DOCSLIB.ORG

Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Gfrp Reinforced with Coir and Flax

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Gfrp Reinforced with Coir and Flax International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 12, December 2018, pp. 1034–1042, Article ID: IJMET_09_12_103 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=12 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GFRP REINFORCED WITH COIR AND FLAX V.Pandyaraj, L.Ravi Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sairam Engineering college chennai-44, India D. Chandramohan Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, St.Peter's Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India ABSTRACT In the present scenario, the need for the natural fibre increases because of their easy availability, low cost and eco-friendly behavior. Synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon have more strength but the usage of these fibers had been restricted because of the high cost involved in the specimen preparation. In this paper glass fibre was used as matrix and the natural fibers (coir and flax) were used as reinforcement in two different models (one with glass and coir and the another with glass and flax) by using the binding agent epoxy resin. Specimens were fabricated according to the ASTM standards (ASTM D638-03, ASTM D790, ASTM D256 ) and the mechanical properties such as tensile, impact and flexural were carried out. From the results it is found that the GFRP reinforced with flax had higher tensile strength of 6.54 KN compared to coir. It also has higher impact strength of 8.4KN compared to coir which has 7.5 KN. GFRP reinforced with the Flax had a flexural strength of 0.85 KN compared to coir which has 1.15 KN. Keywords: GFRP, Flax, Coir, Epoxy resin, woven. Cite this Article: V.Pandyaraj, L.Ravi Kumar and D. Chandramohan, Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of GFRP Reinforced with Coir and Flax, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(12), 2018, pp. 1034–1042. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=12 http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 1034 [email protected] V.Pandyaraj, L.Ravi Kumar and D. Chandramohan 1. INTRODUCTION Composites consist of two (or more) distinct constituents or phases, which when married together result in a material with entirely different properties from those of the individual components. Typically, a manmade composite would consist of a reinforcement phase of stiff, strong material, frequently fibrous in nature, embedded in a continuous matrix phase. The latter is often weaker and more compliant than the former. Two of the main functions of the matrix are to transmit externally applied loads, via shear stresses at the interface, to the reinforcement and to protect the latter from environmental and mechanical damage. The advantage of such a coupling is that the high strength and stiffness of the fibers (which in most practical situations would be unable to transmit loads) may be exploited. Imre B, Pukánszky in the year 2013[1] said in recent attempts to create more eco- conscious materials, bio-resins have emerged as the new, successful alternative to traditional polyurethane based materials. Although there are no set standards for what it means for a product to be “green” there exist certain agreed upon desirable results such as safer disposal after expiration of satisfactory usage period, energy-efficient manufacturing of the material, and decreased toxic emissions during its period of service are just a few of the categories that manufacturers now target when thinking about green products. Christopher C. Ihueze in 2013[2] said Natural fibers are obtained from various biological resources. Natural fibers are mainly made up of lignocelluloses, cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin, lignin, and water . The application of natural fibers to designing a component is limited by the hydrophilic nature of the cellulose in these natural fibers. Matthews FL and Rawlings RD in 1994[3] stated that studies have indicated that a manmade composite possibly consists of a reinforcement phase of stiff and strong material, which is usually fibrous in nature, embedded in a continuous matrix phase. The matrix phase is often weaker and more compliant than the reinforcement phase. Out of many two of the main functions of the matrix are to transmit externally applied loads, via shear stresses at the interface, to the reinforcement and to protect the reinforcement or filler particles from mechanical damage as well as from the effect of environmental factors such as moisture, temperature, etc. P.-O. Hagstrand, K. Oksmanp[4] in 2004 said the mechanical performance of natural fiber reinforced polymers is often limited owing to a weak fiber-matrix interface. In contrast, melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resins are well known to have a strong adhesion to most cellulose containing materials. In this Paper, nonwoven flax fiber mat reinforced and particulate filled MF composites processed by compression molding are studied and compared to a similar MF composite reinforced with glass fibers. Using flax instead of glass fibers has a somewhat negative effect on tensile performance. Farshid Basiji et all in 2001-2003 [5-7] suggested that we have learned that high specific properties, low density, light in weight and renewable in source are the highlighting advantages of having natural fibers as reinforcement in bio-resin or synthetic resin matrix. Natural fiber reinforcement in traditional thermoplastic 24 polymers finds its application in automobile industries. Influence of surface treatment on natural fibers improves the interfacial bond between fiber and resin thereby increasing the mechanical properties. For traditional fiber reinforced composites, even though it has advantages, one of its main disadvantages is its disposal that causes environmental problems in disposal by incineration. High level of moisture absorption, poor wettability, inadequate adhesion and debonding are the main disadvantages of natural fiber reinforced composites. But studies have indicated that treatment of fibers reduces its disadvantages .Edgars Spārniņš,Jānis Modniks[8] in 2005 said with the commercial production of unidirectionally (UD) reinforced flax fiber prepregs, an opportunity to design composite lay-ups tailored for specific applications has arisen. For that, mechanical http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 1035 [email protected] Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of GFRP Reinforced with Coir and Flax characteristics of a UD composite need to be known. With this aim, plain and notched UD flax/epoxy composites have been tested in on- and off-axis tension. Stiffness, strength and intralaminar toughness characteristics of the composite have been estimate during the test results. Ray D, Sarkar B K, Rana A K in 2009[9] said t he literature survey section clearly indicates that composite materials are gaining importance as substitutes for traditional materials in various fields. The industries especially automotive and aircraft industries are doing extensive 39 research on composite materials for structural applications because of their lightweight requirements. 2. FABRICATION OF THE SPECIMENS AND TEST The composite materials used for the present investigation is fabricated by hand layup process. GFRP + Coir and GFRP+ Flax of 300 mm length were used to prepare the specimen. The size of the fabricated laminate is restricted to 300×300×5 mm. Figure 1 shows the specimen of Flax and GFRP as well as coir and GFRP. Figure 2 shows the specimen of coir reinforced with GFRP that had been cut according to the ASTM standards . (a) (b) Fig.1- Specimen (a) Flax + GFRP (b) Coir + GFRP Fig 2 - Specimen of coir reinforced with GFRP that had been cut according to the ASTM standards . 2.1. Tensile test The tensile test specimens are prepared as per the dimensions. It is prepared as per the ASTM- D638 standards and procedures. There are three specimen are used from each laminates for testing tensile behavior of composite laminates. The tensile test is performed on the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) by means of applying load on the specimen until its get failure and the results are observed. The fabricated laminate was divided into three specimens which http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJMET 1036 [email protected] V.Pandyaraj, L.Ravi Kumar and D. Chandramohan were subjected to the tensile test conducted as per the ASTM-D638. The trials yielded three different but close values of tensile strength after the test. However the average of these three trials was considered for further analysis and comparison purpose. Table 1 shows the tabulated value of the tensile test. Fig 3 indicates the loading of the specimen in UTM for Flexural test as well as the Tensile test. Table 1 Tensile test results for coir and flax Specimen Sample- Sample-2 Sample-3 Tensile Strength-Ultimate Load Gfrp With Coir (kN)4.3 (kN)5.66 (kN5.65) Mean5.2 (kN) Gfrp With Flax 5.92 7.25 6.45 6.54 Fig 3- Loading in Universal Tensile Machine for (a) flexural Test (b)Tensile Test 2.2. Flexural strength The flexural specimens are prepared as per the ASTM D 790 standards. The three test specimens of each laminates of banana, carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites are prepared and tested by applying the three point flexural load with the help of same UTM. The 3-point flexural test is the most common flexural test and used in this experiment for checking the bending strength of the composite materials. The testing process involves placing the test specimen in the UTM and applying force to it until it fractures and breaks. The result of flexural strength of each specimen is observed and the results are compared. The trials yielded three different but close values of tensile strength after the test. However the average of these three trials was considered for further analysis and comparison purpose. The experimental values are presented in Table 2 Table 2- Flexural test for coir and flax fiber Ultimate Load (Or) Sample-1 Sample-2 Sample-3 Specimen Breaking Load(KN) mean (KN) (KN) (KN) GFRP With Coir 1.130 1.10 1.240 1.15 GFRP With Flax .865 .820 .865 .85 2.3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties on Sisal-Coir Hybrid Natural Fiber Composites
    International Journal Of Engineering Research And Development e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com Volume 13, Issue 9 (September 2017), PP.43-49 Evaluation of The Mechanical Properties on Sisal-Coir Hybrid Natural Fiber Composites * 1 2 3 Madhukiran.J , Dr.T.Venkateswara Rao ,Dr.S.Madhusudan , Dr. R.Umamaheswara Rao4 1Asst.Professor, Dept.of Mechanical Engineering, Sasi Institute of Technology and Engineering, Tadepalligudem,-534101, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2 Professor, Dept.of Mechanical Engineering, Bonam Venkata Chalamayya Engineering College, Odalarevu, Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh-533210, India. 3Professor, Dept.of Mechanical Engineering, Usha Rama College of Engineering and Technology Telaprolu, Andhra Pradesh, India. 4Professor & Head, Dept.of Mechanical Engineering, Sasi Institute of Technology and Engineering, Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, India. Corresponding Author: *Madhukiran.J ABSTRACT: - The usage of natural fiber reinforced composites is growing at a faster rate and is actively being considered as an alternate material for synthetic fiber. In the present work an attempt has been made to fabricate the sisal-coir fiber randomly oriented hybrid composites and to evaluate the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and flexural strength. Three types (sisal-coir) of hybrid laminate and two pure laminate composites are fabricated using manual layup technique. Epoxy (Ly556 and HY951) resin is used as matrix material in the present work. The specimens are prepared according to ASTM standards and the experiments were conducted on an universal testing machine (UTM).From the experimental results, it has been observed that the sisal-coir fiber hybrid composites exhibited superior properties when compared to pure composites. Keywords:- Coir & Sisal fibers, Epoxy, Hybrid polymer matrix composite, Hand layup.
    [Show full text]
  • Coir Logs Step-By-Step Install Coir Log During Periods 1 Dig a Trench 2/3 the of Dry Riverbed Or Isolate Area Diameter of Coir Log (See Silt Fence Installation)
    Coir Logs Step-by-Step Install coir log during periods 1 Dig a trench 2/3 the of dry riverbed or isolate area diameter of coir log (See silt fence installation). Secure Bank log with wooden or live stakes woven through coir log mesh and driven into earth. Stake log into Riverbed place every foot on both sides. Tie adjacent logs together with biodegradable twine. Compact soil around logs. Secure the upstream and downstream 2 ends by positioning coir logs so Dry coir they transition smoothly into a Stake driven log Bank stabilized bank. through log mesh 1/3 Riverbed 2/3 Alternatives using coir logs for securing toe of slope 3 depending upon site: a Crisscross layers of dormant cuttings 15 stems per linear foot (See live siltation). Trim willow after installation. c Spruce Tree Revetment Cabled trees with branches Bank Bank Coir Riverbed log b Brush Layering Riverbed Veg Mat Coir Soil/Topsoil log Coir log Earth Anchor Riverbed Coir Logs Coir logs are constructed of interwoven coconut fibers that are bound together with biodegradable netting. Commercially produced coir logs come in various lengths and diameters. The product needs to be selected specifically for the site. Fiber logs composed of other sturdy biodegradable materials may function equally as well. Applications for coir logs occur in many streambank, wetland and upland environments. The log provides temporary physical protection to a site while vegetation becomes established and biological protection takes over. The logs can provide a substrate for plant growth once the log decay process starts and protects native and newly installed plants growing adjacent to the log.
    [Show full text]
  • Coco Peat – Grading and Classification
    PHILIPPINE NATIONAL PNS/BAFS 74:2018 ICS 65.080 STANDARD Coco peat – Grading and classification BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES STANDARDS BPI Compound Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Trunkline: (632) 928-8741 to 64 loc. 3301-3319 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.bafs.da.gov.ph i Contents Contents ............................................................................................................................................................ ii Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................... iii 1 Scope ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 2 Normative references ........................................................................................................................ 4 3 Terms and definitions ........................................................................................................................ 4 4 Grading .................................................................................................................................................... 5 5 Compression ......................................................................................................................................... 5 ii PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BAFS 74:2018 Foreword The Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) envisioned to promote and aggressively
    [Show full text]
  • Fabrication and Mechanical Characterization of Jute-Coir
    International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-10 Issue-1, May 2021 Fabrication and Mechanical Characterization of Jute-Coir Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Resin Hybrid Composites with Various Fiber Size using Compression Moulding Technique D. Sarukasan, K. Thirumavalavan, Prahadeeswaran M, R. Muruganandhan Abstract: Fiber reinforced composites plays major role in 2]. Among different types of reinforced composites natural improving the strength of various applications in current trends. fibre reinforced polymer composites were commonly used Based on these trends the combination of natural jute/coir fiber due to its availability, low density, cost and improved energy hybrid composite of different size of fiber length was examined in recovery [3, 4]. Since natural fibre are classified as jute, this study. The hybrid fiber composite was fabricated by banana, coconut, palm fibres, etc. Increased mechanical compression moulding technique by impregnating jute fiber and coir fiber with unsaturated polyester resin, Cobalt octoate and property simultaneously increases the fibre weight index methyl-ethyl-ketone peroxide as accelerator and catalyst. Then the which reduces the tensile strength [5]. prepared mould placed into the oven to dry for 4 hrs. at 50°C In this work coir and jute fibres are used as raw material for beneath closely to vacuum condition then convert the cured mould its non-hazardous, lignin ratio and less wear. Kumar et al. [6] to the hot press initially for 1 hr at 105°C under 84 bar pressure states that coir fibre reinforced polymer composites increases until while squeeze out the excess resin, then it was cooled in cold the mechanical strength of the composite due to press under constant pressure of 275 bar pressure for 15 min to reinforcements and higher addition of coir fibres breaks the prevent the warpage of hybrid composites.
    [Show full text]
  • Raffia Palm Fibre, Composite, Ortho Unsaturated Polyester, Alkali Treatment
    American Journal of Polymer Science 2014, 4(4): 117-121 DOI: 10.5923/j.ajps.20140404.03 The Effect of Alkali Treatment on the Tensile Behaviour and Hardness of Raffia Palm Fibre Reinforced Composites D. C. Anike1,*, T. U. Onuegbu1, I. M. Ogbu2, I. O. Alaekwe1 1Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo Ebonyi State, Nigeria Abstract The effects of alkali treatment and fibre loads on the properties of raffia palm fibre polyester composite were studied. Some clean raffia palm fibres were treated with 10% NaOH, and ground. The ground treated and untreated fibres were incorporated into the ortho unsaturated polyester resin. The treated and the untreated fibre composites samples were subjected to tensile tests according to ASTM D638 using instron model 3369. The microhardness test was done by forcing a diamond cone indenter into the surface of the hard specimen, to create an indentation. The significant findings of the results showed that alkali treatment improved the microhardness and extension at break at all fibre loads, better than the untreated fibre composites, with the highest values at 20% (14.40 and 3.47mm for microhardness and extension at break respectively). Tensile strength, tensile strain and modulus of elasticity also improved for alkali treated fibre composites, except in 5% and 20% for tensile strength, 15% for tensile strain, and 15% and 20% for modulus of elasticity, compared to the corresponding fibre loads of untreated fibre composites. Keywords Raffia palm fibre, Composite, Ortho unsaturated polyester, Alkali treatment The main drawbacks of such composites are their water 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Alkaline Treatment on Tensile Properties of Raffia Palm Fibre
    Vol.5 (4), pp. 28-31, November 2018 ISSN 2354-4155 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26765/DRJEIT.2018.2598 Article Number: DRJA5731602598 Copyright © 2018 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article Direct Research Journal of Engineering and Information Technology http://directresearchpublisher.org/journal/drjeit/ Research Paper Effect of Alkaline Treatment on Tensile Properties of Raffia Palm Fibre *1Uguru Hilary and 2Umurhurhu Benjamin 1Department of Agricultural and Bio-environmental Engineering Technology, Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, Nigeria. 2Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Delta State Polytechnic, Ozoro, Nigeria. *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received 4 October 2018; Accepted 5 November, 2018 The mechanical properties of raffia palm fibres treated with tensile properties of treated raffia fibre were better than raw sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution have been investigated in this raffia fibre. Based on the results, the tensile strength and Young study. Tensile properties (Tensile strength, Young modulus, modulus increased from 67.73 to 107.07 MPa and 1.261 to 1.406 elongation at break, tensile energy, tensile strain and yield GPa after the alkali treatment. The fibre elongation at break and strength) of the raffia palm fibres were tested under direct tension tensile energy decreased from 6.38 to 5.25 mm and 0.103 to 0.033 in a Universal Testing Machine at the crosshead speed of 5.00 Nm respectively. The results of this study are expected to be mm/min. The raffia fibres were treated with 5 percent NaOH useful in the production of composite boards and textile solution under ambient temperature for one hour.
    [Show full text]
  • Directory of International and Regional Organizations Conducting Standards-Related Activities NATIONAL BUREAU of STANDARDS
    NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards Directory of International and Regional Organizations Conducting Standards-Related Activities NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is per- formed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology. THE NATIONAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY provides the national system of physical and chemical and materials measurement; coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce; conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; develops, produces, and distributes Standard
    [Show full text]
  • 118 a Study on Problems and Prospects Of
    International Journal of Computational Research and Development (IJCRD) Impact Factor: 4.775, ISSN (Online): 2456 - 3137 (www.dvpublication.com) Volume 2, Issue 1, 2017 A STUDY ON PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF WOMEN WORKERS IN COIR INDUSTRY (WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SINGAMPUNARI, SIVAGANGAI DISTRICT) Dr. N. Mohanraj* & S. Latha** * Principal (Retired), Arumugam Pillai Seethai Ammal College, Tiruppattur, Tamilnadu ** Part-Time Research Schola,R Manonmaniam Sundaranar University & Assistant Professor, Arumugam Pillai Seethai Ammal College, Tiruppattur, Tamilnadu Cite This Article: Dr. N. Mohanraj & S. Latha, “A Study on Problems and Prospects of Women Workers in Coir Industry (With Special Reference to Singampunari, Sivagangai District)”, International Journal of Computational Research and Development, Volume 2, Issue 1, Page Number 118-123, 2017. Abstract: India is the largest coir producer in the world accounting for more than 80 per cent of the total world production of coir fibre. The coir sector in India is very diverse and involves households, co-operatives, NGOs, manufacturers and exporters. This is the best example of producing beautiful artifacts, handicrafts and utility products from coconut husks which otherwise is a waste. The coir industry employs more than 7.00 lakh persons of whom a majority is from rural areas belonging to the economically weaker sections of society. Nearly 80% of the coir workers in the fibre extraction and spinning sectors are women. The survey was conducted on the basis of convenience sampling method. For developing a sample design, totally 100 respondents were selected for this study. The data have been analyzed to verify the hypotheses framed in line with the objectives of the study.
    [Show full text]
  • Production of Coir-Jute Blended Yarn: a Comparative Study on the Performance of Jute and Coir-Jute Blended Yarn
    ISSN: 2641-192X DOI: 10.33552/JTSFT.2019.03.000552 Journal of Textile Science & Fashion Technology Research Article Copyright © All rights are reserved by Rabaca Sultana Production of Coir-Jute Blended Yarn: A Comparative Study on the Performance of Jute and Coir-Jute Blended Yarn Md.Rezaul Karim1, Rabaca Sultana1*, Pallab Barua1, Sadia Mehrin2, Akhil Indu Dhali3 and Tarikul Islam4 1Department of Textile Engineering, Port City International University, Chittagong, Bangladesh 2Department of Textile Engineering, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Dhaka-1216, Bangladesh 3Department of Textile Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh 4Department of Textile Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh *Corresponding author: Rabaca Sultana, Department of Textile Engineering, Port City Received Date: June 14, 2019 International University, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Published Date: June 21, 2019 Abstract The demand for environmentally friendly fiber is increasing day by day. Jute is a source of eco- friendly fiber, but years to come, it will be more expensive as the production of jute is decreasing because of the availability of synthetic fiber at low cost. Coir fibers obtained from the husk of the coconut are highly available in the coastal area of Bangladesh, which is a good source of environmental friendly fiber. There is a large demand of jute products all over the world. If we utilize the coir fiber by blending it with jute, it can be a good solution to meet the demand. A method has been developed to produce coir-jute blended yarn and compare the property of blended yarn with 100% jute yarn.
    [Show full text]
  • World Wide Market and Price Development of Natural Fibres
    World wide market and price development of natural fibres Dipl.-Economist Sven Ortmann nova-Institut, Germany 4th EIHA Conference, November 2006 www.nova-institut.de/nr www.nova-institut.de/nr World map Natural fibre producing countries (except cotton) Countries marked yellow grow and harvest more than one thousand hectares of abaca, coir, flax, hemp, henequen, jute, kenaf or sisal fibres per year. Source: FAO www.nova-institut.de/nr Natural fibres in this study - main data Natural Fibre Plants Area harvesting (ha) Production (Mt) (world) (world) Jute 1.343.620 2.859.105 Jute-like 296.241 382.581 (Kenaf et al.) Sisal 375.687 315.573 Coir (only by-product) 398.000 Flax 504.995 770.467 Hemp 52.307 67.818 Source: FAOSTAT 2006, FAO Commodities & Trade Division (Coir) www.nova-institut.de/nr Jute (& Kenaf) www.nova-institut.de/nr Price history of jute fibres Jute fibres as second most important natural fibres - first is cotton - have shown some periods of good price stability. Seasonal price changes are not recognizable. Also visible in this diagram are two past price peaks and the steady price increase since 2004. The price increased due to strong demand despite India’s reduction of stocks since 2004. Source: FAO www.nova-institut.de/nr Jute fibre production (& Kenaf) Averages of jute production in 2002-2003 India Bangladesh Myanmar Nepal Area harvested [1000 ha] 991,5 468,0 59,0 12,0 Production of fibres [1000 t] 2019,0 878,0 42,0 17,5 Fibre Yield [t/ha] 2,0 1,9 0,7 1,5 Averages of jute, kenaf & allied fibre production in 2002-2004 India Bangladesh China Myanmar Thailand Nepal Vietnam Other Area harvested [1000 ha] 1005 485 55 57 30 12 Production of fibres [1000 t] 1830,0 893,7 152,0 44,9 47,7 17,0 15,9 56,7 Fibre Yield [t/ha] 1,8 1,8 2,7 0,8 1,6 1,5 India and Bangladesh are the primary producers of jute fibres.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 HISTORICAL ROLE of PALMS in HUMAN CULTURE Ancient and Traditional Palm Products
    Tropical Palms 13 2 HISTORICAL ROLE OF PALMS IN HUMAN CULTURE Pre-industrial indigenous people of the past as well as of the present have an intimate and direct relationship with the renewable natural resources of their environment. Prior to the Industrial Age, wild and cultivated plants and wild and domesticated animals provided all of the food and most of the material needs of particular groups of people. Looking back to those past times it is apparent that a few plant families played a prominent role as a source of edible and nonedible raw materials. For the entire world, three plant families stand out in terms of their past and present utility to humankind: the grass family (Gramineae), the legume family (Leguminosae) and the palm family (Palmae). If the geographic focus is narrowed to the tropical regions, the importance of the palm family is obvious. The following discussion sets out to provide an overview of the economic importance of palms in earlier times. No single comprehensive study has yet been made of the historical role of palms in human culture, making this effort more difficult. A considerable amount of information on the subject is scattered in the anthropological and sociological literature as part of ethnographic treatments of culture groups throughout the tropics. Moreover, historical uses of products from individual palm species can be found in studies of major economic species such as the coconut or date palms. It should also be noted that in addition to being highly utilitarian, palms have a pivotal role in myth and ritual in certain cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Clonal Propagation of Hemp Cultivar 'TJ's CBD'
    Cornell Hemp http://hemp.cals.cornell.edu Evaluation of clonal propagation of hemp cultivar ‘TJ’s CBD’ in different media types Allison DeSario, Teagan Zingg, Larry Smart – Horticulture Section, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva NY Importance of clonal propagation: Clonal propagation is necessary for maintaining lines of genetically identical plant material. This is useful for large-scale experiments to study traits of a particular cultivar, such as evaluation in field trials. It is also one way to establish a field with only female hemp plants. Rooting in different media: Cuttings in coco coir plugs The chosen media must have certain characteristics such as- ample pore space, ability to hold water, ease of transplant, ability to physically support the new cutting, etc. In this experiment we compared three types of media: rockwool cubes (Grodan), coco coir plugs (Riococo), and potting soil (Lamberts LM 111) Experimental design: Cuttings with 2-4 nodes were taken from a ‘TJ’s CBD’ mother plant at various locations on the plant (i.e. ontologically different ages), dipped in rooting hormone (Clonex gel), stuck in designated media, and placed in a mist chamber. Cuttings were checked daily to ensure they did not dry out, misting with a spray bottle when necessary. Fresh cutting dipped in Clonex gel before being stuck in media Data collection: 24 days after sticking the cuttings, they were uprooted from their media and the root vigor was scored based on: 0-no signs of rooting, 1-root primordia/callus formation, 2-moderate rooting, and 3-heavy rooting. The graph below breaks down the data from categories 0, 2, and 3 above Results: each media had a unique strength Cuttings stuck in rockwool had the most formation of fine root hairs.
    [Show full text]