abitibi Belt, Ontario, 73, 83, 90 Afanasy-Nikitin, 162 433–5, 437–40, 442–3 Abouchami, 129–30 AFC process, 179–80, 183 Allende inclusions, 435–6 abraded zircons, 106–7, 111–12, 329 Africa, 10, 55, 93, 128, 137, 187, 190, allogenic, 55 absolute/relative dating methods, 432 223, 233, 238, 334, 404 alloy (PGE), 209 absorption of gas, 291 Aftalion, 111 Al–Os isochron diagram, 211, 213 abundance sensitivity, 27, 246, 353, 396, After, 402 alpha counting, 326–7, 340–42, 353, 445 413 AGB stars, 438 alpha decay, 9–10, 104, 291–292, 295, abyssal peridotites, 212, 218 age of the Earth, 117, 120, 136 303, 326, 328, 451–2 Acadian orogeny, 53 age of the Galaxy, 428 Alpher, 119 Acapulco meteorite, 275–6, 432–3, age of the Universe, 426 Alpine metamorphism, 50, 282 441 age spectrum plot, 261–2, 265–6, 276, Alpine peridotite, 213 Acasta gneisses, 89–90, 446 283, 285, 465 Alps, 49–51, 234, 459–60, 466 accelerating voltage, 21 aggregate melts, 372 alteration, 136, 263, 278, 282, 285, 442 accelerator mass spectrometry, 395 Ahrens, 104 altered oceanic crust, 168, 377 accelerator (atom smasher), 2 Akilia enclaves, 90–91 alternative isochron diagrams, 117–8, accessory minerals, 234 Akutan, 408 345, 357, 362, 369 accretion (planetary), 122, 315, 319, 442, Alard, 213 Altiplano, 299 446 Alaska, 207 Alvarez, 273, 291 accretion disc, 438 Albarede,` 62–3, 93, 121–2, 233, 238, Alves, 216 accuracy, 29 239, 244–5 Amakawa, 249 acetic acid, 57–9, 386 Alberta, 303 Amazon, 62, 64, 80, 92 Acfer chondrite, 117 Aldama, 281 Amelin, 117–18, 237

472

Index 473

America, 125, 128, 389, 404, 459 Arden, 18 Badcallian event, 74–5, 125 Amitsoq, 76, 90–91, 120, 123–4, 126, Arendal, 51 baddeleyite, 110, 115 195, 233, 236–7, 239, 246 argon, 38, 51, 245–87, 295, 307–14 Bafﬁn Bay, 92 ammonium acetate, 57, 65 argon loss, 258, 261, 274, 277, 279 Bahamas, 342–3 amphibole, 176, 268, 379 argon-extraction, 254 Baikal Rift, 213 amphibolite facies, 74, 115, 125, 185 argon-release pattern, 276, 286 baking (vacuum system), 256 AMS, 383, 394, 396–7, 410, 413, 415–7 argon-retention age, 269 Baksi, 274–5 analogue, 356 Arizona, 84, 116, 280, 398, 418–19 Ballentine, 297 analytical artefacts, 61 Armstrong, 62, 65, 87–8, 120, 434, 435 Balleny, 159 analytical error, 51, 57–8, 106, 234, 248, Arnage, 46 Baltimore gneiss, 49 266, 275, 318, 332, 342, 356, 457 Arnaud, 285 banded iron formations, 94 analytical noise, 314 Arndt, 79, 85–6, 240 Bangkok, 127 Anderson, 295–6, 298, 384 Arnett, 435 Barbados, 329, 343, 390 Andes, 299, 377, 379, 409 Arnold, 398, 403–4, 407 Barberton, 83, 122, 265–6 andesites, 168, 408 Arrhenius law, 51, 207, 276–7, 466 Bard, 329, 390, 394–5, 401 Andree, 394 Arrhenius plot, 268, 277–8, 281, 283–4, Barendsen, 385 Andrews, 413 458, 461–2, 468 Barfod, 191 Angra dos Reis, 47–8, 432, 441, 445 artesian basin, 414 barium, 168, 203, 356 Angrite meteorites, 206, 441–2 artiﬁcial mixtures, 343–5 Barling, 160 anion-exchange, 17–18, 326 Ascension, 136–7, 157 Barnes, 451, 457 annealing, 107, 113, 115, 455, 457–8, ascent of magma, 363, 378 Barovich, 17, 83–4 460, 463, 465, 468–9 Asmerom, 58, 327, 375 Barrie, 128 annual ring, 386 assimilation, 111, 178–9, 184, 197, 408 Bartel, 102, 116 anomalous leads, 119–20 asthenospheric upper mantle, 138, 140, Barwell, 432 anorthite, 434, 439 164, 186, 192, 210, 214, 223, 375 basalt, 72, 78, 92, 123, 248, 267, 272, anorthoclase, 265, 357 Aston, 15, 25 274, 308, 310, 369, 374, 379, 408 anorthosite, 263, 356, 444 astronomical timescale, 12, 274, 407 basaltic achondrites, 47–8, 70, 234, 444 anoxic event, 225 Atlantic, 62, 92–3, 95, 97, 128–9, 130, basaltic kimberlite, 189, 210 Antarctic Ocean, 92, 97, 130, 335–7, 140, 153, 155–7, 165, 167, 190, basanites, 191 392–3, 404 218–19, 227, 236, 244–5, 247, 249, basement (crustal), 105, 298, 465 Antarctic meteorite, 232, 415 273, 294, 297, 301, 303, 329, 335–6, Basin and Range, 375 Antarctica, 60, 109, 175, 265, 304, 337, 368, 392–5, 404, 406 basin block, 462 356–7, 374, 401, 412, 416 atmosphere, 160, 293, 383–5, 387 Bastard unit, 219 anthropogenic nuclides, 411–14 atmospheric burn-off/fractionation, 304, Basu, 63 anthropogenic Pb, 127–8, 338 307 batch melting, 365–6 anthropogenic radiocarbon, 392 atmospheric contamination, 258, Bateman equation, 12, 339 anthropogenic tritium, 293 260–61, 291, 305–8, 310–12, 314, 316 batholith, 197–8 anti-coincidence counter, 385–6 atmospheric nuclear testing, 384, 392 Bathurst, 122 anti-neutrino, 7 atmospheric Pb pollution, 128 Batiza, 140 Aoki, 174 atmospheric nuclide production, 405, Baumgartner, 412 apatite (see also phosphate), 48, 247, 410 Bavaria, 466 432–3, 452, 454–5, 458–66, 468 atmospheric rare gases, 255–6, 258, 305, Baxter, 389 Appalachian orogeny, 49, 53, 283 315 Be-10, see beryllium apparent age, 50, 73, 76, 120, 122, 210, augite, 75 Beard, 241–2 235, 257, 262, 264, 267–8, 271–2, Austral Islands, 165 Beattie, 367 329, 344, 355, 392–3, 459–60, 465 Australia, 54, 55, 72–3, 109, 130, 189, Beaver Creek, 433 Appel, 122 198, 214, 237, 247, 341, 412–3, 461, Beck, 390 APWP track, 265 467–8 Becker, 213–4 aquifer, 301, 412 authigenic, 55, 93, 328, 332–3, 339, 405 Beckinsale, 13, 46–7, 254, 275 aragonite, 102 Auvernier, 389 Beer, 401, 412 Ar–Ar, 207, 245, 259–87 Awwiller, 81–2 Begemann, 12, 437 archaeological samples, 383–5 axial graben, 136, 358, 369, 371 belemnite (PDB) standard, 384 Archean, 58, 72, 76–80, 85, 87–91, 94, Azores, 137, 139–40, 156–8, 165–6, belemnites, 58–9 104, 109, 115, 120, 122–6, 174–5, 218, 296, 368, 370, 372 Belgium, 273 185, 195, 207, 210, 214, 218, 221, Bell, 189–90 223, 236–40, 247, 271, 307–8, 445 BABI, 47, 195 Belshaw, 404 Arctic ocean, 131 back-arc sediment, 81 Ben Othman, 168 arc–trench gap, 408 back-arc magmas, 166, 376 Ben Vuirich, 111–2

474 Index

Bengal fan, 63–4 Blichert-Toft, 33, 233–4, 238, 240–41, Brown, 399–400, 404, 407 Benioff zone, see subduction 243 Bruderheim meteorite, 263 Bennet, 85, 89–91, 214–5, 237–8, 427, blobs (mantle), 140, 165, 297 Brueckner, 75 445 blocking temperature, 49–51, 113, 115, Bruland, 328, 338 Benoit, 338 207, 234–5, 265, 271, 277–9, 282–3, Brunhes, 273–4 benthic–pelagic (B–P) ages, 394–5 459–60, 465 Bruns, 388 Bentley, 412 Bloom, 342 BSE, see bulk silicate bentonite, 56 Bluebush lavas, 72–3 Bucha, 387 Bergell, 460 blue–green algae, 10 Buchan, 277 Berger, 263–4, 277–8 Blum, 65 Buffering, 153–5, 401 Berggren, 273 Bock, 82 Buick, 220 Bernatowicz, 432 Boltzmann relationships, see Arrhenius bulk distribution coefficient, see Berridale, 198 bomb (digestion), 16 distribution Bertram, 93 bombardment (of Earth), 304, 445 Bulk Earth, 77, 116–17, 122, 126, 153, beryl, 257, 307–8 bomb-produced nuclides, 384, 392, 395 155–7, 164, 176, 185, 188–9, 198, beryllium, 95, 301, 304, 337, 377, 379, Bondville, 399 209, 211, 233, 241, 247–8, 315, 374, 390–1, 398–410, 415–17, 438 bones, 343, 386 441, 443, 446 beta counting, 398, 402 Bonneterre Formation, 57 Bulk Silicate Earth, 122, 155, 175, beta decay, 6–7, 42, 105, 232, 245, 254, bootstrap method, 37–38 208–9, 308, 443–4 303, 318, 383, 385, 398, 429, 440, Borden, 412 bulldozing (sediment), 337 442 boreholes, 82, 460–61, 467–8 Bultfontein, 174, 176–7 Bethe, 3 boron, 168, 358, 409 Burbidge, 3–4 Bhandari, 463 Boulder Creek, 79 burial depth, 460 Bibikova, 86 boundary layer, 295, 298 burial metamorphism, 55 Bickle, 186 boundary scavenging, 337 Burke, 58 Bierman, 419 Bourdon, 346, 368, 372 Burnard, 312 big bang, 2–3, 299–300, 426 Bouvet, 157, 165, 240 Burnett, 340–41 big-bang crustal model, 87, 237 bovoid teeth, 348 burn-off, see atmospheric Bigazzi, 463 Bowes, 74 Burrows, 3 binary mixing, 154, 156, 158, 166–7, Bowring, 56, 87, 89, 276 Burton, 75–6, 95–6, 131, 213, 227, 329, 178, 180, 183–4, 196, 198, 215–16, box model, 227, 297, 391, 401 331 311, 377 Boyle, 128, 394 Bushveld complex, 45, 219–20, 246 binding-energy, see nuclear B–P method, see benthic Butler, 314, 317 biogenic carbonate, 57, 102, 339 brachiopods, 58, 94 biogenic opal, 337 Brahmaputra, 63–65 C3/C4, plants, 385 biogenic particle flux, 93, 334 branched decay, 9, 232, 245, 250, 254 Ca/K (K/Ca) ratios, 260–1, 266–7, 278 biostratigraphic dating, 59–60 Brand, 58 Ca–Al inclusions, see CAI Biotite, 43, 49–51, 180, 182, 207, 250, Brandon, 13, 53–4, 192, 194, 212–13, cadmium box, 454 258–9, 263–5, 271–2, 276, 278–80, 216–17 Cadogan, 267–8 282, 460 Brass, 62 CADS, 123 bioturbation, 338, 394–5 Brazil, 299, 317 caesium ion (sputter) source, 396–7 Birck, 47, 216, 440–2 Brazzle, 432–3 Caffee, 318–19 Biscaye, 58 breeder reactor, 11 CAI, 31, 117–18, 434, 436–42, 444–6 Bischoff, 344 Brenan, 207 Ca–41, 437 Bishunpur, 441–2 Brereton, 260 calc-alkaline, 79, bismuth, 9 Briggs, 462 calcite, 60, 65, 103, 332, 420 Biu Plateau, 190 bright-reflection criterion, 463 caldera, 274, 360–1 bivalves, 58 Brinkman, 42 Caledonian granites, 111 bivariate diagrams, 179 Briquet, 179 Caledonian metamorphism, 50, 75, 115 Bizouard, 180 Bristlecone pine, 387–9 calendar age, 398 Bizzarro, 234 British Museum, 398 calibration, 12, 274, 341, 386, 390 Bjurbole meteorite, 261, 433 Brodzinski, 204 calibration curve, 388–9, 391, 398 black shales, see carbonaceous Broecker, 340, 392–3, 395, 427 California, 272, 339, 355–6, 388, 462 Blackwell, 343 Broken Hill, 122 Cambrian, 56, 58, 199 blank (analytical), 16, 18, 126–7, 218, bronzite, 220 Cameron, 19, 430–31, 435, 447 291, 308, 310 Brookhaven, 452 Cameroon Line, 160, 190–91 bleeding oxygen, 203 Brooks, 35–6, 45–6, 52 Camp century, 401–2 Blenkinsop, 189 Bros, 82 Campin, 393

Index 475

Canada, 53–4, 89, 128, 208, 213, 277, Cerrai, 354–5 Christensen, 33, 53–4 303, 317, 468 Chabaux, 329, 370, 378 chromitite, 219–21, 371 Canadian Shield, 78, 86, 131, 236 chain of ponds, 283–4 chromium oxide, 204 Canaries, 137, 157–8, 165, 215, 369–70, chain reaction, 10 Chrontour age maps, 280 373 Chainpur meteorite, 433, 436, 441–2 Chupka, 19 Canning basin (MVT), 54 chalcophile, 122, 203, 206 CHUR (see also chondritic), 71, 76–9, Canyon Diablo, 114, 116, 118, 120–2, Chamberlain, 193 83–4, 208, 233–4, 236–7 206, 440 Champagne, 436 Churchill province, 78 Capaldi, 355, 360–62 channel electron multipliers, see CEM circumpolar, see Antarctic Cape basin, 97 channel ﬂow, 371–2, 380 Claou´e-Long,72–3 Cape Hatteras, 335, 413 Chapman, 74, 110 Clark, 50 Cape Smith, 207 Chappell, 198 Clarke, 291–4 Cape Verde, 159 characteristic transport distance, 138 class, 137, 160–1, 215 Capitan limestone, 102–3 charcoal, 27 clastic sediment, 61, 87, 216 carbon-burning, 435–6 charge exchange/stripping, 396–7 Clauer, 55–7, 63, 82 carbon cycle, 301, 383 Charlier, 356 clay minerals, 56, 82, 268–9, 339, 399 carbon dioxide, 300–1, 383 charnockite/granulites, 51, 79 Clayton, 436, 440 carbon isotopes (stable), 97, 385 chart of the nuclides, 1, 7–9, 325, 429 cleaning procedures, 398 carbonaceous (black) shales, 82–3, 208 Chase, 89, 160, 337 clean-laboratory, 127 carbonaceous chondrite, 2, 47, 214, Chaudhuri, 63 Clemens, 612 233–4, 292, 427, 436–9, 442–4 Chauvel, 17, 72, 160, 162, 241 Cliff, 50 carbonate, 93, 102, 161, 176, 273, 326, Chauvenet, 29 climatic cycles/effects, 303, 334, 343, 333, 377, 341, 384–6, 393, 400, 420, chemical age dates, 114 390, 400–2, 406–7 442 chemical fractionation, 324, 356, 431 clinopyroxene, see cpx carbonatite, 174, 188–90, 313, 317, chemical screening, 358 closed system, 44, 48, 55, 74–5, 103, 360–2 chemical separation, 16–18, 326, 410 120, 116, 118–19, 209, 220, 256, 326, Carboniferous, 62 chemical weathering, 65, 81, 227, 416 328–9, 331, 340, 344, 348, 354, Cardup shale, 55 Chen, 18, 117, 137, 327, 329, 440, 446 358–9, 363, 383–4, 390 Cariaco basin, 227–8, 391 Cheng, 13, 327, 346 closure temperature, see blocking Caribbean, 95, 166, 227, 332, 391 Chengde, 400 CMBL, 165 Carius-tube method, 204, 206 Cherdyntsev, 328 C–N–O cycle, 3, 5 Carl, 36, 112 Chervony Kut meteorite, 441–2 coal, 128 Carlin-type deposit, 54 Chesley, 194, 212 coalescence, see condensation Carlson, 113–4, 192–4, 211–12, 440, 468 Chester, 93 cobalt dating, 95, 224 Carolina, 413 Chilean-type arc, 163 Cochran, 335 Caroline, 319 chilled margin, 184 Cohen, 136, 140, 208, 222, 224, 353, 365 Carter, 456 China, 56 Colby meteorite, 262–3 Cascades arc, 192 Chinese loess, 130, 400 Collagen, 386 case-study approach, 174, 188 chlor-apatite, 461 Collerson, 33, 122, 154 Casse, 5 chloride complexes, 129 collimator, 25 Cassidy, 17 chlorine-36, 410–13 Collins, 199 Castillo, 164 chlorite, 282 collision cell, 397 catalytic converters, 127 chloritoid, 49 collisional orogeny, 278 catalytic hydrogen burning, see C–N–O chondrite meteorites (see also Colombia, 357 catalytic reduction, 396 Carbonaceous, ordinary), 31, 47, 71, Colorado, 79, 197, 236, 250–1, 258, 375, Catanzaro, 18, 42 113, 122, 155, 205–6, 209, 213–14, 453, 466 Catchen, 12 233, 262, 315, 426–7, 430, 432, Coltice, 298 cathodoluminescence, 58 436–7, 441–4 Columbia River basalt, 76, 191–2, 194, cation exchange, 16–7, 75 chondrite parent bodies, 442 209, 407 cation-diffusion, 75 chondritic composition, 77, 154, 208–11, Comet shower, 302 Catlos, 115 217–18, 239, 431 common mantle component (C), 165 Cattell, 73–4 chondritic evolution, 83, 88, 209, 212, common Pb, 104, 112–13, 117 cave deposits, see speleothems 219–21, 223, 233–8 common-Pb–Pb dating, see Pb cellulose, 386 chondritic mantle source, 79, 156, 191, Comores, 158, 215, 370 CEM detectors, 27–8 237 compaction of sediment, 302 Cenozoic, 224, 234, 245, 250–1 chondrule, 113, 117–18, 262, 433–4, compatible element, 203, 213 Central American arc, 408 436–7, 439, 441–2 complex diffusion models (see also Cerling, 293 Chow, 127–9 diffusion), 279–82

476 Index

Compston, 31, 43, 38, 52, 55–6, 58, Corrigan, 468 crystal fractionation, 47, 136, 178, 183, 72–3, 109 cosmic abundances, 2, 4 360 concordance test, 275, 332, 345 cosmic dust, 224–5, 295–6, 301, 305 crystal lattice, 51 concordant ages, 75, 103, 207, 343, 348, cosmic microwave background, 427 crystallinity index, 55 432 cosmic rays, 2, 5, 283, 293–4, 386–401, crystallisation ages, 72, 110, 354–5, 357 concordant Pb, 105, 110 412, 414–15, 417–18, 426, 437–8 crystallisation of the inner core, 218 concordia band, 107 cosmic Schwung, 388 crystallographic orientation, 464 concordia diagram (Pb), 103–4, 106–7, cosmogenic nuclides, 95, 168, 292–3, Cuillins, 185 109, 112–14 295, 299, 303–4, 308–9, 334, 377, Cullers, 82 concordia diagram (U–Th), 346–8, 349 383–420, 439 cultural deposits, 347 concordia line (sediment, water, cosmogenic nuclide flux, 403–4 Cumming, 120, 122 meteorites), 87, 237, 412, 433 cosmogenic production, 294, 335–7, cumulates, 220 condensation (Solar system), 426–7, 390–1, 394, 399, 401–2, 415, 418, cumulate eucrites, 234 431, 433, 435–6, 438, 441, 447 426–7, 430, 436–7, 442–3 curium, 441, 446 Condomines, 354–6, 359–65, 373 Costa Rica, 355, 376–7 Cuvellier, 102 conduit, see magma Cotte, 26 cyclic step heating, 281, 285 confined fission tracks, 463–7 counting background, 326, 386, 398 cyclotron, 291 conformable Pb, 119–21 counting determinations, 42, 101, 208, cystiphylloides, 102 conglomerate, 237 232, 245, 254, 276, 325, 353, 383–4, conodonts, 94 395, 398 dacitic volcanics, 179, 374 conservative element, 331 counting statistics, 326, 345, 397 Dahl, 113, 115 contamination (of magma, see also Cowan, 10–11 Dakowski, 463 crustal), 72, 136, 161–2, 169, 178–8, Cowart, 328 Dalgety Downs meteorite, 443 190, 194–5, 199, 209–10, 215–16, Cowie, 56 Dalrymple, 255–7, 260, 262, 264–5, 218, 236, 299, 318, 360, 373, 390 Cox, 187, 256, 272 272–4 contamination (of mantle), 409 CPW, see Antarctic Daly, 27–8, 33 contamination (of rain), 399 cpx, 75, 138, 175, 235, 299, 367, 371 Damon, 257, 307, 397–8 continental arcs, 81, 376 Crabb, 432 Darbyshire, 53 continental crust, 153, 214, 223, 249 Craig, 129, 293–4, 303–4, 311, 384 Darmstadt, 2 continental deep drill hole, 466 Craters of the Moon, 374 Dasch, 58, 129, 136–7 continental growth, see crustal crazy basin, 280 dating assumptions, 12, 43, 101, 386 continental heat/helium flux, 298 Creaser, 203–4, 208 dating gap, 324 continental lithosphere, 136–7 Creighton, 222 dating range, 324, 326, 340 continental shelf, 225, 242 Cretaceous, 57–8, 60–1, 63, 176 dating standards, 275, 453 continous-production model, 428, critical zone (Bushveld), 219–20 daughter deficiency, 324, 326, 333, 339, 431–2 Crock, 16–17 341–2, 446, 348, 354, 359 continuous uranium uptake, 347 Croudace, 16 daughter excess, 324, 326, 328–9, 354, continuous-wave laser, 270 Crowley, 468 359 convection, see mantle Crozaz, 338 David, 17, 245 conventional age (C-14), 386–7, 394, 398 Crozet, 163 Davidson, 167, 181, 188 conveyer belt, see ocean Crumpler, 29 Davies, 181 Conway, 204 crushing, 54, 291, 293–4, 301, 309–10, Davis, 36, 42, 106–7, 196, 417 cooling history, 50–51, 115, 271, 276–8, 312–13 Dawson, 20, 176, 189 283–6, 459–60 crustal contamination/assimilation, 46, De Jong, 388–9 Copeland, 113 73, 79–80, 137, 167, 169, 174, De Vries, 385–6 co-precipitation, 328 178–86, 188, 192–3, 197, 219, 221–2, De Vries effect, 387–8, 401 coral, 12, 326–9, 340–42, 390–92 248, 299, 374 dead-time, 326 cordierite, 257 crustal extraction/formation, 78–80, 87, DeBievre,` 31, 326 cordillera, 87, 299 90, 120, 123–4, 126, 154, 156, 445 Debus, 31 core (see drill core) crustal formation/residence ages, 77, decay chain/series, 9, 12, 101, 104, 324, core component, 162, 216, 298 80–1, 84–6, 125, 237 353 core formation, 122, 209, 443–4 crustal growth/evolution, 85–8, 236, 238, decay constant, 11–13, 42, 70, 101, 107, core–mantle boundary, 161, 164, 216, 251 120, 204–8, 220, 233–5, 237–8, 218, 295 crustal melting/anatexis, 84, 182, 198–9 246–8, 254, 273, 275, 324, 339, 452 Corfu, 106–7 crustal recycling, see recycling decay energy, 42, 204 Cornog, 291 crustal reworking, 236 decay equations, 11–12, 43, 70, 101, 103, correlated errors, 36, 112, 345 crustal-accretion–differentiation 118, 208, 232, 254, 328, 331, 339, 357 correlation coefficient, 156, 286 super-event, see CADS Deccan, 207, 223

Index 477

decompression melting, 377 diffusion models/experiments, 50–1, dunite, 309, 313, 371 deep-sea corals, 395 138, 207, 263, 277, 304 Dunlop, 190 deep-sea sediments, 305, 326, 402 diffusion (rare gases), 263, 270–1, 277, Dunoyer, 55 Defant, 123 283, 285, 304, 430 Dupal anomaly, 164 defect sites, 281, 348 diffusion (U-series), 329, 331, 371 duplicates (analytical), 35 degassing (mantle, samples), 269, 279, diffusional lead loss, 104, 115 Dupré,136, 156, 164, 167–8 295, 298, 307, 315–16, 319 diffusivity, 138, 277 Durango, 464, 466 deglaciation, 343, 393–4 digestion, see dissolution Durrani, 464 dehydration, 166, 196 dilatancy model, 105 Dust particles, see IDP Del Moro, 50 dilution factor, 429–30, 431–2, 438, 447 Dye 3 station, 412 delamination, 137, 161, 175 dimers, 437 Dykes, 115, 184, 195, 271 delta period, 426–8, 430–2, 438, 444 diopside, 176–7 dynamic melting, 365–6, 370–74 delta value (REE), 239, 241 Diorite, 278 dynamic-zero, 28 Dempster, 15 dirty calcite, 343–5 dendrochronology, 12, 386–8, 390, 394, discordance, 43, 104, 235, 333 eagle Station meteorite, 440 401 discordia (lead), 103–4, 106, 110–13 Earl, 128 Denmark, 60 discordia (U–Th), 347 early-uptake model, 348–9 density problem, 198 discriminant diagrams, 178 early degassing, 308 dentine, 348 disequilibrium (U-series), 355, 360–1, East African Rift, 190, 360 Denton, 393, 395 363–5, 368–70, 372, 377 East Pacific Rise, see EPR DePaolo, 19, 59, 72, 77–82, 84–6, 88, disequilibrium melting, 138–9, 190, Easter Island, 157–8, 296 126, 168, 178–80, 189, 191, 194, 197, 370–72 Eberhardt, 22 210, 236, 250–1 dissolution (silicates), 16, 344–5 eccentricity (orbital), 303 depleted mantle, 78–80, 83–4, 88–90, dissolved/particulate species, 226, 404 eclogite, 75, 176, 211, 214, 368 159, 195, 198, 236–7, 307, 369 distillation, 18, 204 eddy, 401 depositional fluxes, 334, 337, 399, 401–3 distribution coefficient, 18, 75, 179–80, Edmond, 62, 64, 358, 404 depositional age (sedimentary), 55, 208 214, 356, 359, 365–7, 370 Edwards, 19, 327, 341–3, 375, 391, depth dependence (cosmic rays), 294, 417 disturbance (see also open system, 410 depth profile, 114, 270–1, 285 metamorphism, resetting), 81–3, 89, effective diffusion radius, 279–80, 283, Dermott, 303 103, 206, 238–9, 262, 271, 291, 434, 285–6 Derry, 58 457 Efremovka meteorite, 117, 437–9 detection limits, 126 dithionite solution, 331 Eifel, 213 detrital ages (fission track), 456–7, 460 Dixon, 232, 306 eigenvectors, 159 detrital contamination (U–Th), 340, DMM (component), 157–61, 165, 175, Eiler, 162–3 343–4 215, 218, 241 Eisele, 243 detrital mineral grains, 55, 57–8, 208, Dodd, 257 ejecta blocks/blanket, 418–19 332–3, 456 Dodson, 28, 31, 50–1, 56, 193, 277 EK1-4-1 inclusion, 434 detrital zircons, 237, 458 Doe, 120–2, 125 El Chichon, 188 deuterium, 2, 4 Doell, 273 El Ocote, 456–8 Deutsch, 105 dolomite, 55, 442 Elderfield, 63, 93–4 Devils Hole, 342–3 domains (diffusion), 271, 279–84 Eldora stock, 258, 263–4 Devonian, 102, 265 dome C, 401 electro-deposition, 18 Dewey, 165 Dong, 269 electron capture, 8–9, 12, 232, 245–6, Dewolf, 115, 125 Dosso, 17, 144–5 254 Dhurmsala, 443 double etching, 456, 464 electron microprobe, 114–15 Dia, 61–2, 88 double filament, 19, 232, 327 electron microscope, 451 diagenesis, 55–6, 60, 63, 82–3, 93, double focussing, 27, 108, 203 electrostatic analyser/filter, 108, 353, 102–3, 269, 331 double spiking, 24, 31–2, 129, 446 396–7 diamond, 54, 78, 153, 174–6, 292–3, Douglas fir, 389 Ellam, 167–8, 187, 223 304–5, 315–17 Drake passage, 130 Elliott, 153–4, 370, 378 diatoms, 337, 391 dredge, 136, 371, 329 Elmore, 412–13 Dicke, 430 drill cores, 61, 85, 334 elution, 16–17 Dickin, 17, 78, 155, 162, 185, 207, Druffel, 392 Elzevir, 278 222–3, 247–8 Drumbeg, 74–5, 84 EMI (EM1), 157–63, 165, 175, 190, 215, Diester-Haass, 334 Drummond, 123 217, 241–3 Dietz, 222 DSDP, 59–60 EMII (EM2), 157–65, 175, 214, 241–2, differentiation (planets), 441–2 Duchene, 234 300 differentiation (magmas), 137, 183, 362 Duddy, 460–1, 466 E-MORB, 369–72

478 Index

enamel, 348 eucrites (see also achondrites), 232–4, felsic rocks, 72, 374 encapsulation, 268–9 437, 441–2, 444 Fe–Mn deposits, 33, 92, 94, 96, 120, enclaves, 91 Eugster, 17 128–30, 218, 225, 227–8, 242, 244–5, endothermic reactions, 3, 5 European lead, 128 249, 329, 331, 335, 403–4 Endress, 442 eustatic sea-level fluctuations, 329 femtogram, 353–4 energetic solar particles, 440 Evans, 414–15 Feng, 110–11 energy filter, see electroststic evaporates, 55, 58 Fe–Ni, 442 energy spectrum, 326 evaporation temperature, 110 Ferguson, 388 energy valley, 7, 9–10 evolution line, see growth line Fermi, 7 energy-loss analysis, 397, 410 evolving plume, 161 ferromanganese crusts, coatings, nodules England, 52, 65, 273, 349, 389 excess activities, 328, 332–4, 338, 376 etc., see Fe–Mn enriched isotopes, see spike excess argon, 256–8, 264–6, 307 fertile mantle/peridotite, 175–6 enriched mantle reservoir, 89, 158, 164, exchange (radiocarbon), 383–4, 386, 401 Fick’s law, 279, 281 192, 374 exchange coefficient, 281 Field, 51 enriched quadrant, 176, 189, 192 exhumation, 418 Fiji, 243 enriched signature, 174 exothermic reaction, 5 filament bead, 19, 110 enrichment event/process, 155, 158, 160, experimental errors, 52 Fink, 415 167, 176, 189, 212–14, 368, 372–4, experimental studies, 305, 367 Finland, 236, 246–7 378 exponential fractionation law, 22, 29, 34, Finnigan MAT, 29, 262, 445 enstatite chondrites, 433 61, 250 Finsch mine, 176 entrainment, 164–5, 318 exposure age, 383, 293, 304, 414–16, fire assay, 223 Eocene, 224, 302 418–19 Fish Canyon tuff, 275–6, 453, 466 EPF model, 370–4, 379 exsolution, 268, 282, 285 Fisher, 295, 308, 310 epidote, 83, 246, 279 extant (cf. extinct) nuclides, 427 Fiskanaesset, 123 episodic, see lead-loss extended geometry, 26 fissiogenic xenon, 317–18 epithermal, 292 external detector, 455–6 fission products, 2, 11, 291, 314, 318, epoxy resin, 454–5, extinct nuclides, 70, 117, 122, 206, 314, 413, 431–2, 451 EPR, 62, 129–30, 140, 227, 314, 357, 316, 426 fission reactor, 10 364, 367–9, 371–2 extraction line (argon), 255 fission tracks, 285, 451–69 e-process, 5 Fitton, 190 epsilon units, 77, 234, 250 Fabryka-Martin, 412–14 Fitzgerald, 284 equilibrium melting, 371 faecal pellet, 56 Fitzpatrick, 344 equilibrium porous flow, see EPF Faeroes, 140 flame photometry, 254 equiline, 354, 357, 359, 364–6, 372, 374, Faggart, 222 Fleischer, 451–5, 458, 463 376–8 Fairbairn, 48 flight tube, 291 Erel, 65 Falconbridge, 222–3 floating tree-ring sequence, 389 Erlank, 176–7 falls (meteorite), 415 flood basalt, 79, 186–7, 191, 223, 407 erlichmanite, 219–20 false plateau, 264 Florida, 60 erosion (process), 80, 400 FAMOUS area, 364, 373 Flower, 138–9 erosion rate, 416–19 Fan, 389 Flowstone, 342 erroneous ages, 51–2, 73–4, 111, 333 Fanale, 307 fluid inclusion, 53–4, 310–11, 419 error ellipses, 345 Faraday, 27, 29, 33, 203, 292, 396 fluid metasomatism, 377–8 error function, 274 Farallon plate, 167 fluor-apatite, 461 error magnification/propagation, 32, 256 Farley, 292, 300, 302–3, 306, 311–13, fluoride, 16, 327 errorchron, 36–8, 53, 74, 89–91, 102, 316 flux monitor, 259, 452, 454 126, 210, 233–4 Farmer, 389 Fly River, 227 erupted isochron, 45, 73, 191 Farquhar, 102, 119 Flynn, 42 eruption (dating of), 256, 272–5, 354–5, Farrar, 258 focussed subduction, 164 360–1, 401 Farrell, 61 Foland, 268, 283 Esat, 343 Fassett, 203 Foley, 123 Eskdale granite, 111 fast-diffusion pathways, 280–2, 285 foraminifera, see forams Espanola basin, 82 fast neutrons, 259, 383, 417 foram-nano-fossil ooze, 59 ESR ages, 348–9 Faul, 15, 458–9 forams, 58–61, 95–7, 274, 302, 331, Esser, 225, 265 fault scarps, 420 393–5 estuary, 226 Faure, 62, 136, 232 Forbush, 386 etching, 451–6 Fehn, 413–14 Forest Vale meteorite, 443 etching time, 464 feldspar (see also plagioclase etc.), 126, Fornari, 369 Etna, 355, 360–2 180, 263, 268, 270, 453 Forsyth, 367

Index 479

forward modelling, 178, 467–8 gas constant, 277 Godfrey, 244 fossil fuel, 386 gas counter, 385, 396, 398, 410 Godthaab, 90, 123–4, 126 Foster, 114 gas release, 262, 283 Godwin, 386 four-component analysis, 159 gasoline, 127–8 gold, 54, 207–8 Fourier transform, 401 Gast, 57, 136–7, 353, 363 gold standard, 275 FOZO, 160, 164–5, 215, 217 Gauss, 273 Goldberg, 91, 328, 333, 338, 403 fractional crystallisation, 179–80, 183, Gaussberg, 374 Goldrich, 104 198, 359, 364 Gauthier, 363 Goldstein, 79–81, 85, 87–9, 92–3, 122, fractionation correction, 22, 24, 61, 71, Geiger counter, 385 129–30, 160, 215, 353–4, 357–9, 371, 137, 385 general (ocean) circulation model, 129, 395, 445 fractionation, elemental, 76–7, 84, 393 Goles, 192, 194 154–5, 209, 240–2, 324, 335, 357–8, Gentry, 110 Gondwana, 187 362, 365–7, 373, 377, 444–6 geobarometry, 115 Gopel, 432 fractionation, hot atom, 107, 328, 346 geochron, 116–17, 119–20, 122, 125, Gorda, 357–8, 368, 372 fractionation, isotopic, 19, 21–4, 31, 155–6, 374 Goslar, 391 33–4, 36, 61, 113, 137, 162–3, 208, geological error/scatter, 36–8, 53, 74, Gottard, 50, 460, 466 249, 255, 304–7, 309, 318–19, 328, 106, 266 Gough, 136–7, 157–8, 296 344, 363, 384–5, 398, 434, 439, 446 geological half-life determination, see Gove, 412 France, 180, 213, 356, 403 half-life Graf, 304 Frank, 95–6, 131, 337, 406 geomagnetic field (see also Graham, 165, 297 Frantz separator, 106 magnetostratigraphy), 387, 390, 402, grain-size effects, see diffusion French, 115 406–7, 412 Grand Ronde, 191, 193–4 frequency factor, 277 geomagnetic modulation, 401 Grande Comore, 137, 373 frequency histogram, 38 geometrical factor, 277 Granger, 416–17 fresh-water systems, 328, 404 geometry (fission track), 453, 456 granite, 72, 174, 181, 186, 249, 250, Frey, 137, 161 GEOSECS, 392, 394–5 354 fringing fields, 26 geosynclinal sediments, 197 Granite Mountains batholith, 101–2, Front Ranges, 236 geothermal fluids/gases, 299, 304 116 Froude, 109–10 geothermal gradient, 50, 462 granitoid rocks, 83, 89, 195, 198–9, 258, Fujimaki, 240 geothermometry, 115 280 FUN samples, 434 Gerling, 292 granodiorite, 198 funnel-shaped, 366 Germany, 112, 213 Grant, 57 fusion (nuclear), 3 gettering, 270 granular model, 428, 430–2 future ages, 120 giant impact, see impact granular texture, 174 giant redwood, 389 granulite facies, 74–5, 83–4, 121, 125, gabbro, 75, 185–6, 248, 278 Gibeon, 440 184, 186, 195, 214, 247 Gaber, 279 Gibson, 187–8 graphite, 75–6, 327, 396 Gabon, 10 Gieskes, 63 gravimetric standards, 30, 327 gadolinite, 232, 247 Gilbert, 273 Gray, 47–8, 198 Galapagos, 157–8, 165, 240, 369 Giletti, 51, 113, 279 Great Artesian Basin, 412–13 Galaxy, 386, 427, 430–1 Gill, 366, 374, 376, 378 Great Dyke, 76 Galbraith, 457 Gilmour, 433, 441 Green, 453, 456, 461, 463–4, 466–8 Gale, 18, 31, 52, 254, 275 GISP core, 391 Green River, 416 galena, 118–22 glacial cycles, 96, 227, 274, 302, 341–3, Greenland, 79, 88–91, 120, 123, 126, Galer, 32, 89, 122, 153–4, 367, 445 390, 401–2, 405, 407 128, 131, 195–6, 214, 233, 237–9, galkhaite, 54 glacial erosion, 62, 65 246, 391, 398, 401–2, 412, 445 Gallagher, 468 glacial moraines, see moraines greenstone, 119, 199 Gallup, 343 glass dosimeter, 453 Grégoire,178 gamma counting/decay, 245, 399, 414, glasses (submarine), 136, 140, 155, 162, Grenada, 166–7, 169 436 218, 295, 299, 301, 304–5, 307–11, Grenville Province etc., 49, 78–9, 125, gamma notation, 218 312–13, 315, 357–8 222, 232, 277–8 Ganges, 63–5, 225 glasses (dating), 355, 452–4, 458, 463 Greywacke, 199 Garbenschiefer, 238 glauconies, 55–7, 268, 269, 274 gridded ion chamber, 326 garden variety, 416 Gleadow, 460–2, 464–5 Griffin, 75, 124 Garner, 254 Glendenin, 42 groundmass, 408 garnet, 75–6, 78, 102, 115, 168, 174–7, glimmerite, 176, 178 groundwater, 63, 328, 339, 386, 410, 412 214, 234–5, 240–41, 247, 367–9, glob formation, 426 groupI&IIkimberlite, 177, 189, 210 371–2, 373–5 global warming, 225 Grove, 115

480 Index

growth bands, 341 Haskin, 77 HIMU, 157–65, 190, 214–5, 218, 241–2, growth line/curve, 82, 86, 113, 118–20, Hastings basin, 278 296 123–6, 195, 206, 209–11, 219, 236 Hattori, 210 Hinton, 108 growth-rate, 329 Hauri, 160–1, 165, 214–5, 217, 440, 444 Hirata, 204 Gruau, 240 Hawaii, 137, 157–8, 162, 164–5, 214–15, Hirose, 245–7 Grun, 348–9 216–17, 242–3, 257, 272, 294–5, 305, Hirschmann, 241, 368 Grunenfelder, 115 309, 329, 363, 369–70, 373, 399 Hirt, 203, 205, 208 Guadeloupe, 129, 158 hawaiite, 183, 248 historical age, 341, 354, 374, 384, 386, Guarena meteorite, 47, 71, 432 Hawkesworth, 166–8, 175, 177–8, 187, 389 Gubbio, 273 192, 194, 376, 378 Hiyagon, 296, 304–5, 311 Hayden, 429 Hodell, 58, 61–2, 65 Habfast, 23 HBr, 18 Hodges, 280 Haddo House, 46 HCl, 16, 57, 333, 386 Hoefs, 162, 197 hafnium, see Hf HDEHP (reagent), 17 Hofmann, 51, 138, 223, 398 Hagan, 293 healing, see annealing Hohenberg, 430 Hagar Basin, 82 Heaman, 115 Hoke, 299 Haines, 121 HEAO 3 satelite, 435 Holmes, 104, 118, 249 Haleakala, 243, 274, 293, 295 Heard Island, 161, 165 Holmes–Houtermans model, 118–19 half-life, 2, 8, 11, 13, 42, 70, 76, 101, heat flow, 174, 295, 298 Holocene, 56, 227, 336, 390 121–2, 203, 205–6, 208, 232, 245–6, heat source (meteorite), 437 homogenisation, 49, 90–1, 206, 226, 254, 259, 275–6, 324–7, 332, 338–9, heavy-metal pollution, 338 272, 297, 384, 454 346, 348, 353, 357, 359, 363, 365–6, Heirtzler, 273 Honda, 304–5 369, 371, 374, 378, 384–7, 395, Heizler, 282–3 Honolulu, 215 399–401, 407, 409–10, 413, 415–6, Hejl, 464–6 Hooker, 17, 19 426–7, 429–31, 434–5, 437–8, 440, Hekla, 374–5 Hooper, 192, 194 441–2, 445–7 heliophyllum, 102 Horan, 221 Haliburton, 278 helium, 2–5, 154, 161–2, 164–5, 193, Horn, 34 halite, 433–4 217, 291–303 hornblende, 235, 257–9, 263–6, 270–2, Hall probe, 26 helium burning, 3, 5 278, 282, 355, 452 Halliday, 20–1, 34, 48, 111, 160, helium flash, 3 hot (nucleosynthetic), 440 190–91, 298, 443–4 helium flux, 301 hot SIMS, 232 Halmahera, 407 Helium paradox, 295 hot-atom effect, 107, 328, 355 Hamelin, 32, 128 Hemond, 338, 355, 374, 376 hot-spot, 190, 373 Hamilton, 71, 74, 87, 90 Henderson, 61–2, 129, 329, 331 Houk, 20 Hammer, 390 Hennecke, 314, 317 Housh, 89 Hammouda, 181 Henning, 413 Houston, 127 Hanan, 140, 165 Hensley, 12 Houtermans, 3, 116, 118 hand picking, 235, 283, 434 Hercynian, 49 Hoxne, 349 Hanes, 278 Herman, 119 HPLC (separation), 17 Hanna, 7, 8 Herr, 232 Hualali, 217, 373 Hansen, 1–2, 38 Hertzsprung–Russell, 3 Hubble, 426 Hanson, 45–6, 84 Hess, 60 Huber, 389 Hanyu, 296 heterogeneous mineral, 455 Hudson highlands, 232 Harding County, 304, 314–15, 317, 319 heterogeneous mantle, see mantle Hughen, 391 Harland, 273 HF (acid), 16 humic acids, 386 Harmon, 162 Hf isotope method, 90–1, 162, 215, Hungary, 298, 301, 344 harmonic oscillator model, 21 232–45 Hunziker, 50 Harper, 278, 318, 443, 445–7 Hf paradox, 240–41 Huon peninsula, 342–3 Harquahala granite, 83–4 Hf separation, 17 Huppert, 184 Harris, 57, 64, 137–8 Hf–W, 33, 122, 442–4 Hurford, 453, 456 Harrison, 111, 115, 127, 277, 279, 281, HIBA (reagent), 17 Hurley, 57, 85–6, 136 284, 306 hibonite, 435, 438–40 Huronian, 223 Hart, 138, 157–60, 164, 167, 175, 192–4, hidden reservoir, 214 Huss, 442 210, 214, 217, 220, 240–2, 257–8, high-field-strength elements, 168, 192 Huster, 42–3 295, 308–9, 316, 453 Highland Boundary Fault, 111 Hutcheon, 435–7, 442 Harte, 174 Hillam, 389 Hutchinson, 436 Hartman, 444 Hilton, 294–5, 299–300 Hutton, 12 harzburgite, 212, 220, 316, 371 Himalayas, 63–5, 96, 113, 115, 130, 283 hydrocarbon maturation, 208, 462

Index 481

hydrochloric acid, see HCl India/Indian, 96, 130, 155, 157, 161, isochrons, 34, 36, 38, 43–5, 47–9, 51–3, hydrofluoric acid, see HF 164, 168, 207, 219, 223, 226, 244, 56, 70–72, 74–5, 83, 85, 90, 101–3, hydrogen burning, 3, 5 247, 297, 303, 310, 363, 410 112, 116, 118, 176–7, 184, 191, 196, hydrogen peroxide, 224 Indonesia, 363, 377–8, 410 198, 205–8, 210–11, 220, 222, 225, hydrogenous osmium, 208, 224 induced fission, 452 232, 238, 246, 257, 261, 340, 343–5, hydrological cycle, 399 induced track, 454–6, 459, 464–5 354, 356–7, 359, 362, 364–5, 375–6, hydrological tracer/modelling, 412 induction furnace, 255 378, 429, 434, 457 hydrothermal alteration/exchange, 129, Indus, 65 isochrone, 116 136, 225, 244–5, 258, 374, 409 infra-red laser, 270 isomers, 8, 245 hydrothermal, experiments, 281–2 Ingram, 19, 95 isoplot (program), 37 hydrothermal ores, 219, 221 in-growth, 372–4 isothermal model, 466 hydrothermal Sr flux, 63–4 inherited argon, 256–8, 261, 266, 285, isotope dilution (analysis), 16, 24, hydrothermal vents, 62, 92 307 29–31, 126, 203–5, 254–6, 326, 446 hygroscopic, 30, 245 inherited zircon, 91, 111–12 isotope evolution diagram, 76, 195, 209, hyperbolic curve/array, 179–80, 183, initial ratio, 43–4, 47, 57, 72, 205, 207, 360–1 186, 197–8, 310–12, 379 209, 211, 234, 354, 360, 364, 432 isotope fractionation, see fractionation Inman meteorite, 436 isotopic anomalies, 442 IAB, see island arcs inner core, 218, 295 isotopic equilibrium/disequilibrium, 75, Iben, 3 Inoue, 402–3 299, 353–4 Ibitira meteorite, 47 insolation, 341 Israel, 348 ice age, see glacial instantaneous κ, µ value, 153–5, 374 Isua, 88, 90, 109, 122, 233, 238–9, ice core, 390–1, 401, 412 insulator, 451–2 445–6 ice shelves, 337 integrated release age, 271 Italy, 50, 167, 273, 355 ice varves, 338 intercalibration (K–Ar), 275 Ito, 218 Iceland, 139–40, 157–8, 162, 164–5, interferences (activation), 260 Itsaq gneiss complex, 90–1 214–15, 294, 296, 298, 306, 313, interglacial, 302–3, 337, 342–3 I-type granites, 198 316–17, 368–9, 373–4 interplanetary, see IDP IUGS, 13, 453 ICP source, 15, 327 interpolation (analytical), 28 Ivanovich, 326, 347 ICP-MS, 19–20, 24, 203, 205, 410 interstellar cloud, 435–6 Ivuna meteorite, 442 ICP-OES, 254 interstitial sulphides, 213 I–Xe analysis, 261, 429–33, 441 Idaho Springs, 79 invariant point (U–Th), 354 Izalco volcano, 408 ideal (dating) samples, 275 inventory, 400, 408 IDP, 295, 301–3 inversion approach, 178, 364, 468 Jack Hills, 109, 237 Igarashi, 305–6, 319 iodine (extinct), see I–Xe Jacobsen, 65, 71, 80–1, 83, 92, 94, 124, igneous crystallisation age, 43, 52, 75, iodine, decay, 319 318, 443, 445–6 85–6 iodogenic xenon, 314, 318 Jaffey, 13, 101, 120 illite, 55–6, 269 ion exchange, 16, 57, 346 Jäger, 13, 43, 49–50, 254, 273, 275 ilmenite, 178 ion microprobe, see SIMS Jahn, 102 Imbrie, 341, 343 ionic radius, 105 Jakes, 376 Immel mine, 54 ionisation, efficiency, 232, 327 Jambon, 300–1 immiscibility, 220, 222–3, 361 ionisation potential, 33, 203, 327 Jan Mayen, 334 immobile elements, 75, 77, 81, 346 ionium, 325 Japan, 304, 376–7, 391, 407–8 Imnaha, 194 ion retardation (filter), 27 Java, 216, 363 impact (meteorite), 60–61, 222, 224, Irazu, 355 Jeffrey, 48, 293 307, 319, 444–5 iridium, 302 Jenkins, 291–2 improved isochron, 46 iron meteorites, 116, 205–6, 209, 216, Jephcoat, 316 in situ analysis, 188, 204, 270, 327, 356 292, 415, 426, 440, 443 J–M reef, 220–22 in situ cosmogenic production, 383, 398, irradiation, 259–60, 266–9, 282, 284, Johnson, 56, 241–2, 274 407, 414, 416 292–3, 429, 433, 439, 451–2, Johnstone, 127 in situ decay, 177, 437, 441 454–6 Joly, 353 in situ melting, 198 Irving, 211–12 Jonas, 348 incipient melting, 367 island-arc rocks 79, 165–6, 168, 242, Jones, 102–3, 130, 176, 178–9, 183–4 inclusions, 115, 222, 235, 265, 434, 251, 376, 407 Joplin, 120 437 isobaric decay, 7 Jordan, 174 incompatible element, 46, 154–5, 180, isobaric interference, 17–19, 108, 246, Juan de Fuca, 140, 357–8, 368, 372 185, 189, 192, 209, 223, 240, 297, 291, 395–6, 398, 410, 413, 416 Juan Fernandez, 158, 310–11 365, 371, 408 isobars, 7–9 Jurassic, 224–5 Indarch meteorite, 440–1 Isochron, analogues, 211 Juteau, 121–2

482 Index

juvenile crust, 87–8, 126, 195–6, 238 Kleine, 443–4 Landwehr, 367 Juvinas meteorite, 47, 70–1, 233, 441–2 Knesel, 181–2 Langmuir, 365 Kober, 105, 110 Lanphere, 48, 255–6, 260, 262, 264–5 Kaapvaal, 174, 211–12 Kohman, 208 lanthanide series, 232 Kaczor, 181 Koide, 333, 338 Lao, 405 Kalsbeek, 37–8 Kok, 406 Larderello, 50 Kambalda, 72–3, 88 Kola peninsula, 190, 236, 313 large igneous provinces, 218 Kamber, 90–91, 126, 154 Kolbeinsey ridge, 140, 241 laser ablation, 15, 34, 110–11, 188, 204, Kamen, 383 komatiite, 72–3, 78, 83, 89, 175, 236, 270, 285 Kaneoka, 265, 295–6, 308 240, 266 laser fusion, 274 kappa conundrum/value, 122, 153–5, 374 Koolau volcano, 158, 162–3, 215–17, laser microprobe, 213, 269–70, 272, 280, Kapusta, 269 243 327 K–Ar isochron diagram, 258, 261, 264–6 Kortenkamp, 303 laser resonance ionisation, 203, 396 K–Ar method, 12, 207, 254–9, 291, 343, Kosciusko, 198 laser spot dating, 271, 279–80 355, 429, 453, 460 Kostomuksha, 218 laser step heating, 270–1, 280 Karner, 343 Kota Kota meteorite, 433 Laslett, 458, 461–4, 466–8 Karoo, 177–8, 187, 223 Kowallis, 456–7 Lassen, peak, 127 karst landscape, 416, 420 Kramers, 79–80, 104, 120–2, 126, Lassiter, 215, 217 Kaufman, 58, 328, 340, 345–6, 357 153–4, 176–7, 239 last giant impact, 122, 237 K–Ca system, 249–51 KREEP basalts, 444–5 last glacial maximum, 96–7, 227, 336, Kea component/trend, 162–3, 217 K-richterite, 176–7 394–5, 405–6 Keay, 199 Krishnaswamy, 338 late accretion (to Earth), 209, 217, 307, Kelemen, 371 Krogh, 16, 106–7, 115, 222 316 Kelley, 265, 270–1, 282, 285 krypton, 304, 307 late addition/injection, 435, 438, 440, Kellogg, 297, 316 K–T, boundary, 60–1, 224–5, 273, 302 442 Kelly, 440 Ku, 328–9, 332–3, 337, 343, 345–6, Latham, 344 Kempton, 241 404–5 latite, 180 Kennedy, 303 Kubler, 55 latitude, 139, 384, 400 Kentucky, 416–17 Kulp, 18, 257, 307 LaTourrette, 367 Kerguelen, 156–8, 160–1, 240, 242, 299 Kumar, 334 lattice sites, 110, 206 Kermadec, 378 Kunz, 292, 313–14, 317 lattice-dominated diffusion, see volume Kern, 294 Kurile islands, 294 Lau basin, 300 Kernouve, 433 Kuritani, 18 Laurens peninsula, 299–300 Kerr, 165, 184–5 Kuroda, 314 laurite, 219 Ketilidian, 195 Kurz, 28, 291–6 Lavi, 232 Keto, 83, 94 Kusakabe, 404 Laxen, 127 Keweenawan, 218 Kyser, 304 Laxfordian, 125 Key, 392 layer, 270–1 K-feldspar, 43, 48, 55, 125, 250, 258–9, La Encrucijada, 276 leaching (natural), 104, 328, 400 264, 268, 270–1, 278–9, 281–2, La–Ba method, 245–6 leaching (experimental), 54, 57, 65, 284–6 La–Ce method, 246–9 96–7, 106–7, 117, 136–7, 218, 224, Khibina, 76 laboratory annealing, 461–2 235, 333, 343–4, 355, 390, 405 Khlapin, 339 laboratory experiments, 181, 207, 400, lead, see Pb Kidd Creek, 270 458–9, 461, 468 leaded gasoline, 128, 338 Kieser, 396 laboratory-shelf technique, 42, 204 least squares, 35 Kigoshi, 354–5 LaBrecque, 273 LeCheminant, 115 Kilauea, 217, 257, 296, 305, 307, 373 Labrie, 396 Lederer, 8–9 Kilburn hole, 213 Lachlan fold belt, 198 Lee, 33, 245, 262, 271–2, 281–2, 285, Kille, 184 Lahaye, 83 434–6, 438, 442–4, 447 Kimberley, 176–8 Lake Suigetsu, 391 Lena, 226 kimberlite, 174–8, 188–9, 210, 240, Lal, 293, 396, 399, 451, 463 lepidolite, 43 264–5, 280, 293, 317 Lambert, 72, 187, 193, 220–2 Lepontine, 49 kinetic energy, 42, 383, 451 lamellae, see exsolution Lesotho, 174 Kinloch, 209, 220 LAMMA (method), 205 Lesser Antilles, 164, 166–9, 376, 378 Kirk, 207 Lamont seamounts, 369–70 Leucite Hills, 242–3 Kita, 437 lamproite, 187–9 Levack, 222 Kitagawa, 391 Lanai, 163, 243 Levasseur, 225–7 Klein, 415–6 Lancelot, 179 Lewis, 436

Index 483

Lewis Cliff meteorite, 441 Lundstrom, 369, 371–2 mantle upwelling, see upwelling Lewisian event, 74, 83–4, 185, 247 Luo, 33, 337, 345 mantle wedge, 162–3, 166–7, 212, 216, Lexan (polycarbonate), 453–5 Lupton, 294, 296, 304 299, 376–8, 410 lherzolite, 174, 214, 367, 210–13, 369 mantle-depletion events, 210–11 Li, 19, 327, 342 Maaloe, 174 mantle-derived magmas, 185, 197, Liang, 343 Maastrichtian, 302 198–9, 249 Libby, 383–4 Macdonald, 303 Manton, 18 lignin, 386 Macdonald seamounts, 161, 164–5, 370 Mantovani, 178 LIL elements, 53, 137, 168, 177, 210 Macdougall, 60, 357–8, 370 Manuel, 314, 317 limestone, see carbonate Macfarlane, 208 MAR, 139, 186, 218, 294, 296, 302, 311, Lindner, 204–5 Mack, 81–2 314, 333, 363–4, 368, 373 linear fractionation law, 61, 250 Macleod, 60–61 marble-cake mantle, 165, 210, 218–19, linear regression, 35, 106 macro-fossil carbonate, 58 241, 369–70 linear uptake model, 347–9 Madagascar, 285 Marbles, 65 Lineweaver, 427 magma ascent, 184, 363–4, 366, 371, Marcantonio, 215, 221, 302–3 Ling, 94–5, 131 379–80 Marchal, 391 Lingulids, 94 magma batches/suites, 182, 186 mare basalts, see lunar Lippolt, 291 magma chambers, 300, 359–60, 364, 378 Marhas, 439–40 Litherland, 396–7 magma conduits etc., 365, 371–2 Marianas, 163, 243, 376–8, 407–8 lithium, 292–3 magma differentiation/evolution, 185, MARID xenoliths, 176–8 lithophile, 122, 162, 164–5, 443 360, 408 marine ‘snow’, 337 lithosphere, 136, 138, 209, 309 magma mixing, 85, 178, 183, 220 Marion, 158, 363, 432 lithospheric mantle, 174–7, 178, 182, magma ocean, 240, 445 Marquesas, 156, 158 186–7, 192, 210, 212, 375 magnetic ﬁeld (Earth), see geomagnetic Mars, 239, 444 Liu, 417, 419 magnetic remanence, see Marshall, 250–1 L–K, line, 306 paleomagnetism Martel, 301 loess, 245 magnetic sector analyser, 15, 21, 25, 396 Marti, 70, 78–9, 445 Lofoten-Vesteralen, 124 magnetic separation, 106 Martin, 60, 209–10, 214, 221, 226–7 log-normal distribution, 263 magnetite, 295 Martinique, 167–9 Loihi, 157, 162–3, 216–17, 294, 296, magnetostratigraphy, 59, 272–4 Marty, 300, 303–4, 307, 311, 313 305–7, 309–10, 313–17 Mahoney, 162–3, 435–6 mass defect, 7, 108, 396 LoNd array, 157–9, 175 Maier-Reimer, 129 mass discrimination/fractionation, see Long, 57, 108 main sequence (stars), 3, 5 fractionation Long Valley, 356 Maine, 83, 283–4 mass spectrometry, 2, 15, 110, 255, 291, Lopez-Martinez, 265–7 Makalu granite, 113–14 325–7, 329, 340, 342, 346, 353–4, Lorand, 211, 213 Makishima, 247–8 358, 384, 395–6, 398, 404, 429 Los Angeles, 127, 338 Mammoth Cave, 416–17 mass transfer, 316 Lovera, 281, 283–6 Mamyrin, 292–4 mass-dependent fractionation, see lower crust, 186, 195–6 Mangaia, 159–61, 214–15 fractionation lower intercept (concordia), 104–5, 111, manganese, see Fe–Mn Massif Central, 213 115, 347 Mangini, 334, 404 massive peridotites, 213 lower mantle, 89, 139, 153–6, 163–5, Manhes,` 121–2 Masuda, 245–8 190, 194, 307, 311, 317, 319 Manitoba, 115 mathematical mirage, 285 low ﬁeld strength, see LIL Mankinen, 272–4 Mathews, 137, 363 low-K basalts, 183 mantle array, 166, 189, 197–8, 238–9, Matsuda, 295, 298, 305 Lowrie, 273 243–4, 247, 373–4, 376 Mattauch, 9, 15 low temperature, 244, 282 mantle convection, 88, 136, 139, 165, Mattielli, 161 Luais, 34 291, 297 Mattinson, 107 Luck, 204–5, 207–10, 213 mantle enrichment, see enrichment Matuyama, 273–4 Ludden, 88 mantle growth line/curve, see growth Maui, 274 Ludwig, 35–7, 107, 112–14, 326, 329, mantle heterogeneity, 73, 136, 138, 140, Mauna Kea/Loa, 215–17, 363, 373, 399 345 177 Maunder minimum, 401 Lugmair, 13, 19, 70–1, 78–9, 275, mantle isochrons, 45–6, 187 Maurette, 463 441–2, 445 mantle keels, 211–12 Mauritania, 55 Lu–Hf system (see also Hf), 232–245 mantle metasomatism, see metasomatism Maury, 180 Lu–Hf analysis, 17, 33 mantle plane, 156–7 maximum-likelihood method, 36, 345 lunar samples, 45, 267, 270, 443–5 mantle plumes, see plumes Mazaud, 390 Lundberg, 342, 404 mantle tetrahedron, 157, 159, 164–5 McArthur, 60–1

484 Index

McCandless, 207, 220 meteorite (see also by name and type), 2, molasse basin, 298–9 McCorkell, 398 47, 120, 122, 261, 276, 283, 295, 307, molecular cloud, 436, 447 McCulloch, 72–3, 77–9, 189, 198, 251, 315, 414, 429–32, 436, 445, 451 molecular ions, 108, 111, 203–4, 291, 445 meteorite impact, see impact 396–7, 437 McDermott, 168, 348–9, 353, 376, 378 meteorite isochron, 117, 209 molluscs, 57–8, 328 McDougall, 257–8, 272, 274, 277, 279, methane, 300 Moluccan, 407 281 methanol, 17 molybdenite, 203, 205, 207, 221 McElmo dome, 319 Mexico, 188, 375, 408, 456–7, 464, 466 molybdenum crucible, 255 MC-ICP-MS, 32–4, 111, 131, 188, 204, Mezger, 115, 125 Monaghan, 408 213, 232–3, 237, 241, 243–4, 327, mica, 48, 55, 452, 458, 463 monatomic ions, 20 440, 443 micaceous kimberlites, see group 2 monazite, 103–4, 113–15, 234–5, 460 McIntyre, 35–7 Michael, 383 Mongolia, 213 McKeegan, 438 Michard, 92 Mono Craters, 355 McKenzie, 186, 364–6, 370 microcline, 56 Montana, 187, 220 McKerrow, 52 micro-continents, 136 Monte Carlo method, 468 McLennan, 81 micro-domains, 268 Monte Rosa, 460 McMullen, 42 micro-drilling, 188 Montel, 114 MDD model, 268, 282–3, 285–6 microfossils, 59 Monument Rock, 418–19 Meadows, 327 microprobe analysis, 207, 266 monzonite etc., see granitoid mean life, 426–7, 431 Microsoft Excel, 113 Mook, 385–6, 389 Mearns, 75 Mid-Atlantic Ridge, see MAR Moon (see also lunar), 78, 237, 239, measures, 404 Middleton, 416 414–15 median valley, see axial migmatite, 115 Moorabie meteorite, 436 Mediterranean, 92 Milankovich model, 274, 341, 407 Moorbath, 74, 87, 89–91, 123–6, 183, megacrysts, 176 Milcent, 401 185, 195, 239 Megrue, 269–70 Mildowski, 83 Moore, 257 Meisel, 213 milking (isotopes), 346 Moore County meteorite, 233–4 Melilite, 435, 438–9 Min, 276 moraines, 65, 418–20 melt, see magma mineral isochron, 48, 52, 72, 246 MORB, 78–9, 122, 129–30, 136–7, MELT experiment, 367 mineral separation, 264, 332 139–40, 153–7, 159, 161–2, 165–8, melt glasses, 181 Minster, 13, 43 185–6, 191, 195, 217–19, 239–40, melt sheet (impact), 223 Miocene, 59, 216 242, 244, 248–9, 251, 293, 295–8, melting models, 295, 363 Mississippi, 81, 92, 225, 413 300–1, 304–6, 307, 309–12, 314–18, melting temperature, 181 Missouri, 57, 120 357–8, 363–74, 377–8, 380, 407, 409 melting zone, 365 Mitchell, 259–60, 267, 420 Moreira, 137, 304, 306, 312 memory effect (analytical), 28, 255 mixed ages, 85–6 Morgan, 139, 206–7, 209, 222–3 Menzies, 175–6 mixing line, 89–90, 123–4, 155, 169, Mørk, 75 Merapi, 363 177, 180, 184–5, 187, 190–91, 198, Morocco, 56 Merensky Reef, 219–20 216, 223, 249, 309–11, 313, 369, 379, Morris, 167, 408 Merrihue, 259, 261, 295 439 Morrison, 186, 292 Merrill, 403 mixing model/process, 194, 248, 296, Morton, 57 Mertz, 140 371 Moruya, 199 Meshik, 318 mixing time (water), 58, 393 Mount Erebus, 265, 356–7 Mesozoic, 58–9, 83, 112, 187, 195, 207 Mn nodules, see Fe–Mn Mount Narryer, 109–10 metalliferous sediments, 130, 224 Mn–Cr system, 440–41 Mount Sones, 109 metamict, 105–6 Moama meteorite, 233–4 Mount Wellington, 258 metamorphic age, 177, 263 mobility, see open system Mousterian cultural layer, 344 metamorphic disturbance/re-setting, 90, modal metasomatism, 174 MS-10 (instrument), 270 123, 247, 258 model ages, 43, 47, 56–7, 75–6, 77–8, MSWD, 36–8, 51–3, 73–5, 90–1, metamorphic event, 48, 73, 89, 104, 109, 80–86, 117–18, 124, 126, 189, 198, 102–3, 117, 126, 207, 208, 220, 234, 114, 126, 207, 266, 271, 276, 435 207, 211, 237, 358, 430 247 metamorphism, 77, 80, 115, 124, 185, moderator, 10 mu value, 102–3, 120–22, 155, 191 196, 234, 247, 433, 459, 465 modern humans, 348 Mudrey, 104 meta-sedimentary, 82 modern wood, 385 mugearite, 183, 248 metasomatic ﬂuid, 300 Moine, 184, 186 Mukhopadhyay, 302 metasomatism, 158, 160, 166, 176–8, Mojave desert, 384 Mull, 47, 184–6 187, 210–11, 213, 374, 376, 378–9 Mojavia, 85 Muller, 303, 343 Meteor Crater, 116, 418–9 Mokoia, 442 multi-channel analyser, 326, 397

Index 485

multi-diffusion domains/model, see neutron flux/dose, 11, 260–1, 265, 267, nuclear reactor, 259, 292, 346, 429, MDD 275, 292–4, 384, 413, 437, 452, 455 451–2, 455 multi-dynamic analysis, 29 neutron star, 3 nuclear reprocessing, 414 multi-path diffusion, see complex Nevada, 54, 285, 342, 412, 418 nuclear tests, 386, 412 multiple collectors, 21, 27, 29 Nevado del Ruiz, 357 nuclear fission, see fission multiplier detector, 27–8, 203, 292 New Guinea, 409 nucleogenic (isotope), 293, 303–4, mu-meson, 416 New Mexico, 102–3, 213, 274, 314, 306–7 muons, 293–4, 417 412 nucleosynthesis, 2–3, 426–7, 430–1, Murchison meteorite, 71, 233, 436, New York state, 82, 125, 232, 265 435, 438 438–40, 443 New Zealand, 257–8, 356 Nuk, 123–4, 126, 195, 236 Murrell, 377 Newman, 363–4 null hypothesis, 88 Murthy, 176 Newton Township, 73 nunataks, 416 muscovite (see also mica), 43, 49–50, Nguyen, 326 Nunes, 72 182, 207, 279–80, 285, 451, 454, Nicaragua, 376–8 Nunivax, 159 460 Nichols, 432 Nuth, 436 Musheler, 391 nickel deposit, 207, 222 Nutman, 90–1 Mussett, 256 Nicolaysen, 43 nutrient-like behaviour, 404 Mustikkamaki, 246–7 Niederman, 314 Nyamuragira, 374 Muzikar, 417 Niemeyer, 430 Nydal, 392 MVT (ore deposit), 53–4 Nier, 15, 116, 291, 295, 305, 307 Nyquist, 441–2 Mysen, 188 Niger, 190 Ninetyeast Ridge, 160–1 Oahu, 137 NADW, 92, 97, 130, 335–6, 392–3, 395, Nir-El, 232 Oak, 389 404 Nishiizumi, 415–16, 418 O–B association, 447 Naeser, 453–6, 458–62 NIST, 443 obsidian, 272 Nagao, 304 nitric acid, 16, 343–4 ocean circulation/currents, 93, 129, 335, Nagler,¨ 79–80 nitrogen, 383 337, 390–1, 402, 404–5 Nakai, 53, 246 Nixon, 189 ocean conveyer belt, 93, 97, 335–6, Nakamura, 18 Nobel prize, 383 393–5, 404 Naldrett, 204, 219, 222–3 Noble, 19 ocean island basalts, see OIB NaOH, 386 noble gases, see rare gases ocean-floor sediment, 168, 295, 301, natural laboratory, 180, 182 noble-gas subduction barrier, 305 303, 336, 405 Naudet, 10 noble metal, 219 oceanic lithosphere, 137, 160, 162, 215, Nd model age, see model ages nodules, see xenoliths 300 Nd paradox, 93 No-EM array, 159 Oda, 406 Nd : YAG laser, 312 Noe-Nygaard, 140 Odin, 56 Neal, 161 Noller, 420 Oeschger, 386 nebuliser, 111 Nordland, 123 O’Hara, 137, 363 Neff, 329 Noril’sk complex, 208, 216–17 Ohio River, 416 negative ions, 397, 413 norite, 46, 444 Ohlander,¨ 81 Neir, 25 normalisation (isotopic), 77, 208, OIB, 45–6, 89, 136, 137, 139, 155, Nelson, 79–82, 84–6, 189, 245 332–3 157–8, 163–4, 175, 189–90, 214, neodymium, see Sm–Nd Norman, 245, 442 216–18, 233, 239–43, 247, 294–6, Neogene, 61 Normile, 2 298–300, 305–6, 309–11, 313–14, neolithic, 389 North Atlantic, see Atlantic 364–5, 370, 373–4, 377, 407 neon, 190, 193, 293, 296, 298, 303–7 North Luzon arc, 168 oil fields, 462 neon–argon plot, 313 North Sea, 299 Oklo natural reactor, 10–12 neon–B, 313 Northern hemisphere reference line, 164 Oktay, 413 Nepal, 65 Norway, 50–51, 75–6, 115, 124–5 Oldoinyo, Lengai, 190, 360, 362 nephelinite, 190–1 Norwegian Sea, 334 Olive, 212 Neumann, 42–3 Notsu, 70 Olivenza, 432 Neustupny, 387 Nova, 435 olivine, 78, 138, 162, 184, 204, 213, 215, neutrino, 8 Nowell, 241 294, 299, 310–11, 313, 364 neutron activation/irradiation, 260, N-TIMS, 203, 443 olivine basalt, 181, 192, 375 270–1, 314, 346, 392, 412, 417–19, Nuanetsi, 187 Olsson, 386 429–30 nuclear binding energy, 5, 292 Oman, 371 neutron-capture cross section, 6, 11–12, nuclear constants, 12 omphacite, 75 427 nuclear fallout, 127 onion, 371

486 Index

O’Nions, 7, 17, 22, 71, 75–6, 87, 92, 95, 249, 273–4, 294, 296–7, 301–2, 310, peak metamorphic, 76 129, 131, 138, 140, 153–4, 295, 297, 329, 393–5, 402–6 peak jumping/switching, 28–9, 292 301, 317–18, 353, 366 packrat urine, 412 peak tail, see abundance sensitivity Onstott, 268, 271–80, 282 Pagalu, 190 Pearce, 166 Ontario, 73, 102, 125, 189, 207, 222, Pakistan, 65 Pearson, 204, 212, 388–9, 398 270–1, 277, 412 Palacz, 160 Peat, 385 Onverwacht, 240 Paleocene, 273, 302 Peate, 368 open-system behaviour (see also paleoclimate, see climatic effects Pece, 355 disturbance), 48, 52, 57–8, 72, 74, 89, paleo-isochron, 124 Pechenga, 218 102, 113, 118, 196, 207–8, 211, 222, paleomagnetism (see also geomagnetic), pegmatite, 176, 246, 282, 232, 247, 308 233, 259, 291, 326, 328–9, 345–9 265, 402, 407 Pegram, 224–6 open-system magma chamber, 137, 364 paleo-oceanography, see ocean pelagic sediment, 116–17, 126, 128–9, ophiolite, 209, 214, 371 paleo-productivity, 334, 337 162–3, 215, 224, 242–3, 301–2, 328, optical microscope, 451 paleosol, 103 333, 379, 407, 409 orbital variations/tuning etc., 274, 303, Paleozoic, 57–9, 197, 199, 208, 213, pelitic rock, 83 341, 343, 406–7 250, 269, 308 Peninsula Ranges, 197 ordinary chondrites (see also chondrite), palisade, 275 Penokean, 85 234, 436, 443 Pallasite meteorite, 440 Pepin, 292, 307, 313–14, 319 Ordovician, 52, 198 Palmer, 62, 64, 94 per mil (definition), 385 ore deposits, 52–4, 109, 119–20, 206–7, Panama Gateway, 95–6, 131 per-alkaline magmas, 361 219–23 panhandle, 298 perchloric acid, 16 Oregon Plateau, 192 Pankhurst, 111, 138, 195 peridotite, 161, 174–7, 209, 211, 213, organic matter, 208, 334, 405 Pannonian basin, 298–9, 301 218–19, 241–2, 300, 367, 372, 375 Orgueil meteorite, 442 Panthalassan Ocean, 94 Permian, 102–3 Orinoco basin, 400 Papanastassiou, 31, 44–5, 47, 431–2, 447 Perry Mountain formation, 83 Orinoco River, 167 Papua New Guinea, 226–7, 342 Peru, 407–8 Orogene, 121 paragneiss, 264 Peslier, 213 orthoclase, 285 Parana basalts, 187–8 Peterman, 58–62 orthopyroxene, 138 pargasite, 176–7 Peters, 399 osmiridium, 209 Parrish, 16, 32, 114 petrol, see gasoline osmium (see also Re–Os), 65, 162, 194, Parsons, 285 Pettingill, 233 203–28, 243, 298 partial annealing, 457, 459–60, 463, Pettke, 54, 245 osmium problem, 214 465–6 Peucker-Ehrenbrink, 224–5 osmium tetroxide, 204 partial melting, 84–5, 138, 155, 196–7, PFE, 16 Osmond, 328 357, 365, 367, 374 PGE, 203–4, 216, 218–20, 223 Ostlund, 392 particle-reactive, 329, 331–2, 335, 403 pH in soil, 400 Ott, 434 particulate matter (see also sediment), Phanerozoic, 58, 62, 87, 94, 120, 209–10 Otway basin, 461–2, 467–8 87, 337, 403 phengite, 49 outer core, 216–7 partition coefficient, 102, 213, 329, 331, phenocryst, 188, 265, 293–4, 299, 355 Outer Hebrides, 125 209, 216, 240, 367 Philippines, 168, 376–8 outgassing (see also degassing), 254, 297 partitioning, 82, 122, 400 Phillips, 280, 412, 417–19 overgrowths, 61, 102, 111, 356 Pasadena, 127 Phinney, 304, 314, 317 Oversby, 31–2, 120, 353, 363 passive margin, 81 phlogopite, 138–9, 176–7, 181, 280 oxalic acid, 218 Patchett, 16–17, 19, 31–3, 79, 83–4, 86, phonolite, 191, 356 Oxburgh, 136, 226, 228, 295, 298, 301 89, 232–7, 239–43 phosphate, 47, 58, 83, 93–4, 113–14, Oxford, 398 Pa–Th ages, 335, 345–7, 359 431–2 oxidation states, 204 path of stability (nuclides), 1–2, 7 phosphoric acid, 19 oxygen, 194, 197–8, 243, 302, 331, 341, Patterson, 116, 126–9, 302–3, 310, 316 photographic emulsion, 451 342, 374, 383, 406 Pavich, 400 photo-multiplier, see multiplier oxygen isotopes, 62, 95–6, 102, 161, PAZ, see partial annealing photosynthesis, 384 167, 192, 215, 227, 274, 334, 401–2, Pb loss, 104–6, 111, 113–15 PIC (nodule), 178 407 Pb separation, 17 Picciotto, 332–3 oxygenated atmosphere, 122, 154 Pb model ages, see model Pickett, 346, 377 Ozima, 292, 301–2, 304–7, 315–17, 319 Pb paradox, 120–2, 191 Pickles, 282 Pb–Pb ages/isochrons, 33, 115–16, 119, Picrite, 187, 216–17, 364 PAAS, 168 123–5, 185–6, 432–33, 441 Picture Gorge, 192–3 Pacific, 92–4, 95, 129–30, 140, 153, 155, Pd–Ag system, 440 Pidgeon, 55, 74, 91–3, 111 157, 219, 224, 226–7, 244–5, 247, Peace River meteorite, 47, 71 Pierce, 29

Index 487

Pierson-Wickmann, 65 Popp, 58 Puchtel, 218 Pietruszka, 33 popping rock, 311–12, 314 pulse-counting, 28 Pikes Peak, 79, 236, 250 population method, 454–5, 459, 465 pulsed ion beams, 412 Pikwitonei, 115 Porcelli, 48, 298, 307, 313, 316–18 pulsed lasers, 270 pillows, 257 pore water, 58–9, 331 Pultusk, 432 Pimentel-Klose, 94 Poreda, 292–3, 306, 311–13, 316 PUM, 211, 213–4 Pincate field, 375 porosity, 365, 370, 375, 368 pumice, 354, 357 Pine, 292 porous flow, see EPF model Purdy, 49–50 Pine Point (MVT), 54 positron emission, 8–9, 254 purification, see chemical separation Pinson, 42 post-Archean average shale, see PAAS Purser, 397 Pinus aristata/longaeva, 388 potassic magmas/rocks, 187–8 Pu–Xe, 431 Piotrowski, 245 potassium, 8, 57, 260, 308 Puy de Dome,ˆ 356 Piplia Kalan meteorite, 437 potential-energy well, 21 Pyrenees, 211 piston–cylinder experiments, 182 Potrillo basalts, 375 pyrite, 102, 207 Pitcairn, 160, 162–3, 165, 215, 243 Potts, 20, 108, 324 pyroxene, 72, 83, 213, 257, 266, 308, 437 pitchblende, 104 Poupeau, 458–9 pyroxenite, 220, 241, 368–9 Piton de la Fournaise, 363 Powell, 32, 38 pyrrhotite, 207 placer deposits, 10, 209–10 power-law, 29 plagioclase, 48, 72, 75, 83, 162, 179–81, p-process, 7, 426 Qin, 370–1 185, 188, 198–9, 250, 268, 278, 264, Precambrian (see also Proterozoic etc.), Qingzhen meteorite, 433 367, 434 55–6, 58, 71, 181, 195, 197 Qorqut granite, 124, 195 Planck’s constant, 21 precipitation, 338, 410 quadratic curve, 79 planetary differentiation, 440–2 precision, 28–9, 35, 327 quadrupole, 15, 20, 34, 111, 410 planetary neon, 305, 307, 311–12 predictive model, see forward quartz, 180, 293, 374, 415 planetesimals, 205, 262, 433, 440–2 Preissac-Lacorne batholith, 76 quasar, 427 plankton, see biogenic PREMA (mantle), 157, 164–5 Quaternary (see also Pliocene), 65, 95, plant fossils, 389, 395 pre-solar grains, 436–7, 440, 443 226, 274, 302–3, 334, 341, 400, 410 plasma, 20 pressure effect (fission tracks), 468–9 Quay, 389 plate tectonics, 89, 136 Price, 451, 453–4, 456, 458 Quebec, 189, 207 plate velocity, 408 primeval/primordial Pb, 117–19, 154–6 Queensland, 412 plateau age (Ar–Ar), 262–4, 266–8, 270, primitive upper mantle, see PUM Quercus petraea, 389 277–8, 280 primordial rare gases, 157, 217, 291–2, Quxu pluton, 64, 283 plateau lava group, 183–4 294–8, 304–6, 309, 311, 313, 316, 318 plateau-annealing, 459 primordial solar system, 428 R/Ra value, 295, 298–300 platinum, see PGE principal-component analysis, 159 radial plot, 457 Pleistocene, 181, 274, 324, 327, 341, probability density/distribution, 38, 456 radiation damage, 104–5, 107, 113, 115, 343, 345, 408 production, see cosmogenic 328 Pliocene-Pleistocene, 408 prograde metamorphism, 75, 115 radiation dose, 348 Plum, 167 projected tracks, 463–7 radioactive counting, see counting plumbotectonics (see also Pb) 121–2, projection method, 394 radioactive decay (see also alpha etc.), 156 prompt decay, 1 7–12 plumes (mantle), 123, 136–7, 139–40, proportional counter (see also counting), radiocarbon, 12, 97, 227, 324, 383–98, 156, 160–62, 164, 174, 178, 187–9, 204, 386 412 190–4, 210, 214–15, 217–18, 221–3, protactinium, 332, 335, 346, 358, 372 radiological protection, 346 294–7, 298–9, 308, 310, 313–14, 316, Proterozoic, 10, 58, 75, 78–9, 83, 85–6, radionuclide deposition, see deposition 318–19, 368, 372–4 90, 94, 125–6, 174–5, 187, 195, 218, radium, 356–7, 361–3, 370 plume-pudding mantle, 219 232–3, 236, 251, 271, 298, 308 radon, 325, 363 Plummer, 412 protolith age, 74–5, 124 Raffenach, 10 plum-pudding mantle, 140, 370 proto-sun/star, 435–6, 438 Raheim, 51 plutonium/plutogenic, 314, 317, 432 provenance ages (see also model), 55, Raikot River, 65 Podosek, 430, 432 81, 83, 88, 237, 456 rainfall, 399–400, 407, 412 Poisson distribution, 38, 456 Provost, 45–6, 49 Raisbeck, 398–9, 401, 403–4, 406 Polar Front, 337 Przybylowciz, 343–4 raised terraces, 329 Polaris (MVT), 54 pseudochon, 434, 437, 439, 441–5 Rajmahal traps, 161 Poland, 391, 455 pseudo-isochron, 46–7, 52, 73, 184, 187, Raleigh crystallisation, see fractional polishing, 452, 454 199, 211, 214 Ralph, 383, 386 polymorphs, 55 pseudotsuga, 389 random-line segment model, 458, 463 Po–Pb dating, 371 Pt–Os system, 208, 216, 223 rare-earth elements, see REE

488 Index

rare gases (see also by name), 291–319, resonance ionisation, 203, 396 Russ, 203 338, 383, 430 restite, 199 Russell, 22, 104, 119–21, 249–50, 436, Rasbury, 103 resuspension, 399 439 rastered beam, 270 reunion, 158, 296, 306–7, 370 Russia, 313 Ra–Th system, see radium reversal, see magnetostratigraphy Rustenburg, 219 Rattlesnake Gulch, 181–2 reverse discordance, 109 Rutberg, 96–7 Ravizza, 208, 224 reworking, 195 Rutherford, 11, 291 Rayleigh fractionation (see also Rex, 264 rutile, 178 fractionation), 22, 359 Reykjanes Ridge, 139–40, 316, 368 Ruturu, 159 Raymo, 64 Reynolds, 94–5, 129, 314, 429–30 Rb–Sr system, 22, 42–65, 85, 101, Reyss, 403 Sackett, 335 207–8, 247, 257–8, 296, 310, 354, rhenium filament, 19 Saddle Mountains,192–4 373, 460 Rhine graben, 298–9 saddle-shaped profile, 264–5, 285 reaction time, 4 Rhodesia, see Zimbabwe Sahara, 93 reactor, see nuclear rhyolite, 179–80, 191, 374 Sahijpal, 438 Read, 174 Ricard, 298 salinity, 92, 95, 226 Reagan, 356–7 Richards, 120, 122 Salters, 232, 240–2 recent uptake, 348–9 Richardson, 78 Samoa, 156, 158, 161, 165, 215, 240, recharge, 360, 412 Richardton meteorite 429–30, 441 242, 296, 300, 306–7, 311–12, 316, recoil (nuclear), 104, 267–9, 282, 285, Richter, 59, 64, 175, 283 318 326, 328 Richter plot, 283 sample-spike homogenisation, 207 recommended value, 13, 275 richterite, 178 Samson, 87 reconnection ring, 438 Ridge (Mid-Ocean), 296, 357–8, 368, San Francisco, 127, 375 recrystallisation, 63 372 San Joaquin valley, 462 recycling, 87–8, 121–2, 154–6, 159–63, rift zone, 374–5 San Marcos gabbro, 198 165, 175, 214–16, 218, 243, 296–8, rifting, 137, 191 Sanidine, 272, 274 300, 304, 316, 377 Righter, 214 Santa Clara meteorite, 440 red giant, 3, 5, 436, 438, 447 RIMS, see resonance Santa Monica basin, 338 Re-depletion model age, 211–12 Ringwood, 2 Santschi, 338 red-shift, 427 Rink, 348–9 Sao˜ Miguel, 137, 139, 156, 166 reducing agent, 96, 331 Rio Grande, 81, 241, 375 Sarda, 293, 304–5 REE, 6, 10, 17, 19, 83, 167–8, 232, 240, Rison, 304 Sargasso Sea, 92, 128 246–9 riverine flux, 62–5, 225–6 Sasada, 317 reef-building corals, 341 Robert, 13 satellite, 435 re-etching, 456 Roberts, 272, 332 Sato, 245–7 Reeves, 5, 415 Robinson, 406 saturation (cosmogenic), 400, 416, 428 reflected light, 463 Rochester, 412 Saunders, 160 refractory minerals, 432, 434–5 rock varnish, 418 Saxton, 441 regression, 34–6, 52, 75, 126, 345 Roddick, 18, 110, 258 scatter error, see geological Reid, 374, 396 Rogers, 111–12 scattering (of ion beam), 397 Reimer, 455, 459 Ronda, 210–11 scavenging, 91, 94, 129, 335, 399, 405, Reisberg, 210–11, 213, 215 Rooth, 392 223, 244, 337 relaxation stress, 451 Rose, 10 Schaeffer, 357, 417 relict igneous texture, 75 Rosetta stone, 303 Scharer,¨ 106, 112–14 Renne, 275–6 Rosholt, 102, 116, 328, 335 Scheinin, 70 Re–Os system, 203–28 Rosman, 128 Scherer, 13, 232, 234 re-polishing, 456 Ross, 2 Schiano, 218 reproducibility, 29, 35, 398 Rotaru, 441 Schilling, 139–40 reservoir age, 390, 394–5 Rousseau, 80, 87 Schintlmeister, 292 re-setting event (see also disturbance), Roy-Barman, 218 schist, 83, 197, 207 51, 75, 207, 259, 433 r-process, 2, 6–7, 427, 429–30, 432, 438, Schlutter, 295, 305 residence time, 58, 62, 91–3, 102, 129, 441–2, 444, 446–7 Schmalzl, 297 131, 153, 155, 225–7, 244–5, 297, rubidium, see Rb Schmitz, 276 300, 316, 328–9, 331, 335–8, 355, Rubin, 357, 370 Schoenberg, 219–20, 443, 445 359, 365, 374, 378, 392, 399–400, Ruiz, 194 Scholton, 334 403–5 Rundberg, 60 Schonbachler, 426 residue, 210, 343–4 run-off, see riverine Schramm, 430, 442, 447 resolution (mass spectrometer), 108 run-out, 63 Schreiner, 44–45

Index 489

Schwarcz, 343–4, 347 shielding, 294, 385–6, 401, 414, 417–18, Soddy, 11 Schwartzman, 308 451 Soderhind, 234 Science Citation Index, 80 Shimizu, 247 sodium (ocean residence), 91 scintillation detector, 42, 204 Shirahata, 338–9 sodium chloride, 433 Scotia Sea, 166 Shirey, 204, 216 sodium perchlorate, 386 Scotland, 46–7, 74, 83–4, 111, 125, 175, Shirley, 9 soil erosion, 404 182–3, 247, 248 Shlyakhter, 12 soil profiles, 399–400, 412 Scott, 335 shock events, 433 solar insolation/irradiation, 307, 341–3 Scourian, 186 short circuit, see fast diffusion solar modulation, 401, 406 screening, see shielding short-lived nuclides, 1–2, 4, 353, 360, solar nebula, 31, 47, 432, 434, 436–8, SDC, 154, 166, 168, 212–13, 216, 447 441–2, 444, 447 377–9, 379, 409–10 SHRIMP, 34, 89–90, 109 solar radiation (burn off), 303, 319 sea-floor spreading, 12, 358 Shroud of Turin, 397–8 solar rare gases 304–6, 312–13, 318–19 sea-level, 329, 341, 343 Shu, 436, 438, 447 solar system, 2, 117, 426–7 seamounts, 140, 329 Shukolyukov, 441–2 solar wind, 293, 296, 305–6, 313, 315, seawater, 55–8, 91–2, 94–5, 126, 136, Siberia, 56, 208, 211–12, 218, 226, 275, 319, 386, 412, 436 166, 197–8, 208, 216, 223–6, 244, 468 solid-state mixing, 156 274, 302, 308, 310, 316, 328–9, siderophile chemistry, 122, 203, 209, solidus, 138 331–2, 335, 341, 347, 358, 373, 392, 217, 443 solution nebulization, 34 403, 405 Sierra Nevada, 181, 197, 273 Somerset, 389 secondary ion, see SIMS Sigmarsson, 369, 373–5, 377, 379, 409 SOPITA, 159 secular equilibrium, 324–8, 332–3, Signer, 292 sorption equilibrium, 335 339–40, 347, 353–4, 359–62, 369, silica gel, 19, 24, 110 South Africa, 78, 88, 174–6, 189, 207, 371, 374, 386 silicon carbide, 436 210, 236, 240, 280 sediment provenance, 80–2, 87, 445 silk, 451, 457 South America, 187 sediment subduction, see subduction Silurian, 83 South Atlantic, see Atlantic sedimentary basin, 298, 460, 467 silver, 105, 197 South China Sea, 168 sedimentary rocks, 54, 58, 197, 456 Silver Plume, 79, 236 South Pole, 338, 401 sedimentation rate, 301–3, 331–2, 334, Simcoe, 212 South Sandwich Islands, 166 337–8, 394, 403, 406, 408, 332, Simonetti, 190 Southern Ocean, see Antarctic 335 Simplon, 40, 384, 460 southern volcanic zone, 377, 379 Seeger, 6, 430 SIMS, 107–9, 114, 203, 209, 356, Spain, 210 Segonzac, 55 369–71, 373, 435, 437–8, 442 spallation, 5, 293, 303, 314, 383, 398, seismic evidence, 367 single-stage Pb model, 118–19, 123 405, 410, 413, 416–20, 436, 438–40, seismic plane, 408 Sinian–Cambrian, boundary, 56 442, 447, 451 Selby, 207 Siqueiros fracture zone, 369–70 sparks, 184 selective contamination, 179, 181, 186, skeletons, 348 spatial geometry, 453–5 195 Skoflek, 344 SPECMAP, 62, 341–3, 406–7 SEM, 59–60 Skovgaard, 215 spectroscopy, 2–3 Semarkona meteorite, 433, 436–7 Skye (Hebrides), 182–6, 248 spectrum plot, 107, 261–2, 264 semi-tracks, see Projected slab-derived component/fluid, see SDC speleothems, 342–3, 347, 390, 417 Sequoia, 389 Slave Province, 78, 86–7, 89, 196 Spell, 274 sericite, 55, 83, 207, 279 slow neutrons, see thermal sphalerite, 53–4 Serra de Mage meteorite, 233–4 Smalley, 60 sphene, 115, 246–7, 454, 458–9 Seta, 298 smectite, 55, 137, 269 Spiegelman, 370 Seti, 65 Smith, 17, 34, 88, 102, 113, 168–9, 176, spike (enriched), 29–31, 205–6, 220, Shackleton, 274, 394 189, 268–9 226, 250, 254–6, 298, 326–7, 346 Shales, 56, 82 Sm–Nd system, 22, 70–97, 207–8, spinel, 174–5, 213–14, 241–2, 367–9, Shallowater meteorite, 433 220–1, 233–5, 238, 246–8 375, 435 shap granite, 52 Smoliar, 13, 206–7 Spivak, 358 Sharma, 225–7, 406–7, 445–6 SMOW, 375 spontaneous fission, 4, 10, 292, 317, 451 Sharpe, 219 Smyth, 15 spontaneous tracks, 454–6, 459 Shaw, 93 Snake Range, 285 Spooner, 62–3 sheared (peridotite), 174 Snake River, 192 spreading rate, 140, 273, 358, 372, 297 Sheep Mountain, 319 SNC meteorites, see Mars s-process, 5–7, 427, 431 Sheldon, 294 Snow, 338, 412 sputtering, 109, 203, 412, 416 Shen, 33 Snyder, 413–14 Sr, see Rb–Sr Shepard, 53, 418 Society Islands, 156–8, 165, 215, 242 Srinivasan, 437

490 Index

St Helena, 140, 156–8, 160, 190–1, sub-continental lithosphere, 46, 78, 153, tannic acids, 386 215 158, 161–2, 164, 174–6, 187, 189–91, tantalum, 19 St Kitts, 167, 169 210–14, 223, 374–5 Tanzania, 175, 360 St Lucia, 169 Subducted rare gases, 297, 305, 318 Tarling, 272 St Severin meteorite, 71, 432 subducted oceanic crust, 89, 160, 166, Tata, 344 stability (nuclear), 6 216 Tatsumoto, 17, 19, 33, 45, 120, 126–7, stable isotopes, see oxygen subducted sediment (see also recycling), 136, 153, 232–4, 239–40 Stacey, 104, 120–22, 126 87, 161–2, 167, 176, 192, 194, 198, tau, see memory Staffa, 186 243, 300, 377, 407 Tauber, 390 stalactites etc., see speleothems subducted slab, 160, 162, 376, 379 Taupo volcanic zone, 356 standard error, 29, 457 subduction barrier, 295 Tauxe, 274 Stannern meteorite, 70 subduction erosion, 162, 299 Taylor, 87, 123–5, 195, 197, 383 Stanton, 119–20 subduction zone, 123, 163, 212, 213, tectonic uplift/erosion, 163–4, 329 star association, 435 216, 299, 376, 409–10 tectosphere, 174 State Circle shale, 55 subduction-related component, see SDC teeth, 348 static analysis/collection, 29, 292, 445 subduction-related volcanism, 216, 295, Teﬂon, see PFE static gas mode, 291 376–7, 380 Tejon oil ﬁeld, 462 Staudacher, 295, 306, 309–11, 314–15 sub-glacial, 294, 313 tektite, 262, 452, 459, 463 Staudigel, 94, 159–60, 164 submarine glasses, see glasses TEM, 284 staurolite, 49 submersible, 371 temperature, 138, 277 Ste Marguerite meteorite, 433, 441, 443 subsidence, 329 Tennessee, 53–4 steady-state models, 154, 297, 307, 313, Sudbury, 207–8, 222 Tepley, 188 316–18, 416 Suess, 386–9 Tera, 112–14, 407–8 Steele, 435 Suess wiggles, 388 Tera–Wasserburg plot, 112, 114 Steens Mountain, 192–3 Sugiura, 439 terrestrial residence age, 414–15 Stegmann, 437 Sukkertopen, 123 terrestrial xenology, see xenon Steiger, 13, 43, 254, 273, 275 Sulitjilma, 75–6 terrigenous, see clastic stellar birth/evolution, 3, 447 sulphide, 119, 176, 204, 206–8, 213, Tertiary, 46, 60–2, 64–5, 94, 115, 182–4, Stensland, 399 220, 222 186, 224–5, 241, 248, 462 step heating (degassing), 261–2, 264, sulphuric acid, 204 tetraethyl lead, 127 269–70, 276, 279, 282–6, 293, 309, Sun, 45–6, 140, 156, 214 Texas, 82, 103, 299 313, 429–30, 432–4 Sunda arc, 167–8, 216, 407–8 Th (see also U), 2, 33, 170, 292, 295, stepwise annealing, 459 sunspot activity, 386, 388–9, 401 324–37, 339–47, 361–3, 372, 391, 427 Stevenson, 236–7 Superior Province, 78, 86–7, 189 thallium, 33 Stille, 82 supernova, 3–5, 427, 429–31, 436, 438, THC, see thermohaline Stillwater Complex, 72, 80, 187, 220–1, 441–3, 447 Thellier, 387 236, 308 supernova-trigger hypothesis, 435, 442 thermal aureole, 259 stilpnomelane, 49–50, 266 surface-barrier detector, 398 thermal erosion, 184 Stirling, 327 surface exposure, see exposure age thermal histories, 51, 64, 268, 276–7, stirring time, 297 Sushchevskaya, 162 282–3, 285–6, 462–4, 466–8 Stockdale rhyolite, 52 suture, 195 thermal ionisation, see TIMS Stolper, 241, 368 Suzuki, 207 thermal kinetics, 265 Stone, 420 Sveco-Norwegian, 50 thermal neutrons, 383, 417, 429, 452, stony meteorites, see achondrites Sweden, 413 454 Stordal, 92 Swindle, 432–33 thermochronometry, see thermal histories Storzer, 458–9, 463 Switzerland, 389 thermohaline circulation, 393 Strahm, 389 syngenetic, 119 Thirlwall, 19, 22–3, 29, 32–3, 160, 165, Strathcona mine, 208, 222–3 169, 178–9, 183–4 stratigraphic age, 57, 237 T-Tauri star, 436 tholeiites (see also basalt), 139, 190–1, Streurman, 385–6 Tachibana, 442 310, 360, 374 Stripa granite, 413–14 Tachikawa, 93 Thompson, 15, 181–3, 186 stripping, canal, 396–7 taconic orogeny, 82 thorium, see Th Stromboli, 355, 360 Taddeucci, 355 three-component mixing, 156, 168–9, strontium, see Rb–Sr Tahiti, 158, 296 199, 304 structural breakdown, 272, 278–9 Takaoka, 295, 308 three-dimensional isochron, see total Stuiver, 387, 389–90, 393, 398 Takayanai, 301–2 three-isotope plot, 303, 306–7, 312–14, Sturges, 128 Tanaka, 17, 245–9, 402–3 317 S-type granites, 111, 198 tandem accelerator, see AMS three-stage Pb, 124

Index 491

thrust, 83 Tuff, 56, 275 Van der Plicht, 391 Thurber, 328 Tugarinov, 86 Van Eysinga, 273 Thurston, 87 tungsten, see Hf–W Van Hinte, 273 Tibet, 64 Tungsten Hills, 181 Van Keken, 164–5, 297 Ticino, 460 turbidites, 81–2, 199, 242 Vance, 24, 34, 75, 96 Tilton, 48, 104–5, 115, 190 turbulent flow, see magma Vanuatu, 341 time-integrated ratios, 153–5, 241, 374 Turcotte, 136, 208, 224–5, 308, 403 varved sediment, 227, 390–91 time-of-flight analyser, 410, 412–13 Turner, 168–9, 259, 261, 263, 267–8, Vede ash bed, 395 Timmins, 270 270, 276, 282–3, 377–9 Veeh, 340–1 TIMS, 15–17, 19, 21, 24, 33–4, 203, two-component, see binary Veizer, 58–9 232, 244, 255, 327, 356 two-point isochron, 53 Venezuela, 276 TINCLE/TINT, 463 two-reservoir, model, 295, 297–8, 306, ventilation age, 391, 394–5 Ti-sublimation/getter, 255, 291 310, 316 Verschure, 50 titanite, 115 two-stage evolution models, 83, 90, 121, Vervoort, 238, 243 Titterington, 36, 345 123 vesicles, 293, 301, 312 Toarcian, 225 Vesta, 441, 444 Todt, 32 UG1, 219 Vesuvius, 355 Tolstikhin, 122, 126, 153–4, 190, 292, U-He ages, 262 Vikan gneisses, 124–5 297, 317–18 ultra-incompatible, 363–4, 370–1 Villa, 233, 238, 268 Tommasini, 181 ultramafic, 209–11, 221, 225, 306 Vincent, 254 tonalitic, 74, 79, 83–4, 97, 123, 181, 185, ultra-violet laser, 34, 270 Virginia, 400 199, 249 undegassed reservoir, 295, 298, 309–10 viscosity, 146–8, 297 Tongan arc, 299–300, 376–9 unetchable gaps, 464 Vlastélic,130 tooth, 349 uniformitarianism, 12 volatilisation, 19, 21, 442 torch (ICP), 20 unsupported daughter, 176, 324, 331 volcanic front, 165 Torgersen, 412–13 U–Pa, see Pa–Th volcaniclastic, 81 Toronto, 396 U–Pb system, 33, 72–4, 90–1, 101–16, Volkening, 203 total Pb/U isochron, 112–13 207–8, 220, 222, 235, 237, 239, 247, Volpe, 357–8, 371 total fusion/release, age, 261, 266, 269 271–2, 275–6, 346, 373, 437, 460 volume diffusion (see also diffusion), tourmaline, 257 uplift rate, 50, 459–60, 466 50–1, 262, 279–82, 285, 371 trachyandesite, 181 upper crust, 186 von Blanckenburg, 130, 404 trachytes, 191 upper intercept ages, 105, 107, 111, 347 VonderHaar, 95 track density, 452–4, 463, 468–9 upper mantle, 153–6, 308, 319 track-length analysis, 458, 462–8 uptake history (U), 348–9 Wagner, 402, 412, 458–60, 463, 465–6 train of blobs, 296 upwelling (mantle), 366, 368, 370, Walczyk, 203 transcendental curve, 116, 118 372–3, 379, 365–6, 377 Walder, 33, 34 transmission (AMS), 396 Urals, 209 Wales, 83 transposed paleo-isochron, 124–5 uraninite, 103–4, 326–7 Walker, 203–4, 206–11, 216–18, 222–3, transuranium elements, 10 uranium, 2, 10–12, 109, 118, 154, 160, 451, 454, 456 trapped electrons, 348 292, 295, 303, 317, 324, 329, 332, Walter, 336–7, 457–8 travertine, 344–5 346–9, 363, 367, 376, 404–5, 427, Walvis, 158, 160 tree rings, see dendrochronology 446, 451, 454–5 Walvis ridge, 157, 242 tremolite, 266 uranogenic xenon, 314, 317 Wanapum, 193–4 Tretbar, 54 USA, 76, 85–6, 191, 193, 241, 250, 298, Wang, 405 Triassic, 225 338, 342, 399 Wartho, 285 Trieloff, 276, 313, 316–17 U-series analysis, 12, 33, 94, 97, 114, Washington, 212 triple-filament, see double 128, 137, 219, 297, 303, 324–80, Wasserburg, 18–19, 22, 31, 44–5, 47, Tristan, 156–7, 160, 240, 242, 296, 370 390–1, 402–3, 406 71–2, 77–9, 92–3, 112, 117, 124, 180, tritium, 292, 412 U–Th–Pa system, see Pa–Th 192, 194, 225–7, 297, 307, 313, Trivedi, 428 UVLAMP, 270–1, 282 316–18, 429–32, 434, 436, 440, 446–7 troctolite, 78, 444 Uyeda, 163 watershed, 64, 80 troilite, 116–17, 442 Watson, 111 trondhjemite, 248 Vaal Reef, 207 weathering, 64–5, 77, 116, 136, 225, Trout Lake, 271 vacancy sites, 285 236, 245, 328, 400, 407 Truran, 431, 435, 447 vacuum, 15, 27, 279 Weaver, 160, 162 Tubuaii, 158, 161, 215 Valbracht, 313 Weddell Sea, 336–7 Tucker, 115 Valles caldera, 274 wedge, see mantle Tufa, 343 van Breemen, 105 Weinberg, 2

492 Index

Weiss, 161 Winograd, 342–3 Yellowstone plume, 192, 374 Welke, 185 Wisconsin, 53 Yin, 443–4 well gases, 291, 298, 315, 317–18 Witwatersrand, 207, 209 Yiou, 401 Wendlandt, 188 WOCE program, 392 Yokoyama, 326, 403 Wendt, 36, 112, 468 Wolﬂi, 410 York, 35–7, 265, 270, 277–8 Wernicke, 291 Wood, 367 Yosemite, 338–9 West, 89 Wood Standard, 385 You, 400 Western gneiss region (Norway), 115 Woodhead, 162 Younger Dryas, 343, 391, 393, 395 Wetherill, 48, 103–4, 303, 314 Woodhouse, 226 Yu, 335–6 Whistle mine, 222–3 work function, 203 Whitby, 433 Wright, 271 Zadnik, 293 White, 33, 136, 139, 155–6, 167–8, 198, Wu, 128 Zag, 433–4 241–2, 244–5 Wust, 92 Zaire, 293, 374 white dwarf, 3 Wyllie, 166 Zalasiewicz, 83 white mica, see muscovite Wyoming, 65, 72, 101, 116, 211–12, Zartman, 121, 125 White Mountains, 388 236, 419 Zashu, 292, 304, 307, 315–17 Whitehouse, 74, 83–4, 89–90, 125 Zellmer, 356 whole-rock analysis/samples, 44, 47–9, xenocrysts, 111, 258, 355 zeolite getter, 255 52, 56, 58, 71–2, 80, 83, 89, 116–17, xenoliths, 46, 138, 161, 167, 174–7, 180, zeolite-facies, 55 123, 126, 177, 181, 205, 207, 209, 185, 210, 212–14, 222, 234, 300, 306, zeta calibration, 453 211–12, 232–3, 238, 250, 258, 261, 308–10, 316 Zimbabwe, 76, 103–4 265, 272, 408, 431–3, 442 xenon, 304–5, 307–9, 314, 429–30, 431 Zimmerman, 301 Wickman, 57 Xmas Island, 158 Zindler, 140, 156–9, 164, 175, 232, 241 Widom, 137, 216 x-process, 438 Zinner, 436 wiggle matching, 389 X-rays/XFD/XRF, 9, 55, 207, 254 zircon, 16, 18, 36, 72–4, 90, 103–7, Wilde, 109 x-wind model, 438–9 109–10, 113, 115, 233–5, 238, 242, Wilgain, 332–3 272, 346, 355–6, 452, 454, 456–8, 462 Williams, 89, 109, 356, 360–2, 366, 374, Yamato, 415 zirconium, 17, 111, 232 376, 378 Yamazaki, 406 Zreda, 417–20 Wind River Range, 65, 419 Yang, 335 Zumi Band, 375 windblown particles, 93, 130, 245, 400 Yangtze, 64 Zurich, 398, 412