The Beat of 'Cool Capitalism'

Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of of Doctor of the Degree for the Requirements of Fulfillment Partial Presented to the Faculties of the Central European University University European Central the of Faculties the to Presented How Slovak Club Cultures Helped Make the New Middle C Middle New the Make Helped Cultures Club Slovak How Supervisor: Professor Allaine Cerwonka Allaine Professor Supervisor: The BeatThe of ‘Cool C Comparative Gender Studies Gender Comparative Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Zuzana Kepplov Zuzana A DISSERTATION A Philosophy 2012 by in

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CEU eTD Collection such with instructionsnotbe may made without the the permission accordanceof author. in made copies Further made. copies such any of part a form must page This librarian. the the from obtained be with may Details accordanceUniversity. in only madeEu Central of Library bethe in lodged and author may the by given instructions part, or full in either process, any by Copies author. the with rests dissertation this of text the in Copyright thecontain dissertation unreferenced ideas from or material other does knowledge, my to nor, CEU, than other institution other any at degree a beendissertationthissubmittedhavetowardspartsof no herebydeclare that I

ZuzanaKepplov authors.

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CEU eTD Collection UltimatethanksJuraj Dankoto makingfor this text pleasant the to eye. inbits and presentedpieces conferences. at on commented and listened who peoplethe to and seminars contributedduringcriticismcolleagues mywith who to Bows draft. the of parts on commentsproviding for Hagen Trever and Kacsuk Zoli to grateful also am I andRen for you Thank Koryt Katka Hvorecký m to Thanks presencemylaptop, my books of and myself bythe kitchen table. explaining patiently for everyone grandma and parents my to thanks many Many, to Americansides. as well coordinators its and program Fulbright as the to thanks owe I Library Brooklyn of branch Dekalb “Univerzitka” in My Bratislava. perfect! to always was gratitude view further the ideal, wasn’t temperature the although primar is it thanks deepest my deserves space any If doubtthe of words and support. for Nganang Researcher.Patrice and Harvey Visiting Robert to Guins, Fulbright Ray advisor a my to Especially as me hosted which Brook Stony at Theory of Department the to gratitude my express to like would I optimismand enthusiasmthe topic. for practical her for Cerwonka Allaine supervisor my to thanks Special am I ey rtfl o y oe nvriy E fr uprig y research. my supporting for CEU university home my to grateful very áta Králiková. áta who was an eager informant and a generous host. More sofa thanks: sofa More host. generous a and informant eager an was who h asked who árová, Karlaárová, Koutková and Liisa Joutsenjarvi. y interviewees; your input is highly appreciated! Especially to Mi to Especially appreciated! highly inputis your interviewees; y having

be ht ys I m tl a tdn’ ad o baig the bearing for and student’, a still am I ‘yes, that en

ra famts Lca Kurek Lucka flatmates: great Acknowledgements

ily Bobst Library of NYU: of Library Bobst ily

v, ak Hybenová Katka ová, on both Slovak and and Slovak both on Cultural Analysis & Analysis Cultural

the early version early the

šo šo to to CEU eTD Collection about art and youth culture as inextricably related to the market. market. the to related inextricably as culture and youth about art clubs in promoted neo term the suggest I respect, this In subject. economic new the constituting for crucial were media related of imagery I and ‘mainstream’ and ‘connected’ thus operators phone mobile instance, for by, also but media imaginary: consumer als were cultures Club jobs. ‘trendy’ into transferable could clubbers (entrepreneurial) where laboratory a were cultures co countercultures ‘traditional’ when times the In democracies. to well adapt who economy creative class where milieu a were clubs that argue I substances. chemical by stimulated often hours extended dance clubbers and club By Slovakia. transition in capitalism’ ‘cool of vehicle a as cultures club study I project, this In further further . cultures emerged as a value group of cosmopolitan orientation which imagined itself as as itself imagined which orientation cosmopolitan of group value a as emerged hs ls fato crepns o the to corresponds fraction class This propose that that propose

I mean the all the mean I

abrn ‘od at’ Sc ta Such taste’. ‘good harboring ‘disco approaches to cultural organization and gain knowledge and skills skills and knowledge gain and organization cultural to approaches a c was

clubbers were addressed as as addressed were clubbers gender/sexua - goers’ denoting gendered class. class. gendered denoting goers’ losely attached to to attached losely - clubbers could acquire dispositions of of dispositions acquire could clubbers night - long parties where electronic dance music is played by a DJ DJ a by played is music dance electronic where parties long - l brl eul eouin s the as revolution sexual iberal lity experiments conducted in clubs and conveyed by the the by conveyed and clubs in conducted experiments lity Abstract Abstract neo

- iii new ways of organizing culture and thinking thinking and culture organizing of ways new iea capitali liberal the in workers flexible of class middle global

‘party nation’ not just by just not nation’ ‘party t wa ste

o a o a uld no longer provide solutions, club club solutions, provide longer no uld mighty mighty

conceptualize and and conceptualize prevd n otat with contrast in perceived s

r oac campaigns tobacco or st structures in contemporary contemporary in structures st platform for platform

new new

gender/sexuality order order gender/sexuality ‘progre the niche the

assembling assembling practice ssive’ middle middle ssive’ . Clubbers Clubbers - specific

new new the the

CEU eTD Collection Chapter 2 Chapter 1 Contexts and concepts Introduction Table of Contents Abstract Acknowled 1.0 The missing subject interpellations of post The beating rhythm or pulsating opportunities: rethinking transition Asserting the right to consume: emerging post 2.0 2.1.0. 1.5.0. 1.4.0. 1.3.0. 1.2.0. 1.1.0.

1.2.2. 1.2.1. 1.1.4. 1.1.3. 1.1.2. 1.1.1. 1.4.3. 1.4.2. knowledge and skills 1.4 1.3.2. 1.3.1. 1.2.3.

...... Introduction Introduction ...... 1. gements ......

Distinction from the ‘mainstream’ Conclusion Subcultures asprojects towards careers Gendered opportunity Towards a ‘proper’ entrepreneurial environment (Sub)cultural production/organization in transition Gendered informal work in club cultures “Sorry, boys!”: men’s world of opportunity? The story of U.club: subculture ‘Hey, we need your money!’: flexible conditions for party organizing Autonomous zones of creativity or proto New way of thin The fear of Western consumerism and popular culture Beyond the logic of the Underground Competing subcultures Subculturalists or (sub)cultural workers? New occupations Subcultures and the new economic sector: transferable skills and bricolage of ......

......

...... king and organizing culture –

legacies of late socialism and new DiY cultures

...... Table of Contents Table

...... - socialism? ...... - ...... mafia - socialist middle classes ...... iv ......

...... -

...... police interface ...... - ...... entrepreneurial milieu? ......

......

75 74 73 70 66 64 59 57 53 49 49 47 43 39 39 38 34 30 28 28 28 27 24 21 14 14

iv iii

1 ii

CEU eTD Collection Appendix Bibliography Concluding points Chapter 3 3.0 2.3.0. 2.2.0. 3.3.0. 3.2.0. 3.1.0. 2.4.0.

3.1.4. 3.1.3. 3.1.2. 3.1.1. 2.3.6. 2.3.5. 2.3.4. 2.3.3. 2.3.2 2.3.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.1. 2.1.3. 2.1.2. 2.1.1. 3.2.4. 3.2.3. 3.2.2. 3.2.1. 3.1.5.

Intr ......

......

oduction Struggle for the dance floor Con Sexing the new middle class The carnival effect of clubbing? Conclusion New (sub)cultural producer and consumer ‘Bedroom culture’: the feminine leaves the house Beautiful people’: is fluid desire feminist a thing? New gender and sexuality imagery: striking pose a Transgression, youth cultures and middle Translation of subcultural activities into lifestyle Responsibility, comfort, networking From transgressive to comfortable: consolidation of middle The c The magic ‘elsewhere’ of late socialism and ‘anywhere’ of partynation Globe, Tripmag, Alcatel and L&M: networked consumers The new language and practices aiming for quality Quality time The language for success Professionalizing vs. commercializing Club cultures ascultures of ‘doing nothing’ or projects? Class Becoming experts Improvising distinction, constructing difference Invocations of the mainstream in post The neo

...... clusion ed safety: middle entral figure of ‘smažka’: limit a to excess ...... -

...... liberal sexual revolution

......

...... - class youth in night time economy

......

...... v ......

......

...... - socialist tastescapes: paradox? a ......

...... - class constructions of subject ......

......

...... - related activities

......

...... - ...... class lifestyl ......

......

...... es

......

129 127 122 117 113 111 108 101 101 199 185 175 174 169 165 161 157 156 148 145 142 137 132 130 130

95 92 92 88 85 75

CEU eTD Collection impulses for reconsideration of applicability of the concept the of applicability of reconsideration for impulses the t of lot Quite a post the reviewing paragraph precision. high with cultures club of delimiting or subculture of concept Europ Central other from drawn the over not ponder does study this third, And or Prague. Budapest like becities from countries, could conclusion of set similar a that believe specific especially not is scene Bratislava of case The subcultures. orde in Bratislava, in scene scene map the not does it Second, dance. or club music about said little very is there and Slovakia the of account historical a provide not does project this First, doing. not project is post specific the in together coming liberalism transmogrified’. ‘capitalism or spirit’ new with ‘capitalism as (2005), Chiapello and Boltanski ‘c after it, expressed McGuigan it called (1997) Frank vocabulary. and practices mind cultural in have I capitalism’, neo ‘cool of principles term entrepreneurial (2009) McGuigan’s Jim Borrowing speed. or chemica by stimulated often hours extended dance andclubbers cultures club By Slovakia. transition in capitalism’ ‘cool of vehicle a as cultures club study I project, this In beginning of the ‘90s, the of beginning r to insert the study of regional subculture into a broader picture of global global of picture broader a into subculture regional of study the insert to r

I mean the all the mean I heoretical work has been done since the concept of subculture re subculture of concept the since done been has work heoretical

- t night emsiers of rise massive he - subculture debate. subculture eoe eaoae n o I e cu clue ad neo and cultures club see I how on elaborate I Before - long parties where electronic dance music is played by a DJ DJ a by played is music dance electronic where parties long - ieaim ovyd y oein counter Bohemian, by conveyed liberalism I ntroduction 1

rave and and rave

- so cialist context, I should say what this this what say should I context, cialist

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subculture onquest of the cool’ while while cool’ the of onquest l substances such as Ecstasy Ecstasy as such substances l

but rather representative but rather . Scholars coined coined Scholars . was However, I spend a a spend I However,

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and youth youth and new, new, ean ean I . I I . n - CEU eTD Collection rsue ad rsuig hmevs o efcet mgnto o poutv creativity productive 2010) or (McRobbie imagination efficient for themselves pressuring and pressured who population of sections large of life of way the into weaved economy 1). 1990: (Willis youth of expression” and activity everyday life, symbolic vibrant “a proposed he Arts, of domain work of form a as econ beyond considered still was cultures 2009) Fraser claims aesthetic and language radical their which structures economic and mimic to social reshaped were and integrated also but ideology of level the mean just don’t I of capitalism lifestyle and style rebel which in ways 2004 ( concepts collective of death term and impossibility right the over debate the joining than Rather postmodernity, (1996: show” road travelling a on us retro invit[ing] performers or punk jogging, of amateurs “the with populated were agglomerations urban of streets Maffesoli’s subject. marginalized rebelling a or group delinquent a of denotation a than rather subject postmodern the of part intrinsic an be to subcult metropolises, in on ‘80s the From 2005). Gelder 2002; (Hodkinson post (St scenes as such terms appropriate more - ), this study connects to the stream of scholarship and commentary investigating the the investigating commentary and scholarship of stream the to connects study this ), subcultures (Bennet & Kahn & (Bennet subcultures . In Willis’ Willis’ In . and its subjects its subjects and

uh s Jenk as such . Studying club cultures in the time of transition thus means more than just just than more means thus transition of time the in cultures club Studying . Aant h ‘ the Against .

omn Culture Common A decade after, after, decade A (Frank 1997; McGuigan 2009). 2009). McGuigan 1997; (Frank , uclue a eeyhr ( everywhere was subculture s, - Harris 2004) only to later reclaim the concept of subculture subculture of the concept reclaim later to only 2004) Harris é litist’ notion of creativity contained exclusively in the the in exclusively contained creativity of notion litist’ culture culture counter

creativity creativity (1990), ‘symbolic creativity’ of youth in everyday everyday in youth of creativity’ ‘symbolic (1990), omic relevance; rather Willis advocated its status status its advocated Willis rather relevance; omic

a [9120) neo [1991]2005), raw (Boltanski & Chiapello Chiapello & (Boltanski 2 became productive became

atn&Cae nBnet& Kahn & Bennett in Chaney & Martin -

and and eae bz wr o post of word buzz a became subc

and exact definition, or over its its over or definition, exact and ultural structures of organization, organization, of structures ultural

76 ie i Gle 20: 14 2005: Gelder in cited fashion, preppies and street street and preppies fashion, ) so that for enthusiasts of of enthusiasts for that so )

of - rbs Bne 1999 (Bennet tribes

2005 post - ; McGuigan 2009; 2009; McGuigan ; industrial versions versions industrial ural style seemed seemed style ural we re constantly constantly re - industrial industrial - Harris Harris - ) or or ) 15 ). ).

CEU eTD Collection the new economic sector of professions dealing with lifestyle. lifestyle. with dealing professions of sector economic new the in mainly professions of number into ‘creativity’ and subcultural and consciousness cosmopolitan clubs from emerge to transition of subject economic new the for crucial were ‘experiments’ gender/sexuality that proposes it 3) Slovaks; young of scenarios career and lifestyle ‘meaningful’ craft to ‘excess’ of figure middle post in culture thinking of ways (neo new of rise the traces it and 1) points: main these achieves dissertation this Finally, entertainment media, marketing, advertising, as information/telecommunic such produced is lifestyle middle new of transgressiv this Importantly, gender including leisure to approach new a because clubs in well especially construction; class middle new of tools potent as use to put are order gender/sexuality new of practices and narratives how 3) eventually and overviewed, were transition of particula processes the on effects its a but ‘90s the in predominant of story the through differently seen be could transition how 2) practice, and discourse of level onthe capitalism to relate subcultures how focus main the even not are cultures Club sub socio new the of constitution actual the about point socio particular a in subculture on research jects. - ls fato truh t dsicin fo th from distinctions its through fraction class

- class subjectivity which dominated nightscapes and other spheres where where spheres other and nightscapes dominated which subjectivity class - bending and fluid sexuality sexuality fluid and bending ation. e persona is not limited to the space of club. It lies It club. of space the to limited not is persona e - socialist Bratislava; 2) it recognizes constellation of the new new the of constellation recognizes it 2) Bratislava; socialist

of this dissertation dissertation this of translate its sense for aesthetic distinction, distinction, aesthetic for sense its translate - economic context. It has a potential to make a a make to potential a has It context. economic – 3

found its green house and show case there. case show and house green its found the project of class formation can be traced traced be can formation class of project the e ‘mainstream’ as well as from the the from as well as ‘mainstream’ e - economic context and its young young its and context economic but also professional persona persona professional also but but rather a vehicle to 1) study study 1) to vehicle a rather but At the same time, as Bourdieu Bourdieu time,as same the At r youth culture which was was which culture youth r

in the heart heart the in - liberal) liberal) –

CEU eTD Collection offered a formula for for a offered formula industries’ ‘creative neo strengthening of time the for leisure translated cultures club Ibiza, or Berlin Manchester, 1998; to subculture of status the from rose cultures club millennium, new the of beginning and ‘90s early the between span time the In custom to delivered service ‘quality’ and organization cultural night of milieu c entrepreneurial ‘fair’ promoted by unburdened and market and the to affiliated inextricably new were they Moreover, dilemmas. brand and expectations as emerged cultures the Club in capitalism region. of varieties under forms functioning into untranslatable be to proved 2001) Szemere 1995; (Cushman reality market of wall the against Party the of devoid culture liberated about expectations cultural items household goods smuggled of item every in contained was prosperity Western rights. and freedoms political to related directly was which freedom affective meta the counter of narratives Earlier also sell ( subjects economic new the n the about us reminds - liberalism as well as inspired new forms of labor and labor relations relations labor and labor of forms new inspired as well as liberalism Roberts 2005). During the victorious march from clubs in Chicago, New York, London, London, York, New Chicago, in clubs from march victorious the During 2005). Roberts 1992[1979]: 354 1992[1979]: - narrative of democratization. Rock scenes and art scenes were seen as delivering delivering as seen were scenes art and scenes Rock democratization. of narrative –

fetishized MRbi 19, 2002 1999, (McRobbie cultural organization and topped it with entrepreneurial vocabulary: entrepreneurial it with topped and organization cultural ew petit bourgeoisie he saw emerging in late ‘70s Western Europe, Europe, Western ‘70s late in emerging saw he bourgeoisie petit ew - 371

are the most enthusiastic practitioners of lifestyle which they they which lifestyle of practitioners enthusiastic most the are in in and subcultures under socialism ten socialism under subcultures and ).

socialist shadow economies. However, many of the counter the of many However, economies. shadow socialist the firm position of position firm the 2010). , 4

- time economy, ‘professional’ approach to to approach ‘professional’ economy, time

A s McRobbie showed, club cultures cultures club showed, McRobbie s

international super international ers/friends. ers/friends. . These expectations These . ded to be subsumed under under subsumed be to ded - tt pr State –

from records to to records from charac - essure crashed crashed essure culture ( culture ountercultural ountercultural P romise of of romise teristic of of teristic

mostly mostly Garrat Garrat

- CEU eTD Collection immediacy. the to aspired crucial. especially were par class this Bratislava, socialist ( lifestyle with narrowly, more and 67) 2004: Florida in (Reich symbols with working people 67), 2004: Florida in Bell Machlup, class’ industries ‘hot’ in of meccas became York New or London Berlin, like cities Big territories. socialist propositions McRobbie’s extends project this extent, certain a To declined the representing celeb soon was parties of setting this illegal, often first At function. ‘proper’ its serving not was place ‘creativity’ indust underused or unused ( economy p cultures revol a order; industrial post to industrial the from shift the of illustration brilliant a were cultures club Moreover,

( Florida Florida f h 19s Fn a ha sae poie ui, rns vdo at ntlain, charge in the process installations, become club a promoter and cultural entrepreneur. art video, drinks, music, t providehowlearn door, the onothers and space,friends cheap a Find 1990s. the of served model asa for of many the activitiesthat were recurrent a feature ‘creative of Britain’ self of level The roposed functioning models of urban revitalization and and revitalization urban of models functioning roposed rated as bringing life and fun to the debris of industrial architecture and city areas areas city and architecture industrial of debris the to fun and life bringing as rated ’onr Wne 1996 Wynne & O’Connor sprung

2004) cosmopolitan cosmopolitan ”

in ‘to in (Neff, Wissenger & Zukin 2005) Zukin & Wissenger (Neff, B ‘raie ls’ shlr den scholars class’, ‘creative By . - generated economic activity that ‘dance that activity economicgenerated

- Bratislava partially shared in the boom of lifestyle occupations and and occupations lifestyle of boom the in shared partially Bratislava be ution executed while dancing (to invoke Emma Goldman). Club Club Goldman). Emma invoke (to dancing while executed ution

era - demolished’ spaces or or spaces demolished’

of heavy industry on both sides of the ex the of sides on both industry heavy of rial locations, abandoned cinemas or outdoor. In this way way this In outdoor. or cinemas abandoned locations, rial status status tly emerged from the subcultural milieu. I believe that clubs clubs that believe I milieu. subcultural the from emerged tly Neff, Wissenger & Zukin 2005 Zukin & Wissenger Neff, Catro & olns 2003 Hollands & Chatterton ; which after 1989 events gained new meanings and and meanings new gained events 1989 after which 5

o negotiate with police and local authoritieslocaland and policenegotiate with o

as well as points on points as well as it made made it oted ‘knowledge workers’ (Drucker, (Drucker, workers’ ‘knowledge oted - use use party ). In the coordinates of post of coordinates the In ). of of - rave quoted above above quoted night

). Parties were held at at held were Parties ). flourishing flourishing - ’ organizationsentailed, ’ Curtain

the map of map the (McRobbie 2002: 520) - time hours when a a when hours time .

“ onto post onto night ‘cool’ jobs jobs ‘cool’

‘creative ‘creative - time time - - -

CEU eTD Collection ‘quality service’ or ‘professional approach’ to organizing cultur organizing to approach’ ‘professional as or ‘quality service’ such newspeak the in captured models new with entrepreneurship and consumption non of legacy the of fusion creative of result a argue, I as self sponsorship, commercial on reliance and counter and Bohemia of tradition Western capitali anti not signify to mutated mainstream’ the against ‘going of discourse work to relation its and abo thinking people started young that understand to important is of It beyond. also strategies but culture of of field the number in functioning a as well as ‘coolness’ of allure the providing in cultures youth neo of rise the discussed countries post of transition on literature of portion considerable a while enough, Interestingly time’. ‘free and culture of thinking vocabulary new steady a da old ‘good the in as declining are of knowledge their use to direct and people trendy young of vocabulary world’ translated cultures club large a for (2004), accession structures transatlantic/European Framed . st independent youth forms of affiliations affiliations of forms youth independent st

lb utrs integrate cultures Club infrastructur and (1993) divorce’ ‘Velvet (1989), revolution’ ‘Velvet of events the by –

there are no more buses full of clubbers crossing Czech republic and Slovakia Slovakia and republic Czech crossing clubbers of full buses more no are there ys’ or people queuing to get in get to queuing people or ys’ e of leisure was was leisure of e

into actual deeds, images and affective states the idea of ‘join of idea the states affective and images deeds, actual into aot tis f rft n independence and profit of ethics about , style ut culture culture ut

as well as as well as d

- the into entrepreneurialism cultural of language the liberalism in in liberalism and leisure leisure and instituted comprising work places and a completely completely a and places work comprising instituted business - cultures) but rather independence from the state state the from independence rather but cultures) 6 - ed organization and friendship network friendship and organization

the the region, they failed noticing the role of of role the noticing failed they region, the differently, about its relation to the market market the to relation its about differently, , social and taste ski taste and social , or to U.club in the Castle Hill of Bratislava Bratislava of Hill Castle the in U.club to m towards jobs in which they could they which in jobs towards m

lifestyle beyond normativity (as in the the in (as normativity beyond lifestyle

- official late socialist cultures of of cultures socialist late official e.

section . In club cultures, the the cultures, club In . lls. While club cultures cultures club While lls.

of youth the the youth of - bourgeois or anti or bourgeois s. This is, is, This s. - socialist socialist ing the the ing rise of of rise

put put – -

CEU eTD Collection ot eiae n lat agbe at f u atvte” ( activities” our of part tangible least and delicate most the in operates it yet suggests, ‘structure’ as definite and firm “as it describes He theory. idealisti the substitute to aimed he which by term Williams’ Raymond adopt I remodeled. was people young of number significant a where milieu mighty a were cultures Club of waves ri the surf cynically heroes its make to only extremes dystopian the to capitalism’ ‘jungle of post of part big a of standard life transition of While accounts anthropological Bratislava. transition of coulisses modified uses literature, punk cyber by inspired day her to match proper a provide to seem stimulants h makes that music Loud surfing). train (including activities time leisure demanding equally for seeks she So suffers. physically she otherwise retained, be must provides job the that adrenaline of level The clubs. in parties she night, well for preference jobswith short between switches She company. car a for dummy test crash a as works heroine so Party Brand novella the in found be can view Such cities. big of lifestyle driven adrenaline and tempo ( zone a provided clubs transition, of conditions precarious of background the on that seem may It Eman cialist city where corporations are almighty and individual human life has little value. The The value. little has life human individual and almighty are corporations where city cialist

for release of tension and temporary oblivion, as some of my interviewees suggested suggested interviewees my of some as oblivion, temporary and tension of release for , Milanko sk and even find pleasure in it. it. in pleasure find even sk and

f ihl vrcý 20) Te tr i st n ytpa cuiss f post a of coulisses dystopian in set is story The (2001). Hvorecký Michal of ). Another perspective portrays clubs as an extension of the intense work work intense the of extension an as clubs portrays perspective Another ). - paid positions even if health if even positions paid - socialist population, this fiction story accentuates threats threats accentuates story fiction this population, socialist

tend to stress insecurity and precariousness being the the being precariousness and insecurity stress to tend

the the c ‘Zeitgeist’ and ground the notion in materialist materialist in notion the ground and ‘Zeitgeist’ c 7 ‘structure of feeling’ ( feeling’ of ‘structure

er body vibrate and consumption of of consumption and vibrate body er - time occupations. This story, arguably arguably story, This occupations. time - threatening, ill threatening, ilas 92 48 1992: Williams Willi am egal or immoral. At At immoral. or egal s 1992[196 s . Willi ). - 1 term term am ] ) of of ) s’ - CEU eTD Collection relevant. Reading the transcripts for themes, patterns and specific vocabulary informed me me informed vocabulary specific and patterns themes, for transcripts the Reading relevant. information of flow the direct respondents them preliminary of list a with came I Although responsibilities. an about talked and met we where cafés in taped were interviews the of Most appendix. the conducted we time the (in occupation current and gender age, respondent’s on information add I quoted, priva of purpose the for changed were they if even Bratislava in work and live respondents the of Most respondents. other to thanks or agencies booking who ‘professionals’ and registered were they where more conducted recommendations their following out reached I Bratislava, from friends clubbing intervi 27 made I 2009, Spring and 2008 of Summer Between research. ethnographic and experience participatory direct on my as well as cultures club on and literature media content of analysis material, interview t anchor to try I narratives. class of eventually imaginary, vocabulary, and practices images, of investigation at clubbing, aims of infrastructure study this studies, cultural of tradition the Following subjectivity. and of levels culture feeling’ of ‘structure

hour or more; one was recorded at a participant’s home due to her maternal maternal her to due home participant’s a at recorded was one more; or hour 4) 4) gender/sexuality order functioning as a vehicle of ‘modernity’, style and and style ‘modernity’, of vehicle a as functioning order gender/sexuality

interviews with random active clubbers I selected through through selected I clubbers active random with interviews interview). For the list of list the For interview). opens avenues which integrate economic and social structures with fine fine with structures and social economic integrate which avenues opens r oiial from originally are 2) 2) icuss icltd mn c among circulated discourses

3) 3) role of media and technologies in constituting the the constituting in technologies and media of role y protection cy

all around Slovakia. Their names or nick names names nick or names Their Slovakia. around all in the direction the in basic sociologica basic 8 he speculative moments of the project in the the in project the of moments speculative he

m I contacted through their websites, websites, their through contacted I m We a ogr eto of section longer a When .

they considered important and and important considered they l data on data l lubbers, narrative tropes and and tropes narrative lubbers, w.Satn ih y ex my with Starting ews. es, I preferred letting my my letting preferred I es,

the the subjects, see the the see subjects, the the . usually for for usually

speech is is speech Further, I I Further, websites websites 1) the the 1) - co - CEU eTD Collection train or train e theaters, empty disappe and emerged them of (most city from clubbing go to used we experienc clubbing actual My discussions. forum of couple a on registered got interviewees, my web from images on received galleries, posted pictures of number through scrolled I period, research intense most the of to respect with Xmag an populated Slovakia) in Republic Czech in issued magazine EDM only the from come analyze I images elec on specialized Moreover started’ all ‘How it about Pico promoter and friend, DJ entri blog on back spiraled interviews my that the drugs, in interested primarily that surprised were respondents my Often, elsewhere. later and Bystrica Banská of city the in first scene the with encounter e long a me sent acquaintance an research, my about hearing pri and experience perspectives, clubbers’ about party drug reference in the title (trip was replaced by more elusive X for Ecstasy). During During Ecstasy). for X elusive more by replaced was (trip title the in reference drug party

bus to remote places. Although I was never a ‘core a never was I Although places. remote to bus , I benefited from the interviews with ‘professionals’ available on on available ‘professionals’ with interviews the from benefited I , es remembering his involvement in the scene and and scene the in involvement his remembering es between years between d acti d xhibition halls or illegal open illegal or halls xhibition

e M ve. rnc ac msc EM ad rm M from and (EDM) music dance tronic the the agazine was renamed several times times several renamed was agazine rising popularity of EDM genres (house) or or (house) genres EDM of popularity rising

1995 e is partly ‘historical’: with with ‘historical’: partly is e once per month month per once -

2005 club cultures can be an object of of object an be can cultures club

usual usual to the scene as, for example, Michal Michal example, for as, scene the to

which is the time span when span time the is which ared), to events held in abandoned cinema studios, studios, cinema abandoned in held events to ared), focus of media’s interest. I was happy to discover discover to happy was I interest. media’s of focus 9

- to to air spots. Sometimes, w Sometimes, spots. air once per week per once orities in ‘reading’ club cultures. Upon Upon cultures. club ‘reading’ in orities

(Ninja 2008) (Ninja a group of of group a ca Hvoreck ichal - clubber’ and never trusted my my trusted never and clubber’ - mail in which he described his his described he which in mail as as Ivo

Trip, Trip2House, Tripmag, Tripmag, Trip2House, Trip, either to clubs around the the around clubs to either

. the the interviewed in depth his his depth in interviewed

club scene was was scene club high school girl school high the grow the research which is not not is which research e hitch e H. wrote a couple of of couple a wrote H. ý s lg Ms of Most blog. ’s (and read also also read (and ing awareness awareness ing -

the the hiked, took a a took hiked, sites to view view to sites the the websites websites - friends, friends, most most

CEU eTD Collection perspectives I where CEU at program was MA the cultures entered I club when revived in interest My price. first the awarded was and house publishing LCA organize competition was Poviedka to sent I 2005, in which, story short a material’ into proceeded ‘field The sketches. character and stories memories, dialogues, authentic ‘ for assignment course the of part a as 2003, In i perceive as to tended Beach Trainspotting, I clubbing. from me distracted also which part a had I later, and abroad) work seasonal as well as separation garbage for pay to earned topics ‘cool’ with dealing magazines club some featured often re to clothes for ‘coolness material’ from the clubs. This amounted to pages and pages of ambiance description, description, ambiance of pages and pages to amounted This clubs. the from material’ n blog his shocks. record the [on featuredPistols [Underground]or Mench 49 Lot of Crying The Apollinaire’spoetryand Mahler’s whenModernistsbeeneveryonesimilar had must couldperceivedexperience It feeling. this b not could you Bratislava] cover Bratislavathe sleepy onto revolutionmusicprints brought hand with records Vynil too. band, its have might generation my that Ragtime, later and When - factor’ too factor’ ( Hvorecký 2010a) Hvorecký . the T [my emphasis] he material and experience I I experience and material he and also duringsinceandtheDepechetimefirstFridayfor alsofeltinnights U.club, I Mode, - adjust, shopped in one of the early chain stores selling Italian fashion which which fashion Italian selling stores chain early the of one in shopped adjust, first actual Slovak DJs Dalo & Tibor played singles ees Te Pressure The Release

entrance fee and consumption consumption and fee entrance

much, still I spent time browsing through second hand stores looking looking stores hand second through browsing time spent I still much, a n Ivn Wlhs ok reso books Welsh’s Irvine and ‘generational experience’ (Michal H., H., (Michal experience’ ‘generational - friendly pieces and read ‘books about drugs’ ( drugs’ about ‘books read and pieces friendly Ti i how is This .

- machine of Kraftwerk. It is no coincidence that John Lyndon of Sex coincidencenoSex of is Lyndon JohnKraftwerk.that Itofmachine u y such music yet and download and yet music such y

of Leftfield of [all by Leftfield], in [their show] Crystal House on radio radio on House Crystal show] [their in Leftfield], by [all Fifthsymphony ( uh s Živel as such g. Pepper Sgt. previously previously ‘moved on’ to to on’ ‘moved 10 ]; he ];

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) f h Bals et te aaa f Velvet of banana the felt, Beatles The of orPostmodernis . Apart from from Apart . nated perfectly with what what with perfectly nated assembled served served assembled subjected the topic to theoretical theoretical to topic the subjected - searched writing seminar, I I seminar, writing become become

Jozef). M Jozef). student jobs (from cleaning to to cleaning (from jobs student Not Forgotten ing

( m was still unheard of. I wish I of. unheardstill was

Michal H., male, 32, writer t for difference and cultural and differencefor s odest pocket money, I I money, pocket odest interest

[read] Pynchon’s[read] novella ichal ichal the the as the basis for my my for basis the as , H. writes about it it about writes H. Beats, Leary) Leary) Beats, More More Than I Know ed - collected collected time office job job office time

in films but but films in ecause [in [in ecause clubbers clubbers d by the the by d some some and and )

CEU eTD Collection nie vla’ n ‘dangerous’ and ‘vulgar’ Unlike cultures Club information socialism position hierarchies. taste and trends of scapes the in navigation desi web and media new events, of as organization such and knowledge skills marketable of set a away carried and assembled C countercultures entrepreneurialism liberal of principles the of some clubs, the in that argue I occupi previously by project a as cultures club frame I interviewees. my by voiced as possibilities open opportunities, of com to had cultures club ideologies countercultural and cultures leisure other what and emerged scene the of infrastructure three into Divided transition. and experience’ project thisof purposes the of one generation. my for clubbing of meaning the into inquiry and research further lub cultures promised new imaginaries of ‘progress’ and ‘connection’. Moreover, clubbers clubbers Moreover, ‘connection’. and ‘progress’ of imaginaries new promised cultures lub ed

r differe or in respect to occupation of ‘trendy’ jobs selling lifestyle (mostly unprecedented in in unprecedented (mostly lifestyle selling jobs ‘trendy’ of occupation to respect in which which - telecommunication etc. telecommunication also also gradually lost legitimacy and and legitimacy lost gradually ed by the ‘alternative’. ‘alternative’. ed the by to to on middle young aae t gi lgtmc ad datg oe erir ic cultures disco earlier over advantage and legitimacy gain to managed osdr h epwrn effect empowering the consider chapter ty understood ntly

ee etd Etece nteiaiayo h bi the of imaginary the in Entrenched tested. were s, this project is focused first on understanding how the the how understanding on first focused is project this s, -

class class disco cultures, club parties were were parties club cultures, disco is is pete with. In with. pete

n r ot kls f ewrig self networking, of skills soft or gn to go beyond the celebratory discourse of ‘generational ‘generational of discourse celebratory the beyond go to e took men ): marketing, advertising, media, (web) design, design, (web) media, advertising, marketing, ):

l f pae o te ‘ the for place eft

Chapter 1 Chapter hold of the cultural and economic sphere sphere economic and cultural the of hold organizing organizing of clubbing within the context of of context the within clubbing of , I propose to follow the narrative narrative the follow to propose I , hs they Thus culture w culture unburdened articulate

were advantageously advantageously were t ceto neo on accent ith - promotion and and promotion

Nevertheless, Nevertheless, d - ’ subculture. subculture. ’ polar world, world, polar

as ‘events’ ‘events’ as - . CEU eTD Collection t ol b polmtc f o ipsil to impossible not if problematic be would It more much was commerce of world p the from cultures club of distinction of line The garde. late from inherited early suspicion Club socialism. with that viewed proposed were I clubs in 1, occupations Chapter entrepreneurial in legitimacy: guarantees distinction sometimes, level globalization cultural of forces by consumerism of cultures socialist late with continuity in emerged uses. new for rehashed were practices ‘ and novel as promoted were cultures club Although ‘women class signify to use middle class ‘or denotated ‘mainstream’ from as class The as well as and employed entrepreneur where milieu a were cultures In fee. entry high relatively for return in time’ ‘quality require ‘careers’ build who ‘promoters’ by organized ermeable ermeable

project - tends to tends formative formative

and gay and the the than in traditional traditional in than

) of club cultures club of , in t in ,

‘feel’ es okd hs edny n udrto tesle a clua avant cultural as themselves understood and tendency this mocked bers ‘disco milieu - he case of disco cultures the discourse of gender/sexuality order was put to to put was order gender/sexuality of discourse the cultures disco of he case friendly’ clubs. friendly’ .

at home in a local context.) Sometimes, it is continuity that matters and and matters that continuity is it Sometimes, context.) local a in home at ‘Vulgar’ and ‘unsafe’ discotheques were contrasted with ‘liberated’ and and ‘liberated’ with contrasted were discotheques ‘unsafe’ and ‘Vulgar’ - . I trace trace I . goers’. Both of them them of Both goers’. reflexive reflexive dinariness’ on several levels ( levels several on dinariness’

went beyond being ‘merely (sub)cultural’; (sub)cultural’; ‘merely being beyond went several narratives of distinction: from the ‘mainstream’ as well well as ‘mainstream’ the from distinction: of narratives several subcultures and countercultures and subcultures

. consumer conscious consumer

(Or vice (Or - ial vocabulary and practices were were practices and vocabulary ial In this way, consumer sensibilities of clubbers clubbers of sensibilities consumer way, this In versa, globalization when studied on a subjective subjective a on studied when globalization versa, 12 by

argu

eovd rud class around revolved

provid e

progressive’, some late socialist cultural cultural socialist late some progressive’, that subcultural skills and sensibilities sensibilities and skills subcultural that ness shaped and practiced. practiced. and ness shaped ing the ‘people’ ‘people’ the

‘service’ to their ‘customers’ who who ‘customers’ their to ‘service’

Chapter 2 Chapter if if it was was it

rather than being imposed imposed being than rather o r the r clubs distinguishable at all. all. at distinguishable

, I suggest that club club that suggest I , dimension

non partially partially functioned as a a as functioned - progressive progressive

. While While . formed formed - CEU eTD Collection context context conceptualized and traced fraction class the of edition local a is it believe I fraction powerful study I chapters, three all Across produce and consumers both as with lifestyle can They consumption. with anti to subcultural bring practices, translate lifestyle to sustainable able into activities were Clubbers sexuality. as well as commitment leisure styling, use, drug of limits the transgressed who clubbers ‘excessive’ eschewed they hand, non their for sense by little with designated consumption conspicuous ‘crowd’ or taste the discriminative from distinct be to claimed clubbers hand, one middle In the run bidirectional. thus was skills to and information material, of flow The scene. clubbers for knowhow and material provided often companies 1, Chapter in the providing firms advertising values. and its organization or cultural new talking for newspeak ads cigarette producers, drink energy companies, self and also corporations and businesses by drained were Chapter 3 Chapter -

antem artvs ih al fr ult ad rfsinl tiue self attitude, professional and quality for calls with narratives mainstream eitd y e technolo new by mediated - class sensibilities combining both bourgeois and bohemian l bohemian and bourgeois both combining sensibilities class . This class fraction is in no sense unique to Bratislava or or Bratislava to unique sense no in is fraction class This . by Bourdieu (1992[1979] by Bourdieu - awareness of clubbing community was partly orchestrated by telecommunication telecommunication by orchestrated partly was community clubbing of awareness ol o constituting of tools , I outline how the new economic subject was assembled in clubs, en clubs, in assembled was subject economic new the how outline I ,

be seen as as seen be

ideas and dispositions dispositions and ideas y mbl poe, internet) phones, (mobile gy ), Featherstone ( Featherstone ),

narrative avant s and practices related to gender/sexuality as as gender/sexuality to related practices and s 13 rs. . Rather, Rather, . -

garde of the new middle class preoccupied preoccupied class middle new the of garde

2007[ gether hedonism with commitment, commitment, with hedonism gether 1991 club cultures were interwoven interwoven were cultures club characteristic characteristic ] ) as well as Brooks as Brooks ) as well

At the same t same the At . The cosmopolitan cosmopolitan The . to the post the to ifestyle of a particular class class particular a of ‘style’. On the other other the On ‘style’.

- elements. On the the On elements. ime, as proposed proposed ime, as socialist context. socialist

in the Western Western the in (2000) dowed with with dowed - expression expression imaginary imaginary .

and and -

CEU eTD Collection ground. conceptual un to move I Before lifestyle. of culture the perpetuate which jobs ‘trendy’ occupy to on move new construct to selectively them using order, previous the of remnants chap subsequent The or sexuality). style technology, (regarding innovation self for youth cosmopolitan imaginary of project a within fit to seem orders gender/sexuality shifting of aspects these However, sexuality. identitie multiple of celebration 2008), uncritical to (Búzik lead probably processes would isolation social in gender/sexuality understanding considering for category important an as emerged indepen function cannot clubs, in order gender/sexuality progressive on focus with 1997). (Skeggs class of dimensions central as sexuality and T he study reflects a growing sensibility am sensibility growing a reflects study he packing the claims and suggestions I stated here, I provide a broader contextual and and contextual broader a provide I here, stated I suggestions and claims the packing - xrsin feil wt sil, technology skills, with flexible expression, specific specific Asserting the right to consume: to the right Asserting s allowed for in clubs, experiments with gender with experiments clubs, in for allowed s class formation class

ters ters dent propose ly – I te post the In .

Contexts andconcepts Contexts mobile, ‘liberated’, identity ‘liberated’, mobile, . The new middle class employs employs class middle new The .

a perspective on clubbers as they navigate between the the between navigate they as clubbers on perspective a

emerging post emerging ong gender studies of the significance of gender gender of significance the of studies gender ong 14 -

oils cnet seily wee ls re class where especially, context socialist

- hooked, open to experiments or or experiments to open hooked, - socialist middle classes middle socialist

Although I initiated my research research my initiated I Although - I noticed that that noticed I aware, self aware, - bending and transgressive transgressive and bending them in order to join the join to order in them - scrutinizing, striving striving scrutinizing, ‘cool’ ‘cool’ hs categories these identities and and identities

CEU eTD Collection through market choices. The desire to equip homes comfortably and create personal style style personal create and comfortably homes equip to desire The choices. market through s be might price just than product a featured Advert without even value symbolic received advertising. Western anything where form market black its in existed culture consumer to attached sector entire The socialism. state of structures lifestyle; producing socio also thus and aesthetic of study my situate I utopian/dystopia this Into never ecstasy” ending seemingly a and underground the into mainstream the from evasion an province, impuls strobe and lights poi light one just ha one which through tunnel imagine. could they as before knew they anything from different as underground was new culture leisure brand This as movement. seemed what joined rather them of Many crap’. ‘Western radio private and discotheques mushrooming despised They expertise. of field and/or style personal expressive for resource a as culture middle the accommodate to emerged structures subcultural st market which in ways the with disappointment the After ising ising

promotes distinction: distinction: promotes This is how entering Bratislavia entering how is This

(Hvoreck nting at the turntables where where turntables the at nting pitched against ‘an ordinary version’. version’. ordinary ‘an against pitched

the emerging consciousness of consciousness emerging the the sector which was unprecedented or rather limited within the the within limited rather or unprecedented was which sector the ý 2010a) ý n space of the the of space n es which provided “urban experience in an Eastern European European Eastern an in experience “urban provided which es e a a ivtto t the to invitation an as een d - utrl itnto ws rca fr h nw econ new the for crucial was distinction cultural

to pass to reach the bar and the dance floor, there was not not was there floor, dance the and bar the reach to pass to .

al spots early new underground underground new 15 DJ was spinning records but rather many laser laser many rather but records spinning DJ was n U.club felt in the early ‘90s: a ‘90s: early the in felt U.club n

s playing chart pop seeing it as invasive invasive as it seeing pop chart playing s targeting targeting

progressive middle class. Their sense for for sense Their class. middle progressive

middle This tactic to tactic This post pulsating pulsating ifles ‘independent’ culture, new new culture, ‘independent’ ifles - - - class youth aspiring to treat treat to aspiring youth class ls t asser to class oils consumer socialist with

consider quality rather quality rather consider

new op new t their visibility visibility their t t the end of a of end the t omic sector sector omic portun

typically typically ities, ities,

CEU eTD Collection socialist societies. As a result, majority had little experience with with experience little manifest had majority result, a As societies. socialist (Veblen consumption’ ‘conspicuous c Gr in cited (Gebicka films and series popular as such products cultural pop Western by also stimulated were fantasies These abundance. Western life ‘normal or rather life’ ‘decent for Calls 2). (2007: rights” human democracy, West, the capitalism, advertising, of concepts big the to bathroom Tales consumer the on Drakuli xv), & xiii (2007: ‘West’ the in citizenship an became gradually consumption that proposed Featherstone might statement Czeglédy’s of cynicism The 143) (2002: ” democracy. liberal with do to more [Drakulić Consumerism New the participate to lifestyle’, ‘do to ( elites new of power the to just not tied as 1989 of changes the interpreted who scholars of number back to post to respect with traced been has ommunist elites and despite despite and elites ommunist se rw a ocpul hi t chain conceptual a draws she , late late ed by the use of consumer goods and activities. and goods use consumer of the by ed ] attests to the ‘triumph of the West’ [Fukuyama] over state socialism as having had had having as socialism state over [Fukuyama] West’ the of ‘triumph the to attests ] Szelényi socialism (Kiossev 2007) (Kiossev socialism - the heady attractions of consumerism than with the elusive promises of of promises elusive the with than consumerism of attractions heady the iie cnlto i te ae oils iaiay I hr essay her In imaginary. socialist late the in conflation citizen

1998; ’ in late socialist and transitioning societies often betray an imaginary of of imaginary an betray often societies transitioning and socialist late in ’ Celd pooe: Bt shlry [Gellner scholarly “Both proposes: Czeglédy ,

Eyal Eyal existence of black markets, the idea of building status through through status building of idea the markets, black of existence

on consumption as their democratic right. In In right. democratic their as consumption on 2000

liberal liberal . As a call for ‘norm for a call As . ) but primarily fed by the desire of latent middle classes classes middle latent of desire the by fed primarily but ) 1994 - socialist subjects subjects socialist democracy; she associates: “cosmetics, the market, market, the “cosmetics, associates: she democracy; hat leads from the comfort of her fully stocked stocked fully her of comfort the from leads hat [1899]) was effectuated only on a limited scale in in scale limited a on only effectuated was [1899]) 16 actually actually

turns this critique on its head by insisting insisting by head its on critique this turns zeszczyk 2008: 148). Despite 148). 2008: zeszczyk be be al life’, life’, al

(Fehérváry 2002, 2011) 2011) 2002, (Fehérváry misleading t

his his desire important nexus for defining defining for nexus important

in its either its in ] and popular writing writing popular and ]

was damasked by a a by damasked was status differences differences status Manufacturing Manufacturing - and and

or logic. If If logic. or Bathroom Bathroom privileg it

runs runs ed ed CEU eTD Collection fulfilling their dreams of prosperity for everyone, majority suffered a decrease in life life in decrease a suffered standard. majority everyone, for prosperity of dreams their fulfilling was times new of process the that showing on is studies ascribed insecu and was hardship consumption permanent of conditions the In 2002). Rausig 2002; (Caldwell ritual the on others of positioning a consumption interpreted Researchers 2 (Oushakine system class new negotiate people which in ways the at looking works ethnographic of number a by mapped and mood’ regime. political of change the to thanks all for available made automatically be will it that and 2007) (Drakulić t idea the in resulted ignorance spread p 2002 Rausig transit of ethnographies on Based distribution. flat socialist and goods of abundance Western of mixture hybrid a together bring to tended imaginary consumer s mak to meant was transition of process the and 2007) Vasilescu 2002; (Fehérváry standard po and Late uch aradox which springs from from springs which aradox

tnad cesbe o everybody for accessible standard meaning of marking one’s status in resp in status one’s marking of meaning d

the changing life standard and lear and standard life changing the ) and essays of anti of essays ) and st - socialist subjects imagined imagined subjects socialist

eadn ad ofsn for confusing and demanding of how capitalism functions functions capitalism how of R hat prosperity, reflected in reflected prosperity, hat slig disappointm esulting

social grid in flux (Oushakine 2000). Often, consumption had a a had consumption Often, 2000). (Oushakine flux in grid social ihy symbolic highly acnto wt Weste with fascination 000; Schevchenko 2002). Schevchenko 000; - communist writers such as Slavenka Drakulić, I identified this this identified I Drakulić, Slavenka as such writers communist

s powerful means of identity identity of means powerful s ent has been captured in the popular term ‘bad ‘bad term popular the in captured been has ent ( nra’ ietl a atal upr middle upper actually as lifestyle ‘normal’ reassessing and reconstructing identities for the the for identities reconstructing and reassessing Grzeszczyk 2008: 2008: Grzeszczyk 17 ect to the the to ect and disapproval of so of disapproval and au (cecek 20) A 2002). (Schevchenko value

abundance of consumer goods, is ‘normal’ ‘normal’ is goods, consumer of abundance

ost to perceive t perceive to

f post of n rseiy copne by accompanied prosperity rn

past and past and - socialist subjects. subjects. socialist 149 heir identity on the grid of a of grid the on identity heir stress - 150). Thus, Thus, 150). cial inequality. inequality. cial ing ion (Oush ion

national belonging belonging national construction and and construction ccent of these these of ccent late socialist socialist late Rather than than Rather akine 2000; 2000; akine Such

wide -

class class logic logic rity, rity, e -

CEU eTD Collection post coordinating The contexts. super the to not frac with concern 2003), quite themselves on drew special with fractions class in ‘ of the role on attention realized distinction status of practices and about ideas crack receiving started necessarily right’ a West’ ‘imaginary the As present. p as perceived was what with contrasted constantly were desire East. European ‘liberated’ the in appeared tourists and researchers observers, when practice popular in remained habit this and audience ‘Western’ aspect transition researching ( bankrupted’ livin Depression Great that panic the about laughs bitterly interviewee an account, Schevchenko’s in example, For living. Western Problematically, tion of the the of tion g in the state of permanent crisis without without crisis permanent of state the in g - ooil u ls i post in less but colonial - cla

of of

s a efr wih connects which effort an ss;

at uoen voice European East national collective (Caldwell 2002; Rausig 2002) but rather to the cosmopolitan cosmopolitan the to rather but 2002) Rausig 2002; (Caldwell collective national Schevchenko Schevchenko new middle class, consumption became a vehicle for claiming their belonging belonging their claiming for vehicle a became consumption class, middle new

ima role of youth cultures cultures youth of role e o eeya srgl ar struggle everyday of ges post ,

suffers from what from suffers conspicuous consumption’. Beside Beside consumption’. conspicuous down melting started - socialist socialist 02 84. h wiig f Drakuli of writing The 844). 2002: oe nt ny shlry teto (uhkn 20; Yurc 2000; (Oushakine attention scholarly only) (not some - socialist contexts. In In contexts. socialist Anti . provoked in the U.S. He believes He U.S. the in provoked ide class middle - communist communist –

as a way of way a as Kiossev (2007) rightly identifies as as identifies rightly (2007) Kiossev post s. It has then slowly been replaced by the set of of set the by replaced been slowly then has It s. 18

- also also socialist es e implicitly raised against against raised implicitly e é

acting the the emerged (Fehérváry 2002, 2011). For For 2011). 2002, (Fehérváry emerged lites developed habit habit developed lites utby oen Mkn Middle Making Modern: Suitably learning to consume to learning relat In

ide classes middle ytrcl vr smoe [go ‘someone over hysterical

spectacular ‘nouveau riches’ who who riches’ ‘nouveau spectacular popula ed discourse of ‘consum of discourse ed ć ,

but also also but r

that Russians have been been have Russians that discourse ermanent crisis of the the of crisis ermanent

ih post with o

f many of – f

was , a turn ‘normality’ of of ‘normality’ landscapes of of landscapes performative performative

stressed in in stressed ing

- scholars scholars ption colonial colonial

to the the to - Class Class ing] ing] hak hak

as as a CEU eTD Collection fraction succeeded bringing together two ethics previously seen as standing in contradiction: contradiction: in standing as seen previously ethics two together bringing succeeded fraction uppe the of tendencies Tracing a might We work. quality for aspires and choices consumer makes ‘professional’ It oriented. However, ‘Progressive’ recuperated & (Gdula accumulation” and promotion on focus with associated typically of man (2012) Sadula and Gdula classes, Polish materiali its to i discussed is class middle When 133). (2008: consumer[s]” oriented globally and affluent, urban, educated, self st new aspiring and democracies agency their structure women young how traditio have which bodies India in Globalization and middle ‘doing’ practice dining) romantic and shopping going, cinema viewing, video as of(such practices cultural capital the in class middle constructing in role specific Society Consumer New a in Culture - ofdn mdl cas ot wih uoe hrceie a “media as characterized Lukose which youth class middle confident eternal bourgeoisie. While it is certainly possible to trace some of the characteristic the of some trace to possible certainly is it While bourgeoisie. eternal as I show in Chapter 3, Chapter in show I as utomatic

some idecasi tls,rbliu, eoitc friendship/connection hedonistic, rebellious, stylish, is class middle sm (Fehérváry 2002, 2011 2002, (Fehérváry sm

of the characteristics that authors ascribe to upper and popular classes. classes. popular and upper to ascribe authors that characteristics the of ally - classness in a globalized way. In In way. globalized a in classness

think of Brooks’ of think middle class such as “rigor, lawfulness, status uncertainty and the the and uncertainty status lawfulness, “rigor, as such class middle Lks (2008) Lukose , al be te ateils f I of battlefields the been nally r fringe of American middle class, he shows how this class class this how shows he class, middle American of fringe r n relation to post to relation n rong economie rong i ean hard remains t , Liechty (2003) suggests that that suggests (2003) Liechty ,

s essentialized m essentialized ; Yurchak 2003). In their Bourdieu their In 2003). Yurchak ;

conce through studied discourses around fashioning of female female of fashioning around discourses studied 19

pt of pt s are strategically tied to to tied strategically are s - socialist contexts, it is is it contexts, socialist

- consumption. Images of success of young young of success of Images consumption. okn,lwaiig fml n career and family abiding, law working,

‘Bobos’ Sadula 2012: 10), middle class has has class middle 10), 2012: Sadula The Children of Liberalization: Youth Youth Liberalization: of Children The iddle ndian modernity. Lukose notices notices Lukose modernity. ndian

- (2000 class taste to produce a produce to taste class

Nepal, Kathmandu. Through Through Kathmandu. Nepal, the the )

–

Bourgeois Bohemians Bourgeois ‘modern’ youth has a a has youth ‘modern’ usually representation

- saturated, highly highly saturated, - nesque study of of study nesque

with respect respect with - obsessed. obsessed.

straw straw they s

of of s - .

CEU eTD Collection selfhood and the ‘post the selfhood and enterprising of inculcation the culture’, ‘enterprise to culture of reduction „the as McGuigan with accordance in understand I which culture of neoliberalization on focus mainly I project, well especially was efficient an picked I believe I However, narrower. much is analysis of scope my Slovakia, of the capital culture club on Focusing study. sociological wider a substitute cannot project This brush. post of image an paint to wish don’t I stressed. ve crucial as gender/sexuality of sexua of [namely liberties other facilitated has consumer radical the granted respect the that likely also is it consumer, modern the created s of aspects some absorbed and lifestyle Bohemian of traits many adopted which life’ of ‘way the over conflict permane as innovation consumption. administer who intermediaries’ ‘cultural Frank by identified book. Brooks’s beyond far traced counter of marriage the However, people like’ self on perspectives ‘bobo’ The bohemian. and bourgeois - scrutiny which culminated in, for example, Lander’s Lander’s example, for in, culminated which scrutiny vehicle of analysis to show contours of the of contours show to analysis of vehicle

(2008;

ot,a e saeeegn fe th after emerging estate new a as Youth,

midd

- 2010). 2010). ca movements ocial suited for the rise of neoliberal economy and economy neoliberal of rise the for suited (1997) (1997) le class and, I believe, inspired a tide of obsession with with obsession of tide a inspired believe, I and, class le - industrial’ i industrial’

and followers followers and tr osiuigtenw middle new the constituting ctors deology of ‘creative industry’“ (2009: 132). (2009: industry’“ ‘creative of deology - The gradual mainstreaming of Bohemian values values Bohemian of mainstreaming gradual The utrl as f ie ih bourge with life of ways cultural agendas ’ - socialist progressive middle class with broad strokes of of strokes broad with class middle progressive socialist – - conflation of attributes radically transformed transformed radically attributes of conflation

reshaped capitalism and and capitalism reshaped 20 l and racial ‘minorities’]” (2004: (2004: ‘minorities’]” racial and l to Lel too. ,

emerging middle class fraction which which fraction class middle emerging a e WWII, defined itself through the through itself defined WWII, e n d blog and and blog says: “If radical individualism individualism radical “If says:

promoting its values. In this this In its values. promoting - class identity has to be be to has identity class books on ‘stuff white white ‘stuff on books loe for allowed ois values has to be be to has values ois nt revolution in in revolution nt

307). (middle

a class of of class a

The role role The - class) class) – s in in s

as as

CEU eTD Collection population was critically framed as as framed critically was population peo These period. no of set a capitalism, the In transition? context? logic. market the and protest countercultural aestheticism, modernist forces: cultural opposed previously these of “pedagogies the into look representation. symbolic over power gaining segment class narrow characteristics (1991) Featherstone provided. are and services goods symbolic where sector occupational the to tied is bourgeoisie’ petite ‘new Bourdieu’s Importantly, “sys in or, transgression of grain the with innovation Moreover, principles. bourgeoisie petite emerging in Already line. genealogical particular cultur club how Researching l’ et bu te hne (e.g. changes the about felt ple’ tematically appl[ies] tematically tngahc esetvs on perspectives ethnographic How can can How

The beating rhyt The beating How is How

previously ascribed to to ascribed previously notions notions a

study the set of dispositions of dispositions of set the tions such as ‘bad mood’ and ‘ostalgia’ became to characterize the the characterize to became ‘ostalgia’ and mood’ ‘bad as such tions re are used as emotional capsules encompassing the way ‘common ‘common way the encompassing capsules emotional as used are as Bourdieu recognized, recognized, Bourdieu as

the cultivated disposition to not to disposition cultivated the - of emerging new middle class challenge sediment perspectives on on perspectives sediment challenge class middle new emerging of employs hm or pulsating opportunities: opportunities: pulsating hm or which aided es

in 'complete disintegration' and 'uni and disintegration' 'complete orius ie f i of line Bourdieu’s

corporated corporated Svašek 2005). 2005). Svašek nw sen ‘new’ the the promot

transformation from state socialist structures to to structures socialist state from transformation

universal pos universal Distinctions 21 new middle class acquired in the post the in acquired class middle new ing

sibilities” (1991: 70) which bring together together bring which 70) (1991: sibilities”

into their lifestyle lifestyle their into market values in culture, I have have I culture, in values market they constantly lean towards cultural cultural towards lean constantly they The impact of changes on on changes of impact The hi Bude ( Bourdieu , tmodern identity actually refer refer actually identity tmodern s words, ‘new petite bourgeoisie’ bourgeoisie’ petite ‘new words, s - yet nvestigation to propose that that propose to nvestigation rethinking transition rethinking - legitimate culture” culture” legitimate Featherstone urges us to to us urges Featherstone 1992 many of the ’68 ethical ethical ’68 the of many form impoverishment' impoverishment' form [1979]) [1979]) (1992: 371 (1992:

majority of of majority traced the the traced - n mind in socialist socialist to a a to ). ).

CEU eTD Collection the new conditions surrounding them. In this respect, it is only fair that adult and elderly elderly and adult that fair only is it respect, this In them. surrounding conditions new the w order new the into for habitus their readjust slip dramatically to having without traumatic, as newness its perceiving to position better a in were people young Arguably, accordingly. shaped were subjectivities how and formations cultural new into translated de was attention Less 245). 2008: Buyandelgeriyn 2004; Humphrey & Verdery 2003; Verdery insensitiv predictions and plans scale large wiped be cannot to able t attachment wer transition of Ethnographers general in values and life private work, 846). 2002: (Shevchenko of conditions different very for socialized with mo their detect to adults mostly targeted researchers discontent, of moments and problems conflicts, Tracing explains: She chances. new and opportunities of then assessments of disturbance Ries & 1996 (Golovakha oe t suis f h wy i wih ae oils clua patcs were practices cultural socialist late which in ways the of studies to voted the the oilsd o e ad au priua kns f potnte, kls n rsucs post and trajectories of resources, action. and skills opportunities, of kindssharpl more demise muchsocialistfeltactors their particular risk value and and unstable see an in to groups Socialised and identities of constitution the and life outsider andhabitual scientiststhe to challenges enormouspresentedsocial period this observers, the of those in and population, local the of eyes the in Both

argue (against mainstream economists, politicians and sociologists) that culture culture that sociologists) and politicians economists, mainstream (against argue subjectivities which were structured in and for a different system and therefore therefore and system different a for and in structured were which subjectivities o habits or ‘old ways of doing’. of ways ‘old or habits o

habitual ‘ways of doing’ and values was far more more far was values and doing’ of ‘ways habitual out by abrupt ec abrupt by out od, poll their opinions, map opinions, their poll od,

1997

cited in Schevchenko 2002: 843 2002: Schevchenko in cited

e interested in forces of resistance often articulated as as articulated often resistance of forces in interested e onomic changes, rather it has has it rather changes, onomic e to local specificities (Burowo specificities local to e

22 I

n this way this n clashes of large scal large of clashes

y than the emergence of new possibilitiesnewthe emergencethan of y ,

anthropologists of transition were were transition of anthropologists ) . S present in people’s accounts people’s accounts in present powerful corrosive effect on on effect corrosive powerful c (Schevchenko 2002: 841 hevchenko claims that that claims hevchenko e socio e

organisation of social social oforganisation - y & Verdery 1999; 1999; Verdery & y economic changes changes economic - idn setting. ridden successfully ithout ithout -

842) the the -

CEU eTD Collection ‘mind sets from the previous regime’, ‘old people at new places’, all testify to the powerful powerful the to testify all places’, new at people ‘old regime’, previous the from sets ‘mind peopl O differently. them shaped which system new the but also parents their from them distanced peo young them’, 843). invocation (2002: generation” future and current for structures opportunity of as profi rather towards disposed but better problem a as seen not was proper youth a words, form other to In etc. able society’ be democratic really will one next the only and go must generation middle be to going is ‘everything jealousy: side both post with case the was (as authorities various of side the from values changing being than popula many across running thread a is generation’ previous than chances and possibilities options, more ‘Having of nature the about learn more may we youth, to attention paying by that and changes these of product direct the were occupying and changes forms, cultural new in Participating contours. embodied tangible, take to changes young the for subjectivities transformation, and bodies their of provided people context the in understudied if Even transition. of ‘losers’ the we subjects ften . E e. i was it , xpressions such as ‘old structure’ [‘stará štruktúra’] štruktúra’] [‘stará structure’ ‘old as such xpressions s s

the

re in the spotlight of interest of transitology: t transitology: of interest of spotlight the in re of the Iron Iron the of of ‘myriads of possibilities we never had’ or ‘the world world ‘the or had’ never we possibilities of ‘myriads of

er ta te eouin i odr o u i pae n a place in put to order in revolution, the that heard

focus ple became to be seen as domestic ‘Westerners’. It was not just age that that age just not was It ‘Westerners’. domestic as seen be to became ple

of institutional policing and o and policing institutional of uti) post Curtain), mrig osblte. s uhkn pt i, post it, puts Oushakine As possibilities. emerging ting from the changes. changes. the from ting transition (2000: 992). (2000: transition

r narratives characterizing characterizing narratives r easier for them’, ‘the world opens up for them’, ‘the ‘the them’, for up opens world ‘the them’, for easier - oils yuh wa youth socialist 23

such as club club as such

wider concern about youth morality and and morality youth about concern wider

Schevchenko calls it “reconfigurations “reconfigurations it calls Schevchenko hey were more prone to become become to prone more were hey the s cultures, youth wa youth cultures, used post

object of both hope and and hope both of object as a personal adjective, adjective, personal a as - socialist youth. Rather Rather youth. socialist being ew order needs new new needs order ew

up for for up - socialist youth youth socialist -

war youth on on youth war embo s Through Through discursive discursive grabs for for grabs dying dying the the

CEU eTD Collection Soviet youth suffer from the lack of subject invitations. He studied essay compositions of of compositions essay studied He invitations. subject of lack the from suffer youth Soviet Ousha language, in gaps and insecurities Detecting anxiety. transformational of idea the them onto project researchers youth, investigating when Often subjectivit structuring order. new stream the for cultures leisure/work considerable) (albeit one just provided cultures post of category vague a of representative not project is this an have cultures club scenes, cultural running of ways entrepreneurial new and opportunities new brand non soa smoothly changes how dire which against differences incommensurable of wall a as practices cultural inherited seeing than Rather Soviet s by structured were strongly habitus Their regime. working (mostly subjects research S skills. and knowledge adaptable of pool a than everyd of lenses stress to knowledge this of course the in even not and overnight post across running discourse - official cultural practices, legacies of the Underground, Western consumer cultures, cultures, consumer Western Underground, the of legacies practices, cultural official ay practices were portrayed as portrayed were practices ay economy and sociology (Buyandelgeriyn 2008: 238) 2008: (Buyandelgeriyn sociology and economy alytically fruitful position. Certainly, the youth portrayal I propose through through propose I portrayal youth the Certainly, position. fruitful alytically ct or subtler impositions of impositions subtler or ct The missing subject interpellations of post of interpellations subject The missing ,

including the ways of getting by in life in by getting of ways the including importance of culture and everyday practices practices everyday and culture of importance ked into the matrix of the everyday. Mediating between socialist socialist between Mediating everyday. the of matrix the into ked - socialist societies that habits and habitus and habits that societies socialist - ocialism class Muscovites) were were Muscovites) class

force

several several s

and thus and

24 of popular resistance to the impositions rather rather impositions the to resistance popular of

new order get smashed, we may want to see see to want may we smashed, get order new

years. Anthropologists started to formula to started Anthropologists years. c hevchenko (2002) stresses the way her her way the stresses (2002) hevchenko irreconcilable - kine (2000) proposed that post that proposed (2000) kine socialist youth. I argue that club club Ithat argue youth. socialist rigid rigid . At the same time, culture and and culture time, same the At . - , socialism?

as well as tastes and values values and tastes as well as products of the previous previous the of products

with

the new order new the cannot be changed changed be cannot

which escape the the escape which ies and and ies .

te te - CEU eTD Collection dichotomy (previously available to scholars scholars to available (previously dichotomy arrange to difficult were which discourses competing and conflicting of time a was transition Rather, resisted. strikingly or covertly be to present iron of culture i already case the this wasn’t Nevertheless, positions. subject of register stable a propose to unable were purpose, their redefining and tha observation his in right is Oushakine names, provide to weakened. arguably was certainties categories, institutions of power The investigated. Oushakine which categories categori post across adults and people young both of language that Oushakine with agree I stories. andcomplex) pos and Barnaul post Siberian Soviet in transition course, Of changes. of nature the to contradictory is system symbolic post the that expect To and its non a space, empty an remains ‘post “the that concludes He 1005). 2000: (Oushakine shortages” symbolic of “culture generate to production cultural is grid social a on themselves locate to inability people’s young that proposed Oushakine identity. gender and national their about write cohort age (an 15 between were 1997 in who Barnaul Siberian from women and men young own meaning effect” (Oushakine 2000: 1010). 1010). 2000: (Oushakine effect” meaning own ig However zing. - socialist and post and socialist sget? nie n ae socialism late in Unlike suggests? y partially partially ,

- overlapping with my sample my with overlapping I believe believe I Soviet symbolic vocabulary will be ordered in an easily detectable detectable easily an in ordered be will vocabulary symbolic Soviet - Soviet contexts can be characterized by insecurity in terms of of terms in insecurity by characterized be can contexts Soviet - t existence, devoid of its subjectifying force, its own signifier, signifier, own its force, subjectifying its of devoid existence,

- symbolic positions. Young people’s silences articulate articulate silences people’s Young positions. symbolic socialist Central European Bratislava are different (layered (layered different are Bratislava European Central socialist that this anxiety anxiety this that t institutions, which were in turmoil of restructuring restructuring of turmoil in were which institutions, t n late socialism as Yurchak’s (1999 Yurchak’s as socialism late n 25 studying

a result of the failure of of failure the of result a tee a n ofca rln i ruling official no was there ,

is most prominent in official identity identity official in prominent most is

of clubbers). The sample was asked to to asked was sample The clubbers). of

according to according socialism). socialism). Nevertheless,

the resistance the post - Soviet field of of field Soviet ) work on the the on work ) - 22 years old old years 22

h socio the - ideology ideology deology deology - Soviet’ Soviet’ the - -

CEU eTD Collection occurred. invitations and subject forces socialist 30). 1993: ( school and family as such institutions official the to attachments weakens time, same the at and, youth empowers which own their of zone a form They socialization. youth provide subcultures McRobbie, to According (2000). work own Oushakine’s as in as well (2000) Markowitz’s under in role important an played which leisure and music as such culture life people’s young of spheres informal neglected work the Reviewing institutional or production not and collective). work education, (family, affiliations consumption of lines the along identity thinking cultures youth rock’n’roll, adopt to about marking and defining gr was consumption societies, Western in While discourses. post of space symbolic cultural - netgtd n oh tde o iett cntuto o post of construction identity of studies both in investigated s, drug scene and sexuality (2001 sexuality and scene drug s, youth studies, studies, youth oig f g i Post in Age of Coming

o epn t te a the to respond To

taste lines and lifestyles as the main identity markers. Since the adoption of of adoption the Since markers. identity main the as lifestyles and lines taste n’ dniy ( identity one’s I examine subcultures as a fruitful space where powerful subjectifying subjectifying powerful where space fruitful a as subcultures examine I

were an important pioneering discourse for the new way of of way new the for discourse pioneering important an were

- bove

- oit Russia Soviet the counter the socialism was populated with fragments of inviting inviting of fragments with populated was socialism Featherstone 1991 Featherstone -

etoe iaeuce i tra in inadequacies mentioned ). The trio of proverbial ‘sex, drugs and rock’n’roll’, rock’n’roll’, and drugs ‘sex, proverbial of trio The ). 26 a space away from the institutional script of of script institutional the from away space a -

cultural zone under socialism, is significantly significantly is socialism, under zone cultural

adually becoming more decisive in t in decisive more becoming adually (Markowitz 2000), Oushakine noticed that that noticed Oushakine 2000), (Markowitz ), post ),

- socialist societ socialist - Soviet Soviet n sitology and and sitology youth ies were only only were ies McRobbie McRobbie

erms of of erms in both both in post - CEU eTD Collection 1.5.0. 1.4.0. 1.3.0. 1.2.0. 1.1.0. 1.0.0.

Conclusion 1.4.3. 1.4.2. an of knowledge 1.4.1. towards careers projects as Subcultures 1.3.2. 1.3.1. Gendered 1.2.3. 1.2.2. 1.2.1. a ‘prope Towards 1.1.4. 1.1.3. 1.1.2. 1.1.1. transition in production/organization (Sub)cultural Introduction

Gendered informal work in club cultures in cultures club informal work Gendered opportunity? of world boys!”: men’s “Sorry, subculture U.club: of The story organizing for party flexible money!’: conditions your need we ‘Hey, proto or creativity of zones Autonomous culture and organizing thinking way of New culture and popular consumerism Western of The fear Underground the the logic of Beyond subcultures Competing Subculturalists or (sub)cultural workers? (sub)cultural or Subculturalists occupations New bricolage skills and transferable sector: economic the new and Subcultures opportunity

d skills d r’ entrepreneurial environment entrepreneurial r’

[settingthe scene]

–

legacies of late socialism and new DiY cultures DiY and new late socialism of legacies

Chapter1 27 - mafia

- police interface police

- entrepreneurial milieu? entrepreneurial

CEU eTD Collection 2.2.0.), the case of alternative rock cultures was a different one. different a was cultures rock alternative of case 2.2.0.), the sexuality and gendered classed, counter traditional with as well as cultures disco with culture and leisure of field the in competed cultures Club locally. grew cultu club which) to opposition in (and which from milieu cultural the examine to want I time’. th middle for magnet a cultures club made what explain I middle opportunities. of young sphere new this profiting from mainly was It networks. male through structured little only gained women organization, (sub)cultural middle a for fit work (sub)cultural re to advert and marketing of language the milieu, the club In the ‘alternative’. a with identified providing previously who crowd the attracted cultures from club resource, symbolic relevant withdrew alternative’ ‘traditional the As (sub)culture. about thinking and organizing of ways new also but style new and sound new the just not proposed Clubs inking through club cultures as the nexus between leisure and career, profit and ‘mad ‘mad and profit career, and leisure between nexus the as cultures club through inking -

signify parties as ‘events’ and ‘projects’ legitimizing them as ‘serious’ and making making and ‘serious’ as them legitimizing ‘projects’ and ‘events’ as parties signify 1.1.0.

(Sub)cultural production/organization in transition in production/organization (Sub)cultural 1.1.1. - - focused narratives to delegitimi to narratives focused cultures. While in the case of discotheques, clubbers used used clubbers discotheques, of case the in While cultures. - class career portfolio. However, within the new milieu of of milieu new the within However, portfolio. career class

1.0 Competing subcultures Competing

Introduction 28

place; opportunity was captured and and captured was opportunity place;

- class youth and how they started started they how and youth class

ze disco culture (see section section (see culture disco ze - class men who were were who men class ising was employed employed was ising

res res CEU eTD Collection structures. market to respect in thinking subculture of ways new offering rise could cultures club conditions, new the for reconfigured effectively t during legitimacy their lost which premises ideological the of some of overview an propose I section, subsequent the In incorporated. were principles anti and independence through of premises language and practices proposed cultures club Culture, the and Artist the oppressing structure incommensurable an as market perceiving than Rather the situation. new pro to were able counter of weakening and indecision of time the During anymore. threat a vivid not was enemy’ ‘natural their as condition new the for cultures these t progressing, were ‘90s the and anti was alternative ‘traditional’ The attendees. attracted pubs partly and which concerts cultures alternative club of growth the into fits argument this how at look I abo talked enthusiasts and subcultural artists etc.), Propeler Stoka, café, (Galéria vanished them of most when and places of number a around constellated was Bratislava in scene alternative ‘90s The Underground. Czechoslovak b bands local new as well as bands underground Brno and Prague former as such repertoire” “rock to dedicated strongly was place The him. to senior 15 was He alternative”. the of world the “discovered Ro Danubius to going started he remembers H. Michal H.). Michal Ivan, (Anna, concerts punk and rock alternative frequent to used formerly clubbers early Many pose a set of very efficient strategies for the organization of youth culture in in culture youth of organization the for strategies efficient very of a set pose

e anti he - mainstream - communist rhetoric was not enough to legitimize legitimize to enough not was rhetoric communist ut the logic of profit which suppressed it. it. suppressed profit which of logic the ut 29

- ness were pertained while entrepreneurial entrepreneurial while pertained were ness

- 16 then and most of the visitors were were visitors the of most and then 16 - cultural narratives, club cultures cultures club narratives, cultural ransition and before they were were they before and ransition uilding on the legacies of the the of legacies the on uilding ck Fabric where he he where Fabric ck which subcultural subcultural which - communist communist

CEU eTD Collection 1 2005) of prism nostalgic the (through ‘alternative’ the by perceived as epoch ‘90s the of characteristic moments several invokes Piussi Lucia writer and singer komíny ako Dni song their In kvety. Živé band rock alternative flagship Slovak by presen is transition during scenes art and cultures youth of situation the on perspective A Trencz & region (Klaniczay counter to dedicated journal Europe Central East of issue the in anew as not framed counter However, censure. socialist state than ways harsher often in them suffocated profit of logic the that discovered who artists of bitterness and surprise co that perspective this is It artists). underground former as (such do to wanted they what do not could conditions, new the under who, those of disillusionment of things. relations market 61 V as such images by idea this fostered dissidents of culture The values. democratic by nourished freely flourish wit aligned was citizens its oppressing state socialist of heaviness of idea The capitalism. under operation of rules the accept) (and learn to necessity without existence their for allow automatically will counter Socialist This portrayal is crucial for the legitimization of changes. At the same time, it explains the the explains it time, same the At changes. of legitimization the for crucial is portrayal This

The song can song The be found the on album Sloboda [Freedom] (2005); - 62). Such perspectives obscured the necessity to pass under a different contract different a under pass to necessity the obscured perspectives Such 62).

conditioned by conditioned h another idea: that once this burden is lifted, pluralism of cultures will will cultures of pluralism lifted, is burden this once that idea: another h - – áclav utrssee o pr to seemed cultures

and fostered an idea of democratization as a return to the ‘natural’ state state ‘natural’ the to return a as democratization of idea an fostered and

Havel’s passage from the state of lie to the state of truth (E truth of state the to lie of state the from passage Havel’s 1.1.2. ényi

but suffocated by the regime the by but suffocated

2011). 2011). Beyond the logic of the Underground the the logic of Beyond

esuppose that the clause of freedom of expression expression of freedom of clause the that esuppose 30

http://www.zivekvety.sk/hudba.html . Recently, this position was taken taken was position this Recently, . :

- cultures tend to be be to tend cultures - cultures across the the across cultures nditions the grand grand the nditions 1 , the lead lead the , yal 2000: 2000: yal –

. that of of that

ted ted CEU eTD Collection profit. The life of this discourse was mapped by Szemere (2001). In In (2001). Szemere by mapped was discourse this of life The profit. nurtur further and underground the by fostered ideals the that suggest work) further Piussi’s (and lyrics The song continues: The it). put interviewees my of one (as freedom’ of period ‘the end to appear obstacles new li genuine of moment short a After liberty. of air fresh the breathe to pushes scene musical over, take billboards before and architecture neglected the of cracks the market: through the and regime the by bounded freedom of moments paint imagery song’s The Let them live inside jelly a world… Certainly, they had their reasons, no reproaches. So let them swim! They threw th What do you want to tell to those who it gave up? That was our naïve liberty! It is hardly true now, it must have just been dream! a consisting of people like you and me! Nothing else just acquaintances, friends, concerts and bands The sweet summer of ‘91, Bratislava was still Bands were emerging like mushrooms after rain! Do you remember concerts at Hlavné námestie? when Kosa z Nosa [band’s name] played and the locks inside our heads were opening? fresh born mafia… Wasn’ Nothing else just acquaintances, no billboards, cracked wall paint, The sweet summer of ’91, Bratislava was still a museum. Bands were emerging like mushrooms after rain! Do you remember concerts at Hlavné námestie [Main square]?

ed by the early post early the by ed emselves into the stream,

t it beautiful

- 1989 art scene were smashed by the market logic of of logic market the by smashed were scene art 1989

a museum.

[my translation][my Up from the the from Up beration, beration,

CEU eTD Collection fe, tde o rc’’ol utr udr oils tn t cliy th calcify to ahistorical tend socialism under culture rock’n’roll of studies Often, non poli as such tools, repressive its with state the words, other In supremacy. its against pushing are liberation of agents the and power concentrated of bloc a is there nature: Foucaultian as words democratization, anti and of society civil forces of expressions to relation in understood traditionally were cultures music art and music popular on literature the In 5). 2001: (Szemere profitability low their of note the on completely forms art some suppressed power post banning, about selective was censorship socialist state while that for sense respondent her of words the Through ethnographic detail. and voice authentic complexity, the by it enriches and 3) 2001: Szemere (in Bohlman and Klíma Merkel, by initiated commodification’ as ‘transition of line critical the on elaborates Szemere counterculturalists. of ideals the of and betrayal selling of sentiment shared widely a The nutshell a in capitalism.” proposes Szemere to by given example transition Europe’s Eastern and Central after underwent socialism counter the that transformation profound the epitomizes later years fifteen some tourism for ad an in afterlife song’s dissident “The advertisement: an accompanying t In scene. music Underground ce or censors, is coded as representations of power while the alternative discourse of of discourse alternative the while power of representations as coded is censors, or ce - official cultures is seen as confronting or evading this power in its struggle for freedom. freedom. for its struggle in power this evading or confronting as is seen cultures official

counter

pressure of the regime on counter cultures. This is less so in Blažek & Pospíšil Pospíšil & Blažek in so less is This cultures. counter on regime the of pressure , she studies the impact of transition on the Hungarian underground art and and art underground Hungarian the on transition of impact the studies she , he introduction, she retells how she spotted a cult song line on a billboard billboard a on line song cult a spotted she how retells she introduction, he - cul ture

or or underground - totalitarian struggles (e.g. Pekacz 1994). Already such such Already 1994). Pekacz (e.g. struggles totalitarian

suggest an idea of power distribution of the pre the of distribution power of idea an suggest scenes in socialist countries, socialist non socialist countries, socialist in scenes 32

- socialist structures of of structures socialist e opinion about about opinion e - s, she proposed proposed she s, culture of sta of culture - official official - out out te te - CEU eTD Collection counter systems two of binary the Without 2001). Szemere post to socialist late Several wi dealt Wall. having the studies, of Fall the after purpose its serving stopped which and premises their pre the of erosion signified crisis This socialist late from inherited premises post scenes, art underground ideological and principles the on Functioning indistinguishable: as seen are and capitalism democracy time, same the at and, freedom of signifier a as understood is rock’n’roll where Ryback’s from quote A 2011). al. et Trenczényi & (Klaniczay historians local of works contemporary in as well as 1994) Ramet in found be can Van not is persists approach and tone this That in Czechoslovakia. rock’n’roll of study historical a into it transposes uncritically and counterculturalists of tone P ongoing. was conflict the if as argues and opposition the with sides passionately Vaněk that notes Pospíšil Furthermore subculturalists. counter to Party the of approach the in nuances and differences deleted who effectively (2010) Vaněk of case the in more and Czechoslovakia 1966 in hair’ long with ‘youth the against action concerted concrete a with deal who (2010) emphasis] and party forced and governme resistance official of bastion every stormed have bands rock years, of outgrowth accept to governmentscompelled realization the been Unionhas theEasternSovietEuropeandin roll andsense, therocktriumphof real very a In - culturalists were left in the terrain where new meaningful culturo meaningful new where terrain the in left were culturalists the works of early historians of socialist art and music scenes (Ryback 1990; 1990; (Ryback scenes music and art socialist of historians early of works the rock accept to nt - socialist order, noted a deep loss of orientation points (Cushman 1995; 1995; (Cushman points orientation of loss deep a noted order, socialist th the transition of counter of transition the th of a a of - socialist subcul socialist democratic process democratic - and Rock around the Bloc the around Rock - roll music as part of life in the Marxist the in life of part as music roll - Wall model of power on which counter which on power of model Wall

ospíšil explains that such tendency mimics the the mimics tendency such that explains ospíšil tural scenes necessarily had to undergo a crisis. crisis. a undergo hadto necessarily scenes tural 33

. Three generations of Soviet of generationsThree . - Western capitalismWestern cultures and underground scenes from from scenes underground and cultures –

(1990) can stand for this tenden this for stand can (1990) socialism and capitalism, socialist socialist capitalism, and socialism (Ryback quoted in Ebeling 1990) , as Pospíšil (2011) argued, argued, (2011) Pospíšil as , ěk ’s sole problem, rather it it rather problem, sole ’s . In the course of thirty of course the In . - - Leninist state. [my state. Leninist ideological maps maps ideological - bloc youths have have youths bloc - cultures built built cultures -

and and cy cy

CEU eTD Collection the bastion of national and European values. For Kundera, globalized West cannot cannot West globalized Kundera, For values. European and national of bastion the of status its lost ago long has Culture High Europe, Western in that laments Kundera Milan 1 his In ‘90s’. ‘wild the preceded has excellence) par globalization or Americanization Westernization, with (identified culture pop of fear The anti culture. pervasive of process irreversible an as perceived is Westernization accounts, these beings human of status Their legality. lacunose of abuse corporate as well as pornography and criminality rising drugs, of deal as seen post accounts, fictional these In 2004[2002]). Denežkina 2008[2006]; 2004[2002], Masłowska 2007; 2005, 2001, 1998, (Hvorecký contexts post with culture popular cultural Western by over occupied and industries quickly land’ man’s ‘no legal a homogenized, culturally tra free borders, of opening the With of adoption Western uncritical by formed identities (possible) problematizing was consumption and production cultural of scenarios new of adoption with dealing strand discursive One over the have been counter does ‘What justified. and assembled be to had

- style consumerism patterns. patterns. consumerism style ing with a tsunami of images, trinkets, fast food, flashing advertisement, influx influx advertisement, flashing food, fast trinkets, images, of tsunami a with ing 1.1.3. - - arching question. arching idn y evsv ‘trash pervasive by ridden

The fear of Western consumerism and popular and popular consumerism Western of The fear - soci – ls cniin botd ieay ito ars post across fiction literary boosted conditions alist

as (properly) cultured cultured (properly) as

de posited a menace that the region will become become will region the that menace a posited de 34 - socialist subjects (mainly young people) were were people) young (mainly subjects socialist - culture’. As a result, the idea of a clash of of clash a of idea the result, a As culture’. 984 essay 984 –

- was seen as being at sta at being as seen was culture mean after the Wall?’, may may Wall?’, the after mean culture The Tragedy of Central Europe Central of Tragedy The culture

ke. In all of of all In ke. - socialist socialist - , CEU eTD Collection There is doubtno that division the of world and later C Enlightenment 2 counter 1968), in Czechoslovakia arrival his upon discovered Kundera What forces social oppositional and events. 1989 with culminated and in function remained culture (independent) between connection of line The in while logic market Avant the of inheritors counter or Underground the seriously, argument Kundera’s Taking ‘progressive’ its mainly Culture, where pla incarnations, ‘independent’ revolts” European Central “the calls he what in precursors of chain a had 1989 of events the essay, Kundera’s of logic the to According and eroded was Culture bygloba the replaced High European and national of status the place: took changes profound ‘West’, the left politically Europe Central since that is means he What 11). 1984: intellectuals European [Central curtain, iron the Behind […]. Europe but Russia not is then, Europe, Central for tragedy real “The that exclamation with concludes He 1968. and 1956 in invasions Soviet of barbarism’ fr intellectuals of grieving the understand

The massThe culture debate hasongoing been since at least & Horkeimer’sAdorno opus revolts (since the press be and television to meant is today West the whatever from indistinguishable or radio, discussions newspapers, the by nourished historiography,theater,cinema, literary p reviews, not were revolts television European Central the […]

(1992[1944]) and fully elaborated after WWII by such critics as McLuhan, Greenberg Eco.or — — that is, by the "media." They were prepared, shaped, realized by novels,poetry, by shaped,realizedprepared, were They"media." the by is, that that is, by culture. The mass mediamass Theculture. by is, that

the East it partly evaded being hijacked by the State ideological control. control. ideological State the by hijacked being evaded partly it East the lized media culture and marketplace (1984: 7) (1984: marketplace and media culture lized - Garde/High Culture message which was in the West corrupted by the the by corrupted West the in was which message Culture Garde/High

yed a crucial role. He writes: He role. a crucial yed ] did not suspect that the times had changed […]” (Kundera (Kundera […]” changed had times the that suspect not did ] - culturalists were only to realize en masse in the course of of course the in masse en realize to only were culturalists were completely under state control). 35 om Central Europe who witnessed ‘cultural ‘cultural witnessed who Europe Central om old old War situation play an role eminent in the debate.

— Paris (right after the occupation of of occupation the after (right Paris opular comedy and cabaret,comedyandphilosophicalopular which, for the French and Americans,are and French the for which,

2 . — -

cultures were seen as as seen were cultures lyd o at n these in part no played Dialectic of (Kundera 1984: 10)

CEU eTD Collection Power generation. Flower and Beats the evoking image the bohemians, countercultural like looked least, at or, journ and writers musicians, rock partly were Czechoslovakia in politicians communist anti the observed, others many and (1994) Ramet Sabrina As 2003). (Neve tourists Western t suggested and card credit of idea the Havel to explaining with assisted Tourism and Culture Trade, of Minister appointed newly as Zappa Paradoxically, p.29). (2007, institutions” and mechanisms freedom as understood anti the for Kolaraska countries. Western of politician actual any to than “on and movement cultural ‘60s the Zappa Frank to closer was Havel Václav 1990, In spheres. both in be involved not could one and incompatible were market Art and neu or opposition declared in standing (because flourish to Art of idea Romantic the for milieu a provided paradoxically societies socialist statement, Roth’s on Elaborating Klíma: Ivan with interview the in Philip Roth by made point is Similar market the in short: industries, cultural and culture, consumerism va of ‘crisis the around revolve 2001) post of Ethnographies ‘90s. the commercial television enough, strangely which, from adversaries new repressive,aboutspeakingtrivializesterile ofeverything,oftotalitarianism am protected I you. number a by bedeviled yourself find d free, a becomesCzechoslovakia As hat castles in Czechoslovakia could be converted into hotels in order to bring in in bring to order in hotels into converted be could Czechoslovakia in castles hat - communist politicians but also in the wide popular discourse, “democracy was was “democracy discourse, popular wide the in also but politicians communist

and justice rather than procedural democracy rooted in law, law, in rooted democracy procedural than rather justice and .

– - oils ex socialist

uncorrupted by the market as well as by the establishment establishment the by as well as market the by uncorrupted e of the Gods of Czech underground” (Ma underground” Czech of Gods the of e lues’ which is explained by the rising influence of pop pop of influence rising the by explained is which lues’ emocratic consumer society, you writers are going to going are writers you society, consumer emocratic - underground scenes (Cushman 1995; Szemere Szemere 1995; (Cushman scenes underground 36

trality to it). In the classical Romantic split, split, Romantic classical the In it). to trality –

as a counter a as - Bobińska (2007) may add that that add may (2007) Bobińska - cultural figure, a symbol of of symbol a figure, cultural - related forms of culture. culture. of forms related

(Kl íma štalír štalír

& Roth 1990)

2006) 2006) alists alists

– -

CEU eTD Collection (Ivan) (laughter).” trash some rock got really that And [sic]. futuro more… mainly and modern more and cleaner something was cultures] [club so and jeans ripped wore you like concerts were rock and “Punk project: lifestyle new a of core the at was which sensibility pro cultures club out, pointed aptly interviewees my of one As subcultures of enough. range not ‘modern’ ‘progressive’, not as seen gradually was students attracting the clubbers), among narrative popular a distill (to music’ quality about only ‘cared discotheques While grass. the on sit and bottles own their bring even would People and waffles. and selling Cola] Coca of version beer Kofola [Czechoslovak serving hut) a (literally buffet improvised one and stage a was There Danube]. venue concert air [open Propeler former as such venues youth indie popular in made been have could profit Little conditions. market for culture operationalizing for propositions ea the in Bratislava in mushrooming scene indie the into stretched Underground the of tradition The market. by the mediated and to attached firmly was forms) ‘alternative’ or ‘independent’ its in (also West cu 2009), Kusý (e.g. West the general) to “returned” in countries Visegrad (or cynical Czechoslovakia Zappa’s politically than While paradox idea. deeper entrepreneurial no be can There existed). ever they (if anymore join to imagined they maps, cultural the However, counter Western of idea romanticized The rly ‘90s. However unlike discos emerging around the city, it offered almost no no almost offered it city, the around emerging discos unlike However ‘90s. rly

- cultures was nourished especially by dissidents. dissidents. by especially nourished was cultures lturally it had nowhere to return. Culture in the the in Culture return. to nowhere had it lturally 37

me like I no longer wanted to be a part of of part a be to wanted longer no I like me

after the regime change did not exist exist not did change regime the after posed a radically distinct distinct radically a posed

profit and not about about not and profit

by by CEU eTD Collection ne te neo the Under and art between relations anti past with new break a mark economics “The Britain: in situation the about noted McRobbie from run the onavant an as rather but norms dissidents oppressive Bohemian as themselves see to invited not were Clubbers scenes: underground the part takein post that disappointment the communicate to it adopted researchers even powerful; was independence of myth The 331). 1995: Cushman in self perpetual for striving commodification or censorship whether e counter traditional place. For up their take ‘entrepreneurs’ the decline, ‘alternatives’ orthodox As the problematic. s were market the to tied self of techniques profitability, of imperative The contexts. economic broader to it connect and culture organizing and understanding believe to dilemma the of out way a were cultures Club xcommunication from the artist status. Any structure that would represent bondage bondage represent would that structure Any status. artist the from xcommunication freedom and liberation purely in financial and material satisfaction. comfortableseldomwithdefining are […] artistscertainlyButliberating. iscapitalism order, find or from profit who those For - cultural artists, getting involved with the market (and succeeding!) meant meant succeeding!) (and market the with involved getting artists, cultural –

eas cu culture club because - liberal regime, narratives of freedom and independence in art, creative creative art, in independence and freedom of narratives regime, liberal 1.1.4. - expression and liberation from all ties of normalcy (M normalcy of ties all from liberation and expression New way of thinking and organizing culture and organizing thinking way of New e b te rdtoa counter traditional the by een s were able to accommodate changes in the ways of of ways the in changes accommodate to able were s

- ways to satisfy their material desires within a capitalist a within desires material their satisfy to ways commercial notions of being creative.” (2002: 521) 521) (2002: creative.” being of notions commercial - – garde reshaping and setting the rules of the game. game. the of rules the setting and reshaping garde

was seen as oppressive to the counter the to oppressive as seen was - 38 promotion and other aspects of culture closely closely culture of aspects other and promotion –

a way to the future, as its enthusiast tended tended enthusiast its as future, the to way a - socialism brought to those who used to to used who those to brought socialism -

and subcultures as ethically ethically as subcultures and

(Cushman 1995: 110

arcuse cited cited arcuse - culturalist culturalist - 111) –

CEU eTD Collection flats to experiment with new cultural forms they adopted during their visits abroad. They They abroad. visits their during adopted they forms cultural new with experiment to flats abandone used Artists scene. rave early of history short the through idea He this illustrates flourish. could cultures youth independent constellation, temporary this to due that t leak could industries cultural commercial and networks mafia oppressive as people young and artists some by experienced structures power in settle yet not did power of institutions new the while recession in been had power state the ‘80s, late Since scene. club local the of transformations the at looking by Petersburg St. Russian in transition study his In ha they further, entrepreneurs. subcultural show I As creativity. subcultural of form proper a market meant the on space a out carve to able being organizers, party For market. the of rules the within but against not scratch: the from infrastructure an build to w them for it necessary opposite: the Just freedom. of fact the by only flourishing culture of entitlement, automatic of idea the heirs their and countercultures with share not did cultures club Local culture. practicing and about pinnacl thinking of forms new these introducing the on were cultures Club forms. new received subcultures and professions 1.2.1. hrough the holes in the tectonic plates of changing systems. Yurchak believes believes Yurchak systems. changing of plates tectonic the in holes the hrough aai ad h Rv Kids Rave the and Gagarin

Autonomous zones of creativity or proto or creativity of zones Autonomous 1.2.0. place. He proposed that before state socialist regime gave way to new new to way gave regime socialist state before that proposed He place.

Towards a ‘proper’ entrepreneurial environment entrepreneurial a ‘proper’ Towards

, Yurchak (1999) proposed a perspective on the the on perspective a proposed (1999) Yurchak , 39

–

a burst of youthful creative energy energy creative youthful of burst a - entrepreneurial milieu? entrepreneurial

d to become become to d –

such as as such e of of e as as d CEU eTD Collection deconstructed in the work of Angela McRobbie (1988; 1998; 2002, 2010). She claimed that that meticulously claimed She 2010). 2002, been 1998; (1988; McRobbie has Angela of work cultures the in deconstructed youth and capitalism of cultures between schism The career and yuppie creativity worlds two the between intersection No 72). (2003: restaurant a or bank office, their reach to door revolving the entering hurryingly and cars expensive riding suits, person business hand, other the On seen). previously were artists underground socialist way the from inherited portrayal (a creativity liberated with entrepreneurs of time a is (2003), work transition later his in entrepreneurs the for as well as clubbers, sub Yurchak’s For artists. transition of many young for some for freedom creative genuine of insecurity period a as formulates Yurchak (Introduction), and instability as formulated was What claimed. Yurchak as vacuum systemic the neo building and channeling to contributed partly testing as understood nig be of field the actually in culture can entrepreneurial creativity youthful of expression pure a as seems what Rather, industries). cultural or Party the is it (whether bloc power hegemonic freedom temporary of expression an not was creativity youthful that suggesting by Yurchak depart from I However, culture. understanding and organizing to approaches new the and old the mixing as cultures youth on perspective par interviews and material field the of interpretation My music. new the of rhythms pulsating the with together (Gagarin) imagery socialist late of legacies mixed

–

apart. On the one hand, clubbers are charged with free spirit and bursting bursting and spirit free with charged are clubbers hand, one the On apart. opportunity –

is suggested. is suggested.

Prdxcly h hls h two the holds he Paradoxically, . htlife and entertainment. As such, club cultures cultures club such, As entertainment. and htlife

- liberal structures; it never existed in some some in existed never it structures; liberal which is otherwise suppressed by the the by suppressed otherwise is which tly corresponds with Yurchak’s Yurchak’s with corresponds tly s are portrayed as dressed in in dressed as portrayed are s

–

– clubbers and and clubbers

of youthful youthful of jects jects CEU eTD Collection were leaving Britain where raves were penalized and regulated (McKay 1996: 155; Reynolds Reynolds 155; 1996: (McKay regulated and penalized were raves where Britain leaving were cultures club on literature the in widespread ‘the was of system’ confines the escaping of idea the continent, the across moving started ravers As 226). 2009[2007]: (D’Andrea experimentation” on metamorphic based entails also counterculture] [global desire, of markets co continuously being “while states: He territories. new to neo nomadic reads thus and resistance for quest Romantic the to loyal remains he Euro the beyond even Britain, of the shores beyond perspective Stu industries. cultural business and independent cultures, street colleges, art between circulate ideas and practices people, how closed a delimitate to not is idea McRobbie’s However marketing”. op and more is entrepreneurialism’ ‘subcultural on perspective production both the in involved infrastructure an which of reality subculture the analysis the to bring to also was subculture the 18): (1993: writes McRobbie o and records and items. clothes selling of practices the “introducing subcultural in trade to events at meet and shops run to reason a provides and identity the distinct their mark which goods sell specialized buy and (2002), Hodkinson wit For from Goth) as (1998). (such subculture a punk fortifies actually aspect of entrepreneurial legacy the with industry fashion British of boom the relates McRobbie example, For innovation. for sense and creativity youthful themsel feed industries cultural new that and entrepreneurs also are subculturalists dying resorts like Ibiza, Goa and Pune, D’Andrea extends the subculturalist/entrepreneur subculturalist/entrepreneur the extends D’Andrea Pune, and Goa Ibiza, like resorts dying - hippies as a gesture of refusal of capitalism, not its innovative avant innovative not its capitalism, of refusal of gesture a as hippies

- circuit of highly specialized economy but rather to show show to rather but economy specialized highly of circuit 41

the possibility of alternative identities identities alternative of possibility the - en than that of Hodkinson’s: the the Hodkinson’s: of that than en opted by states of discipline and and discipline of states by opted (St John 2009). Sound systems systems Sound 2009). John (St ther items to those involved in in involved those to items ther - American context. However, However, context. American

- garde on the march march the on garde hin as people people as hin ravers and and ravers ves of of ves CEU eTD Collection independent cultures closely tied to the alternative rock scene. As mafia and commercial commercial and mafia As scene. rock alternative the to tied closely cultures independent cl initially, follows: as evolution cultures club of trajectory the portrays Yurchak complex. more was cultures club inside dynamic the that shows material non independent marginalizing structures commercial legitimate of and mafia as such structures illegitimate of power rising the power of fields the from autonomy discuss neo to attuned and system market the of part inextricably and already were 1989 after rising subcultures New sponsorship. private more and involvement state but less infrastructure and framework legal functioning short: In customers). of safety the to and sponsors luring for (harmful suspicion public and manners police aggressive related clubs, in involvement sect (see consumption of victims passive not agents reflexive also are customers where environment entrepreneurial the for advocating do with to has call This sustained. be could culture leisure consumers as clubbers argue, further I As their culture. consumer or loosened mafia as such parents emerged ‘institutions’ or new while authority educators law, police, as such agents traditional proposed, post the in dynamic Power infrastructure provide leisure use and parties, out, run wanted go to for calling were they as much as system the of confines the from escape Nevertheless […]). 2008: Smith in (Jackson Europe 173 167, 1999: ion of St. Petersburg rave and club scene. For him, the scene was a utopian space of of space utopian a was scene the him, For scene. club and rave Petersburg St. of ion ion 2.3.4.). The idea was to part with the ‘improper’ ways ways ‘improper’ the with part to was idea The 2.3.4.). ion - 178, 293) and headed among other places to legally lacunose parts of New New of parts lacunose legally to places other among headed and 293) 178, - liberalization of culture. This is a point disregarded in Yurchak’s Yurchak’s in disregarded point a is This culture. of liberalization - oils sp socialist

and producers called for ‘fair’ conditions in which ‘proper’ ‘proper’ which in conditions ‘fair’ for called producers and –

first, the fading power of the socialist state and second, and second, state socialist the of power fading the first, ace was in radical flux. As Yurchak (1999) already already (1999) Yurchak As flux. radical in was ace 42

, my respondents were not discussing discussing not were respondents my , - profitable cultures. However, my my However, cultures. profitable ub cultures make part of of part make cultures ub –

business as usual. usual. as business

more order more – but problematic problematic but

such as mafia mafia as such . They They .

CEU eTD Collection scene. the of organization the tovery integral was entrepreneurialism counter traditional clu because more Even contexts. socialist post in movements cultural and subcultures studying for opposition’ in ‘rock of times the from inherited power of model the rethink to need might we However, regime. socialist of anti and expression of freedom about non of investigations contexts, socialist studying of tradition the within Moreover, 1987[1979]). 1993[1976]; (Hebdige work earlier Hebdige’s o the mainly studies, subculture Birmingham on take particular a of legacy a are they beginning; very the from subcultures of investigation the through run structures power Theme lines. power cross the on situated were cultures club (1999), pre a power, of outside positioned being happened this how understand To conditions. new the for fit structures (sub)cultural crafted and marketing cultural and entrepreneurialism of logic the to connected successfully cultures club consumerism, and an suppressed being than rather InBratislava, discos. new into turned are cultures youth autonomous previously them, over grip gain cultures s such as resistance, deviance and evasion from institutions, authorities and other other and authorities institutions, from evasion and deviance resistance, as such s

1.2.2.

‘Hey, we need your money!’: flexible conditions for part flexible money!’: conditions your need we ‘Hey, - cultures. Moreover, as I argue throughout the chapter, chapter, the throughout argue I as Moreover, cultures. , a different model of power has to be accepted. Instead of of Instead accepted. be to has power of model different a , - totalitarian cultura totalitarian bbers themselves held as crucial to de to crucial held as themselves bbers - Foucaultian perspective employed by Yurchak Yurchak by employed perspective Foucaultian 43 d transformed under the pressures of illegality illegality of pressures the under transformed d

- roads, or rather within a web, of different different of web, a within rather or roads, - official cultures typically raised questions questions raised typically cultures official l forces pushing against the burden burden the against pushing forces l

y y organizing - link from the the link from ffspring of of ffspring

- CEU eTD Collection connotation of illegality and ‘vulgar’ taste: he manifested his strength through a set of of set a through strength his manifested he taste: ‘vulgar’ and illegality of connotation – masculinity of type particular This big shades. neck and strong mafia a had he gesturing: of lot a using owner the describes Eman parties there. their relocate to decided DJs and aspiring two friends Th club the were running 40 about for hall dance a as used was it machine; steam a with room other the equipped They ma to recorder and video a and set TV carpets a brought friend with his and Eman couches; equipped were rooms The turntables. put they which onto counter a a turned friend [‘klubov his and Eman there, key the left that band rock a by Abandoned margin. the on concerts rock and discos pushing Bratislava of scene leisure the over took cultures club when moment the staged symbolically it because Dj and organizing event Eman, of story following the In activities. their pursue to a milieu beneficent found enthusiasts culture club some insecurity, and confusion perceived many Where

en, disco club Live! was opened on the top floor of a neighboring shopping mall and the the and mall shopping neighboring a of floor top the on opened was Live! club disco en, - and iiiiy in visibility gained 50 people coming every weekend for parties. In this constellation, Eman and his friend friend his and Eman constellation, this In parties. for weekend every coming people 50 - owner. alreadyCDs so we were burning them […]. So here we were in Live! club andwere asked to seeThere the music… find not, what’s and possiblewhat’s out figure own, our on everything one we Nowho Slovakia.knew in space disco largest then for aimed We event. an make to decided We n bcm a part a became ing ňa ’] into an improvised club. They stole bricks from a closed down disco club to build build to club disco down closed a from bricks stole They club. improvised an into ’]

were, we only were able to DJ very roughly, we were self were we roughly, very DJ to able were only we were, -

like place for about two years. years. two for placeabout like h ‘0 ars post across ‘90s the - time occupation for him. I especially especially I him. for occupation time 44 - socialist countries. The word itself had a a had itself word The countries. socialist

(Eman, male, 31, catering distributor) –

‘entrepreneur’ [‘podnikate ‘entrepreneur’ - appreciated his narrative narrative his appreciated

look of shaved head with with head shaved of look ke a little lounge. lounge. little a ke - taught, had to do to had taught, space space ľ‘ ]

CEU eTD Collection image invo people of thegoes word well with chains suitsand purple wore earlyby ‘businessmen’. the On legacy unfavorableof scene actualwhether pretended.or Its becameuse popular among young people mainly with the 3 people as well as interested was car sticker the in man The it. sponsor would Bull American the explained They car. company [‘lóve’ money your need we “Hey, down. it rolled he Surprised, window. car the on knocked friend his and do the a on stickers with was car It120 Škoda regular logos. Bull American featuring car a noticed they club, the story. from adventurous home Walking another tells Eman sponsoring, Regarding ‘Béčko’. housing student go of group a hired partner his and Eman date. pick any they could offered and laughing started He party. organize a to calendar the in date a get to like would they that and sucked” “fairly Live! in played which club the confronted friend his and Eman there. already was shift the symbols, status and used language business, doing of style in overlaps some still were there Although ‘boys’. the by replaced be to was type entrepreneurial old power: a was It movies. Tarantino of reminded was I he said. movie”, a of like out film had owner club the with meeting the described he way The contacts’. ‘having everyone, knowing well tall, described: he image blondes’, ‘solarium for preference jewelry, massive clothing, ‘tasteless’ car, robust as such symbols However, when I met Eman at a friend’s house party, he looked to me not far from the the from far not me to looked he party, house friend’s a at Eman met I when However,

In In the original Emanversion,

when Roma identity - like qualities and Eman was aware of putting it that way. “The two of us, we were were we us, of two “The way. that it putting of aware was Eman and qualities like

combat dog, specific vocabulary. Eman remembers the owner called them ‘boys’. them called owner the remembers Eman vocabulary. dog, specific combat 3

]!”, Eman laughs as he recalls the way in which they addressed the guy in a a in guy the addressed they which in way the recalls he as laughs Eman ]!”, l ved in trading, see section 1

borrowed from

uses auses Roma for word money. It signifies affiliation tocircles, business illegal

- ul, ultra built,

the message of black American ghetto youth. In the ‘90s, the of use plan with holding a party in Live! and asked whether whether asked and Live! in party a holding with plan . - 4.2. go dancers go - hr hi, ev can n self and chain heavy hair, short

ors. The driver was on the phone when Eman Eman when phone the on was driver The ors.

they knew from a club attached to the the to attached club a from knew they

owner suggesting that the music music the that suggesting owner

moment of shift of of shift of moment

rise of rise localof hip - confident in in confident - hop

CEU eTD Collection from the independent artist scene to mafia disco clubs, the s the clubs, disco mafia to scene artist independent the from went trajectory cultures club account, Yurchak’s in while that show I section, next the In – in places techno da earliest these to continuously the functions which Slovakia of (one Bratislava from km 85 town a Šaľa, in club Metro in promoter and DJ resident a was Eman 2008, in met we When internet…”. the on records t work after right come to used He equipment. quality high professional using practice finally could Eman there was It it. bought and sale for was club the that information received partner friend/business His time. a for club Duna in settled fri were often who partners business between in club, to club from moved He partner to party the of owners The result. unstable with parties more organized they Later, earned. money the usua which club the filled immediately they long, so was people of line the opened, finally doors the When enter. to queuing held were people and mall shopping the of front in happened us, shoot they’ll shit, holy like, were “We party. the to coming crowds of trace no empty, still was club the held, was party when day the on 10pm At continues. Eman sweating”, nervous, were “We who [no date])) radio (Fun 1990 since Slovakia, in station radio private first the was radio (Fun radio the in

Eman runs a catering company distributing food to offices. to food distributing company catering a runs Eman club where one of their parties was a tremendous loss asked them to make another another make to them asked loss tremendous a was parties their of one where club lly catered from 500 to 1.000 people. Eman and his friend received only a fragment of of fragment a only received friend his and Eman people. 1.000 to 500 from catered lly

again. again. earn

the money back. back. money the

initially laughed when asked to provide air time for free. free. for time air provide to asked when laughed initially kill us!” Eman and his friend were not informed that something actually actually something that informed not were friend his and Eman us!” kill However,

the club owners never contacted contacted never owners club the 46

ys). Aside from event work work event from Aside ys). o “practice, make new stuff, buy buy stuff, new make “practice, o

tory I assembled on the basis of of basis the on assembled I tory

– Eman and his his and Eman ends, too. He He too. ends,

or vice versa versa vice or CEU eTD Collection quickly lost interest in the place upon realizing it is ‘protected’ by the users of the shooting shooting the of users the by ‘protected’ is it realizing upon place the in interest lost quickly raids. ex and DJs police resident as However, and members mafia of attention escape completely not did U.club course, Of beginning. very the since Bratislava in cultures club of history testifying and writing been place the remains of U.club Therefore, issues. related lack mafia or clients the regular affluent level, noise the about complaints like problems with struggled places Other 2). (2005: guaran only state Such situation flourish. to enterprise the for framework legal guaranteed they presence, physical protecti indirectly politicians and police the of example amusing longan is functioning U.club’s with of story backstage basis This prices. affordable independent relatively a on insiders and enthusiasts by ran place mafi from ransoms avoid to managed U.club why reason main the was clientele additional this club, the in positions several on worked who Skank to According passport. arm holding men prominent some and troops police special for trainings U the to name original its owes It shelter. atomic functioning a actually is it space, club into Converted U.club. of be The the of game’. ‘rules the of introduction and gradual discos controlled vice goes narratives interviewees’ my ginnings of club cultures in Bratislava tend to be narrated in connection to the history history the to connection in narrated be to tend Bratislava in cultures club of ginnings

the of power where neoliberalism of definition Harvey’s of illustrous ironically is 1.2.3. tees the conditions, serves as a framework, of free market competition competition market free of framework, a as serves conditions, the tees

The story of U.club: subculture U.club: of The story - shaped ground plan. One part of the place is stil is place the of part One plan. ground shaped - employees Milosh and Skank jointl Skank and Milosh employees - versa: the emancipation of club cultures from mafia from cultures club of emancipation the versa: ng the heart of club cultures in Bratislava. With their their With Bratislava. in cultures club of heart the ng 47

- mafia a members and thus kept a stabile stabile a kept thus and members a - police interface police y claim, mafia members members mafia claim, y

l used for shooting shooting for used l

that has has that - term term - CEU eTD Collection converge subcultural capital on themselves (1996: 120 (1996: themselves on capital converge subcultural underground validated it because them for ‘blessing’ a was media British by raves of denouncement the that proposes Thornton smashed party: such toile was there time every and each suffered damages high the to due dramaturgy U.club’s from parties hop hip remove to had they says Skank aesthetics. ghetto subcultu new to elsewhere: shifted was ‘trouble’ of kernel the that be could explanation possible another cultures, club to approaches its in fairer became police that concluding simply from Apart orof role neutral employee, U.club/Subclub term long Skank, to According too. assist, to psychologist a and women search to policewoman a always is there drugs, for you address to not careful more police adds, Skank U.club), (former Subclub in raid a now is there If go. everyone let and happening was what about informed barely was shift new the morning, the in changed written were memos where station police the to taken were people 50 about and searched were visitors club all when instance an recalled Both behavior. uneconomic manifesting eventually and competence lacking as descr They brutal. and unregulated more were practices police also cultures, club of days earlier the in that remember Skank and Milosh (raids). makers trouble mafia) and (against partners both as and Milosh cal upon only sometimes (although, staff club the by control under kept were guests) (as members mafia from visits several Also station. ttes and lavatories as well as fights and an overall climate of aggression. aggression. of climate overall an fights and as well as lavatories and ttes res. Younger people started congregating at hip at congregating people started Younger res. der guarantor der s

as other subcultures became sites of threat. of sites became other subcultures as ng people as law offenders a priori. If people are searched searched are people If priori. a offenders law as people ng

down with each of them. However, when service service when However, them. of each with down - ness of these cultures and so their participants could participants their so and cultures these of ness 48 ling the police). Police is represented by Skank Skank by represented is Police police). the ling ibed a story which portrays state bureaucracy bureaucracy state portrays which story a ibed

- 121). Police raids played a similar role role a similar played raids Police 121). the the - hop events to reproduce rough rough reproduce to events hop police moved to the rather rather the to moved police

are

CEU eTD Collection (since 2004), monetary entered union and accepted euro as its new official currency. 4 towards responsibility stress and attitude professional of the lack criticize they system; functioning well a for strive who entrepreneurs as themselves perceive Milosh trans the characterizing institutions state of part the on disorganization of level a betrayed police of acts the Also proposed. they danger actual what and treated be should clubbers how idea suggesti concludes Milosh korunas thousand of hundreds cost They expensive. incredibly are “Raids Zita, Jozef). (M speech clubbers’ in raised often were which priorities and comfortable, feel safe Pe (Eman, basis consistent a on clubs run or events bigger for sponsors keep and attract not could they producers, as parties: the of quality threatened 2.2.0.), avant and (sub)cultural 2.1.0. sections in discussed not (distinctions are clubs ‘mainstream’ that validation a was illegality of verge The clubbers. of perception the in

Slovak cr ition years. It is important to notice that long that notice to important is It years. ition ask, itask, was possible to get things arranged.” boldenoughwere to and foreign language knewa active,werewhenthatyourule a was “It owns were used from 1993 to 2008

- 1.3.1. garde. At the same time, clubbers perceived that illegal status status illegal that perceived clubbers time, same the At garde.

ng that police used to act non act to used police that ng “Sorry, boys!”: men’s world of opportunity? of world boys!”: men’s “Sorry,

1.3.0.

. In January 2009, Slovakia, the new member Europeanof Union Gendered opportunity Gendered 49

- term (sub)cultural producers Skank and and Skank producers (sub)cultural term - economically and without a clear clear a without and economically ťo );

as consumers, they could not not could they consumers, as (Aleš Bleha in Ondra 2006)

4 their customers. their

that they are a a are they that of state money!”, money!”, state of á ria, Eva, Eva, ria,

CEU eTD Collection owners vs. event organizers/project managers (In section 2.2.0., I elaborate on the the on elaborate I 2.2.0., discos). and section between clubs distinction (In managers organizers/project event vs. owners cultures club of rise the Rather, production. cultural of sphere dominated male the to regard in changed was little safety, and professionalism quality, for strived clubbers As opportunities. new these to ke were women thus and expertise male clubs in intersecting labor leisure and milieu entrepreneurial new the that suggest I section, this In review. literature a question this to back come will I Below, hierarchies? gendered and sexism of forms foster they rather or agenda feminist advancing milieu emancipatory an actually clubs are dilemma: the around revolves cultures club of critique Feminist gender. re mean also may constellations social progressive suggested, (1999) Adkins As world’. ‘men’s a extend great to was environment such that doubt no is There semi partners, Eman possibilities. many of time naviga while occupation part time a into his interest a converted as times transition about thought clubbers some way the about idea good a gives it because length in account Eman’s presented I cellar/pub. wi imported he him, about heard I time last agent; estate real a on, later go member, squad special a consecutively was who Fero of case the in as person one p in met these were of all Sometimes entrepreneurs and subculturalists mafia, between Boundaries solutions. improvised to open and organize to easy possible, were things incredible many that meant people, some for which, insecurity of times the celebrates above]) ([section story Eman’s - mafia partners and/or new entrepreneurs. entrepreneurs. new and/or mafia partners

in Bratislava was a struggle of of struggle a was Bratislava in - go dancer and one of the owners of a go a of owners the of one and dancer go –

was conditioned by the narratives of risk, danger and and danger risk, of narratives the by conditioned was pt in complementary or marginal position in respect respect in position marginal or complementary in pt 50

classed

aclnte: tough masculinities: ting between friends/business friends/business ting between nd will illustrate it with a a with it illustrate will nd - go dancer company and and company dancer go - traditionali ne and ran a wine wine a ran and ne - looking club club looking –

worlds of of worlds zation of of zation orous. orous. CEU eTD Collection symbolic qualities and exploited (Kepplova 2009). While male producers, DJs and sound/light and sound/light DJs producers, male While 2009). (Kepplova exploited and qualities symbolic their to reduced are bodies female packa actual the words, other sexualized In music. electronic a personified as and commodified detached, are parts their and bodies female femininity’: ‘sample to used is primacy technological male that points critical of set a raises (1993) Bradby hand, one the On subsumed. be could commentaries under views contradicting two are there cultures, club on literature the In domain. male a remain skills’ real ‘the while the Pygmalion a or hoax a as seen be to tend DJs Female demand’: in ‘were which DJs female ‘fabricate’ DJ his Skank, ex our of DJ. “All and manager DJ learnt Mayla says. she DJs,” to through him put I anyone. know didn’t basically “He owner. club dram doing started Jozef he boyfriend where club/lounge other a of her program compose helped who her was it Therefore, DJs. were who boyfriends previous two her through also and parties from connections many had Zita skills. and gaining network building were technologies, new to access had they girlfriends, and fans helpers, friends, as men to attached Often conditioned. differently or constricted was navigation of space their but clubbers for open possibilities new the part in took Women machines. […] These days, anyone can do DJ her taught Ostrava from guys beforetwo [‘miss’] pageantbeauty a be to usedShe right? ‘made’, totally she’s know, republic], Czech [In […] but… started getting tried theymean, I play. nonethemetheseofToday,evening!’. girls make a we’ll come, bit, a play can you looking, good ‘You’re saying DJs, aspiring chicks, young three out pulledespecially In the old times at [the name of place a where parties were held], what we on - ing when she was dating Skank; she could practice in U.club where he worked as as worked he where U.club in practice could she Skank; dating was she when ing - partner and friend. Peťo explains how he and some other friends wanted to to wanted friends other some and he how explains Peťo friend. and partner - girlfriends became D became girlfriends - n [] Te us o h tcncl ie sud n sound and sound side: technical the do guys The […]. ing 51 the mixing.

Js, right?”, Milosh laughs in dialogue with with dialogue in laughs Milosh right?”, Js,

one such product is Miša Salačová. You Salačová. Miša is product such one -

esque creation of male producers, producers, male of creation esque (Peťo, male, 32, entrepreneur) aturgy for his friend, the the friend, his for aturgy e tahd o de to attached ge s of acquaintances acquaintances of s

which feminist feminist which ce did was like I -

CEU eTD Collection networks. male around strictly structured and is gendered argue, I which, as offer I section, next the In list. Holoda’s into it made DJs or producers as scene the on active clubbers women of none years, 20 In chalani!”]. [“Sorry, boys!” “Sorry, then so if and significant anyone forgot not did name the lists he as consciously: not if even aptly it puts festival Wilsonic of founder and DJs earliest the of one Holoda, Tibor men. all are which Scene Electronic video the existence, scene’s club of years 20 in changed milieu the While bodies.) male onto travel to femininity for consumption of field the of opening the discuss I where Ch3 in point this develop will prod of sphere the while order gender of the axes of renegotiations for the open consumption around of field the divided with production and as consumption split this understand may We 2005). Lambevski 2004; post of practitioners garde avant as seen were clubbers Moreover, 2001). (Pini cyborgs actual and nomads as identity clubbers interpret to theories poststructuralist and postmodern applying researchers ( negotiated where are spaces femininity’ are of modes clubs ‘changing and raves that proposed (1993) McRobbie hand, other the On track. a for sampled are voices or female concerts rock of aspect a live ‘lacks’ music which pro dancers female event, electronic operate engineers

(Voices 2011) (Voices

- a possible explanation: I look at the character of labor in clubs clubs in labor of character the at look I explanation: possible a ua, post human,

provides an overview of the brand new and veteran talents talents veteran and new brand the of overview an provides

cinrmisheacie n male and hierarchized remains uction - edr n post and gender 52

1993: 14). This point provoked fantasy of of fantasy provoked point This 14). 1993: s on the scene, he concludes hoping he he hoping concludes he scene, the on s vide (replaceable) bodies to the the to bodies (replaceable) vide - sexuality constellations (Landau (Landau constellations sexuality

report report

- controlled. (I (I controlled. On Slovak Slovak On

- CEU eTD Collection 6 together bands and play music. infrastructure can be assembl culture which insisted on avoidan 5 wh which structures gender significantly is it and recognition to leads work committed every not However, name. his make and way his things do finally and contacts of ladder the climb to able was He work. was there parties, more to entries work for volunteer his exchanging free, for news PR and reports writing started Ivo While own. his of party a launch to is ambition his organizing, party of knowhow the gaining and critic party Havin connections. many up built thus and parties from reports hobby his to attention paid also but tires) car (importing business private to moved he issued, being stopped magazine the After section. for responsible was he where magazine computer a of editor the be to used he previously, trajectory: career clubcultural his narrated Ivo networks. male around structured trend The organization. cultural and production music over male control while Paradoxically, place. at remained knowledge subcultural of policing gendered of way old the that noticed quickly commentators feminist Nevertheless, 1997). (Brown democratized more even be to seemed DiY With party). a and stage friends your call spot, a find equipment, sound (get it’ do ‘just to people young allowed rave message), a shout and accords of couple learn garage, a rent instruments, (buycheap earlier revolutioni EDMC and rave way the about written was lot a Quite

EDMC EDMC is an DiY is a commonly a - abbreviation in used the literature club cultureson to designate electronic dance music culture. etn ad risk and setting used abb used ich work counts and which does not. does which and counts work ich

1.3.2. reviation standing for Do ed collectively youngby people;

rock partly let girls in, EDMC in, girls let partly rock

ce of cultural ce of industries. Punk 5 -

idn iiu a dney men densely was milieu ridden system of paof system

Gendered informal work in club in cultures club informal work Gendered rty organizing and use of electronic samples, music music samples, electronic of use and organizing rty

always a perspective of gradual recognition of his his of recognition gradual of perspective a always - 53 it – - Yourself. Yourself. It was mainly popularized through punk

trance music. He started writing meticulous meticulous writing started He music. trance

no no business o

showed that a whole and relatedscene 6

can be seen as a return to crudely crudely to return a as seen be can

r r star system was to necessary put - populated and significantly significantly and populated g established his name as a a as name his established g zed music. Just like punk punk like Just music. zed

the music music the

CEU eTD Collection the scene. Being a com Being the scene. presents Skank or a career. project a line, teleological larger a to subsumed is did he work Auxiliary DJ. resident U.club of career his started and professionals of networks the joined scene, the to connected he how of story a tells Skank in cited Peterson & Th Christenson also (see scene the of whole bigger a of part a making mean a not was work pass zone VIP entry, free as such favors and benefits for exchanged was did they work The own. their of project a under participation their subsumed them of none participation, and commitment and DJs interviewed Anna go the in dance to used Petra EDMC. on specialized websites M DJs. foreign parties. at hostess as work to used U.S. the in school high her did who Eva helping’. ‘just as labeled often and auxiliary petty, as seen is them to assigned is that work the but committed nonetheless are clubbers Women ornton 1996: 104 1996: ornton o i te tr, gt cac t pa to quick too play improved soon. had I to gigs immediately: Boomerangs, chance U.club… it went a very fast. got I store, the in job that’s and me employed my to mixing.Dueborrowed learnt He gramophones and I records, first to. buyingstarted I wanted where I if store record his in work could I suggested He e megiving he’s said and knewthe helpingguy hetheguy];[Skank it noticedToky character…DJ funny a such was He cared. one no and sick very feeling was he U.club, of front in i friend a helped knew I day, story:one I a beginning,Here’s me. to very close very something the from Like tempted. and interested very was I room. DJ appearing moreoften and morenot onthedancefloor […]ratherbutthe in backstage the at fr started I , pocket money (even (even money pocket ,

ária a narrative of of narrative equenting U.club in ’94 […] I was 15 and 18 was the legal age of entry. I started I entry. of age legal the was 18 and 15 was I […] ’94 in U.clubequenting

). used her language and grammar skills to edit news and articles for for articles and news edit to skills grammar and language her used

munity tends to be stressed as an over as an be stressed to tends munity to get the knowhow and move on; rather it had the social purpose of of purpose social the had it rather on; move and knowhow the get to

wrote articles for an EDMC site. Despites all these examples of of examples these all Despites site. EDMC an for articles wrote solidarity with happy ending as he ending as happy with solidarity

She got a VIP pass in return for for return in pass VIP a got She considerable

amounts such as in the case of Petra). This This Petra). of case the in as such amounts y Iws’ ee ay od f ore I course, Of good. any even wasn’t I ly. - arching ethical imperative. ethical arching

was rewarded by the guru of of byguru the rewarded was - go group of her boyfriend. boyfriend. her of group go guiding and entertaining and guiding xtra points for what I did. I pointswhatxtrafor (Skank, male, 32, DJ)

was t

CEU eTD Collection ‘kids’ into DJinto ‘kids’ and women of influx Symptomatically, practicing. time spend to nerve the and machines and Skank trade. Mi the to harmful and problematic highly as actually DJs is established distribution by assessed and production would music What of cultures. democratization club as late seen in be attitude otherwise common a is now’ DJ a be can ‘Everyone her’ (Pe behind of DJs 2 product a complete Salačová ‘is n might it and Schulz Marcus to attachment her to due only ‘but producer renowned internationally an is who Nifra Skank’ DJ as well as (Skank) of girlfriend a as there ‘got Mayla exceptions. are they them; to belong rightfully that confirm which rarities as seen be to tend They position. their discredit which circulated are narratives jobs, same the occupy and networks male to connect they If auxiliary. remain to tend women contacts, build to abilities their Despite or contacts business sect in elaborated clients, her’) (further for a sofa make to (‘someone partners, sport potential as clubs in friends to friends romantic potentially from interest: of shift her evoked explicitly who Iveta extra to capital social subcultural from networks these Ive Petra, contacts. practical to solidarity idealistic from scale the on broadly understood are of idea the interviewees, my of narratives the In losh agreed that earlier, records were expensive and one needed to have the skill for for skill the have to needed one and expensive were records earlier, that agreed losh ta or Krista often alluded on ‘knowing people’. They were sometimes able to translate translate to able sometimes were They people’. ‘knowing on alluded often Krista or ta things at the same time just order in to start. Now, everyone’s DJ: a all our all friends our […], theinthingthe world. In place,firstyou hadhave tomoney, y complicatedmost the was DJ becomingabefore, butmasses…’ [riešiť]with deal I’ll famous, beI’ll girls, haveoneselftoturntable, one sayseasier, ‘I’ll a buysNowadays,muchdaddy it’s - ing is seen as the sign of decline of the craft and the scene per se. per the scene and the of craft decline of the sign as is seen ing - with - purpose. She acknowledged she thinks of people networks she builds builds she networks people of thinks she acknowledged She purpose. ot even be her production’ (Ivo) and further Míša Míša further and (Ivo) production’ her be even ot 55

networks ťo - club social capital as in the case of of case the in as capital social club , Mayla). Mayla). ,

resonates strongly. The networks networks The strongly. resonates ion 3.1.3.). ion

the places they occupy don’t don’t occupy they places the outohadhave contacts, many

practical

encounters and and encounters

contacts contacts CEU eTD Collection 7 E discussed, was technology or music Whenever advice. of piece a give or events narrate feelings, express could one where assessment party about threads the joined rather She herself. contribute p She member. registered a is she where websound.eu on forum discussion the join to courage enough get to time her it took said She qualified. not did she that feeling a similar confirmed Eva My interviewee collect record an impressive of domain the possess DJs, beyond about knowledge encyclopedic have remain rarely They 13). 1996: often (Thornton expertise they that or capital subcultural less posses they like I but crap ‘It’s taste’. ‘bad to affinity their acknowledge to easier it found interviewees women Her statements. taste on focused in women vice and mainstreamization of presence proposed, (1996) Thornton As compilatio CD a form would items selected the and track original an send could anyone that was idea competition a run track used to ivo_ninja magazine, computer the for When he worked

It is significant that speaks about Milosh 8 hours of practicing which is the care of it completely and that’s why there’s so many chic so technologytakesit,learn to painno is It canmix. anyoneso andminute] per [beat bpm the coordinatetoableprograms mixing whichare there Moreover,are use. to putbewhichcan softwaresamplesand have Nowadays,you now. is it difficultthanmore much be to used It for play to used myself. I w I interferes) (Milosh know. you stuff, the sells and anymore amusing not half in andturntable a buys [he] regularly: it see I [...] shops record DJs, there’s300 Now, Slovakia. in DJs ex - girlfriends became DJs (Milosh laughs) but when we were starting, we were about15 were we starting, were we whenbut laughs) (Milosh DJs becamegirlfriends n added to the magazine. Regarding the work of track production, he states: he states: production, track of work the Regarding magazine. the to n added va would be reluctant to join. It took her time to persuade herself that she she that herself persuade to time her took It join. to reluctant be would va as able [to play] hours 8 in rowa

- referred just following the discussions but doubted she could could she doubted but discussions the following just referred ion, know how to spin records or set the lights. lights. or the set records spin to how know ion, versa, mainstream is a feminized trope (1996: 98 (1996: trope feminized a is mainstream versa,

it’, they would state apologetically to confirm that that confirm to apologetically state would they it’,

500 DJs. […] I’ve been working for a very long time in timelong very a forworking been I’ve […] DJs. 500 56 7

… .

- subcultures tends to signify signify to tends subcultures

called ‘DJs’ [kvázi]. standard working time. (Ivo, male, 29, entrepreneur) - a - (Skank & Milosh, DJs) year realizes that it’s thatrealizes year

- 105). Thornton 105). Thornton

–

the the - 20

CEU eTD Collection emerging professional culture and consumer sensibility. sensibility. and consumer culture professional emerging an with identification of instance an as statement H.’s Michal understand I party. techno rhythm nocturnal beating the of that and a work hard proposed of world He the between writer). connection a (of career later the and fiction his in both it with involvement most was school high a was he clubbing, studen started H. Michal time the At it. producing in involved cu club However, appropriate most time. the of the ofspirit expression the was music electronic very him, the For from potential. it a into sensed “was He he beginning”. says H. Michal all”, at music no music, cleaner vacuum electro called rock, and punk into more were who peers, his of many While thing”. world/my my is this that felt I played, it When rhythm… beating even monotonous repetition, work… hard world: my to corresponded perfectly music] “[this and music electronic to attachment immediate his explains H. Michal cultures. club of the field in and crafted of thought careers are of situation This domain. gendered male a about strongly Discussions remain DJ. programs particular or a technology of skills equipment, on or music on views her express also can t. The world of hard work, overtime work, hard of world The t. probably not a daily reality for him. Rather, he saw it emerging and aspired to an an to aspired and emerging it saw he Rather, him. for reality daily a not probably nature of expertise and professional networks also shapes the way in which which in way the shapes also networks professional and expertise of nature ltures are not simply a metaphor of the new lifestyle; they are deeply deeply are they lifestyle; new the of metaphor a simply not are ltures 1.4.0.

Subcultures as projects towards towards careers projects as Subcultures

and globalized consumption he described for me me for described he consumption globalized and 57

nic dance music “some sort of of sort “some music dance nic

clubbing saying that that saying clubbing of a a of CEU eTD Collection a result, result, a 115 (2004: Jackson by reworked as skills’ ‘transferable Moreover, unstable. completely not if porous become has adults of work lines the that manifest leisure spheres and work between back and there taken knowledge and skills or clubs in careers them to opposition in and work of worlds adults’ from isolated yo of studies characterize to used previously which of notion McRobbie’s lifestyle. of consumption ca subcultural on drawing heavily was design and marketing advertising, Mainly socialism. in precedent no had which economy of sector the in cultures work of reshaping to contributing or events organizing party, a running to also directly related but occupations generating clubs from in Apart beyond. just not opened they opportunities professional and entrepreneurial ( McRobbie’s on build I as capital: symbolic and writer. organizer, festival copywriter, in trading jobs ‘trendy’ of sector economic new the in work tempo up of world a joined he clubs, in established contacts his of result a As too. involved, got pe these meet to able was cultures, club join to behind scene rock ‘alternative’ left who H., Michal trendsetters. of place meeting a were Clubs potentialities. of arena an was and Rather practices. vocabulary entrepreneurial new the of mediators as served cultures club Certainly, pital, the knowledge of ‘hip’ and ‘cool’ (Frank 1997), people networks, designing and and designing networks, people 1997), (Frank ‘cool’ and ‘hip’ of knowledge the pital, e ae o hn o yuh utrs s imy aig at f post of part making firmly as cultures youth of think to have we playing music, club cultures were a milieu for assembling new skills and and skills new assembling for milieu a were cultures club music, playing

than providing a ‘soundtrack’ to the lifestyle and sensibility of clubbers, it it clubbers, of sensibility and lifestyle the to ‘soundtrack’ a providing than transferable skills transferable 2002; 2010) proposition to study club cultures in close connection to to connection close in cultures club study to proposition 2010) 2002;

between unproductive leisure time of youth and productive productive and youth of time leisure unproductive between - 170), include also subtle social skills and dispositions. As As dispositions. and skills social subtle also include 170),

allows us to do away with number of rigid divisions divisions rigid of number with away do to us allows

uth cultures. These tended to be seen as as seen be to tended These cultures. uth

scin 3.1.0.) (section . However, However, . - industrial industrial ople and and ople - CEU eTD Collection popular among the people who worked in early telecoms. telecoms. early in worked who people the among popular activity illegal completely a was card phone the placement, list guest regular a receive thus camera the borrowed he While card. phone unlimited an from call as well as camera digital company’s IT of couple work He camera. digital to access had who city the in people first the of one was Marek boyfriend Anna’s appeared. cameras digital first when simplified and shortened incredibly was procedure This pictures. and specialist a to film bring to had one user): camera digital a of perspective the from (seen laborious rather was picture actual the toward process the Moreover, picture. taken a check to no way was There camera. analogue to used friends her and she remembers Anna interviewee My work? of worlds the to cultures club from transferred and knowledge skills the about how And scene? the in engage they when use to put and them with bring non of as islands clubs isolated of think cannot one (Milanko), ecstasy of use the with floor dance the on them dissolved and behind issues school or work their leave to tend they claim clubbers if Even so the in mostly sector’. ‘creative occupations specific for subjects shaping as well as economies 1.4.1.

Subcultures and the new economic sector: transferable skills and b skills and transferable sector: economic the new and Subcultures - which was the company’s property to take pictures at parties, post them and and them post parties, at pictures take to property company’s the was which companies, one of them founded by a friend of his. As a result, he could use use could he result, a As his. of friend a by founded them of one companies,

- ed for a big telecommunication company and previously worked in a a in worked previously and company telecommunication big a for ed ok Hw o account to How work. knowledge and skills knowledge then wait several hours or days to pick up paper paper up pick to days or hours several wait then 59

for the skills and knowledge that clubbers clubbers that knowledge and skills the for

take pictures using a classic classic a using pictures take

ricolage of ricolage - called called CEU eTD Collection mafia. With a friend, they started a go a started they friend, a With mafia. with contacts had as well as member squad special a supposedly was Fero boyfriend Petra’s and companies. music of selection levels multiple on business. experiment breeding to invited and were Clubbers meeting permeable, were illegality and legality transgression, of platform a f provided cultures opportunities club that idea the formulated I chapter, this in Earlier and 2.3.6.). – for also but community clubbing the of needs the to responding just not for essential were cameras digital sites, web and phones mobile like Just excluded. waiting and mediation posted, and downloaded rapidly were pictures no thus and analogue two or week a in ready While sometimes “were pictures promptness. on demand the to responded conveniently images Digital pictures. the for posing as clubbers he money, little Party galleries. very or web money any view make not did to Marek While occupation. cafés status a net became photographer or friends visited computers, work or school download scene club the on specialized websites which from source a was server The server. and a on pictures them posted many taking started Marek demand. great in were pictures party Anna, to pho making and pictures Taking

meaning not just practically but also in terms of ‘imagined community’ (see sections 2.3.5. 2.3.5. sections (see community’ ‘imagined of terms in also but practically just not meaning

or young people. These opportunities were embedded in risk and and risk in embedded were opportunities These people. young or saved on entries and got in touch with party organizers, web masters as well well as masters web organizers, party with touch in got and entries on saved

and location, to organization of parties and starting their own projects projects own their starting and parties of organization to location, and ed pictures. Some clubbers had access to internet at home; others used used others home; at internet to had access clubbers Some pictures. ed ne calls were crucial activities related to clubbing. According According clubbing. to related activities crucial were calls ne

- go dancer agency and opened courses. courses. opened and agency dancer go 60 fo

rmulating

– and and

from styling, stimulant taking, taking, stimulant styling, from

more current” (Anna), digital digital (Anna), current” more coordinating

this community community this Petra laughs laughs Petra CEU eTD Collection but but also in surreal ironic or meanings. According to structuralist and post refers to a creative objects of use for purposes for which they were not destined resulting in practicalitsheer 36) anthropological meaning the of term the purposesfor of the ofstudy urban youth sign system studies and theory, was introduced Dickby Hebdige (1987([1979]). He adap 9 shewhere they could entrykeep, fee was for andfree often too. drugs One Ivuška,dancer, travelled to Ibiza and Iceland 8 which in ways improvisatory also but 1990) Willis 1979; (Hebdige creativity stylistic just not the that show to examples of couple a listed I parties. for wore she clothes the of Some Petra worked. and she both where palace shopping same the in store brand a from clothes steal or borrow part for used she which make complimentary receive to her allowed place This house. her from far not centre shopping a in store perfume a in assistant sales a of job a up took and dancing stopped she 2 (around money good very making was she students, of income modest the to comparison In dancer. professional a became she boyfriend her to thanks gifted, least the of one was she classes, education physical at va to weekend every travelled Petra clubbing, Go agency. the for dancers become to participants best the select to promising by people motivated occasi where gym dormitory a in space a rented They courses. (pricy) run could they realized they that big so was interest the Soon, agency. go a formed and Petra girlfriend Fero’s including them with dance to friends several hired s dance club how knew really just one boyfriend no that Petra’s supposed He dancer, improvised. boogie electric actual an was them of One opportunity. an took they so it doing was one no idea: simple a with started all it that recalls she when

The notion ofThe bricolage is tightly connected to the ‘classic’ concept subculture.of term,The as in used cultural Cca 66 EUR. Several go

was ashired a go - go dancers were hired by clubs and events. During the peak popularity of of popularity peak the During events. and clubs by hired were dancers go -

gos gos danced in 20 minute blocs the entire night. They - go go dancer and settled there for several years. ies and borrowed or gave to friends. Another respondent used to to used respondent Another friends. to gave or borrowed and ies

00 K pr event per SKK .000 61 rious locations mainly around Slovakia. While While Slovakia. around mainly locations rious

notion of bricolage of notion onal courses or events were held. They They held. were events or courses onal

). After the most intense summer, summer, intense most the After ). - structuralist readings,distortion such

ted Lévi received tailored 9

could easily encompass encompass easily could - Strauss’s (1990[1966]: 16 hould look like. They They like. look hould

costumes which s . Bricolage - - up up go y - CEU eTD Collection agenda radicalof social chan meaningsof has a potential to challenge the habitualof order symbolic systems and is thus relevantthe for a also but some for mainstream the to shift a was spaces billboard official using parties them. Advertising and fine people trace quickly could police because problematic made even for flyers posting money extra some make to able was H. Michal illegally. posted often and posters smaller on advertised were events Usually, Bratislava. around rarely very seen was This billboards. large p to resources and his contacts use to him allowed Ivo, to according which, agency advertising an in working to moved Pico Further, (ibid.). events Cosmopolit agency event founding Pico she joined position, an was bands e were pop people radio of However, experiment. instead DJs Booking management. radio the for party a make to was He Okey. radio for campaign successful a made agency advertising His radio. Okey ensem the to music dance introduced Pico Further, archive. radio the the from on CDs burn Igor Pico let friend would and his radio Fun meet in worked to Igor dancefloor. used he club, Ibiza in playing started Pico when Later, 2010). (Mexa discotheques home semi was equipment DJ The posters. these produce to equipment school the used secretly Pico so shop rental designed a had friend His uses. new for rehash and borrow could Pico which apparatuses musical possessed and composer acknowledged an was grandfather culture. His iro DJ professional a as emerged he how narrated Pico cultures. club to and flow from skills and material, knowledge - made out of older sound machines. Pico started playing at cottage parties and sch and parties cottage at playing started Pico machines. sound older of out made posters for him in exchange for cassettes. As a student of applied arts school, he he school, arts applied of student a As cassettes. for exchange in him for posters a club. However, as Oto commented, in smaller cities posting them was was them posting cities smaller in commented, Oto as However, club. a

nically thanks to the family background rooted in the socialist official official socialist the in rooted background family the to thanks nically ge.

romote his trademark parties (Beautiful Things) on on Things) (Beautiful parties trademark his romote xcited. After the director of Okey radio left her her left radio Okey of director the After xcited. 62

ble of another new private radio station station private radio new another of ble

hir ool ool ed ed – -

CEU eTD Collection place. office up take an otherwise could who b chains’ with ‘guys by populated scapes nocturnal elusive in place taking jobs Not occupations. legitimate as activities enterprising reclaim to had they mafiosos disco not were they that people’ ‘ordinary as well as sponsors customers, police, semi of zone the from emerged cultures club Before suspicion. with seen initially were scapes night and industry entertainment to related occupations new However skills. appreciated highly as market onto back transferred then were media etc. practice with events, setting of ways sites, and posters making when tested design of knowledge the also ‘bo making were for cameras used flyers, were machines copy Similarly, services. of chain broader a of part a as or purposes private for material of flow the by characterized was socialism under economy post in legacies socialist characterizing favors of economy the unlike not is work cultural club early of dynamic The professions. new and cultures club between directions both in flew information that bridge this via is It hand. other the on cultures entrepreneurial informal rising and favors, hand one of the on services economy friendship and between exchanges, created bridge the of example good a is career showc ase of the new entrepreneurial skills of subcultural producers such as Pico. Pico’s Pico’s Pico. as such producers subcultural of skills entrepreneurial new the of ase , the set of dispositions for entrepreneurial work did not have a clean register. The The register. clean a have not did work entrepreneurial for dispositions of set the , - socialist soc socialist rrowed’, phone cards hacked etc. to run club cultures. However, However, cultures. club run to etc. hacked cards phone rrowed’,

ieties (Ledeneva’s 1998). The entire sector of shadow shadow of sector entire The 1998). (Ledeneva’s ieties

ut suitable for middle for suitable ut - legality legality –

n p and - class men men class ersuaded ersuaded –

CEU eTD Collection 10 by inhabited hotels corners, street of shadows among night the in trade their executed semi and illegal notorious the “something as perceived ‘vekslák’ was between ‘promoter’ occupation the started festival, Holoda Wilsonic Tibor friend organizing his and he when consu that and remembers sold H. Michal were commentator drugs and served was the alcohol in place where took settings and night connoted this they of because some more even inherited mistrust cultures and club shadiness to connection in emerged that occupations The activities, making profit wri Buyandelgeriyn of credibility moral low of context cultural the to respect With 1). 2002: Humphrey (Mandel & post allur The making. profit (illegal) and entrepreneurship private semi of zone shady the into pushed long cha was socialism state While professions. particular of designations English by signified was change this Typically, emerged. labor of types professions, jobs, new as altered was occupations of register the changes, profound other among transition, During

Foreign Foreign money exchange person - - term occupations, temporary and precarious occupations were marginalized and and marginalized were occupations precarious and temporary occupations, term ’89 times and some of the emerging professions were looked upon with suspicion suspicion with upon looked were professions emerging the of some and times ’89 has been considered an immoral activity, a way of making profit world market the in goods trading example, For 1.4.2. — provokes ambivalent reactions in the postsocialist world. Throughout socialism, trade

New occupations occupations New 10 tes:

and taxi driver” ( driver” taxi and

; derived; from German word

legal professions of late socialism: both masculine figures figures masculine both socialism: late of professions legal –

legacies of late socialism and new DiY cultures DiY and new late socialism of legacies -

Hvorecký 2009) Hvorecký and illegality. These occupations mostly connected to to connected mostly occupations These illegality. and 64 —

a straightforward activity in the Euro the in straightforwardactivity a wechsel . Using such comparison, such Using .

meaning to change, exchange money e of mistrust was transferred to to transferred was mistrust of e without labor. racterized by stable stable by racterized med. Writer and and Writer med.

he refers to to refers he (2008: 238) -

American .

CEU eTD Collection iea re hc ol b oeo nutbefr“h pplto’ mo population’s “the for unsuitable somehow be would which order liberal neo the of imposition of scars traumatic leaving without entrepreneurialism of logic the into locked smoothly thus practices socialist Late professionally. also but records pleasure thei of terms in just not nightlife from profited further who crowd trendy young, attracted semi of Out Italy. and U.K. the from person T DJs (laughter)” crying! like felt and radios British to listen to used I tracks. new of hold lay to difficult incredibly was it today, Unlike arrived. records ordered the till year a of quarters three about take to used it then However, was… thiev a was “It archive: radio’s the from CDs burn to allowed was Pico sametime, the At radio. this by transmitted were club the from sessions Live frequent. to used radio Pico account. an such from subtracted is thrill and manipulation risk, investment, of element The music. produce and mix to programs DJ use and online tracks download parents, their of money the new the from them differentiate to accord who, DJs of meant generation also is technics on stress The machines. of adjusting tinkering, actual with contact in came they accentuated they Rather programs. technology for passion their evoked both Milosh and Pico hardware). also but software just (not technology with work to able being and abroad) (from records to access getting meant also DJ a being ‘90s, early the In immorality. tradition that nightlife the of lights and foreigners mistrusted

(DJ and promoter) mentioned the times in Klub 39 which one of the directors of Fun Fun of directors the of one which 39 Klub in times the mentioned promoter) and (DJ

- legal activities, tinkering and CD and tinkering activities, legal ing to Skank, simply buy mixing technology from a store with with store a from technology mixing buy simply Skank, to ing

, not just in the ‘clean’ sense of working with music music with working of sense ‘clean’ the in just not , 65 - copying, a set of occupations emerged which which emerged occupations of set a copying,

oky and Loderer used to bring records in in records bring to used Loderer and oky ally signified proximity of of proximity signified ally ral landscape” landscape” ral ery… Yes, it it Yes, ery… r - CEU eTD Collection undermining the sobriety ethos of the war generation of parents. of generation war the of ethos sobriety the undermining ‘doing The 206). and noth 2005: scooters Muggleton in magazines, cited and (Frith halls” films dance and roll, dancing ’n’ motorbikes, rock cosmetics, styles, hair and clothes w culture post the about writes Frith cultures. consumer pre as adults; of cultures subcultu Previously, of scapes. work changing to ties stress to way in a culture/leisure narrative subcultures/youth the organize I section, this In information lifestyle. is in occupations these of occupations denominator mean I jobs, s ‘trendy’ telecommunication By population jobs. urban ‘trendy’ of growth in the to employed relate to seems clubs in 1996) (Thornton capital’ wo to connection etc. consciousness of states altered dresses, festive fee, outside world the from disconnected seem clubs if Even cultural practices from ‘spontaneously’ emanated logic entrepreneurial and cultures work liberal neo which in environment an provided cultures club Rather, 240). 2008: (Buyandelgeriyn ing’ aspect was wedded to the ‘spending a lot’ aspect. This was a culture of excess excess of culture a was This aspect. lot’ a ‘spending the to wedded was aspect ing’ – as defined in terms of leisure and leisure goods goods leisure and leisure of terms in defined as

old and new new and old rk cultures which should not be disregarded. Accumulation of ‘subcultural ‘subcultural of Accumulation disregarded. be not should which cultures rk res and youth culture in general were defined in opposition to work work to opposition in defined were general in culture youth and res 1.4.3. ector, design, advertising, marketing and media. The common common The media. and marketing advertising, design, ector, –

- and were embraced as channeling agency o agency channeling as embraced and were work or anti or work

Subculturalists or (sub)cultural workers? (sub)cultural or Subculturalists - work cultures of leisure with strong connections to to connections strong with leisure of cultures work 66

- WWII phenomenon of youth culture: “This “This culture: youth of phenomenon WWII –

by thick walls, loud music, entry entry music, loud walls, thick by – –

coffee and milk bars, fashion fashion bars, milk and coffee there are important lines of of lines important are there

f youth. f

- - CEU eTD Collection dcto/ucluejb ht cobe rpsd ie a bett a gives proposed McRobbie that education/subculture/job ad for work also often and festivals specialized Man Industrial of Folklore McLuhan’s of times the in as shallow offensively as rarely are ads the example, For producers. cultural educating helped critique cultural that doubt no is There vulgarized. it also was critiques culture mass according to box juke into coins throwing time spending as portrayed working young observed (1992[1957]) Hoggart as faces’ painted crudely with ‘Girls emotion. of spill and irrationality its in feminized often about thinking started people business also but culturalists by infected being counter way the for influenced which apt critique culture’ ‘mass was the comes Thus and totalitarianisms. will lacked crowd the obedience, ‘sheepish’ its In the cultu consumer and industry cultural booming the by to and catered relation in investigated targeted were was who assistants sales cinema’ and workers office urban the female single of phenomenon to going girl shop ‘little a of figure (Adorno crowd factory the to assimilated were entertainment of palaces other and cinemas exiting and entering crowd the process: work the of prolongation a as portrayed was Leisure industries. cultural by represented capitalism of structures leisure into working young of interpellation as regimes, leisure and work of intersection an as seen was cinema’ the to going girl shop ‘little a of figure ([1925]) Kracauer’s notorious befor Even work. of organization in changes to closely ties cultures youth changing of history the However, e the boom of youth culture culture youth of boom the e

(1951). Nowadays, (sub)cultural experts go to see ads at at ads see to go experts (sub)cultural Nowadays, (1951). 67 - making companies; the schema of permeable permeable of schema the companies; making

–

and the related boom in its studies studies its in boom related the and - class women while young men were were men young while women class

. Culture was democratized but, but, democratized was Culture . consumption. The crowd was was crowd The consumption. re (Sanders 2006). 2006). (Sanders re er idea about the cycle of of cycle the about idea er T he Mechanical Bride: Bride: Mechanical he 1993). The iconic iconic The 1993). - ls women class

–

the the -

CEU eTD Collection ‘80s Britain. McRobbie (1989; 1998) studied punk impulses for the booming British fashion fashion British booming the for impulses punk studied 1998) (1989; McRobbie Britain. ‘80s the in occupations traditional of system the by expulsed people young of entrepreneurialism anti notorious most The identity. defining for of consumption importance rising the conditions thus culture Work leisure. through status style, on insistence the by balanced is emasculating as seen service in occupati The hotel. a in boy bell a as works resorts, summer English between in Rockers and Mods clash legendary the capturing (1979), Quadrophonia film the in guy tough The trinkets urban dress, smart life: leisurely and status on insistence Mods’ in reflected are occupations working of post of figure iconic The them. to jobs assigned particular towards working of behavior Willis’s ‘cool’ how studying Birmingham of tradition best style. the of example an is (1981[1977]) of level the on games symbolic in interest to reduced youth of conditions living the on differe Rituals of authors divisions, class beyond Culture Youth of visions optimistic post jobs, service and manual in population urban young to ties culture’ ‘mass of emergence the While youth. or resisting duped vs. capitalists cultural of binary early the than culture of production/distribution/consumption nt approaches to Youth Culture. However, as I noted earlier, their broad perspective perspective broad their earlier, noted I as However, Culture. Youth to approaches nt

(Hall & Jefferson 2002[1976]) came up with analysis of class as it plays out though though out plays it as class of analysis with up came 2002[1976]) Jefferson & (Hall

such as glossy magazines and mopeds, time spend around coffee tables and dancing. dancing. and tables coffee around spend time mopeds, and magazines glossy as such - - WWII - class male youth is also reproducing their class situation and directing them them directing and situation class their reproducing also is youth male class class men and women into the service sector. New (not always desirable) desirable) always (not New sector. service the into women and men class

situation was again marked by changes on many levels. Against the the Against levels. many on changes by marked again was situation - - work subculture subculture work WWII youth, the British Mod, might be read in relation to the influx influx the to relation in read be might Mod, British the youth, WWII

–

including housing situation, labor and schooling schooling and labor situation, housing including

–

punk 68

–

can be associated w beassociated can ith the rise of cultural cultural of rise the ith Resistance through through Resistance erig t Learning Labor o –

was was on on

CEU eTD Collection utrs te fsrn o rvs and raves of club offspring away’ (the cultures ‘take even However, cities’. ‘creative Florida’s to metropolises, Western big to cultures club of aspect entrepreneurial the attach to invitation intuitive an be might There econ on creative discourse the booming through itself manifests fully and opportunities employment into them transforms legacies, counter of out emerges thus fraction class This bourgeoisie. petit new as perceives habitus the in concentrated is sensibility this such, as the of counter ‘60s popularization to back sensibility of bohemian genealogy the traced (2007) Binkley 44). 1991: (Featherstone que endless the and lifestyle, appearance, presentation, identity, by fascinated were “they dispositions: of set specific a by rather but class a by tied strictly not were them, called (1992) Bourdieu as intermediaries’, ‘cultural or entrepreneurs Symbolic 2010). Lloyd 1996; (Milestone o field the in and employed bohemians (1989) working Zukin (1992), Bourdieu and by hedonism” of economies “urban between intersection inspired the studied (1991) Featherstone literature this of fraction A 1996). p urban in infrastructure (sub)cultural of role the in interest of rise the with strengthened subcultures of impact economic the to Attention as companies. clubs and run industry fashion ideas the to move subculturalists ‘steals’ industry cultural just not that clear becomes it rave, and industry punk music After 2002). ‘90s 1999; (McRobbie the cultures club in including jobs new discuss to inquiry of line the extends She women. opportunit found people young many where industry

even of hippies), transport the seeds of (sub)cultural (sub)cultural of seeds the transport hippies), of even omy (Howkins 2001; Florida 2004). 2004). Florida 2001; omy (Howkins - cultures. Apart from shaping the modern subject subject modern the shaping from Apart cultures. ost 69 from the street (Hebdige 2002[1976]) but but 2002[1976]) (Hebdige street the from night f

- industrial development (O’Connor & Wynne Wynne & (O’Connor development industrial - ies for self for ies time economy and creative industry industry creative and economy time

of a rising class which Bourdieu Bourdieu which class rising a of - employment, mostly young young mostly employment, st for new experiences” experiences” new for st

- cultural cultural CEU eTD Collection profit; rather, it had a safe place in their vocabulary. placetheir in safe a had it profit; rather, countercultures. traditional for typical idea the commerce; from separate art on insisting without but artists as also often and entrepreneurs cultural serious as seen be to wanted They cultures. criminal of threat constant the without scene the run t for framework safe a ‘order’, the guarantee to them expected rather but enemies authorities official perceive not did parties of Organizers forward as promoted and were pre from distanced they rather or 1989, before from register no had cultures Club alternative. an proposed which clubs to migrating started people young and appeal their lost gradually discourses countercultural traditional that proposed I chapter, this In m Ia chapter, trace next the In fractions. class and classes from as well as practices cultural socialist previous lifestyle post the in about come fraction counter to intermediaries’ ‘cultural Bourdieu’s through back traced be can class creative the of discourse the While studios, open yoga clothes, ethnic and jewelers in trade West the from exiles supposed these There, Goa. or Ibiza as such locations classic in nomads techno traced (2007) D’Andrea them. with industry –

do not emerge out of nowhere; they build on (or distance themselves from) from) themselves distance (or on build they nowhere; of out emerge not do run spiritual sessions… or clubs. or clubs. sessions… spiritual run anifold logic of distinction present in club cultures. club in present distinction of logic anifold - culturalists and earlier bohemians, how does this particular class class particular this does how bohemians, earlier and culturalists - - looking and strictly ‘progressive’. ‘progressive’. and strictly looking socia 1.5.0. list context? Workers in symbolic economy economy symbolic in Workers context? list

Conclusion 70

–

police or local politicians politicians local or police

They had nothing against against nothing had They

vious debates debates vious –

trading in in trading hem to to hem –

as as CEU eTD Collection w space for struggle to had also clubbers However, clubs. to concerts rock from youth attract to easy relatively was it ‘progress’, of discourse the Employing distinction. class of vector I chapter, following In the middle young open for mainly were opportunities new The profit. and status of places of occupation subsequent and networks De gendered. crudely was careers subcultural crafting of opportunities new to access However, conditions. market with compliance in of (sub)culture meaning re cultures club incommensurable, and separate strictly business and cultures De practices. and language new adapting and adopting as well as traditions (sub)cultural previous from cul neo of result a it was nor conservativism ‘80s of legacy straightforward neither was cultures club in fostered disposition entrepreneurial The ‘80s the at pointing by explained be Pini writes: Maria scenes. Western of case is the as it cultures yuppie or rise conservative the cannot to scene approaches club These Bratislava of cultures. organization entrepreneurial of practices and language used cultures Club skills. and vocabulary new a also but courage necessitated scene the Building ith disco cultures. In this case, the class ridicule conveyed by tropes of gender and sexuality sexuality and gender of tropes by conveyed ridicule the class case, this In cultures. ith disco spite their active participation, women clubbers had little chances of infiltration into male male into infiltration of chances little had clubbers women participation, active their spite tures adopted entrepreneurialism, it was by selectively connecting and disconnecting disconnecting and connecting selectively by was it entrepreneurialism, adopted tures its most extreme. unquestioningindi anofacceptance ofthemarkings all bore it politicalangry character which made punk so interesting to youth scholars. In many respects, the of anything un lack anto suggests, thanMcRobbie as moreappears, It littleconservatism. 1980s’ like of lookedembrace have can House Acid early Left, the on many To - ikn srtgcly rm rdtoa counter traditional from strategically linking

say more about gender/sexuality playing crucial role in guiding the the guiding role in crucial playing gender/sexuality about more say - class men. class 71

- liberal impositions on the region. If club club If region. the on impositions liberal - utrs ht et ar kept that cultures

vidualistenterpriseat culture - (Pini 2001: 26) signified the the signified t/youth t/youth critical

CEU eTD Collection satisfy. to failed countercultures traditional which the world the as well as p the ‘connection’; providing and clubs in propagated discussed and shaped imaginary be will newspeak entrepreneurial the Further, effective. was

romise of joining joining of romise CEU eTD Collection Conclusion 2.4.0. New 2.3.0. floor dance for the Struggle 2.2.0. the ‘mainstream’ from Distinction 2.1.0. Introduction 2.0. 2.3.6 consumers networked L&M: and Alcatel Tripmag, Globe, 2.3.5. quality for aiming and practices language The new 2.3.4. timeQuality 2.3.3. success for The language 2.3.2. vs. commercializing Professionalizing 2.3.1. or projects? nothing’ ‘doing of cultures as Club cultures 2.2.2. middle Classed safety: 2.2.1. experts Becoming 2.1.3. 2 post in the mainstream of Invocations 2.1.1. .1.2. Improvising distinction, constructing difference constructing distinction, Improvising .1.2. (sub)cultural producer and consumer consumer and producer (sub)cultural . The magic ‘elsewhere’ of late socialism and ‘anywhere’ of partynation and ‘anywhere’ of late socialism ‘elsewhere’ . The magic

[craftingthe style]

- class youth in night time economy in night youth class Chapter2

- socialist tastescapes: a paradox? tastescapes: socialist

CEU eTD Collection consumers co helped commodities These cigarettes. or phones mobile as such commodities to ties clubs in fostered imaginary new the that propose I Furthermore, consumption. onto citizenship as well returns as driven society citize a being of questions the to ties which ethic consumer of cultivation the for allowed consumers as participation Their critical. and reflexive as themselves perceive of sphere the of examination on focus con I Here, and career. organization and cultural skills of profit, question of the discourses about concerned more was I 1, Chapter In diversified. became and changed scapes as taste group to group from of trope The ‘mainstream’. clubbers of discourse the In slippery. is so it because exactly crucial the is mainstream from distinctions negative by emerge characteristics these how trace will I minded. open and savvy cosmopolitan, mobile, experts, committed co identity actual an to but aspire culture popular of stimulation sensual and abandon togetherness, than ‘just’ disco this case groups other from distinction in so do They expertise. of area an cultivate and/or style middle Typically careers. (sub)cultur of scenarios ‘meaningful’ more middle proposing youth young mainly attracted cultures club that argued I chapter, previous the In sumption. Far from being just ‘dupes’ of subcultural consumerism, clubbers wanted to to wanted clubbers consumerism, subcultural of ‘dupes’ just being from Far sumption.

- citizens united by shared taste: the ‘party nation’. nation’. ‘party the taste: shared by united citizens - goers, ma goers, - class youth treats (sub)culture as an asset to put together their personal personal their together put to asset an as (sub)culture treats youth class - shaped by leisure cultures. They wanted to be seen as stylish individuals, individuals, stylish as seen be to wanted They cultures. leisure by shaped rket shoppers and mall frequenters. Clubbers claim to look for more more for look to claim Clubbers frequenters. mall and shoppers rket 2.0

Introduction 74

al organization and possibility of of possibility and organization al - unity of idea the producing

n in a market a in n , it traveled it traveled , - class class -

of of in in - CEU eTD Collection what is the effect of this discourse on shaping social reality? social on shaping discourse thisof effect what is the line suggested terms, Foucaultian the in or, formed in is what ask further may we step words, other In a analysis. mainstream go may we serve, claims these project what also but taste’ of ‘lack or taste’ ‘bad of claims the by excluded is who only not examining milieu British subcultural particular a in work judgments’ ‘situated these how at looks She mainstream. the of term loaded the within packed are maps social complex proposed, (1992) Bourdieu’s following raised Thornton that point a words’, with made are ‘groups how seeing neglected 147 (1984: categories or groups objective than the of unreliability and fuzziness approached to critically Grossberg claims raised. are which similar or taste’ in of ‘lack context or taste’ ‘mainstream the grasping without understood be cannot Mainstream cultures. used is it how sensib classed a see formulating for backbone a as to strategically but objectively means mainstream what outline to interviewed not of clubbers words the through emerges category this way the at look I mainstream. legitimized was cultures club in participating interviewees, my For

‘alternative’ clubs clubs ‘alternative’

2.1.1.

Invocations of the mainstream in post in the mainstream of Invocations

nlss f h sgiiac o tse lis A Tono (96 92 (1996: Thornton As claims. taste of significance the of analysis –

and what work of cultural/social distinction they execute. By By execute. they distinction cultural/social of work what and 2.1.0. term and suggested we rather look for ‘situated judgments’ judgments’ ‘situated for look rather we suggested and term

Distinction from the the ‘mainstream’ from Distinction 75

- 8 cited in Thornton 1996: 97). However, he he However, 97). 1996: Thornton in cited 8 - socialist tastescapes: a paradox? tastescapes: socialist ility in the scapes of shifting taste taste shifting of scapes the in ility

by the idea of evading the the evading of idea the by

–

urban urban - 105) 105)

of of CEU eTD Collection and making part of it, provides Iveta with sense of control. Clubbers see themselves as as themselves see Clubbers control. of sense with Iveta provides it, of part making and possib the to experience, new the to Access comments. little gestures, smirks, gazes, of form the takes mainstream and subculturalists between exchange affective of flow The clubber. the on looks investigative throwing driver taxi the transportat public in travelling as represented is crowd The clubs. the non the ‘outsiders’, as is coded mainstream the narrative, In Iveta’s proposes: Iveta my interviewees, One of background. negative against implied or directly mainstream the of trope the respondents, my of words the Through 93). 1996: (Thornton another” over group one of culture the celebrating in involved problems political econo and social the weigh[…] comparison, clear a “mak[e] to order in unpacked be can words their believe I However, with. identifies he/she community taste the or subject speaking the of needs the to according changes mainstream and respondents clubber my of discourse the In speech. of figure T subculturalist. 92 (1996: mainstream of category the to approach scholarly sloppy the regarding point critical a raised Thornton neit not getting it… And that we simply were offered very a novel experience. Like something that everyone stared at you but you just didn’t care because it was them, the outsiders, who were you check to around everybodyandanythingturned wear could you when freaky so like was itexperience… And tothe chancehavedidn’t others and somethingcreatedpeople theseto, access hadpeople mil 3rd the[signifying] like novel, verysomething are parties music] dance [electronicthatimpression the under be to used I her our parents nor our peers could have had experienced. he t he – erm’s very flexibility and ambiguous moralistic power makes it a popular popular a it makes power moralistic ambiguous and flexibility very erm’s

emerges as a a as emerges - 8). This inconsistency is coded already in the use of the term by by term the of use the in already coded is inconsistency This 8). u ad n tx yu o los n i te ulc rnpr [MHD] transport public the in and looks got you taxi a in and out

crucial platform for formulating their group consciousness consciousness group their formulating for platform crucial lennium already […], something that only a small group of group small a onlysomething that […], already lennium

mic factors, and confront[…] the ethical and and ethical the confront[…] and factors, mic ility of immersion into the novelty novelty the into immersion of ility

(Iveta, female, 27, marketing) acquaintances, the role of of role the acquaintances, - distinct crowd outside of of outside crowd distinct ion or personified by by personified or ion –

named named

CEU eTD Collection subcultures and ‘progressive’ middle but th phase is sketched only tentatively; it contains traces ‘impulseof shopping’ and counter scarcity which is quickly juxtaposed with ‘shopping for status’ mostly culture of middle Importantly, notes she that in the Polish context, the puritanical phase is substitut hedonist’ (a various postof blend consumer of culture in the U.S. 11 of effect The consumption. experiential in mainly but material of terms in peers: fortunate gestu They resources. financial and skills connections, their exposed Clubbers’ peers. Western their from indistinguishable them made which styles assemble and fashion of landscapes clubber what 150 2008: (Grzeszczyk bourgeoisie of characteristics classic the to referring self of ethics or narrow still the by constricted was taste Their street. the on people dressed modestly of attention attracted collar inspired S&M or boa sporting and skirt fiber nylon top, silver colors, neon lively in dressed Clubbers with reading contextualized uniformity. socialist to reference a invites mainstream the of depiction Iveta’s bourgeoisie, counter classic other among the Beats and Modernists fol to not seem conformity and normality embodying people towards animosity of traces discursive Such work. from and to route daily their on mass a of image broader a for stands transportation public in constricti chores life mundane of idea the avant experiential an as privileged,

In In American Consumption Models of and their Presence in Poland is lastline more examinationneeds and analysis which this isstudy introducing tracingby a between link red their readiness to obtain more from life than their parents, than their less less their than parents, their than life from more obtain to readiness their red

s really manifested was their ability to acquire goods, to navigate in the the in navigate to goods, acquire to ability their was manifested really s low the pattern of anti of pattern the low - denial, suppression of individuality, conformism and respectability respectability and conformism individuality, of suppression denial,

–

Weberian - modern/post

- selection of goods, rather than implying the uptight morality morality uptight the implying than rather goods, of selection class lifestyles.

- puritan model, Veblenesque ‘conspicuous consumer’ and ‘modern garde. In opposition, mainstream is imagined through through imagined is mainstream opposition, In garde. - bourgeois stances inherited from the Bohemians, the the Bohemians, the from inherited stances bourgeois - industrial consumer practices) ng individuality, lacking fantasy. The crowd staring staring crowd The fantasy. lacking individuality, ng

- cultural figures. Rather than attacking attacking than Rather figures. cultural , Grzeszczyk –

(2008) with Polish consumer habits. ed by earlyed by post - - class Poles. latestThe contrasts three phases cultural consumption - 3 11 ). Therefore, Therefore, ). - socialist –

CEU eTD Collection activism’ ‘theor carnival protest’. of itwhere is tel Stenthusiastic John’s studies transof (1996)McKay’s 12 progress/progressing post of context the Within 2005). Lambevski Pini 2001; 1993; (McRobbie body gender, sexuality, op of kernel the as resistance, and transgression relocates which study of line redemptive the to subscribes Pini However, cultures: of club potential political the with disillusionment neo of rise the and Britain Thatcherian of culture protest of form ‘60s the for look to not corrected quickly were they but 1993) (Rietveld meaning’ of ‘evacuation the noticed commentators counter the for quest traditional the to respect with nowhere leads certainly better and bigger always as announced are which events of spiral The 86). progression then internationally, clubbers of agenda the characterized which word a was there If vocabulary. clubbers’ of part a make not did resistance or transgression Symptomatically, culture’. ‘dominant the of limits oppressive of than transgression post in appearance striking clubbers’

An An insistence to include club cultures into the family line counter of and Baudrillard have scorned the ‘mindless’, ‘obedient’ masses for. dance about everything embody to seemed as de looks and cultures] conservative club empty, [rave/early House Acid 1980s ‘authenticity’, and ‘resistance’ both confo to had musics andmovements youth ‘significant’, culturally be to order in thatdemanded which backdrop Leftacademic traditional a Against lingly packed lingly in packed expressions such as ‘rave . Reynolds characterized the obsession with pace as ‘going nowhere fast’ (1998: (1998: fast’ nowhere ‘going as pace with obsession the characterized Reynolds . Senseless Senseless Acts Beauty: of Cultures Resistance of Since the Sixties

eevd e ptn c potent new received

- national rave scene positional politics, onto the level of identity with focus on on focus with identity of level the onto politics, positional - socialist transformations, the discursive insistence on on insistence discursive the transformations, socialist - oiiiig s i Dso n h 17s A a ot clue it culture, youth a As 1970s. the in Disco did as politicising - socialist tastescapes is (hierarchical) disti (hierarchical) is tastescapes socialist - liber 78 - olution’, ‘tekno onnotations and meanings (Pilkington 2002: 2002: (Pilkington meanings and onnotations alism in the world. Pini writes about the early early the about writes Pini world. the in alism

Technomad: Global Raving Countercultures - music that cultural critics as diverse as Adorno as diverseas critics cultural that music - 12 cultures cultures is evident i

- anarchy’, ‘rebel sounds’, ‘dance

rm to very particular notions aboutnotions particular very to rm within the radically new context context new radically the within - cultu

. This line of . analysis This of line persists in ral agenda à la ‘60s. Early Early ‘60s. la à agenda ral

n, for example, n, for nction rather rather nction (Pini 2001: 26)

(2009)

it was was it

CEU eTD Collection cultures cultures of 1968 seem to paradoxically conve system to construct the idea resistingof consumer. As Fraser (2009) amongnoted others, the oppositional Thomas Frank (1997) cultures explains how of business and counter deconstruct the difference between pluralities and difference of forces of capitalism. In two lines analysisof perfectly correspond and support each other. Similarly in 13 on watched commercials TV Germany), (East DDR from electronics Yugoslavia, or Bulgaria from records members, family émigré from clothes of packs items: of flow the by imaginary idea the to attached closely was imaginary cultural socialist late Typically, culture. socialist late of field post of context the in radical as seen practices and invocations clubbers’ While why? and static or remains who what progressing, as themselves perceive they If trope. the of use their through cultivate and join stop analysis neo of rise global the with line in or 2009) John (St anarchic either as analyzed be can scene the of structure rhizomatic the interpretation: dri the hand, other the On party culture. the of impermanence the dynamic in contradicted perfectly is pub local or club disco old same the of stability location… change differe to listen to floors thematic between move clubbers dancefloor, the on move dancers DNA: its in movement contains Clubbing progressive). is called house of genres the of (one globally on the On transformation. self 187

Anarchic or Anarchic neoor - - proclaimed progressive cultures cultures progressive proclaimed 190). In her study of Russian youth taste scapes, Pilkington suggested to understand the the understand to suggested Pilkington scapes, taste youth Russian of study her In 190). nt musical styles, they travel for ‘always bigger and better parties’ (Mária), events events (Mária), parties’ better and bigger ‘always for travel they styles, musical nt

s before elaborating what sensibilities, cultures of work, class fractions clubbers clubbers fractions class work, of cultures sensibilities, what elaborating before s of the West. The routes of connections kept feeding and stimulating this this stimulating and feeding kept connections of routes The West. the of - liberal? In

Organs Without Bodies e hand, the trope of progress has been pervasive in club cultures cultures club in pervasive been has progress of trope the hand, e

ve for progressing, moving, innovating invites for double double for invites innovating moving, progressing, for ve – -

rge with and latefeed capitalism. socialist societies, mobility is not unprecedented in the the in unprecedented not is mobility societies, socialist

club cultures cultures club

of mobility (whether actual or symbolic) may be be may symbolic) or actual (whether mobility of , Žižek (2004: 79

- liberalism (McRobbie 2002) (McRobbie liberalism –

in relation to the overall movements of of movements overall the to relation in 183 - cultures share the vocabulary and sign - 213 ) would probably suggest that these Empire

, Hardt & Negri (2000) The Conquest CoolThe of 13 . Pilkington’s Pilkington’s . ,

CEU eTD Collection aesthetic where rough Western Slovak dialects mix with Southern Slovak Hungarian and and Hungarian Slovak Southern with mix dialects Slovak Western rough where aesthetic resou or shop better to where information lacked income, at modest of often shopping was Miletičova and group Obchodná demographic The goods. subcultural of case the in as ‘hipness’ edgy to places these to came who people’ ‘common connotes clubbers by ridiculed and evaded category taste The fake examine or food observe closely other to each pushing bodies sweaty places specific so open or the Obchodná street shopping main the like places clu Bratislavian of discourse the In ‘elsewhere’. distinction practice to labor subcultural deployed Clubbers space. and social space material both whi places the to twofold: was clubbers of movement The assembled. been have could styles ‘proper’ which of out goods acquire to time leisure their of portion significant a dedicate and active culture the of extension In 238 2006: (Yurchak and services with goods dealers and entrepreneurs becoming in privileged were know, the in were who those, and Austr - called ‘bad taste crowd’, the ‘mass’ harboring indiscriminant taste, was thus mapped onto onto mapped thus taste, was indiscriminant harboring ‘mass’ the crowd’, taste ‘bad called ian channels etc. In the early ‘90s, these routes and practices were still partially alive alive partially still were practices and routes these ‘90s, early the In etc. channels ian ch sold ‘cool’ stuff and away from the ‘ordinary’ places. This movement involved involved movement This places. ‘ordinary’ the from away and stuff ‘cool’ sold ch cs o e tee I te ae f h open the of case the In there. get to rces –

often lit often

shop for cheap consumer items with no added value of ‘trendiness’ or or ‘trendiness’ of value added no with items consumer cheap for shop erally crowded crowded erally of black market and ‘getting by’, early clubbers had to be very very be to had clubbers early by’, ‘getting and market black of

–

- with trams passing in between pedestrians and and pedestrians between in passing trams with 281). 281). 80

bbers, ‘elsewhere’ refers to the evasion of of evasion the to refers ‘elsewhere’ bbers,

- - air market, it is a place of rural rural of place a is it market, air air market place Miletičova. The The Miletičova. place market air –

for example, by shopping shopping by example, for - brand clothes. clothes. brand

CEU eTD Collection of lifestyles.of rebranded with the adjectives localof and organic, repacked into design coverage and introduced into the cycle 14 t them encouraged Oto shade, into retreated dancers and Tesco of front in parking the on stopped bus the As event. same the to related story a telling contrast this on up built further Oto a ship. space in pleasure takes camera amateur backgr rural the of contrast the stressing the of eye The sound. pumping the to frenetically bell bras, miniskirts, wearing dancers villages through ran as cars 206 Škoda passed Nitra, it truck town around the the shows, video a As systems. sound with equipped truck a go organizing for responsible staged event an During mainstream. visual the apt an of gives representation which video Tube You a to me directs interviewees, the of one Oto, etc. progressive, provoking, different, as subcultures thus verifies who to expected is who one the or shock, this of target The difference. their understand subculturalists way the for central thus is shock aesthetic non and taste their in exceptional resisting, as more supposedly recr to cultures expressive youth Typically, descend identities. their of layers and authentic work or school family, their from impositions resist Counter electronics Slovak basic

This This situation whenchanged the ‘hip’ crowd claimed vegetable shopping, bicycle androutes art markets o go on and dance “to show these laics, mere mortals what this music [was really really [was music this what mortals mere laics, these show “to dance and on go o -

and subcultures tend to invite young people to connect to their ‘real selves’, to to selves’, ‘real their to connect to people young invite to tend subcultures and

14 . -

for - shoppers pronounced by Vietnamese sellers of clothes, shoes and and shoes clothes, of sellers Vietnamese by pronounced shoppers

go dancers. Dancers were supposed to perform on the deck of of deck the on perform to supposed were Dancers dancers. go - bottom trousers, sunglasses and hats were moving moving were hats and sunglasses trousers, bottom ound through which the party bus slides as a kind of of kind a slides as bus party the which through ound 81 - conforming to the mainstream. The notion of of notion The mainstream. the to conforming

well as people on bicycles while the go the bicycles while on people as well

be shocked, is the mainstream audience audience mainstream the is shocked, be

as ‘moveable feast’, he was was he feast’, ‘moveable as

uit their subjects subjects their uit - go go CEU eTD Collection consumerism to take place. place. take to consumerism a which needed is infrastructure an therefore and ([1927]) Kracauer by text classic the in as movies the to going example, (for acts consumer through performed be to has It abstraction. an as exist cannot taste’ ‘mainstream as to refer may we and t implies culture’ critique culture’ ‘mass ‘mass The sense. of more making starts critique consumption classic the mainstream, the more of this version With choice. institutionalized reflexive and informed of skill the and individuality lacking and prediges unified, but above, sense the in taste of lack not taste, homogeneous of palaces as invoked were malls shopping appeared, mainstream the of version refashioned a After uniqueness. of experience acti in themselves pride interviewees the of Both (Iveta). it’ getting not are who ‘those of gestures and looks of zone contact the by confirmed it, formulates Iveta as experience, exclusive an getting through bodily mainstream concrete very a gained Oto like Clubbers more. o windows the of of poverty underline housing panel and hypermarket stress to chose he sites The houses. panel of windows the from looking distance the in as as well hypermarket the of front in people of crowd a was there his words, to him. According obser assembled that audience the see could he eyes, the opened he After on. keeping but burnt sun feeling closed, eyes his with dancing started he moved, one no When about]”.

f their standardized flats. He said he he said He flats. standardized their f mainstreamers’ experiential lives: experiential mainstreamers’

–

r aan infes f h mainst the of signifiers again are ng as apostles of the new style which brings profound profound brings which style new the of apostles as ng 82

perception of being outside of the the of outside being of perception

the crowd exits Tesco and leans out out leans and Tesco exits crowd the closed the eyes eyes the closed lw fr h ‘sheep the for llows ream. Oto seems to to seems Oto ream. again again hat something something hat and danced danced and - minded’ minded’ ving ving ted ted –

CEU eTD Collection 15 mainstream new the of rise the and by’ getting of ‘ways of pervasiveness uniformity, socialist late disappearing of context the into situated be to have claims these mainstream, refe clubbers early if Therefore, culture. consumer Western of confines the within middle ordering emerge, to culture shopping standardized the for allowed and opened format mall of center shopping first the example, For rise. to beginning only or place at yet not were culture consumer new the anchoring infrastructure the As pervasive. rather was the ‘80s, ‘do of zone grey the in place taking thus was lifestyles diversified of simulation and Consumption goods. of rather but consumerism to connected not were context the socialist in massification and uniformity Nevertheless, media. state the of voice uncontestable the or Spartakiad at exercising bodies young of movement orchestrated the by regime, clothing fo shorts red and boys for shorts ‘blue the by buildings, prefab of grayness uniform the by represented societies socialist characterize actually to Wall the across thrown been cul ‘mass ‘70s, counter subsequent the and ‘50s the in Culture Youth of rise the After 2006[1964]). Eco 1992[1957]; Hoggart 1951; McLuhan (e.g. WWII culture’ after capitalist 19 Horkheimer of & Adorno conditions the for tailored was massification culture’ ‘mass of critique classic The

Meaning democratization in Bratislava in 2000 (Polus City Center [no date]). Its space harbored chain brands brands chain harbored space Its date]). [no Center City (Polus 2000 in Bratislava in economy was switching from centralized to free market model, nodes of of nodes model, market free to centralized from switching was economy 15

ture’ dissolved into diversified lifestyles. As such, ‘mass culture’ could have have could culture’ ‘mass such, As lifestyles. diversified into dissolved ture’ of culture in Western Europe and the U.S. before WWII (e.g. Kracauer [1927]; [1927]; Kracauer (e.g. WWII before U.S. the and Europe Western in culture of - it - yourself’ culture or the cultural sphere of ‘getting by’ which, by the end of of end the by by’ which, ‘getting of sphere cultural or the culture yourself’

but but also commodification culture.of 92[1944]) and it culminated with the hegemony of ‘American ‘American of hegemony the with culminated it and 92[1944])

8 3

- cultural critique in the ‘60s and and ‘60s the in critique cultural –

Polus City Center Center City Polus to its opposite opposite its to - class taste taste class –

r to the the to r scarcity scarcity r girls’ girls’ r –

was was CEU eTD Collection interests” (Frank 2001: 15 cited in McGuigan 200 brought down the pompous and the snooty; markets gave us what we wanted; markets outlooked our for characterized: “Markets conferred democratic legitimacy; markets were friend of the little markets guy; play following your wishes 16 ofsocialism. late practices the consumer on build to had they paradoxically, that, do To items. ‘right’ the acquire to travel or goods by difference their express and non were They place. in set was choices’) ‘mainstream to shape recognizable a (giving infrastructure b of discourse the deployed Clubbers said: Bratislava based in stations radio private several for worked who Juhás, Roman milieu. radio the in situation the on commentary a is here construction’, be to pe tend ‘following formats as these legitimized formats; governable more into taste channeling as seen be can which ideas marketing and culture business of introduction gradual the concerned also e as close recognized and order law re of institutions profoundly and rules market by underpinned being form a into down settled it before was arranged which landscape cultural a in functioned thus clubbers Early differentiate. to infrastructure

This This is a paraphrase the on title articlethe of source whichfrom the quote isabove taken: is impossible to make a financial profit by playing a music based on one’s own taste, it is is it taste, own one’s onimpossible. based music a playing by profit financial a make to impossible th is used often People defined. leading wasnowhere.way It a isthisknow I fan, music a listeners] am Nowadays, I evenifplay. recordsto [of group target exactly no no last was there plan, not research, business [market] did did ever radios one particular No intuitively. these directed were but they because ‘90s] [early times fantastic were Those - mainstream before shopping malls, tabloids or reality TV. They could only claim claim only could They TV. reality or tabloids malls, shopping before mainstream –

shopping malls, chart music, discos etc. etc. discos music, chart malls, shopping

. Such rhetoric is in rooted the logic ‘marketof populism’ which ironica Frank

pes will’ ople’s

assembling subcultural styles out of the limited selection of of selection limited the of out styles subcultural assembling nough to the models of Western democracy. This process process This democracy. Western of models the to nough

9: 9: 137). 16 ig anti eing . As an illustration of the ‘mainstream under under ‘mainstream the of illustration an As . 84

- mainstream even before the actual actual the before even mainstream –

from whic from

h clubbers were striving striving were clubbers h Slovak radios: Slovak We radios: (G ális 2010 i own eir lly - )

CEU eTD Collection 17 (Iveta). it” combined i my of one 170 Similarly, 2006: (Yurchak Westerness signify to enough was sweater a into knitted letters foreign or attached patch a as such detail small a Often, them. rehashing and stores asse of techniques creative the on Mi (Petra, professionals by assembled clothes had and designs own their made or (Krista) machines sewing mom’s their out pulled money pocket student of range second within pieces vintage emerging using style their assembled interviewees my of Some it). of lack the (or offer market current the adjusting creatively also meant labor Style purchase to Republic) (Czech Prague Brno and hub underground U.club in out stood Germany, from shoes platform brought who friend, her or parties for whether travelling, when shopped thus clubbers Many Milanko). (Ivan, expensive often were they available, were clubbers by trendy or cool as seen items the If general. in limited still was choice the as clothing, ‘right’ Bra in shops few very were There Vienna. in places to and or clothes) branddesigner selling Vienna to close outlet (an Parndorf to shopping them take would that car a to access having meant it trends, with step in be to youth clubbing Bratislavian the For

First asused a term,derogatory styliagi designated Russian fashionistas the of ‘40s to up the ‘60s. –

and attracted attention. Magda used to visit better equipped shops in in shops equipped better visit to used Magda attention. attracted and

nterviewees says “it was less important what you wore than how you you how than wore you what important less was “it says nterviewees 2.1.2.

Improvising distinction, constructing difference constructing distinction, Improvising big h sye u o aalbe od i second in goods available of out style the mbling ša ). According to Yurchak, styliagy Yurchak, to According ). 85 bags, shoes or hair dye. or dye. hair shoes bags,

not (Magda, Ivo). Magda remembers that that remembers Magda Ivo). (Magda, not

(Tina, Magda, Iveta). Some girls even even girls Some Iveta). Magda, (Tina, -

hand stores offering offering stores hand 17

used to put stress stress put to used tislava selling the the selling tislava

– - 171, 204). 204). 171,

the main main the - hand hand CEU eTD Collection to Vienna (Michal H.). DJ Mayla recalled that she and her boyfriend DJ Skank used to stay stay to used Skank DJ boyfriend her and she that recalled Mayla DJ H.). (Michal Vienna to music electronic exclusively play drinks and mixed mainly offer to places first the of one was that (Bratislava) café UW place meeting Kŕč Dalibor and Holoda Tibor DJs Early 1994: in school elementary of y last the in friends his with together music dance electronic into introduced was he how recalls music). Béla ‘alternative’ on specialized shops music early example, (for infrastructure transi of course the In cassette”. a on it copied and it borrowed everyone and calf golden a like it carried “we Germany: from Pe and imported was music ‘alternative’ which in manners 30 today’s of generation The tapes. copying open from records first their buying fresh remembered still was socialism late of market hybrid the ‘90s, the In countries. Western to visits occasional or Yugoslavia in holidays from home back records goulash to trips shopping clubbers: of generation parent to tends practice This socialism. late the from inherited pattern cultural the to related be may goods acquire to order in travelling manipulation, clothes like Just ťo

gives an example of a Dead Can Dance CD that someone from his surroundings brought brought surroundings his from someone that CD Dance Can Dead a of example an gives that moment on, ordering at largeFrom started aswellit. as the streetwas circulationthat of tapesand and CDs.friend my from it about heard having when accidentally buying] and CD ordered shop stealingThis parents.tactically my beenfrom had I money using them bought I Slovakia]. Central of capital [the orderusedtotinytheandashopCDson tapesWe in music [main] square Banská Bystricain

tion, taste scapes started to be anchored in a more solid subcultural subcultural solid more a in anchored be to started scapes taste tion,

–

– who ran a record store associated to the cult cult the to associated store record a ran who s from Germany, I guess. I started with it [ordering it with started I guess. I Germany,from s

86 used to go record shopping and t and shopping record go to used -

something - air markets (‘burza’) or circulating and and circulating or (‘burza’) markets air

distributed in late socialist Slovakia. Slovakia. socialist late in distributed - year - communist Budapest, bringing bringing Budapest, communist (Béla, male, 27, GIS -

old clubbers recollects the the recollects clubbers old in memory. Early clubbers clubbers Early memory. in be evoked by the the by evoked be rend checking checking rend

administrator) ear ear

CEU eTD Collection from the from legacy socialistof cultural politicsaffordable of high culture. 20 including club cultures language disseminated widely but mostly in bits and ‘fashionablepieces of speak’. For leisure scapes (due to the e the language mostly offer of English, German and French courses. While German had its tradition in Bratislava 19 author used to record DJ sets directly 18 demanding party and while critical ‘quality’ a discuss and becoming compare of to able way were a clubbers also consumer/producer: but (Eva) record leisure own one’s augment to way a was experience and resources subcultural for travelling and Moving spots. clubbing legendary the for search in often elsewhere, and Britain Spain, Great German Netherlands, the to travelled clubbers Other 2008). (Ninja Slovenia in holidays his during exposed be to used he which to music house Italian of impact the accentuates connection Bratislava avoided names big clubbers too scene no was there Furthermore, 2008). (Ninja equipment DJ necessary buy the money to enough menti Pico promoter and DJ 3.1.1.). section in (discussed capital as Austrian the in worked restaurants in they waiters because things buying afford could clubbers some opportunities: labor c was Vienna to Proximity promoter. DJ and a as worked Skank guest then were friends Viennese the Vienna; in place friends’ at over

In In return, generationThe 30 of Crystal House Radioon Ragtime and another early RMC on show radio. radio Fun withjoined Clublab. The 18 . Therefore, music jou music Therefore, . 19

. The habit to go Vienna go to habit The . Vienna pensioners to used come cheapfor opera and concerts of classical music ons he spent one summer washing windshields at the Austrian border to save up up save to border Austrian the at windshields washing summer one spent he ons mission radio of and signalTV across Austrian border), English soon became the number one

was crucial for the early scene in Bratislava; however, event promoter Pico also also Pico promoter event however, Bratislava; in scene early the for crucial was – - somethings witnessed the abrupt switch from obligatory Russian language courses to

English was essential. rucial not just for buying goods and getting inspired but also for for also but inspired getting and goods buying for just not rucial rnals in German were a source of information for early DJs and and DJs early for information of source a were German in rnals

–

from the radio to a tape. remained (Jozef, Peťo, Michal H.) Michal Peťo, (Jozef, remained - - specialized print media and the radio space was limited, limited, was space radio the and media print specialized clubbing as well as to concerts concerts to as well as clubbing

20 –

. The Bratislava Bratislava The . mainly in the time when when time the in mainly - DJs at U.club where where U.club at DJs –

thus thus profiting – –

Vienna Vienna y, y,

CEU eTD Collection of Slovak electronic dance music’ (Ninja 2008) while others see his production as as production his see others while 2008) mainstr (Ninja music’ dance electronic Slovak of ‘mainstream scene techno minimal labels Pico example, For opportunities. entrepreneurial w also but membership subcultural coherent a of border the protect to just not circulates mainstream of label The legitimacy. other’s each discredit to mainstream of label the use and compete Collect innovation. knowledge, exclusive of idea the to attached is capital subcultural how shows it as discussion my for important is mainstream the of model dynamic The identities. botched and attempts failed an proposed, (1996) Thornton as capital, of form a is know’ the ‘in being 1997), (Polhemus styles between surfing playful just than More played. is hardstyle parties where th through commercial’ ‘less as music of selection Danube river happy of stream s trance and house of tunes a ecstatic represents events for music of choice Pico’s Nowadays, diversified. infrastructure club splintering, taste of process the with Together discriminative. ear the agreed, interviewees several As in (fur projects party own their in implement to knowhow gathered producers section 2.3.0.). section eaming EDMC through cheesy tunes and quasi and tunes cheesy through EDMC eaming e festival Wilsonic oriented on ‘reflecting future’ (as its slogan goes), to obscure obscure to goes), slogan its (as future’ ‘reflecting on oriented Wilsonic festival e ithin the community itself; it guards the privilege of information as well as as well as information of privilege the guards it itself; community the ithin –

a ‘mainstream line’ within the scene scene the within line’ ‘mainstream a

ivities of shared taste are not equal to each other: rather they they other: rather each to equal not are taste shared of ivities

uitable for large club spaces, city bars or beaches by the the by beaches or bars city spaces, club large for uitable 2.1.3. –

spanning from the minimal techno scene in U.club, U.club, in scene techno minimal the from spanning

ly scene was hungry for resources and less less and resources for hungry was scene ly Becoming experts Becoming 88 d it presupposed exclusions and distinctions, distinctions, and exclusions presupposed it d

–

- while other DJs prefer to think of their their of think to prefer DJs other while luxurious décor. luxurious

ther elaborated elaborated ther became

CEU eTD Collection organizing in Bratislava because “such music was lacking”. While early clubbers were were clubbers distinction’ early ‘improvising with While preoccupied lacking”. was music “such because Bratislava in organizing styl particular a play DJ a heard he how recalls Roman activities. their for niche a carve to way a also is it producers, For capital. (sub)cultural growing with line in is taste of redefinition constant clubbers, For taste. one’s butr community the to faithful remain and own one’s of style a find to not was idea The know’. the in ‘truly were who clubbers those characterized which on moving then and recognizing of process the was It other. the than valuable more objectively w stream stylistic or musical one no is There groups. taste of clusters audiences, these producing aided cultures club time, same the At audiences. aspiring of variety the to cater to phase latest This always mediocrity, of the specter from run the on always infinitum, ad novelty produce to scene the within internalized was narrative mainstream the later, bit a as crowd’, mall ‘shopping the from or phase, earlier the consumers, indiscriminating of mass’ ‘street the from distinction a drawing than Rather sponsoring. for as well as media and clubs in space audiences, for battling when competition actual the inside Obviously, (ibid.). subcult moderators” singers, actors, girls, miss models, celebrities, people, common “gays, together brought music and matter not did differences clu Ibiza around scene trance early the presents He 2008). (Ninja emerge to community’ ‘trance the it for made difficult which mainstream’ ‘techno the about speaks he story, the recounts Pico When ural discourse, the trope of mainstream became a tool for discrediting the the discrediting for tool a became mainstream of trope the discourse, ural

of mainstream discourse was only possible when the scene was big enough enough big was scene the when possible only was discourse mainstream of b e in a club in Prague and decided to bring him to the party he was was he party the to him bring to decided and Prague in club a in e –

related to the first Bratislavian gay club Apolon Apolon club gay Bratislavian first the to related progressing – . 89

travelling to acquire goods goods acquire to travelling

ather to always redefine redefine always to ather –

as a place where where place a as –

later on, they they on, later hich is is hich as in in as CEU eTD Collection socio co various across reappears mainstream the from of distinction trope The mall. shopping a in or market are the who at ‘crowd’ scapes, the unlike taste consumers the reflexive in navigate can who experts of culture of fostering choices, of consciousness a cultivate to order in invoked therefore is Mainstream requires. expertise (sub)cultural ofthat labor pop of followers aw cultural critical as popular, everything or Western non the be from can ‘emancipation’ clubs as in understood consumerism subcultural Therefore, culture. mall the by non represented into transformed is attitude This ultra it way the in discrimination. much too without often Western everything capitalistic strangely was Czechoslovakia in ‘80s the v its multiplied border” Austrian the behind from item trashy “any market, black Bratislavian On culminated. music popular Hvoreck d they items, Western between difference big make not did people suggested promoter, party Czech Bleha, Aleš attires. spectacular clubbers’ by question into called was shoppers these of brands fake or jeans affordable for clubbers style, their bricolaging the of attitude laboriously goes’ (Western) ‘anything challenged the by hand, one the On twofold. is shift This scene. the and/or taste their diversify travele rather - cultural situations (socialist uniformity, rising ‘mall culture’). Fixing its precise meaning meaning precise its Fixing culture’). ‘mall rising uniformity, (socialist situations cultural ý

(2006) notes that in late socialism, fetishization of consumer items related to to related items consumer of fetishization socialism, late in that notes (2006) d for the experience and knowhow acquisition in order to improve and and improve to order in acquisition knowhow and experience the for d –

either ‘disco goers’ or ‘mall shoppers’, clubbers put stress on the amount amount the on stress put clubbers shoppers’, ‘mall or goers’ ‘disco either alue astronomically. In this respect he claims that the era of of era the that claims he respect this In astronomically. alue

- discrimina id not ‘understand the nuances’ (Mexa 2010). 2010). (Mexa nuances’ the ‘understand not id 90

- discriminative consumption of everything everything of consumption discriminative areness and cultivation of taste. Unlike Unlike taste. of cultivation and areness tive preference for popular trends trends popular for preference tive market place crowd. The preference preference The crowd. place market

ntexts, in response to differing differing to response in ntexts,

‘valuable’ consumer consumer ‘valuable’ - commodified commodified CEU eTD Collection the social aspect. Or, as Rojek (2007) proposed, some revolutionary ethical aspects are are aspects strateg entrepreneurial into and weaved selected ethical revolutionary some proposed, (2007) Rojek as Or, aspect. social the of stripped carefully are they However, critique(s). feminist including agenda 1968 May from ve latest the characterizing qualities of most that us remind Fraser (2009) as well as (2005) Chiapello and Boltanski critique. social from dissociated critique aesthetic of example perfect a is it precisely, More critique. a than rather privilege towards ‘anti being of practices and narratives clubbers’ way, this In professions. into style and taste of economy the of knowhow translate their or reflexive becoming ‘profes for disposition cultivate a as acquire well They as knowledge. choices and their skills of marketable value higher legitimize they know’, the in ‘being of tool a became mall shopping the by represented culture consumer mass rising the from later as well as streets shopping and markets air open of consumers a served first at which mainstream of narrative The taste. expert edgy to claims make rather Clubbers malls. in shopping class middle rising the as well as crowd’ ‘market the of culture shopping lowbrow middl progressive the on aspiration of gesture clubbers’ as seen be may shopping for places popular of mockery and evasion The question. the real is or imaginary)?, (real other groups with dialogue t for do it does What trope. the of function the understanding of task actual the not is reality social onto it mapping and sional consumers’ (Grzeszczyk 2008: 147), literally professional in some cases as they they as cases some in professional literally 147), 2008: (Grzeszczyk consumers’ sional fragmentation and taste diversification. By the labor clubbers invest into into invest clubbers labor the By diversification. taste and fragmentation s a means of differentiation from the crowd of indiscriminative indiscriminative of crowd the from differentiation of means a s he actual group (connected by the use of the narrative) in in narrative) the of use the by (connected group actual he e - class status expressed through the refusal of the the of refusal the through expressed status class 91

ies resulting in ‘neat capitalism’. capitalism’. ‘neat in ies resulting –

was subsequently internalized and and internalized subsequently was - mainstream’ function as a move a as function mainstream’ rsion of capitalism derive derive capitalism of rsion

–

CEU eTD Collection flourish. can regime gender and safe attitude professional clubs where and discotheques is ‘unsafe’ and class ‘vulgar’ between Moreover, distinguish to discos. terms gendered/sexualized delegitimizing in role important an plays class Again, discotheques. earlier with compete to had they nightscapes, the seize To clubbers. of words the through arising distinction important another to point I section, next the In elite. of lifestyle formation the to are attached style coded in Gestures ‘connoisseurs’. attract to competition, discredit to community clubbing the within label trends. shaming a as circulates popular mainstream Finally, of ahead step one style edgy for the sense without but is malls mushrooming Mainstream areas. shopping ‘uncool’ other and markets air open in brands fake for shop who ‘people’ the connote actually may it term: the of use slippery the and clubbers by mainstream of definition poor to due partly is This of situation social stuck, of is investigation any of It devoid are characteristics enough. such Typically, uninformed. modern and mediocre, or progressive not is mainstream The rejected. other and post the in clubbers for editions), counter and Modernists Bohemia, by employed was forms) various (in its mainstream of notion the While - culturalists to criticize bourgeois values (in their various historical and local local and historical various their (in values bourgeois criticize to culturalists 2.2.1.

the ‘mainstreamers’. ‘mainstreamers’. the

Classed safety: middle Classed safety: 2.2.0. - socialist context, some elements of critique are employed employed are critique of elements some context, socialist

Struggle for the dance floor the dance for Struggle 92 -

class youth in nig class youth of differentiation from the mainstream mainstream the from differentiation of new middle class shopping in in shopping class middle new

ht time economy ht

phrased in in phrased

CEU eTD Collection music and dance characterizing ‘real’ clubbers. ‘Bad taste’ of these figures is thus attached to to thus attached is figures these of taste’ ‘Bad clubbers. ‘real’ dance characterizing music and to commitment genuine a with incompatible as heels’ on ‘chicks and types’ ‘aggressive saw lu sexual of game the to additional only are dance and music and exchange handbags’. this facilitating places designer as function discotheques or clubbers, to According drinks for company their o ‘exchanging ideology women gender hypersexualized the also but it) (as style perceived about clubbers knowhow of lack their indicated terms derogatory These ‘pipenky’. are women and ‘mafoši’ are men where relations gender polarized with associated be to tended gender un about The spaces. both in experienced dynamics sexual relations and discourse by accompanied was discos and clubs between distinction The distance themselves. to striving were clubbers which from in discotheques look who people away turn to strategy a was price higher them, to According more’. ‘getting for more pay to U.c ready were clubbers that like accentuated places that hole’ and proposed others ‘drug as well as Eva DJs. quality and sponsors gaining with a incommensurable of image the that said Eman producers. as and/or customers as them for environment safe a provide should clubs that idea an voiced Clubbers personally. workers security the knew they Dopler), and (U.club atte regular As guards/bouncers. of presence appreciated both Anna and women by ostensibly more up brought was of safety issue the Understandably, threatened. was safety but also suffered’ taste ‘good not where just p who respondents more by narrated were stories Similar visited. such, of story as traumatic a and evoked Božena circles them. avoided mafia clubbers to related were discotheques clubbers, the by portrayed As 93

ring. Both male and female clubbers clubbers female and male Both ring. for a type of entertainment found found entertainment of type a for f muscular affluent men and and men affluent muscular f a shooting at a local disco she she disco local a at shooting safe milieu of discotheques discotheques of milieu safe lub used to have was was have to used lub ortrayed discos as places places as discos ortrayed

ndees to the club club the to ndees - clubbers. Eva Eva clubbers. CEU eTD Collection The notion of safety and ‘standard’ in the space of clubs extended beyond the walls to to walls the beyond extended clubs of space the in ‘standard’ and safety of notion The take to money him give to used parents Oto’s home. her accompanied the and up in her picked remained who friends of always company she that stressed Eva users). drug party and ‘junkies’ between becaus use drug about silent kept she course, (of water and drinks energy sipped and rest to dedicated in rooms special chilled danced, they that explained she when worrying stopped parents Her alcohol’. a out night entire did friends her middle the for culture disco of elements many translated cultures club However, ‘street’. the with flirtation dangerous a as b switching and night entire the out staying Previously, milieu. occupational suitable as well as leisure of spaces as suitable discos considering from parents their as well as students university and school high discouraged which aspects were shoot of cases clientele, mafia skinheads, and gambling owners, Shady spaces. dangerous as seen were discos Bratislava, ‘90s In game. the of rules the change to struggle middle of influx the to ties actually relations gender and safety of issues the for criticized were discotheques way The dynamics? class of terms in means regime gender ‘progressive’ the does what However, 1999). Pearson & Gilbert and gaze and male dynamics of sexual polarized primacy the from floor dance the liberated clubs way the welcomed commentators Many lack). its (and safety of discourses through mediated significantly are gender/sexu through expressed and

a taxi home even though he lived close to the club he frequented. frequented. he club the to close lived he though even home taxi a - class youth into the sphere of nightscapes and subsequent subsequent and nightscapes of sphere the into youth class e, as she explains, her parents would not get the distinction distinction the get not would parents her explains, she as e, - class youth. Petra’s parents repeatedly asked ‘what Petra and and Petra ‘what asked repeatedly parents Petra’s youth. class made them a ‘safer space’ for women and gay men (e.g. (e.g. men gay and women for space’ ‘safer a them made nd how come they managed to stay up without drinking drinking without up stay to managed they come how nd ality regimes disapproved by clubbers. These regimes regimes These clubbers. by disapproved regimes ality 94

etween clubs or bars would be seen seen be would bars or clubs etween ing and rape rape and ing

CEU eTD Collection ute abto” ( ambition” further “no with refresh’ Friday complete ‘a ‘relax’, ‘reset’, as words by characterized These are events ‘mainstream’. as denounced parties and discos to ascribed is sensibility Different cultures. club of popularity of wave surfed the joi simply who those and H.), (Michal thing” important rather “a as clubbing treated were Magda who and ‘committed’, or ‘serious’ were H. who people between distinction Michal a drawing in consistent Both Živel. Czech as such magazines alternative (Magda), followed Castaneda and Leary “studied” books, bought They clubbing”. of side spiritual “the in culture, interested were new friends her “the of many to that proposed commitment Magda H.). of (Michal language” vibe shared the on stress put interviewees My disco’. regular like a ‘it was it saying formulate would they venue, a or party a with dissatisfaction their express to wanted clubbers If taste. bad or for though: dialogue in remained discos (Emil, and Clubs Nika). suggested interviewees my of several as taboo new a became Saturday’ or Friday in ‘Staying clientele. broader to marketized and anew repackaged was out Going producers. middle the attracting emerged values and language ‘low or ‘bohemian’ as previously considered entertainment of a scenario introduced Club cultures nig regular to clock the around open places eating from city the of infrastructure entire the encompass - rw ad dutd t o te ed o ubn middle urban of needs the for it adjusted and brow’ ht buses and taxis. taxis. buses htand 2.2.2. Michal H.). This line of club cultures adopted the star system and fan fan and system star the adopted cultures club of line This H.). Michal

Club cultures as cultures of ‘doing nothing’ or projects? or nothing’ ‘doing of cultures as Club cultures

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erspectives on the role of leisure culture. This discursive struggle reproduces the the reproduces struggle discursive This culture. leisure of role the on erspectives o - go dancers, laser shows, live instruments and so. Eva describes the atmosphere atmosphere the describes Eva so. and live instruments shows, dancers, laser go amusement and ‘no further ambition’. Moreover, the two sensibilities sensibilities two the Moreover, ambition’. further ‘no and amusement - class class - emerges. The sensibility traditionally attributed to popular culture culture popular to attributed traditionally sensibility The emerges. –

u te bta class betray they but - ntic etc.) is ridiculed and positioned hierarchically lower. hierarchically positioned and is ridiculed etc.) ntic ed featuring vocalists: “when they started singing, I felt felt I singing, started they “when vocalists: featuring ed 96

- based values and ethics as well as as well as ethics and values based lue: “we come there to feel the the feel to there come “we lue: he language of marketing, marketing, of language he - mrvmn agai improvement –

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CEU eTD Collection imnhm coas rfre ivsig nltcly no working into analytically investing preferred scholars Birmingham class to due them to opposition substantial no in but culture parent bourgeois counter 57 (1993: of chapter theoretical the in introduced schema the to According cultures. youth on scholarship further in underdeveloped which remained 1993[1976]) through running distinction helpful a is There class the to connection genealogical a propose rather I subjects. cultures’ club of some on conveyed ethic work and performance p.239) (1999, pill]” Ecstasy [meaning euphoria of instant three or capsule a by along helped […], mental going through vented is frustration and rage working to reference obvious with clubbing describes Reynolds exhaustion. subsequent and money of spending of energy, discharge meant actually it if even ‘refresh’ and ‘relax’ ‘reset’, was Weekend tension. in kept and other each from away sealed conceptually were leisure and work where cultures working earlier to connection in portrayed were cultures club British Often, semi as committed’). not ‘culture interested’ perceived be to tend who discotheques cont (in workers cultural respectable as seen entertainment as represented are cultures club business, and advertising The model of a working a of model The - utrs Counter cultures. - 5, working 75), - related job opportunities are legitimized for middle for legitimized are opportunities job related - - ls yuh raie i sbutrs hl middle while subcultures in organized youth class class weekender clearly does not explain the kind of sensibilities of of sensibilities of kind the explain not does clearly weekender class - utrs ee en s utrl lentvs derive alternatives cultural as seen were cultures - ae esblt kthd y th by sketched sensibility based 97 - rast to club owners and disc jokeys in classic classic in jokeys disc and owners club to rast class subculturalists’ unruly energy: “all that that “all energy: unruly subculturalists’ class

Resistance through Rituals through Resistance - mafia entertainers who are ‘profit ‘profit are who entertainers mafia .

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CEU eTD Collection distinct project, subcultures are seen (from the middle the (from seen are subcultures project, distinct Counter principle. solidarity class to due radically order of authors the Middle 105). working supposedly a as Culture Youth the fragmenting dynamic classed the recognized scholars Birmingham Bourdieu). invoke again to adopt people dispositions attitudes, sensibilities, (what habitus of people (how level discursive the on effective remains it distinction, group objective for basis economic structural as class disregard we if even However, distinction. class crude of basis the on dismissed was raised distinction important The for. allowed Foucault and Bourdieu of tools methodological and conceptual the that subjectivity and taste with dealing for vocabulary subtle a have not did school Birmingham or ‘creative 2001) (Brooks ‘Bobos’ as fraction such self with bourgeoisie new of obsession recent the in also observed be can class middle urban (1989), Zukin (1992[1979]), Bourdieu of to Attempts (2007). Binkley and (1997) Frank work (1991), Featherstone the through restored be can line This counter of mainstreaming and with the rise way this In potential. revolutionary a projected they which onto - scrutiny (Lander 2008, 2010) and in the efforts to coin a ‘sexier’ name for this class class this for name ‘sexier’ a coin to efforts the in and 2010) 2008, (Lander scrutiny - class subcultures were often seen as cultures of ‘doing nothing’ (1993[1976]: 103 (1993[1976]: nothing’ ‘doing of cultures as seen often were subcultures class

non - class counter class Resistance through Rituals through Resistance - classed generational structure of post of structure generational classed –

working - cultures were portrayed as alternatives to the status quo bu quo status the to alternatives as portrayed were cultures

‘create groups with words’ to quote Bourdieu) and on the level level the on and Bourdieu) quote to words’ with groups ‘create - class subcultures vs. vs. subcultures class

noted, with no potential to erode and replace this this replace and erode to potential no with noted, - cultures remained understudied. understudied. remained cultures 98

class’ (Florida 2004). (Florida class’ middle - - class class WWII youth. Corrigan observed that that observed Corrigan youth. WWII - cultures are characterized by their their by characterized are cultures - perspective) as a non a as perspective) class counter class , the line of research dealing dealing research of line the , pin down the progressive progressive the down pin

- cultures cultures

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CEU eTD Collection 2008: 21 career respectable option. and legitimate a was organizer middle event or of DJ as business someone independent For organizers. disco of method c and language sophisticated The vibe. social and drinks and music offers which place a keeping of instead ‘projects’ as them running and nights dance regular launching just than rather ‘events’ organizing were they accent Putting design. or advertising marketing, as such professions new of language the in endeavors their framing preferred they profit, middle to available occupations of range the as well s the changed importantly events EDMC cities, other many in like Just claimed. them of most as profit’ than rather music the for it doing ‘were who business entertainment the into people new brought events music dance electronic of Organization profi purely and taste’ ‘bad sexuality, mafia through organized culture, lacking essentially as as structure leisure rising the event and clubbers tools discursive what show to is idea project of those and fun) sheer and commitment Re the changed ‘dominant culture’, from undistinguishable became and life everyday the into introduced were cultures counter which in ways the to attention paying neglected but resistance overemphasized disorder of project a

Similarly, working - drawing this abandoned distinction between discourses of ‘doing nothing’ (of no no (of nothing’ ‘doing of discourses between distinction abandoned this drawing

122

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21 . Scholars worked to deconstruct this perspective. They They perspective. this deconstruct to worked Scholars . and shaped it significantly. significantly. it shaped and

serious business serious ommitted approach replaced the supposedly unreflexive unreflexive supposedly the replaced approach ommitted t - oriented. 99

and and

- on expertise and professional approach, approach, professional and expertise on real culture real focused, self focused, - class young people. Rather than talking talking than Rather people. young class

- organizers employed to legitimate legitimate to employed organizers networks and harboring ‘vulgar’ ‘vulgar’ harboring and networks - the class background, moving to to moving background, class

while discos were denounced denounced were discos while

essentia - fostering commitment, the the commitment, fostering cenery of nightscapes as as nightscapes of cenery l lack culture (Lawlerof - CEU eTD Collection new media to advertise their activities. their advertise media newto technolog with skilled trainers, ‘cool’ and watch tasteful sporting design, smart self confident as well as experts st and discos of infrastructure leisure the from themselves dissociated they traced: be can thread common a still but unison complete a in Not masculinity. of type different very a embody contras In street’. ‘the from distinction a not connection the accentuate to important is it him, for milieu: sketchy with deal to rave had he stressing likes Eman closed. rough club the before hours few of music electronic kind the represent scene, play to used friend techno DJ Eman’s masculinities. Slovak of legend early the Toky, shifting of i party a setting tale of story whose Eman, scene. a as seen be also con the in the case be can to seems this least, At masculinities. clubs and discos between competition The 1993[1976]), night the of credibility (Hebdige cooptation subculture of theory the with line in explanation an proposing than Rather them). tolerated least at (or disorder nocturnal economy as cultures club perceiving started autho and environment business safe secure to order of structures the with cooperate to willingness showed promoters party sides: both on changed discourse the soon order, the a of blessing the as parties with up set to how well learnt quickly organizers event that noticed 520) (2002: McRobbie as 124) (1996: McKay parents). sponsors, government, local (police, authorities l organizational new the Using ressed a new approach. They tend to be perceived as friendly, sophisticated, humble humble sophisticated, friendly, as perceived be to tend They approach. new a ressed uthorities. While in the late ‘80s in Britain, raves were still seen as enemy of of enemy as seen still were raves Britain, in ‘80s late the in While uthorities. - t, Skank and Milosh or Michal Hvorecký and Tibor Holoda (see 2.3.1.) 2.3.1.) (see Holoda Tibor and Hvorecký Michal or Milosh and Skank t, time economy sector rises with the flow of middle of the flow with rises sector economy time anguage, event organizers and clubbers won the respect of of respect the won clubbers and organizers event anguage, - rmtr. on clua eternus n T in entrepreneurs cultural Young promoters.

- 100 boosting infrastructures rather than cultures of of cultures than rather infrastructures boosting n a ‘dream club’ I described in described I club’ ‘dream a n in a strip bar where he could experiment with with experiment could he where bar strip a in

text of Bratislava nigh Bratislava of text

we may notice that that notice may we - class men into it. it. into men class

section 1.2.2. or or 1.2.2. section - time leisure leisure time y and using using and y - shirts with with shirts rities rities

CEU eTD Collection visibility than those provided by cultural patterns inherited from socialism from inherited patterns by cultural provided than those visibility self in skilled writer Slovak young prominent most the as H. Michal introduced it Moreover, advertising. on focused magazines international of as well as communities marketing local of attention attracted campaign The book. the advertised which party mock a was result The strategies. advertising innovative and party his launch To prestigious. even credible, as be seen to became it to attached domi economy night time of domain and the of part result, a As crowd. ‘wrong’ the from places ‘purge’ narratives class reproduce to mechanisms effective contain cultures club Certainly, be heard. can tunes ‘cheesy’ and ‘tacky’ where m be found to were women These loud. dressed, badly ‘vulgar’, seen as Working subcultures. these by harbored were machismo behavior, unruly aggressiveness, as such masculinities working to related Characteristics (Edo). scene style hard marginal rather the to as well working with identified which be to started domain entire the that is happened What images. masculinity new by replaced thus is jockey disc testosterone the production, (sub)cultural of sphere In the nated by middle by nated

second book of short stories, Michal H. used two formats he knew well: dance dance well: knew he formats two used H. Michal stories, short of book second - -

class femininities tend to be read through sexual terms, too too terms, sexual through read be to tend femininities class class men was legitimated as the harbor of new culture while the jobs jobs the while culture new of harbor the as legitimated was men class perceived differently. As I suggested previously, part of the audience audience the of part previously, suggested I As differently. perceived 2.3.0. 2.3.1. -

class sensibilities migrated to hip hop or to trance ‘discos’ as as ‘discos’ trance to or hop hip to migrated sensibilities class New (sub)cultural producer and consumer and producer (sub)cultural New

Professionalizing vs. commercializing Professionalizing 101

- promotion while using other channels of of channels other using while promotion - driven image of a club owner or a a or owner club a of image driven

ainly at trance events events trance at ainly

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they are are they - class class CEU eTD Collection 22 not does which approach mainst professional or with commercialization overlap completely and quality by characterized be should service ofwhich type a as cultures club formulated clubbers many Anna, like Just [team]”. site more much “was site the She producing team the clubber. that claimed a and journalism of student a as team the joined Anna scene. music dance electronic the on focused music5D.sk site a on Holoda with cooperate to used H. Michal self marketing, of framework the in present embedded was writing his Rather, cultural related practices. and dissidents as well as structures state community, writer traditional leading of the personas of one became H. Michal night. the in clubber avid an was and stories short of collection second his writing was copywriter, a as worked H. Michal while DJ and designer adverti of fans projects, many co colleagues, mates, flat were they 2001, of summer the In Holoda. Tibor friend his and book the of author the by curated and initiated was project party Brand The Gatherers web: party the on released was information following the 2001, October 6th On event. the of day the on revealed be to only was event the of place very the republic, Czech pla the and Slovakia distant from tickets transportation possessed already many them by of some impatiently clubbers, Expected undisclosed. was location actual the however Slovakia, Bratislava, in place take to was type’ new brand a ‘of party dance the 2001, October 8th

[„Brand Party[„Brand sa koná… v knihe Michala Hvoreckého Lovci & zberači“]. rn Pry s aig lc… n h pgs f ihl Hvorecky’ Michal of pages the on place… taking is Party Brand ation and cultural reform. reform. cultural and ation 22

(Hvoreck the new generation of cultural figures. He strictly distanced himself from the the from himself distanced strictly He figures. cultural of generation new the

2006).

sing, new media and pop culture. Tibor was primarily a graphic graphic a primarily was Tibor culture. pop and media new sing,

102

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professional than any other web web other any than professional

s book book s - conspirators in in conspirators Hunters & & Hunters

ces in in ces - CEU eTD Collection ei (oh rvt ad state and private in (both work media the than risk of level higher a with charged is it While marketing. television and sector culture the in work other of field the in situated is organization party Here, who Pico, and Pico: Eman risk. and tension of loss, moments stress to never failed parties, organized Jozef, 6). 2003: Sheffrin & (Sullivan emphasis] [my outcome” the a of possession has who a and idea or person venture enterprise, a “is s/he that says entrepreneur of definition The entrepreneur. cultural respected a being of part a are innovation and Risk expertise. thus is professional a being of idea The Pico promoter/DJ Party cultures: club the into commerce’ ‘vulgar cultures. of breakthrough the explains club underground’ ‘purely previously into machine’ others of work the including community the for respect and passion true of commitment, of lack the is It se. per problematic not is profit of idea the interviewees, the For o profit a notrisk a rather butis activity it realized both We myself. by only events organized I Later, BMW. we gran littleyears, two a receivedof time the For emerged. labor our of fruits some sponsors, potential with meetings and writingpresentation ending never of chain a After events. producing started of director former the With by the people who understand music [the scene] not the ones who’s got money. hi strongsupport a of marketing.than sell Beingtoableisthem an Thesebetter art. namesinvited get only are who DJs other many are There Tiesto. with end qualityare musicians,knowtheseselltohow names people. to The music doesnotand start who namesunknown bring lose, to ready be to hasPromoter away! go and fee the charge oldsamenames because they all careaboutis money. They invite Tiesto, Buuren, the play] partiestobring[for they and myselfor BolekČečetka,Dano Buček, Milanpreviously by done work the of advantage take and money have who people are there Nowadays, f the marketing department in STV [Slovak television]. t from Sony Ericsson, Carat Distillery and from the Slovak importer of importer Slovak the from and Distillery Carat Ericsson, Sony from t - ridden and tiresome work. We parted in good; Tina is today a chief a todayis Tinagood; in partedtiresome work.We and ridden - we) ti rs i cmlmne wt th with complemented is risk this owned), ssumes significant accountability for the inherent risks and and risks inherent the for accountability significant ssumes radio Okey, we founded a company Cosmopolit events and and events Cosmopolit company a founded we Okey, radio - making or the language of marketing in club cultures cultures club in marketing of language the or making organically related to subcultural commitment and and commitment subcultural to related organically ht inf itreto o te ‘money the of intervention signify that 103

m but do not have the the have not do but m (Pico in Mexa 2010) (Pico in Mexa 2010) e narratives of of narratives e

rent a hall,arent - - making making – making making

radio radio new

CEU eTD Collection pushes clubs, clubbers, producer, DJs or event orga event or DJs producer, clubbers, clubs, pushes which characteristic shaming a as functions mainstream of label The policed. and negotiated constantly are culture interest commercially solely and independent/committed of Borders dream as understood be may It arrangement’. to free are systemic previous the we under suppressed and illegitimate dreams, were which dreams our our materialize fulfill can we ‘now, as interpreted thus are culture of field Entrepreneurial dreams. these sharing people of community wider the to related and dreams childhood of invocations through interpreted is it occurs, form some in profit If sustainment. community and creativity innovation, on rather but profit on focused no is that work committed stress thus cultures club in entrepreneurialism of narratives The fulfillment. as well individual community the for mission as clubbers of eyes the in entrepreneurialism cultural legitimizing goods geographico cultural Western Bratislava’s of from scarcity Apart location, historical Budapest. or Prague Vienna, of in capital play the to skip to Slovakia tended music popular of stars Western capitals. neighboring the post the in o position peripheral the about concerned youth was Bratislavian powerful especially is dreams adolescent or childhood with culture of field the in career entrepreneurial successful connects which narrative The ‘doing continues: Pico work’. hard of as ‘a or result as community’ the for something fulfillment’, ‘dream as framed usually is Success commitment. and dedication organized. fulfilledI dream. my I party a atclub a in playto them callthewouldone to bedreamtneverever I I live. playing machinery,good lights, foreign girls,wanted IDJ.theusedtoto seeall hear DJsI the radio in always I way theexactlylooked event. It big firstorganizedthe I 2006, In

104 - come

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under socialism is another factor factor another is socialism under

of entrepreneurialism. of f the capital triangulated by by triangulated capital f the - socialist territory. territory. socialist

(Pico i wanted it to look: to wantedit activities in the the in activities n Mexa 2010)

t -

CEU eTD Collection unpaid or barely paid work in clubs: in work paid or barely unpaid of years the over gained he knowhow the with event own his organize to decided he work, wi conflict into got Ivo When knowhow. considerable gained a he work this to thanks return, In work. his by earned was ‘business’ entire the of success the of part that certain was Ivo Obviously, withdrew. people other many reports, writing a that fact the or traffic web party, a at people of number outcomes: the at pointing to sensitive was he Pico), for (mostly scene the for work unpaid his about Talking as tasks the related assessed He journalism. fan amateur wr he tracks, and video with enriched reports party extensive as such things other Among paid. was he sometimes only and entries for exchange in parties for work PR do to used Ivo time, long a For promoter. am an being from trajectory his explains Ivo colleague and friend Pico’s effort. and time need skills relevant and networks people accumulating knowhow, the up Building guarded. are information and Ideas community. rm… hn epe oe Pu, h dt sol nt old wt aohr i party. big another with no guarantee there collide won’t be something similar happening th not should date the Sometimes,troubletendsathisbookbeDJsyearabouttoyouthathalf a ahead thereis and Plus, come. people then promo… You have to know how to call quality a set DJ, an adequate entry fee a on were peoplemore still midnight, by therewerepeople 1.600 events], his of most organizes Pico where[club Doplerentire the out sold interpretwho only thewas it favoriteand my is [Pico] him for wrote I Corstenandabout Ferry So embarrassment. an it’s bullshit, a write I if so and beginning the sure it is true because if there is anyone who is complete a fan of the DJand follows him from m the all translate (…) biography complete their played,wheretheyDJs:information forabout[…] dig tounpleasant had becauseratheryou

the gate so they had to close and stop letting them in. also John Gillian… I wasespecially Johnhe pedantic alsoI Gillian…one as thewithlater th Pico over not getting a free entry in exchange for his PR PR his for exchange in entry free a getting not over Pico th as seen be can work This events. Pico’s for articles PR ote

ateur report writer to becoming an aspiring party party aspiring an becoming to writer report ateur 105

aterials and above all check facts to make to facts check all above and aterials

e same date. (Ivo, male, 29, entrepreneur) (Ivo, male, 29, entrepreneur) nd mainly make a good

fter he started started he fter

CEU eTD Collection even brought to talk with people” (Ivo). The only difference was more space and space more was difference only The (Ivo). people” talk with to brought even “not were DJs The party. specific that at zone VIP the at service special no was there Ivo, ent (VIP zoning and effects detail, on stress the in reflected also is which service quality offer parties Dopler while junkies of bunch a for parties private like more are U.club) (in there events U.c around community the While give details party. a to flavor these believes he because keyboard uses DJ a when showing and screening detail little every to attention pay to quality, this import to is ambition they time this it is what Wow, around look I and thrill bumps, goose like…: feel I there, come I time every like “It’s aspects: innovative its and provided service of quality the to attached is him for thrill the of Part (Ivo) Z.” to A from the of think can “There, regularly: visits yo all there’s premeditated; he is detail little Every Mission, flawless! always is parties of Trance organization as such Netherlands, the in events they of so people trust and networks background, a built he believes he parties, of critic term long a As (Ivo). money” make is to priority the anymore; there isn’t passion events: “the indep of marker the relocated Ivo it. target to wants he and elsewhere already is splinters genre new and names new for looking is which crowd The problem. a as perceives Ivo which plays who to esta well Pico’s competition. professional the delegitimizing by capital subcultural building for tool powerful a employer: previous his from distinction draw to narrative mainstream the uses he time, same the At ry fee for an event featuring DJ Tiesto was 2.700 SKK [almost 90 EUR]). According to to According EUR]). 90 [almost SKK 2.700 was Tiesto DJ featuring event an for fee ry rightfully expect a lot from him. He wants to put to use his experience with with experience his use to put to wants He him. from lot a expect rightfully nec, avant endence,

blished party brand Beautiful Things attracts people unrelated unrelated people attracts Things Beautiful brand party blished - lub perceives Dopler parties as mainstream, Ivo claims the the claims Ivo mainstream, as parties Dopler perceives lub gardeness onto himself when he assessed Pico’s recent recent Pico’s assessed he when himself onto gardeness 106

prepared for us!” (Ivo) His His (Ivo) us!” for prepared –

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better view. view. better u CEU eTD Collection s dreamt about even never and records smuggled brother’s or radio Austrian to listened they how narrate or Jozef Pico Peťo, H., Michal as flavor sentimental with enriched are (sub)culture in career of Fran by outlined as entrepreneurialism avant be to Audacity innovate. to eagerness courage, personal dreams, of pursuit community, the in involvement work, entrepreneurialism cultures’ Club se. per problem profit scenes, rock or punk as such subcultures ‘traditional’ more for Unlike values. and ideals common for strive to seem they but customers their and themselves differentiate competition, of aware are organizers Party raised. and assessed be can it’s quality that and service of sort a are parties that differences across agreement an is line bottom the how like, feel and look should atmosphere proper what organized, be should party how on views differing about discussions the of out focus the Rather, Bratislava. in scene the of fractions to affiliated discourses numerous compare to not is here idea The of flavor kitschy a parties trance give Pe (Jozef, pretentiousness ticket VIP the with sold i privileges my imaginary of some to According (Eva). service better and quality, care of more bench getting the raising about talking prefer people of Dopler sign a while as mainstreamness community U.club the by perceived is exclusivity and luxury on accent The

large a party should be to still count as underground or how much to charge charge to much how or underground as count still to be should party a large tanding behind a DJ listening to him as he plays at a party of one’s own. one’s of party at a he plays as him to DJ listening a behind tanding ťo ). ).

quality is on showing how different consumer communities emerged emerged communities consumer different how showing on is

- ad tu prety et iprtvs f post of imperatives meets perfectly thus garde , professionalism k (1997). In the post the In (1997). k 107

is embedded in ethical narratives of good good of narratives ethical in embedded is

and and party - socialist context, the narratives narratives the context, socialist - as - service . Even if there are are there if Even . nterviewees, the the nterviewees, - making is not a a not is making

they try to try to they - industrial industrial –

CEU eTD Collection oprtos hc ae otae a invas as portrayed are which corporations big of Instead approval. and popularity gains language new the organizing, party in Used logic. entrepreneurial and marketing management, cultural and commitment The he how is This Slovakia). festival: the characterized and festival republic biggest Czech in (the music Love dance of electronic on Summer specialized project the for renown mostly republic Czech the in present densely be are Bleha Aleš promoters. party with interviews progress gradual and trajectory career managing, project of language The success. business conceptualizing with overlaps scene the about Thinking subcultur of the narratives into weaved organically been has it advertising and marketing about of newspeak talking The and differently. thinking started clubbers including people some changed: culture is story transition (Czecho)Slovak posi the Understandably, considered). when least (at economy market of type Western or proto from of layer one just is clubs in discourses changing of Investigation milieu. entrepreneurial changing the of story a also is cultures club of Thestory successful this [in mission]. is introducing Summer of Love among the most important European festivals and we’re being 1 look I Whentogetherrepublic.unprecedented[…] something putCzech thus in and legends real alsobutnames new bring trends, tocreate attendees, ripenand its together with grow i Love of Summer 0 years back, I see an interestingproperwhichseeanwhichobviously curve headsgoal towardsa I years back, 0 - capitalism or ‘jungle capitalism’ (represented by early discos) to more regulated regulated more to discos) early by (represented capitalism’ ‘jungle or capitalism

passion, expertise and dedication thus align with the language of of language the with align thus dedication and expertise passion, s a long a s

alists and (sub)cultural producers. producers. and (sub)cultural alists - term concept characterized by the basic tendency to progress, to progress,to tendency basic the byconceptcharacterized term

2.3.2. tion of culture and especially independent or counter or independent especially and culture of tion

The language for success for The language 108 ive and exploitative, club cultures promote promote cultures club exploitative, and ive came one of the most respected promoters in in promoters most respected the of one came

transition characterized also by a shift shift a by also characterized transition

(Aleš Bleha in Ondra 2006) -

CEU eTD Collection marketing and advertising agencies, international corporations and and his work: corporations promoting website new a of launching about speaks Pico it. of part a make product, with the international agencies, whic advertising perfection productivity, performance, accentuated It firms. information/telecommunication in and found be could that marketing vocabulary unprecedented an demonstrated consumers and (web virtual only remains connection this if even connection direct as accentuate they other but consumers each and producers to relate Clubbers relations. producer/consumer personalizes language com the for doing been had [Pico] ‘what acknowledged She wall. Facebook Pico of one wrote professional’, so being for you ‘Thank world.” the work in identity l of pleasure intoxicating “The writes: She 519). (2002: sphere work the into transferred was sociality club specific the In relations. work new for basis makes a contacts permeab purposefully The cultures. business vice And networks. non contacts, friendship as organized work of cultures creative h flows from work sphere to leisure and back; the producers as well as customers merge merge customers as well as producers the back; and leisure to work sphere from h flows mediocrity and so prefer I allowing myself some extra time to make [the website] with satisfied superb.get never and do I everythingto value three special add to try alreadyalways I that habit a and demanding very is portal the the programmers resigned future; launching saying they cannot prepare it accordin of near act the the in see happening don’t website I Unfortunately, side. programming the with dealing trance.s domain the up take toagreed I Kalafut, Jany withTogether

official work and atmosphere of community provide new structures for for structures new provide community of atmosphere and work official eisure culture have now, […], provided a template for managing an an managing for template a provided […], now, have culture eisure - mediated, Facebook or so). The language used b used language The so). or Facebook mediated,

109 le line between friendship and professional professional and friendship between line le

Clubs to Companies to Clubs - orginized party attendees on his his on attendees party orginized g tog wish. my It already became , McRobbie argued that that argued McRobbie , k. Recently, I have been have IRecently, k. (Pico in Ninja 2008) y both producers producers both y - versa, informal informal versa, munity’. This This munity’.

CEU eTD Collection “Committed to the cause of contemporary music” (Your Digital Daily [no date]), the project project the date]), [no Daily Digital (Your music” contemporary of cause the to “Committed audience potential large a is there that sign clear a is it Moreover, project. the of branches running regional into skills their pour can who entrepreneurialism cultural about knowledgeable la in branches local runs and date]) [no Daily Digital (Your cities” major “European targets network The post as be characterized ‘hybrid’ York or New The Blanco. Mykki as ‘racialized’ such website the on visibility gain Moreover, identities Cologne). in 2012 Festival Beats which Electronic band at Canadian a played of title song (a gay’ are they and young are ‘they that stressing and cosmopolitan urban liberal to subscribes project This etc. download to compilations videos, news, music featuring Daily Digital Your version online as well as magazine lifestyle radio, For values. of i Beats Electronic affiliation example, of outcome logical a thus is companies telecommunication by EDM playing events and festivals of Support cultures. business progressive and subcultures risk commitment, Authenticity, leisure even productivity. of drive teleological under the subsumes which trajectory professional individual an career, a make to up sph work the to back transferred is which is commitment and passion project of allure such the with invested Moreover, project. another as activities leisure their conceptualize and i time full Working ere. The key word project tends to bridge both work and leisure activities. Projects chain Projects activities. leisure and work both bridge to tends project word key ere. The progressive value set set value progressive

for the syncretism of ‘progressive’ music with ‘progressive’ technologies. technologies. ‘progressive’ with music ‘progressive’ of syncretism the for nguage mutations. Such project means that there are enough people people enough are there that means project Such mutations. nguage n advertising, it is no wonder Pico and others take the language with them them with language the take others and Pico no wonder it is advertising, n - race, post race, s a grand project of Deutsche Telekom. It consists of live events, events, live of consists It Telekom. Deutsche of project grand a s –

for example through supporting feminist music groups or or groups music feminist supporting through example for - t - aking and innovation are characteristics shared by by shared characteristics are innovation and aking gender post gender

110 -

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CEU eTD Collection leisure regime: leisure regime: wa efficient most the as seen are drugs Milanko party As explains, (sub)mission. this in helpers great are drugs and commodified and qualified 70 1999: (Malbon control to subjected are decompo be can night The disco. a or concert rock a at out night a describe to used been had not would which emerged language unprecedented An most. the them preoccupy to seems performance of idea the abandonment, or relaxation than Rather they time the from most the profiting of ways the discussed Clubbers well. of notion The arises. on leisure perspective new a cultures, club With critical as skills gained clubbers how consumers on focus I section next the In too. it, monitoring and provided service the of part themselves making participate actively but consume and co of and agency of sense vocabulary, Their too. changed, consumers organizers, professionalized with Together the for platform symbolic a 2.3.5.). section in (elaborated fraction class networked offering ‘community’ international targets project The enterpris ‘passionate of use the for it transposing activism of language the of use makes almost always. Entertainmentfun.havingsound expression]describedthere go a you andisguaranteed, by so like It’s convenient[…]tak that.to for tool good a is E[cstasy] And […]. issues relationship some from off yourselfcut behind, work leave qualitytoentertainmenthavehaveyou time, to want you If

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e it, you talk a bit and in the coursehalfofthe in andbit a talkyou it, e 2.3.3. - 133; Pini 2011: 173 2011: Pini 133; 111

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(Milanko, male, 32, event photographer) y to tune oneself into the correct correct the into oneself tune to y

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of working and spending and suggested the reclamation of leisure. However later on, on, later However leisure. of reclamation the suggested and spending and working of to think a toneed I so lamps(…)streetpassingand car a sittingin as even said,pilllistenahehalfonlywith and work Roman,dog10like I a couple a haveand pills 3 takeneeds heto anythingtakeandstopjust thinking, to stop thinking!once wasI askingfriendaof why mine come they Friday, then and day per hours function12 like to have they hard, seriously was to parties] [to there go really who people know I d dancing which is not about luring a potential sexual partner but about joy from from joy but about partner sexual potential a luring not about is which dancing d - liberal regime, subjects are expected to govern their free time time free their govern to expected are subjects regime, liberal nymore. [my emphasis] Shr 19) okd t h Aeia middle American the at looked (1991) Schor ,

as most efficient in achieving a state ‘apart from the ordinary’ ordinary’ the from ‘apart state a achieving in efficient most as

get smashed get

112

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From From 13 to 33 EUR. 1.000 is SKK 33approx. EUR. 23 fr n vn whe event an for ) ttract only committed clubbers (although the crowd can grow up to several several to up grow can crowd the (although clubbers committed only ttract - time salary. Eva lists her usual expense items: ticket pl ticket items: expense usual her lists Eva salary. time

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13 3 Approx. EUR. - 17 EUR.

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kind of music… or the kind of people who just want to to want just who people of kind the or music… of kind he early times. Some clubbers worked aside or or aside worked clubbers Some times. early he 114

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together with quality DJs, good sound and lights or services such as as such or services lights and sound good DJs, quality with together osedly after Ivo’s critique and a thread of reactions, this this reactions, of thread a and critique Ivo’s after osedly rs observed crowd dynamics as one of the aspects aspects the of one as dynamics crowd observed rs 115 e initial movement and it was boosted with with boosted was it and movement initial e

r bodies, moods and clothes as making an an making as clothes and moods bodies, r drug dealers and club owners, club club owners, club and dealers drug at least when it comes to the the to comes it when least at - - clubbing friends complaining complaining friends clubbing oriented threads, comments comments threads, oriented –

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seem to aspire to well functioning entrepreneurial milieu and quality service. service. quality and milieu entrepreneurial functioning well to aspire to seem

example, I respect Bolek very much; he was one of the first. When he quit, I was I quit,he Whenfirst. the of onewashe much; very respectBolekexample, I of EDM enthusiasts identified by sponsors and companies companies and sponsors by identified enthusiasts EDM of of ‘great party’, ‘quality time’. Thus, clubbers themselves became a a became themselves clubbers Thus, time’. ‘quality party’, ‘great of

rkers of the underground. Clubbers Clubbers underground. the of rkers

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CEU eTD Collection for perpetuating the idea of Western abundance and liberty, a magic constructio magic a and liberty, abundance Western of idea the for perpetuating non Socialist 2006). Yurchak 2003; (Verdery socialism ra was of idea the evoked parties Globe at used decorations Thematic as consumers/producers. position global their about culture through thinking people started t tangible ‘joining of these shifts political that believe I (2009). Eurozone the joined it before years five and (2004) E.U. the and NATO joined Slovakia before years of couple a just place took parties Globe clubbing clubbing Bratislava, ‘consumer as imaginary By matched. was headliners m DJ the Slovakia, around towns with metropolises big of of names the juxtaposing nationality the and sampled, was food displayed, cos a communicated parties of go imaginary: aesthetic The Town. Cape or Tokyo Paris, L.A., as such vibe cosmopolitan its by characteristic city different a after named was parties In2 of community imagined the creating for sponsors and technologies new of importance showing to proceed I about? 002, dance parties called Globe clubbing were staged in several Slovak cities. Each of the the of Each cities. Slovak several in staged were clubbing Globe called parties dance 002, dically different from that of the unattainable and partly fantasized West of late late of West fantasized partly and unattainable the of that from different dically

in in Poprad. in Prievidza, Prievidza, in .. clubbing L.A. - go dancers and hostesses were accordingly costumed, maps of the world were world were the of maps costumed, accordingly were hostesses and dancers go 2.3.5.

Cape Town clubbing Town Cape

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Globe, Tripmag, Alcatel and L&M: networked consumers networked L&M: and Alcatel Tripmag, Globe, citizens’ (Featherstone 1991) was redrawn. redrawn. was 1991) (Featherstone citizens’ in Považská Bystrica, Bystrica, Považská in he world’ reverberated in a set of subtle shifts in the way young young way the in shifts subtle of set a in reverberated world’ he . .

in Nitra, Nitra, in 117

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in Nové Zámky and and Zámky Nové in rnfr clubbing Frankfurt

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CEU eTD Collection more important, the centripetal force by which media bring together the crowd identified by by identified crowd the together bring media which by force centripetal the more important, is what and, dissemination their media, own their of production to comes it when vitality e commodify to invitation their with industries cultural resisting cultures as subcultures of portrayal prevalent the in neglected been often have subculturalists by issued media the that noticed (1996) Thornton reshu guerilla symbolic at least, or, movements social emerging as potential political with inscribed and power resisting with charged often then were groups These 2002[1972]). Cohen (e.g. youth of groups coherent of v authoritative the presupposition, this to contrary pre of state a in existed never subcultures that argued Thornton it, of death a unde being knowledge subcultural of subculture dissemination mass considered of (1993[1976]) concept the and constituted were subculturalists portraying media national media of analysis cultures, youth and I media. available the reading to turn I imaginary, new the Tracing way. and consumable reproducible tangible, post the onto West’ ‘Imaginary the mapping aided clubbing Globe as y clubbing of position the reconfigured Westand unattainable the of trauma consumer socialist late the discarded cultures, the club by aided imaginary, new This toothpicks). on attached flags with samples food of form the it could and divided than rather connected it now, here and as well happening was as clubbing Globe of ‘elsewhere’ The 364). 2003: (Verdery West the by fostered culture official and politics economy, socialist by supported indirectly desire very aspect of culture and life. Thornton points at subcultures’ subcultures’ at points Thornton life. and culture of aspect very ffling signs against the systemic patterns. patterns. systemic the against signs ffling outh on the map of consumer citizenship. Events such such Events citizenship. consumer of map on the outh –

– whether issued by subculturalists themselves or or themselves subculturalists by issued whether

has been crucial for the way subculture studies studies subculture way the for crucial been has

118

oice of media helped producing the idea idea the producing helped media of oice

have been consumed (literally in in (literally been consumed have rstood. While early Hebdige Hebdige early While rstood. n studies of subcultures subcultures of studies n - media innocence. Just Just innocence. media - socialist territory in a a in territory socialist

CEU eTD Collection olcie te atnto wrlsl te tgte. nie n h counter the in Unlike together. tied wirelessly partynation the collective: connection of notion tautological the by connected but or crowd the bag a in in potatoes were they lost individuals, As target. groups, product great a were in dealer a contacting parties to going People masse. en used be to starting p Mobile Alcatel. advertising of form discrete a device: a by month a in twice rewarded was message text best The floor. dance the from ideally sentiments, any share to invited were Clubbers magazine. the of page a on posted is then which message form the in mind of states their share to encouraged were clubbers rare, rather still were phones mobile when time the In popularity. was their of tip which the on Tripmag, were it, mapping and scene music dance electronic regional the 2000, after Shortly as Such magazine. of the pages on the advertised are which technologies new and media new of variety a by together brought is 1991[1983]) as greeted are readers advert with filled literally color in were issues later the quality, zine the in issued was Tripmag early While 1996). (since Tripmag was Slovakia and Republic Czech in scene music dance electronic the to dedicated magazine only The togetherness. 109 2002: (Hodkinson 137 1996: (Thornton magazines ta shared ste. Just like Anderson like Just ste.

- 152) have an effect of subcultural community reification; its sense of sense its reification; community subcultural of effect an have 152) partynation - - nation (1991[1983]) ian 160) as well as items such as clothes and accessories accessories and clothes as such items as well as 160)

(in English). This ‘imagined community’ (Anderson (Anderson community’ ‘imagined This English). (in 119

mobile phones. phones. mobile - wide newspapers, also flyers and and flyers also newspapers, wide

for its own sake, they were a a were they sake, own its for ising. In the editorial, Tripmag Tripmag editorial, the In ising.

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CEU eTD Collection designate Kyberia.sk, one the of earliest online forums where several my of interviewees were members. book 28 200: 64 27 ethnic wearing woman black young a 07/2001): (Trimpag place the from dissociated is race campaign, L&M of imagery the On place. the of irrespective anywhere experienced and assembled Ideally: anywhere. unpacked and cigarettes of box a into packed be can It fantasy. consumer shared you! with [connected] the line world of taste the to connection Your goes: slogan the mutations, linguistic different In Tripmag. of issues multiple in featured was advertisement the Moreover, parties). Globe of sponsor the at pointing billboards of margin t on warning Health of Ministry the (with lines by connected were metropolises where map a showed parties at placed Billboards imagery. related thematically employing Slovakia year A the or borders. connectedness, no oflimits and grabs world up for of idea the communicating in efficient were screenings such Again, screened. were places distant at clubs from transmissions video parties, During organizers. a forums on provided posted, was feedback also but were advertised were events pictures party partynation: the accommodated virtually mobile internet from phones, apart imaginary: new the constellating in place important had Technology the formulating factor a seen crucial as narratives

Douglas digital Rushkoff, age visionary formulated club cultures as a part the of cybernetic revolution. His Anti Cyberia - technology narratives - 65 after the campaign for L&M cigarettes was launched (2001), Globe clubbing toured toured clubbing Globe (2001), launched was cigarettes L&M for campaign the after ee n now and here ). 27

( , technology is not perceived as a threat. Just the reverse, it is celebrated and and celebrated is it reverse, the Just threat. a as perceived not is technology , 1994) was an influential readingearly for Bratislavian As clubbers. a result, its name was to used

[‘tu a teraz’] as the the as teraz’] a [‘tu ( as legacies the of

. It was the world which could be tasted, sampled: the world of of world the sampled: tasted, be could which world the was It . - inspired blouse and jewelry i jewelry and blouse inspired , The aroma unites you with with you unites aroma The clubbing community clubbing ‘ 60s )

were 120

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he he CEU eTD Collection traditional social categories of distinction such as race, ethnicity and nationality to introduce introduce to nationality and ethnicity race, as such distinction of categories social traditional can partynation The as existence into called were who of consumers and nation other novels newspaper, Andersonian like Just together. world the bringing commodities the idea Unlikean proposes ad cigarette the world, divided the signify to used closeness. which items ‘Western’ virtual connection, of possibility the accentuated it impossibility, of legacy the dream of instance an was chic cosmopolitan new The be savored. can now which world’ ‘flavor the of the evoke to order in overstressed were ethnicity, or ‘race’ geography, imagery, clubbing or originality belonging, of ideas the shuffle which billboards campaign make and costuming of help the with ‘exotica’ the evoking least at or hostesses of type ‘racial’ the matching by as well as Frankfurt for signs airport or London for booths red as such symbols souvenir of use the with location the of authenticity re imagery clubbing Globe is simulated. equality club for open wide is world the symbols: Global project L&M of of form a took village global of idea logo postmodern popular the examples, these In the Connection. with tagged is miniguide The 53). 07/2002: (Tripmag by smitten be will “You guide. club luxury. and a cleanliness supermodernity, of Singapore’s form the in Singapore: to visit a for editors city a of –

Moscow. In another issue of the same magazine, clubbers are invited to join the the join to invited are clubbers magazine, same the of issue another In Moscow. - wide media, commodities addressed and created (trans created and addressed commodities media, wide

the desire for the West. However, rather than stressing the distance and and distance the stressing than rather However, West. the for desire the

also be understood as a trope for the class fraction which cuts across across cuts which fraction class the for trope a as understood be also

- stages the theme of global village but rather tries to evoke evoke to tries rather but village global of theme the stages bers, the old boundaries dissolved. An idea of happy happy of idea An dissolved. boundaries old the bers, 121

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CEU eTD Collection epei zcolvkawr ihr D either were Czechoslovakia in people young ‘80s, as the In perceived present. was be diversification of to sense Little were subgenres. and alternatives which styles fragmented many and culture) (popular/mass lit notoriously had consumers socialist Late neo of principles entrepreneurial pervasive with ‘chic’ countercultural of fusion the designate term the coined (2009) McGuigan before long ‘cool’ and ‘style’ wa capitalism socialism, under cultivated 1999) (Yurchak West’ ‘Imaginary the which through routes’ on perspective the ‘caravan From delivered. were items) fetish by cultural into (turned goods consumer alive kept was It culture. alternative and popular items other and film music, style, emanating source a as seen was West’ ‘Imaginary The 159) 2006: (Yurchak encountered.” be not could West real the when time the at only existed and “w ‘elsewhere’ This (2006) Yurchak world. divided non socialist late the that proposes of model the on based was which imaginary consumer of promise The partynation. of body the forming subjectivity ‘progressive’ new this of constitution the in receive sexuality and gender role central the elab I 3.2.0., section In identities. playful of generative are which distinctions new - liberalism.

2.3.6.

here and now and here

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or or here, too here, - official culture was attached to the symbolic ‘elsewhere’. ‘elsewhere’. symbolic the to attached was culture official epeche Mode fans [‘depešáci’] or into metal music music metal into or [‘depešáci’] fans Mode epeche

siprat o etutrn h post the restructuring for important is

122 tle sense of distinction between ‘mainstream’ ‘mainstream’ between distinction of sense tle

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to to of of CEU eTD Collection moved from party to party, events circulated, DJs migrated, technology travelled just like like just travelled technology migrated, DJs circulated, events party, to party from moved people fluid: and flexible incredibly was infrastructure entertainment of model new The of spreading for viral crucial was party a run to easiness of level The friends. of couple just with nowhere of middle the in dance and doors car the open capacities, its of top the to play stereo car a let just actually relatively with staged be can party such that is idea The costuming. imaginative and socializing hyperactive from also but stimulants by fuelled often marathon dancing a from pleasure derive who people young of crowd a for records ate movie defunct a or hall exhibition an been have could it space: disposable large any or club a in place took which parties of kind the were clubbing Globe (section 2.2.0.). earlier explained but floor, dance of mutation local example for playing, and emerging were Discotheques subcultures. have these to around seem grown niches market modest only Importantly, grunge. like styles new adopted were which groups multiple by populated were these 2000), Markowitz 1999; Yurchak 2002; 1994, (Pilkington youthscapes socialist post ‘90s the of studies several to According styles. of continuity significant a also was there identit subcultural new down, fell Curtain Iron the When . Czechoslovakia ‘normalized’ life in (sub)cultural ‘normal’ a live to seriousness utmost with experienced were events these all Bra in concert Wonder’s Stevie Budapest, and Prague Warsaw, in Mode Depeche of concert The other. the or one havesaid would they confession, religious or ideological of seriousness full With [‘metalisti’]. tislava or attempts to set a tradition of independent rock festivals; festivals; rock independent of tradition a set to attempts or tislava

electronic dance music. dance electronic

they gained little respect from the middle the from respect little gained they

echoing late socialist subcultural styles as well as as well as styles subcultural socialist late echoing 123

little resources anywhere. One can can One anywhere. resources little ies emerged but, for some time, time, some for but, emerged ies lier. Here, DJs play from from play DJs Here, lier. - class youth as I I as youth class - CEU eTD Collection as a group bounded by specific adjectives. On the website of Wilsonic (Wilsonic 2012), 2012), (Wilsonic Wilsonic of website the On adjectives. specific by bounded group a as seen be can it sponsors, potential and organizers both for define; to easier is audience their organizati clearer to moved organizers party Eman by (presented parties setting of techniques improvisational From crowd. sophisticated as well a as consumers potential as clubbers present to able they were mark the adopted quickly who organizers party by addressed were sponsors These Councils). British as such institutes cultural also (but concerns tobacco and operators telecommunication distilleries, alcohol producers, car by such as recognized mobile, as innovation them shaped cosmopolitan, which imaginary shared the by together brought was citizens of consumer collective the subgroups, taste of boundaries of renegotiation constant Despite mai of boundaries and sliding this collective, claims coherent taste around divisions and uniform fragmentation constant of process a the in was community than Rather partynation. cosmopolitan a of idea the around structured more No new the West, the of point impulses. referential cultural received East the West the and where divide emanated the of idea the from away moved It Wall. the of Fall the before cl in fostered imaginary new The youth. and neo flexibility the fluidity, translated Such openness scapes. interlocking of form particular a as schema (1996) danc electronic the of think may We ideas. or music

- retd ujcs a agt f lbl campaign global of target a subjects, oriented nstream. nstream. - liberal world order into tangible forms readily available to to available readily forms tangible into order world liberal ub cultures abandoned the binary model of the world world the of model binary the abandoned cultures ub

imaginary subsumed post subsumed imaginary

124 onal structures and strategies. Simultaneously, Simultaneously, strategies. and structures onal

e music scene in terms of Appaduraian Appaduraian of terms in scene music e eting language through which which through language eting - socialist clubbers under the the under clubbers socialist

section 1.2.2.), 1.2.2.), section s. They were were They s. -

CEU eTD Collection vraj krajinavraj plná úprimných a spontánnych ľudí. My dodávame, že s vynikajúcim vk sirobiť nových. Stretli sme Poliakov, Rakúšanov, Angličanov aj Francúzov. Všetci sa výborne bavili. je Slovensko 29 H. Michal reasons, financial to due off called be hadto edition 2010 When march. victorious a not is Bratislava of partynation the organizing that proves Wilsonic of story The or i in oneLondon is whether change substantially not does which party scenario come friendly of acts by erased be to only invoked are Nationalities taste. solely a addressed not is crowd Party original]). the in [emphasis 145 2009: McGuigan in cited 116 the for „struggle the called Gay du what demonstrates c who and survive ‘cosmopolitan of people young of number sufficient partynation of audience i survival for fight constant Wilsonic’s the body: cosmopolitan one form and differences other meetings, and national of transgress people places young where connections as promoted are corporations) telecommunication from and grants institutes on relies which Wilsonic especially (and Wilsonic as such Festivals themselves. amuse they way the by also country the of future the shaping actively garde avant an as clubbers introduce lines these atmosphere, festival the reviewing from Apart forward cosmopolitan, Bratislava

[ Bolo úžasné stretávať vás v areáli aprej počúvať people. We add to this that they also have great taste.spontaneous and sincere of country a supposedly is Slovakia fun. great had Everyone well. frinew friendsmaking oldand meetingmusic, debating joy, ofexpressions hearing and thereyou meetingfantastic was It s consumers but rather as citizens of the partynation, a community of shared (‘good’) (‘good’) shared of community a partynation, the of citizens as rather but consumers s - based festival festival based n e rsne t sosr. h reoi o te party the of rhetoric The sponsors. to presented be an

- looking, open looking, partynation - ‘reflecting future’, the festival audience is introduced as urban, urban, as introduced is audience festival the future’, ‘reflecting type. That it can join cities like Berlin or Vienna; that there is is there that Vienna; or Berlin like cities join can it That type.

ends. We met Poles, Austrians,Poles,ends.metEnglishmen We Frenchmen and as . -

s also a struggle to prove that Bratislava disposes of an an of disposes Bratislava that prove to struggle a also s minded and ‘good taste’ crowd: crowd: taste’ ‘good and minded avy radosti, debatovať o hudbe, stretávať starých priateľov a 125

- orientation’ who can make the festival festival the make can who orientation’ imagination of the consumer the of imagination 29

[my translation] usom.

]

- - together of a a of together above review n Bratislava. n Bratislava.

supported supported

“ (1996: (1996: “ cultural cultural -

CEU eTD Collection stará, sa vrátio rok silnézdravé, a štýlové!”] 30 York. New EDM, of cradle the and dominating Ibiza in clubs mega of running to Kong, Hong from Britain of withdrawal the of celebrations Parisi of couture haute from world the conquering and touring sound’ However, (cover). culture” dance contemporary of account definitive “the tell to York New 4. 3.Ibiza, Kong, Hong 2. Paris, 1. snippe introductory several proposes (1998) Garrat culture, club on book her introduce To than self more no require jobs these while leisure like feel that jobs in working all routes, pleasure race, beyond people networked of utopias cyber to perfectly corresponded It virally. ‘non shared utopian a of vision a proposed culture Club be months (justfew a party open air Parade Love example, for still, And imaginary. partynation’s the Wall the of Fall subsequent the and Love of so 1988/1989 of overlap The slogan? PLUR respect) and unity love, (peace, the than agenda inclusive more and broader a present cultures club Could world’. cos join to path clearest the offer could cultures Club and stylish! strong healthy, time year in back a come will Holoda] [Tibor of auspices under time long a for been has which founders] the of one a crossed fingers my keep “I blog: his on festival the

[“ [ Tibor zverejnilTibor smutnú správu. - expression. expression. –

was initially conceived as a peace demonstration in the divided city of Berlin Berlin of city divided the in demonstration peace a as conceived initially was

fore the Wall was torn down). down). torn was Wall the fore ]

Držím mu palce a verím, že naše spoločné dieťa, o ktoré sa už dlho dobre detrsi Wonderland in Adventures

- fantasies (Rushkoff 1994) as well as to neo to as well as 1994) (Rushkoff fantasies

class, gender, sexuality, moving freely to follow follow to freely moving sexuality, gender, class, was never considered an important fact shaping shaping fact important an considered never was 126

30 was [he child common our that hope nd ” ” (Hvoreck mopolitan youthscapes, to ‘join the the ‘join to youthscapes, mopolitan - lc’ (Aug place’

is rather a tale of the ‘British ‘British the of tale a rather is ý –

2010b) which became the largest largest the became which - called Second Summer Summer Second called é 1995) which spread spread which 1995)

an salons through through salons an - liberal liberal ts: ts: CEU eTD Collection it was also an exercise in differentiation: not everything Western goes, not everything is is everything not goes, Western everything not differentiation: in exercise an also was it practices, consumer socialist late in rooted was style clubbers’ While transition. of conditions prac socialist late used Clubbers aspects. bourgeois with of Bohemia values together brought they way the by characterized class middle new global the of form local represented clubbers such, As life. family trajectory, career professionalism, work, hard of values threatened which lifestyle Bohemian of ‘extreme’ the from distinction employed avant their two between moved O clubbers extremities. orientation, value or trajectory ‘meaningful’ a Crafting par excellence. of medium a as cultures club of story the of think thus may We 1). (1993: been” cou the once as globe the “British around exported were styles youth that ago time some wrote Redhead xiii) 1998: (Garrat merchandise.” and music such for market new massive a be soon could China promoters, British by organised events showi also is which Russia, “Like clubbing: British of expansion the on time comments author The xiii). 1998: (Garrat promoters party the of a one says China,’ Communist left have might we that think to nice ‘It’s EDMC: is Nation One rule Chinese the under passed as such labels under Kong events the running Expats Parade. Love first Hong the of reminiscent before staged party a of account The -

garde position as taste leaders and lifestyle producers. On the other hand, they they hand, other the On producers. lifestyle and leaders taste as position garde believe in the strong appeal of a euphoric gathering pumped up by the byr the up pumped gathering euphoric a of appeal the strong in believe n the one hand, they differed from the ‘mainstream’ which also legitimized legitimized also which ‘mainstream’ the from differed they hand, one the n

tices and strategies of consumption to craft their style in the the in style their craft to consumption of strategies and tices

2.4.0. 127

Conclusion

- ntry’s manufactured goods had had goods manufactured ntry’s bomb ticking on the edge of of edge the on ticking bomb ng a keen interest in in interest keen a ng one market one hythm of of hythm Unity

or or

CEU eTD Collection cri its of emptied competition. serve to meaning is which mainstream the of to vision run haunting the a evade on to always progress, are who experience’ ‘special and taste’ ‘good of community the ‘coo l’. Instead of the ‘Imaginary West’, clubbers are invited to join the cosmopolitan youth, youth, cosmopolitan the join to invited are clubbers West’, ‘Imaginary the of Instead l’.

128

tical tical CEU eTD Collection Conclusion 3.3.0. Sexi 3.2.0. clubbing? of effect The carnival 3.1.0. Introduction 3.0. [constructingtransgressive middle 3.2.4. The neo 3.2.4. the house the leaves feminine culture’: ‘Bedroom 3.2.3. thing? feminist a fluid desire is ‘Beautiful people’: 3.2.2. a pose striking and imagery: sexuality gender New 3.2.1. and middle cultures youth Transgression, 3.1.5. lifestyle into activities subcultural of Translation 3.1.4. networking comfort, Responsibility, 3.1.3. comfortable: to From transgressive 3.1.2. excess to limit a of ‘smažka’: figure The central 3.1.1. ng the new middle class middle the ng new

- liberal sexual revolution sexual liberal

Chapter3 129

consolidation of middle of consolidation

- class constructions of subject of class constructions

- related activities activities related -

classsubject] - class lifestyles class

CEU eTD Collection called ‘social ageing’ by talking leisure only. All that really matters is a subcultural persona persona subcultural a is matters really that All only. leisure talking by ageing’ ‘social called t want they because or one have to young too are they because is This professions. their disregard people clubs, in that claims (1996) Thornton promote experimenting. gender/sexuality clubs discotheques, in observed be can that division role gender strict and sexuality ‘vulgar’ Unlike subjectivity. new the of gender that argue I Further, to specifically and class middle progressive the to assigned be can that further, sustained and clubs in assembled subjectivity, of kind the examine I chapter, this In remain consumption and achieved is trajectory middle the of ‘normality’ excess, of figure the from distinction By patterns. lifestyle ‘sma of figure a onto Excess figure’. ‘excessive ‘mainstream the and the crowd’ polarities: two between stretched regulated, and managed learned, is clubs in crafted subjectivity the entertainment, spontaneous through ‘revealed’ than Rather c middle class new of project the of heart the in is transgression Instead, order. social the threatening excess and hierarchies reversed a widely I refute chapter, In this s ž

central ka’ while practices related to clubbing are processed into sustainable sustainable into processed are clubbing to related practices while ka’ - bending and ‘expressive’ sexuality are central to the articulation articulation the to central are sexuality ‘expressive’ and bending

. eiiie while legitimized

3.1.0. - diffused idea that clubs provide a space for carnival effect of of effect carnival for a space provide clubs that idea diffused

The carnival effect of clubbing? of effect The carnival 3.0 onsolidation. onsolidation.

Introduction –

in fashion, drugs, d drugs, fashion, in 130

self disinterested aesthetic perspective on on perspective aesthetic disinterested o buffer what Bourdieu (1992: 110 (1992: Bourdieu what buffer o - xlrto truh ex through exploration

ance, sexuality sexuality ance,

its ‘creative’ section. section. ‘creative’ its perience and and perience –

is relegated relegated is - class life life class - 11) 11) CEU eTD Collection working then in advertisi in then working ‘ad mentioned Anna people”. creative “fantastically clubbers called Magda other. each from learnt who professionals and students were attendees that Pe Anna, When life. one’s over control of and sense prospects future career, of terms in think to was distancing of way best the and ‘excess’ the from themselves frie best his about failure and danger risk, of stories circulated clubbers As ‘normativity’. of outside step to invited one is that mean automatically alternative while However, contexts. different across identities marginal for message empowering the on carry they suppose would One 1998). Garrat 1997; (Rietveld agglomerations American in Lawren 1995; Thomas 1995; (Dyer disco earlier as well as cultures, Club celebrities. embody temporarily to way a as drag) to akin practice (a vogueing of think may We hierarchies. alternative to according fabulous th to according disadvantaged are effect who people carnival the for space provide clubs that believe to tempted thus be might One 1999). Gaillot also (see differently organized th leave people 100 (2004: toilettes club in people with occupation discuss to attempts actual Thornton’s mocking by transgression of havens 1996: Thornton in South & of like crowd the to affiliation and an

values and transgressive practices may be fostered in clubs, it does not not does it clubs, in fostered be may practices transgressive and values eir Apollonian working bodies and inhabit Dionysian festive bodies which are are which bodies festive Dionysian inhabit and bodies working Apollonian eir ť o or Michal H. spoke spoke H. Michal or o nd from clubbing times who has been in psychiatric care care psychiatric in been has who times clubbing from nd ng/marketing/event agencies; Anna remembered one group coming coming one group remembered Anna agencies; ng/marketing/event 111). Jackson (2004) insists even more on the idea of clubs as as clubs of idea the on more even insists (2004) Jackson 111). ce 2003), are partly rooted in cultural practices of gays of color color of gays of practices cultural in rooted partly are 2003), ce - - 101). He advocates the sensual shift taking place as as place taking shift sensual the advocates He 101). minded co minded about the demography of parties, they underscored underscored they parties, of demography the about

131 e ruling standards may be rich, famous and and famous rich, be may standards ruling e -

clubbers on the road to self to the road on clubbers

– -

makers’ (‘reklamkári’) (‘reklamkári’) makers’ for example, Michal H. spoke spoke H. Michal example, for

– - discovery (Dorn (Dorn discovery

they distanced distanced they –

people people –

CEU eTD Collection at work. still were maps social and relaxed, friendly was the While atmosphere an background the assess to able were They (Peťo). dormitory or department university, by other each identified often they students, As affiliations. university and groups professional of aware well were interviewees My opposite. clu in absent wasn’t thus career, a of even profession, a of idea The an became book). which stories short of book ( success unprecedented first H.’s Michal promoting helped scene Peopl electronica. to dedicated show first the 1992, in House Crystal show radio a ran and month first a once the U.club of in playing one started Holoda was music: who electronic of Holoda evangelists Tibor with friend close became he Later, Café). UW cult the to attached store record a ran and events for DJs booked promoter, a was (who Kŕč Braňo around people many met he club, a in met he whom girlfriend his to thanks that o career his IT also for but impulse up start a him students for meant scene the “university on active people Meeting as programmers…”. crowd clubbing the described H. Michal business. s 23); was she parties, played DJ when shouting 8 were and They liked. borovička they something drinking bar, the at standing parties, the to

f a writer (of short stories, novels but also copy texts). Michal H. remembered remembered H. Michal texts). copy also but novels stories, short (of writer a f 3.1.1. he says she follows them because some of them are still in the the in still are them of some because them follows she says he in

section 2.3.1., I described the strategy for launching his second second his launching for strategy the described I 2.3.1., section

The central figure of ‘smažka’: a limit to excess to limit a of ‘smažka’: figure The central - 10 years older than Anna (when she started attending attending started she (when Anna than older years 10 132 d position one on the grid of social belonging. belonging. social of grid the on one position d

bs of Bratislava, just the the just Bratislava, of bs

e at the the at e - people, people, bar bar CEU eTD Collection and and women around Czechoslovakia were prosecuted. action ‘Vlasatci’ [‘Hair’ ‘Peopleor with long hair’] which during in 1966 more than four thousand young men are derived ÚV from [CentralKSČ Committee the of Communist Party] documentation which accompanied rather inspired Elvisby Presley with shorter hair fixed up with the sugarhelp of water beer.or Both definitions ‘neglected’ clothes and causing public commotion heavyby drin long & Pospíšil (2010) d daring members tended to capture the eye of onlooker so that nuances within subcultures disappeared. Blažek subcultural members were singularized by names such as rudeMod, boy, punk, rasta etc. Stylistically most 31 it. phrased Magda as metrosexuals”, “be to care, heightened with looks their into invest to men for possibility a opened styles c this in later discuss As I (Anna). what” or “homosexuals been have must they believed she maintenance, body and grooming style, on accent their of because However, men. mostly were ‘Turks’ the Anna, to clos a upon but, friend a to guy looking good a out point to tried she as times several ‘deceived’ was she how remembers sure. Magda be to difficult it made clubs in worn style clothing the but men were them of Most some and jewelry wore They name)”. precise the recall not could Anna but Turkish word the contains supposedly brand (the shop Vienna a from clothes their got they because ‘Turks’ them call to used “we clothes, extravagant e were they why describes Anna claims. she them”, knew “everyone parties: at meet to used friends her and she group distinct a about speaks Anna detail. most in figure/group this characterized Anna smile, benevolent or a gesture a by accompanied reference, of point common characteristic group a for standing figure out singled a is it sometimes names, different by addressed is group discourse the in emerging group a or figure recurrent a is There

The practiceThe of singling out a figure representing the style entire of group in its esse - haired young man parading his supposed nihilism towards the values majorityof society wearing ocumented and discussedocumented two figures of the ‘60s in socialist Czechoslovakia.

–

‘smažka’ hapter (section 3.2.3.), experiments with gender experiments 3.2.3.), hapter (section

31 . While most of the interviewees used ‘smažka’ as a a as ‘smažka’ used interviewees the of most While .

er look, the object of desire was a woman. According According woman. a was desire of object the look, er

133

of them had solarium tainted complexion. complexion. tainted solarium had them of k ing and provocative behavior. ‘ of winking ‘You know, what I mean’ mean’ I what know, ‘You winking of xcessively remarkable: dressed in in dressed remarkable: xcessively of clubbers. Sometimes, this this Sometimes, clubbers. of nce is not new. Often, - bending expressive expressive bending

‘ Mánička Pásek ’ was ’ was a the CEU eTD Collection produced and concentrated youth groups hanging around and making trouble. 32 them remembers she informed…”; and educated people, smart were there […], students her like clubbers of Other crowd’ ‘Petržalka the and ‘Turks’ the at pointing By too. consumers, drug avid and Petržalka from groups some She quantities. high in drugs party consumed ‘Turks’ the Anna, to According or waiter). sales assistant like or jobs holding but schools of vocational students students school high or university not (meaning student’ a ‘not ‘junkie’, ambiguous, fashion characterization: from their in themselves intersect distance categories of to Bundle smažka. important was it interviewees, my of most for However, goers. party of group whole the to characteristics their lent and attention attracted they magnets, like outsiders): the (by perceived were clubbers how of a core formed They parties. of atmosphere the to contribute heavily to used ‘Turks’ Anna’s like people them”), knew excess. of idea an is terms these connects What othering. distinction, of repositories as served they people, of group concrete a referencing than Rather ‘smažky’. or materials) fluffy wearing clubbers ‘queer invoked interviewees Other shops. in selection narrow a negotiate had to still clubbers the of most where Bratislava in parties the at attention of lot a gain eventually and styles, niche and trends in high relatively and the to Due Vienna Bratislava). between differences salary considerable to due cash disposable of source a became Slovakia, in paid badly be otherwise would which jobs, these that is implication (the po on Vienna in worked probably ‘Turks’ the that Anna adds

Petržalkais a residential part Bratislavaof for itsknown vast areas pre of

From my own experience, by their visible presence (as Anna said “everyone “everyone said Anna (as presence visible their by experience, own my From

–

32 Anna accentuated that early cl early that accentuated Anna

frequented parties: she characterized them as “not students” students” “not as them characterized she parties: frequented s’ or ‘Áčko people’ (Magda) and ‘kožušinkári’ (meaning (meaning ‘kožušinkári’ and (Magda) people’ ‘Áčko or s’ come, they could shop in Vienna boutiques, explore explore boutiques, Vienna in shop could they come, 134

sitions like waiters, cooks and so so and cooks waiters, like sitions ub cultures were “mainly about about “mainly were cultures ub - fab fab housing. P

- etržalka supposedly oriented

added that also also that added , sexually sexually , –

as the the as CEU eTD Collection substance taken or its chemical constitution). The figure is a threat to the idea of body body of idea the to threat the a is on figure (depending The constitution). talk chemical its or or taken dance substance to urge mechanical almost with sweating, cramps, bo excessive by identified is gender above person this body, Mostly the on effects their control to able being control. not or drugs much too taking to with associated difficult is ‘smažka’ of body the drugs, party from discharged energy direction and will of contours any lose trajectories life and bodies their that point the to up go’ ‘let who figures with confused being resist They levels. intersecting and multiple on excess of sign a as ‘smažka’ from themselves distanced interviewees My perceived? were clubbers how articulating for central also was who clubber ‘excessive’ of figure the from distinction by themselves understood actually A. like clubbers that be it Could youth. Soviet new the as sti with patterns leisure and music style, shared They career and as students avid culture, stilyagi on keen portray were friends to his and him tended uneducated, press Soviet the While 175). 2006: (Yurchak stilyagi with c Western wore and clubs in danced jazz, followed similarly who the from derives friends his and himself defends respondent Yurchak’s (stil). style to ascribed name they importance the clubs; and restaurants events, dance attended and market acqui clothes Western wore they rock’n’roll, to later and jazz American to mid in stilyagi of discussion Yurchak’s of reminiscent is tension class by marked situation Such reasoned. she for?”, crowd’: “what but professions trendy new in people with interacting and department or university dormitory, student particular to according groups in coming - ‘50s Leningrad (Petersburg). Stilyagi were young men and women listening and dancing dancing and listening women and men young were Stilyagi (Petersburg). Leningrad ‘50s

135

lyagi but perceived themselves rather rather themselves perceived but lyagi

less with the ‘Turks’ or the ‘Petržalka ‘Petržalka the or ‘Turks’ the with less dily movements, facial twitches and and twitches facial movements, dily lothes from a conflation conflation a from lothes . Saturated by the the by Saturated . red from black black from red - oriented. oriented. CEU eTD Collection and reproduction, clubs seem to both house ‘excessive’ clubbers and generate more of of more them. generate and clubbers ‘excessive’ house both to seem clubs reproduction, and quali predetermined partly with places such offer cultures Club embodied. inhabited, up, be taken can place this discourse; the in created place a as understood be can position subject hand, Foucaultian as legal, in produced figures well as words’ with made ‘groups Bourdieu’s create they and texts, talk people produce as hand, one the On dialogue. productive a in functioning see I notions ‘sm understand I how explain To Afro with identify rappers). American men Roma similar young with (similarly, context individuals different by a in occupied but was characteristics it and available made was position Subject scripte are of clubbers ‘excessive’ men, gay Hispanic black and cultures music dance in cultures club of origins partial the to symptomatically Maybe “Áčko or group” Mag by identified is ‘Turks’ the to similar group a sexuality: normative non by also often but class by marked as clubbers ‘excessive’ read may one extent, some To subjectivity. exploded dream of havin of ways the of control in be to inability of figure a is It classes). lower century 19th of urges’ ‘natural for stand may drugs by occupied body the exaggeration, some (with substances chemical by occupied body p will the by controlled body the of or ownership ties but assembled in local contexts. As a result of the circular identification, labeling labeling identification, circular the of result a As contexts. local in assembled but ties

- people” (named according to the gay bar Apollon, abbreviated A or Áčko). Áčko). or A abbreviated Apollon, bar gay the to according (named people”

governmental, medical or other texts and practices. On the other other the On practices. and texts other or medical governmental, g fun, an ultimate parody ultimate an fun, g

a žka ’, discursive figures and subject positions are two two are positions subject and figures discursive ’, 136

ower. ‘Smažka’ is controlled by his/her his/her by controlled is ‘Smažka’ ower. - embodiment of the countercultural countercultural the of embodiment d as lower class and homosexual. homosexual. and class as d lower da as “that queer queer “that as da - CEU eTD Collection move to follow quality, to raise their expectations and experience good service. service. good experience and expectations their raise to quality, follow to move Jozef travelling. resorts exotic to skiing water through hall, music from things: new out trying preferred rather but thing one doing life her spend to want not did Wh 3 1993: (Redhead styles of fractions and styles crowds, and floors between party, to party from move They experience. new a for go the on always as clubbers the sets rather week of structure repetitive the in remain don’t Clubbers Bratislava. in event possible every to entry for exchange in pictures party makes and drugs deals relationship, a in down settle finishin failed who friend a about talking when explains Petra on,” move to has “One was. stuck” “getting but problem a as seen not was risks with Experimenting it”. unive every like drugs), dancing of use the (meaning it of out got “everyone that explains Anna lifestyles. to moved clubbers as sensibility bran lifestyle and streams subcultural different to migrated position subject created the with themselves identified who individuals the cultures, club of dissolution after that speculated Magda (Petra). went ‘kožušinkári’ the all where wonder rdal, h sbet oiin s mte, hfs n fds wy n one and away fades and shifts emptied, is position subject the Gradually, en they are tired of clubbing, they move to other lifestyle activities: Iveta suggested she she suggested Iveta activities: lifestyle other to move they clubbing, of tired are they en rsity student or every slightly intelligent person got out of it, managed to make sense of of sense make to managed of out it, person got intelligent slightly every or student rsity 3.1 .2.

m on the road of ambitious quest for new experience. Eva characterizes characterizes Eva experience. new for quest ambitious of road the on m From transgressive to comfortable: consolidation of middle of consolidation to comfortable: From transgressive

137

- work/weekend ds. They left behind a trace of of trace a behind left They ds. - 4; Bennett 2001: 124 2001: Bennett 4; , Ivo, Pe Ivo, , g university, did not not did university, g - leisure. Clubbing Clubbing leisure. - class lifestyles class ťo

only has to to has only

claim they they claim - 30). 30).

CEU eTD Collection who ‘did not have access to this kind of experience’ (Iveta). Clubbers learnt to incorporate incorporate to learnt Clubbers (Iveta). experience’ of kind this to access have not ‘did who as served They H.). Michal Krista, (Iveta, cultures club of attractiveness for crucial was that provided danger ending of scenery unhappy and risk of stories These said. Anna as well”, up ended all we club other feed Ivan of that like Stories ‘normal’ again: become to effort his he describes Further, people.” normal these of envious became I […] trips for and gym the to go and football play age my in “guys problem: drug a had he realized he when normality for desire a verbalized scho vocational from group a with out hang to used but school high a at studied Ivan and intensity. risk of experience of out subcultural trajectory life of scenarios class transgress ‘digesting’ leave) maternity on 34, (female, Anna and lawyer) respondents two which in narratives two present I Below, experimen and exploration of process a is style clubbers, For style. one with ‘stuck’ never are Clubbers them. produced as well as builders, lifestyle and seekers trend for attractive clubs made stimulation constant and professi prospective their as ambitious as is life leisure Their song. chart favorite a to dance don’t they disco; old same the frequent don’t Clubbers tf lk ta. n s te w o u… e tre gig o h gm w satd on to going started we gym, the to going started we cinema and… us…as the head, the organism got of cleaner, startedI enjoying two normal got things. the Others so And me. that. like like stuff development similar a had prostitution]Hambu to[for left or… Krishna [Hare] whointo were they like madsomehow girlfriend one just with up ended start I ofStory Ivan ed living like normal people do. It took about a year to… I mean out of all my friends I allmy of out mean to… I year about a took It do.peoplenormallike living ed

an imaginary line delimiting club cultures from the ‘mere mortals’ (Oto) (Oto) mortals’ ‘mere the from cultures club delimiting line imaginary an

ion and ‘moving on’. I understand them as examples of crafting middle crafting of examples as them understand I on’. ‘moving and ion ting; it is an attitude of ‘seriousness’ towards leisure. leisure. towards ‘seriousness’ of attitude an it ting; is bers’ sense of confirmation that “it all ended up well, well, up ended all “it that confirmation of sense bers’ 138

–

onal careers. Ambiguity, uncertainty uncertainty Ambiguity, careers. onal make sense of their experience of of experience their of sense make

–

(Ivan, male, 26, financial lawyer) Ivan (26, male, 26, financial financial 26, male, (26, Ivan

ol. He He ol. rg and rg

CEU eTD Collection the proximity of the capital. capital. the of the proximity in house a acquiring afford can who newcomers by settled becoming Jur Svätý seeing than pr people these and relatives their from them inherited who families to belong Jur Svätý in houses the of Most distinctions. class socialist post the of expressions explicit most the of one wall: thick a behind sometimes garden, These dwellings. suburban Western of city style the the of following surroundings the in appear to started colonies a house into New village model. the of suburban spirit the change will Bratislava of outskirts the to moving families non few Malé of of slopes one were they house, renovated the the into moved finally they when that on said Anna Karpaty. situated Bratislava to proximity close the in village a is Jur Svätý ch with two leave maternity on been has Anna Jur. Svätý in house their to me drove then He worked. he where building office the in husband her meet to supposed was I meeting. our of details I e colleague’. her former received and clubber passionate a in, interested be would I someone but ‘knew parties attended never who friend a from recommendation a upon interview an for festival Hurytan at music electronic with encounter first her After 1997. in parties and clubs to going started Anna Anna. by presented trajectory is such One scenarios. ‘meaningful’ into elements these regulated and managed also they but habitus their into risk and experiment intensity, sensory Story Anna ofStory - oas n wr loe uo a itues Lcl wr pro were Locals intruders. as upon looked were and locals ildren. ildren. - mai

l address and exchanged a couple of messages in which we discussed discussed we which in messages of couple a exchanged and address l

, she started frequenting weekly techno nights in U.club. I met her her met I U.club. in nights techno weekly frequenting started she ,

139 efer the communal spirit of the place rather rather place the of spirit communal the efer

–

as Jackson (2004) would see i see would (2004) Jackson as were typified houses with a a with houses typified were bably afraid that new new that afraid bably t – -

CEU eTD Collection Government. Later, Anna was employed in Slovak Telecom where she dealt with external external with dealt she where Telecom Slovak in employed was Anna Later, Government. the of Office the at office advocate’s rights minority the for spokesperson a as worked she tim of period a She For politics. foreign abroad. on focus and with science political home and journalism studied from DJs interviewed mainly she which for music electronic to she later but scene, related the party and music electronic on write specialized website a to bajkonur.sk, for reports used She journalist. amateur an as scene the in involved was she time, a met also she whom boyfriend Czech her meet to Brno to commute to used Anna Bratislava, in studies university her During area. related in a worked building and the same office in his but had Slovanet for worked co the to work some outsourced once which company telecommunication large a Slovanet, of front in him met I founded. colleague and a friend his company IT an in years 3 for them of one for worked and club the in friends made stud a as money pocket some earn to opportunity an also but scene electronic the with contact first his was This it. to responded and announce job a found He Slovakia. Eastern in club university a at technician a as worked he Initially, scene. involv his about me told Marek home, their to city the from ride the During Jur. Svätý to moved they when Marek husband her and Anna that stigmatized background discursive this was It (‘gentrifiers’). mortgage paying afford to enough stable guarantee can which job a holding as or rich’ ‘new the as seen either were they Often, advantage. economic relative the to due in moved but place the to ‘belong’ not did who people younger by inhabited be to started villages surrounding also but suburbia post other many like Just met Michal H. and started writing for music5D project, another website dedicated dedicated website another project, music5D for writing started and H. Michal met - oils cte (.. Feh (e.g. cities socialist at a party. It was again at a party that she and Marek met. For For met. Marek and she that party a at again was It party. a at 140 mpany Marek worked for. He said he no longer longer no he said He for. worked Marek mpany

é rváry 2011), Bratislava developed new new developed Bratislava 2011), rváry ent of Technical University. He He University. Technical of ent income high and and high income

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e, e, CEU eTD Collection they are” (Anna). they are” unhappy how about excessively speculate to tend time free much too and kids no family, thirty her that suggested She (Anna) boring.” be to started ourselv proceeds enjoyed we just like It enjoyed, we contained. First, am right? naturally, I and kids am two I have “Presently, I single: saturated. are contained, who absolutely peers her of that with position her contrasted Anna sessions: U.club weekly to go to used she whom with roommate the on elaborates she ‘normalization’ of Further, trajectories [clubbing]… (Anna) this partner.” of a up least at grew or… we family mostly, a but got everyone’s touch in still am I them, of some “With wa She U.club. of anniversary the 10th attend to decided she capital, the in something arrange to came she when time one At care. child with her assist could mother her where Slovakia Eastern in town home her in stayed preoc was husband her when period the During (Anna) generation!” mortgage a such are we know… you everyone, like Just mortgage. the of because also “It’s concludes: She leave. maternity her after work to back go to motivation her formulated she the at although family her with time spending prioritized She communication. functions well. am I because regret all normal, toiseverything like child, one all with married is shechildren, attwo have now, nothing married is there and it experienced had we happy were we it was long a ride, we had enough to time discuss an thisislifestyle’ ‘whatused to we ask… Recently,wasItravelling East friendthiswith mine;of f always justthe went partying… […] meanby I we weredepressed depressed duewere to not having boyfriend, a also like we time to time from However, […] meanings]. are synonymoussingle and by usingand so free free and then talking aboutwords having no partners,the plays A. on both Slovak, [in boyfriends no had we like free, so be to used We

after the clubbing period by recalling a meeting with a former former a with meeting a recalling by period clubbing the after s pleasantly surprised to meet again many “old faces”: faces”: “old many again meet to surprised pleasantly s 141

cupied with house refurbishments, she she refurbishments, house with cupied d assess that actually it was great a time, (Anna - something friends who “have no no “have who friends something es brutally and then what… it it what… then and brutally es , female,,

34, on maternity leave)

act… like we we like act… same time, time, same

CEU eTD Collection to its low profitability, Jozef preferred travelling to Vienna to have access to simil to have access to Vienna to travelling preferred Jozef profitability, tolow its due down closed was Soniclab After slang). cultures club the of evocative also is diminutives coziness evoke to if as diminutives used Both Jozef. said carpet”, a and sound quality with place “Decent said. Anna room”, living a as “clean room: living a of reminiscent Space couch’. and ‘carpet accomm to like look should club and she Both design. interior the in materialized safety and smoothness, quality, expects she seldom, quite although clubs, th by supplemented is responsibility of theme The be to have “I risk: to herself party. put the at but stayed thought she this!,” Iafford cannot responsible, not should and children two had she that thinking ke She ‘junkies’. are they that pretext usual the under up people beat and in come may they that nervous very was she Therefore, club. the into let being skinheads about forum Before ‘trouble’. like seemed who people in let to not careful were bouncers Both (Anna) dear!’ my Monday, regretting be will you Again, see! ‘You say would he and drugs with it overdid she d by school elementary an at a teacher supposedly was them of One and friendly. caring were bouncers space the even where safe very a be to U.club considered she experience, previous the From beginning. party anniversary 10th the On going to the U.club anniversary party, Anna read some messages on kyberia.sk web web kyberia.sk on messages some read Anna party, anniversary U.club the to going

of the place (they actually said little sofa and little carpet; the use of of use the carpet; little and sofa little said actually (they place the of ay and Anna used to discuss with him, complain when she felt like like felt she when complain him, with discuss to used Anna and ay 3.1.3. at U.club, she remembers, she was very nervous at the the at nervous very was she remembers, she U.club, at odate their expectations. Both described it as a space of of space a as it described Both expectations. their odate

Jozef Responsibility, comfort, networking comfort, Responsibility,

recalled Soniclab as an ideal example of the way a a way the of example ideal an as Soniclab recalled 142

e idea of comfort. While Anna still goes to to goes still Anna While comfort. of idea e

ar places. places. ar

pt pt CEU eTD Collection people she meets at parties: at meets people she on perspective Iveta’s in emerges practicality on insistence Such imperative. time productive the under ‘wisely’ it integrate to rather but age to due clubbing from withdraw to invited framing formation, understood lifestyle of butalso up’ be ‘growing of stories as merely not should Anna and Ivan of narratives the mind, in points these Having and jobs. homes clubbers’ of extensions as understood were leisure spaces a comfort of vocabulary The 1.2.0.). (section events leisure holding for conditions entrepreneurial ‘proper’ for advocated clients their and organizers (Sub)cultural and organizers from feedback mutual and pa service of quality on accent with formed was consciousness consumer reflexive clubs, of milieu the within that proposed I 2.3.4., and cultures Club and comfort: quality of requirement the on insist Skank selective. more demanding, more became They their going. club changing of strategy about talk radio_FM and U.club/Subclub DJs resident Skank, and Milosh rticipants; there was a call for ‘professional’ attitude to organization of entertainment. entertainment. of organization to attitude ‘professional’ for call a was there rticipants; the future not just work related but also other things in life… don’t know, like the person the like know,makes sofas anddon’t you might needlife… one (laughter).in things other also but related work just not future the using mean I professionalwith,networking dosomeone to or […], (laughter),with sports do to go could you kind the people, new meet to there go we older, get we as single.However,was knownowdon’ttherewethat to I go meet someone special ratherbut andchick younga was because I Right, Prince,Mr. a there meetto hopingwas I boys, meet to parties] [to there go to used I teenager, a was I whenPreviously, […] possible. as people meet like to used I after the renovation, and then also Subclub. chanceRadosť a beagainit [‘Happiness’],givemay alternativeonlyThemebetter… forI […] terms in [‘Connection’]…expectations.fulfillingclubSpojkalike used meanmy toI there a would be I preferguest…however,comfortable I morelack…Slovakia, places. noteveninin I Bratislava per twice or onceU.club] [to go I built and educated a clientele who craved spaces of quali of spaces craved who clientele a educated and built f rmtry n oeal ofr: t s amr te a i mr pesn, just pleasant, more is bar the warmer; is it comfort: overall and dramaturgy of ing people, I guess I was interested in them; I wanted to know as many as know to wanted I them; ininterested was I guess I people, ing

month when there is an event which I like, an interesting an like, I which event an is there whenmonth 143

nd safety shows that that shows safety nd

of values. One is not not is One values. of ty. In ty. (Skank, male, 32, DJ)

sections 2.3.3. 2.3.3. sections the contact in in thecontact

CEU eTD Collection but as a tool of self of tool a as but freedom of states affective to shortcut a or joy, of vehicle a scenario, entertainment the of par articulates Ivan enough, Interestingly (Ivan). better…” dance could self with energy… great with [him] boosted it inhibitions, lost [he] briskly, to difficult it find to used [he] […] person… a of kind extrovert an was “never he that proposed Ivan dispositions. one’s shape also meetings random of stimulation and inhibitions down s ‘proper’ the However, jobs. of variety across appreciated be can efficiently connection establishing of or talk of skill small the Moreover, acquaintances. of hugging and greeting endless by impress could one club, fr be to expected is one anonymous, are people most where milieu urban the In cultivate. to skill a is topic any discuss and anyone meet to ability the Nevertheless, concludes. Jozef day,” the during coffee a for clubs in meet I people meet insecurity of feelings down breaking and empathogene transmissions and methamphetamine by fuelled conversations that idea an and formulated sociality club with disappointed got Jozef like respondents Some o a from variety contacts assemble could strategically people way, this In connections. useful or friends of network one’s to relevant be can still but different very be actually might attendees Party people. with connections professional romance pursuing from clubs to going of purpose the changed Iveta establish contacts with people and therefore, [party drugs] aided [him] to contact people people contact to [him] aided drugs] [party therefore, and people with contacts establish

- management in respect to fitting in the social milieu of clubs where one one where clubs of milieu social the in fitting to respect in management ubjectivity for club socializing cannot be taken for granted. Breaking Breaking granted. for taken be cannot socializing club for ubjectivity 144

f fields. iendly with strangers. Upon entering a a entering Upon strangers. with iendly –

are ultimately fak ultimately are (Iveta, female, 27, marketing agent)

– ty drugs not as a part part a as not drugs ty

increasing sensory sensory increasing

o ulig semi building to - confidence... he he confidence... e. “I would not not would “I e. -

CEU eTD Collection bourgeoisie.” (2008: xii) its association with didactic edifying or purposes, thus playing a role in education and refinement the of century music. In the wordsPieper, of “music was imbued with norms and values which furthered (2008) a perspective proposes the on middle class as aformulated project also thethrough means 19th of Music and the Making of Middle However, (1994[1899]. 33 Veblen by formulated classically as class middle of formation the to central are classes higher of emulation and classes lower from Distinction entity sociocultural eme an which through processes cultural middle of consequences or effects side not are youth and media, consumerism, of “Cultures globalized that: proposes Liechty its mainly class, middle which the of study his on In formulated. is incarnation, platform mighty a are cultures Youth a flat. or sportsfurnishing can she su activities lifestyle people of example of an gives diary she needed: when virtual contact potentially a as connections club of thinks Iveta clubs, of outside obstacle without people approach easier, socialize to open, more be to learnt she admitted Krista clubs, in people meeting to Thanks confidently. dance as well as people meet to capacity used He tool. self of part not a are drugs Ivan, For also learn persona. flamboyant a exhibit to expected is

The idea The culturalof practice articulating classed sensibility was in discussed the musicological/historical work s. While for Krista, club sociality fosters a skill which can be taken in embodied form form embodied in taken be can which skill a fosters sociality club Krista, for While s. –

the required habitus which Jackson (2004) sees as the Dionysian self of all of us. us. of of all self Dionysian the as sees (2004) Jackson which habitus required the 3.1.4.

hm o an self gain to them

Translation of subcultural activities into lifestyle into activities subcultural of Translation

.” (Liechty 2003: 7) 7) .” 2003: (Liechty - class formation. Rather, they are among the most important important most the among are they Rather, formation. class - Class Culture

- confidence, energy and eloquence which boosted his his boosted which eloquence and energy confidence, - discovery experience of clubbing but rather a regulatory regulatory a rather but clubbing of experience discovery . Through the comparison Leipzigof and Birmingham, Pieper

rging middle class actually creates itself as a a as itself creates actually class middle rging

145 Ecstasy helps him to inhabit inhabit to him helps Ecstasy formation of middle class in Kathmandu, Mark Mark Kathmandu, in class middle of formation

- related activities related –

and by repetition repetition by and

it would be be would it ch as doing doing as ch

and and assured

CEU eTD Collection (Iveta). At the same time, she admits that sauna or sport work the same and sometimes she she sometimes and same the work sport or sauna that admits she time, same the At (Iveta). “out an into herself get to drugs) party c a drinking prefers now She travelling. or as sport such offered it “extremes” the all life” with her “live to wanted she that accentuated she Rather, only. going club to herself limit to want not did she suggested Iveta gymnastics. a such attend to used he courses sport substitutes which importance” primary of issue “an is dancing club him for round: way other the went Milanko practice. full working started she yoga to her throws dancing club which into states the compared Magda ma a As exercising: with going practice. club regular replaced she two, of mother fitness with clubbing of experience her compares Anna fitness. or jogging by substituted or with complemented smoothly is dancing club drugged example, line cultures Youth fraction. this use by put to is identities marginal ‘stylish’ of emulation class, middle ‘doing’ of form dominant the from identificatio and inspiration for ‘up’ look necessarily not does in it of think rather Bourdieu I bloc. en class middle the about speak to context this in imprecise wih r te (r iutnosy tasae it nw middle new into translated simultaneously) (or then are which s kind of listening but rather for treadmill running (laughter)… it’s awesome, fantastic energy! at technotolisten I like not It’s it. like still I [music]… appreciatecantechno still I it,worth still is it that is say to want I What now. easilyhappen ever, close I eyes my and feel like am I somewhere at party, a in U.club or so which would not part thebest is treadmill…it a on runningmean I it, abouthappy so like am the I internetandfrom downloaded I sets techno to listen I there, and centrefitness a to exercising go I - an terms as fragmented, continuous projects. As a result, the new middle class class middle new the result, a As projects. continuous fragmented, as terms an –

containing elements of transgression transgression of elements containing - time, she also delved into yoga as both exercise and spiritual spiritual and exercise both as yoga into delved also she time,

- of - ouple of glasses of wine (rather than consuming consuming than (rather wine of glasses of ouple ordinary mood”, to “have endorphins released” released” endorphins “have to mood”, ordinary 146

–

home, it’s not a kind of music for that formusic of kind a notit’s home, (Anna, female, 34, on maternity leave) have a crucial role in constructing constructing in role crucial a have n. In order to differentiate itself itself differentiate to order In n.

s taekwondo, karate or or karate taekwondo, s - - related sta related class lifestyles. For For lifestyles. class tes. After After tes. rried rried y

CEU eTD Collection guarantee of authenticity emulated by the impoverished artists as well as downward downward as well as artists impoverished the by emulated authenticity of guarantee (1985) Brown’s in already described the as seen be can identities marginalized from borrowing of process The version. sustainable more a into translated be thus could Clubbing features. excessive fig the that suggested I clubbers, of case the In lifestyle. into ‘domesticated’ becomes transgression how And further, Bourgeoisie. of rationality cold meets life pleasure of element Bohemian the how explain term Feathersone’s in captured aptly 1991 (Featherstone hedonism’ is ‘calculating risks of calculation and ‘madness’ between out of states Transgressive time’. ‘quality their of control They expectations. their express also club a in Dancers crowd. the of hypnotizer as a be seen cannot DJ DJs. by resident preset expectations had their people or when drugs]” whi with crowd again faced was she Sometimes, playing. of However, experience her recounts Mayla back. music. DJ the ‘educates’ by floor dance the on mood the controls DJ technology. man considered clubbers meaning, any on resignation and obedience mechanical of expression dancing an as crowds perceived (ibid.) Baudrillard and 1) 1996: Thornton (in Adorno While discourse. understan utilitarian The (Iveta). and Ecstasy]” additives food to both refers which ‘éčka’ the word of meaning double the on plays [she body my into additives some put wouldn’t I so jogging responsi to due them prefers stling and shouts when the music “could not keep up the tempo of [dancers on fast fast on [dancers of tempo the up keep not “could music the when shouts and stling ipulation of states of body and mind to be the central aspect of clubbing clubbing of aspect central the be to mind and body of states of ipulation ig f mood of ding bility: “like I don’t eat potatoes and chocolate anymore and I go go I and anymore chocolate and potatoes eat don’t I “like bility: - of

- ordinariness are carefully dosed and managed. Balance Balance managed. and dosed carefully are ordinariness G pis n Ohr Bohemians Other and ypsies - oiiain n self and modification : 86). However, Featherstone’s concept does not not does concept Featherstone’s However, 86). : 147

ure of ‘smažka’ served as a repository of of repository a as served ‘smažka’ of ure - control is usual in clubbers’ clubbers’ in usual is control . The Gypsy figure is a a is figure Gypsy The .

economy of ‘hip’ ‘hip’ of economy try to be in in be to try CEU eTD Collection they stage utopias which are in accordance with utopias advertised by event organizers and and organizers event by advertised utopias with accordance in are which utopias stage they trans between distinction strict a of idea an reproduce to tend researchers cultures, club Wheninterpreting reformulation. cl middle of in reformulation transgression of role the detail more in explore I section, next the In discourses. both of convergence of peak the (ibid.), bohemia’ of end ‘the signify cultures club Redhead, For socio intolarger a Bohemia the of reading critical more a such as sector ‘creative’ the boosting for but innovation lifestyle the for just not identities marginal of importance underestimates similarly it and industry culture youth sugg Her 5). (1985: absorption” cultural and dissidence social between dialogue a involved myth the about speak not does Brown While the crowd. figures middle aspiring estion resembles Hebdige’s (1993[1979]) hypothesis of subcultural incorporation by by incorporation subcultural of hypothesis (1993[1979]) Hebdige’s resembles estion a minority.a thelongeroneselfnoyourself, itisyourself doingmaking beingvisible, cultural ofand of growth the of theideal bourgeoisThebohemiafromworld.whichseparatedthat the hedonistof all world academia, and education of spread industries the of effects joint The –

drawn from the margi the from drawn 3.1.5.

gression in clubs and normativity outside of clubs. Through theoretical tools, tools, theoretical Through clubs. of outside normativity and clubs in gression -

, and the expansion of consumption have rendered less evident and less pertinentless evidentand lessconsumptionrenderedhave expansion ofthe and , class youth. It is not higher class which is emulated but rather spectacular spectacular rather but emulated is which class higher not is It youth. class

Transgression, youth cultures and middle cultures youth Transgression, - economic and cultural context: context: cultural and economic ass and how youth cultures effectively mediated this this mediated effectively cultures youth how and ass ns –

who lend their color, drive and craziness to the rest of of rest the to craziness and drive color, their lend who - Bourgeoisie blending process. He frames this process process this frames He process. blending Bourgeoisie economy of ‘hip’ of economy 148

, she proposes that “the bohemian bohemian “the that proposes she , - class constructions of subject of class constructions (Redhead 1993: 191) . Redhead offers offers Redhead .

privilegeof

CEU eTD Collection Foucaultian study of documents released by counterculturalists counterculturalists by released documents of study Foucaultian s accomplished an of idea from the derived knowledge shaped profoundly it alternative and widely the dissipated being started ‘70s, subcultures and of countercultures course the In self. liberated more ex context, Western the in ‘60s and ‘50s the In West. ‘50s, the in moralities and late modernities shaping been Since have cultures youth expressive 3). 2004: (Jackson society mainstream the of morality” […] “traditional e sensual “the contrast to enough longer no is it Yet, ethics. new shape to potential have a which knowledge personal and inter embodied of as sources clubs perceives Jackson 2). (2004: space.” club the beyond practice social new underpin that bodies novel through socialize and create people clubbing, “Through clubs: in gained the knowledge trace to attempt an makes study Jackson’s clubs. of outside matrix social the into channeled disp new which in way the to paid is attention little Usually, long a in and styles of variety wide a across clubs British studied Jackson cultures. youth of part cosmopolitan make to they strived post For wall’. the in ‘holes authentic to downward or spectacularity and décor glossy through upward either standing: cultural and social, geographical, their from elsewhere participants or decorations special The coulisses. rough in place take events by other while scenarios elaborate experience extraordinary the underscore events club Some practice. ritual with filled and days working from holidays) or carnivals festivals, way the temporall and spatially both delimited are Parties themselves. clubbers by experienced - socialist audiences, such staging of plurality plurality of staging such audiences, socialist ubject in relation to the world (Binkley 2007). Making a a Making 2007). (Binkley world the to relation in ubject pressive youth cultures voiced an insistent call for a a for call insistent an voiced cultures youth pressive s, which eventually become embodied and taken taken and embodied become eventually which s, 149

and mobility was especially important as as important especially was mobility and xtreme” found in club cultures with with cultures club in found xtreme”

ositions acquired in clubs are are clubs in acquired ositions

–

print materials but also also but materials print intention is to take take to is intention - term perspective. perspective. term y (in (in y - CEU eTD Collection the flow of discourse, maybe highlighting different parts of their identity. Or, as Anna Anna as Or, identity. their of parts different highlighting maybe discourse, of flow the their with dissolved which them for club from withdrawal identity an proposed subculture and grooming The into clubbing. it invest to preference and cash disposable with Vienna, in working by filled was position This reproduced. and filled be to position subject a offered cultures Club ‘street’. the from taken than rather cultures club of narrative the inside fabricated is which other the is it However, of destructio threatens permanently It beyond. even often and maximum to stretched experiment sensual of excitement, permanent of promise a is It borderlines. numerous of transgression ‘sma of figure The writes: Binkley elsewhere. alternatives for look to space as well social mo class’ middle ‘hip The ‘mainstream’. the of others middle as emerges self modern the project, this for Importantly contexts. of variety across formulation of work meticulous a of result a thus is self expressive relaxed, tex of plurality a in codified practices regulatory of the set a as formulates counterculture American Binkley value. central new a as lifestyle shaping actively materials other and self the style clothing and diet decoration, interior destructive view of progress. oppressed rangeofa with common groups as victimstheirparents’of twisted andultimately forward comparingEagerly themselves ‘niggers’,tomiddle

n or at least compromising or shame. or shame. or compromising at least n other. The new progressive moralities were disseminated in self in disseminated were moralities progressive new The other. - looking social imaginaries and those ofthose imaginariesand social looking ž ka’ serves a similar purpose purpose similar a serves ka’ cultures and shift elsewhere. They did not disappear just moved with with moved just disappear not did They elsewhere. shift and cultures people within the specific context of Bratislava clubbing: waiters waiters clubbing: Bratislava of context specific the within people

–

150 Binkley (2007) traces the new culture of care of of care of culture new the traces (2007) Binkley

–

their parents, choosing to throw their lot in in lot theirthrow tochoosing parents, their it is a resource of otherness signifying signifying otherness of resource a is it ves away from their parents in physical physical in parents their from away ves - class youthlinesnewbetweendrewclasstheir - class youth emulates the the emulates youth class

- help books and and books help (2007: 30) ts. The The ts.

CEU eTD Collection shaped for the situation of relative insecurity where fluidity is translated into the art of style. style. of art the into translated is fluidity where insecurity relative of situation the for shaped no was neo the for fit there self new the to way opening previously, as cultures club that arguing than Rather lifes and self on the experimentation found. be can 1989 before macram style, and fashion yoga, or stretching on books or vegetarians On socialism. state during arrested was andlifestyle self the on work of) form (Western the that propose to not is this Certainly, of‘70s. course the re its and ’60s the in self the of explosion of version condensed a manifest ‘sma of negotiation the club cultures, Regarding emerged. lifestyles new and rebuilt being were subjectivities as Slovakia Such proposes. it modifications what invitat and worlds ‘outer’ knowledge seeming subcultural these or alternative to how connects see to crucial is it that (2004) Jackson with contras the sharp erect to way easy no is there mind, in perspective informed genealogically this With mainstreams. new formed and partly patterns, into counter changes constant of liquidity order to will a was there ‘60s, the in everything of questioning and turmoil radical the After U.S. the in ‘70s the characterized loosening sustainable to madness radical from shift the (2007), Binkley For ‘metrosexua label the by available made positions subject sustainable more adopted they suggested, ion receives heightened relevance in the context of my study situated in transitioning transitioning in situated study my of context the in relevance heightened receives ion - cultural bodies of knowledge were transformed to new common sense ‘normalities’ ‘normalities’ sense common new to transformed were knowledge of bodies cultural l’. l’. t of transgressive clubs and normative worlds beyond. In spite of that, I agree agree I that, of spite In beyond. worlds normative and clubs transgressive of t

žka tyle tyle the bookshelves of many living rooms, cookbooks for for cookbooks rooms, living many of bookshelves the

b cubr ad hi nraie o ‘norma of narratives their and clubbers by ’ –

because that would simply be far from true true from be far simply would that because 151

- liberal conditions. It is the self self the is It conditions. liberal trajectories, lifestyles. The The lifestyles. trajectories, é

and dieting printed printed dieting and - regulation in the the in regulation – l life’ life’ l

I see I see CEU eTD Collection it may be that the subject struggling between career ambition and drive for ecstatic ecstatic for drive and ambition career between struggling subject the that be may it is there course, Of 2003). Howes (see capitalism of nature the on comments Marx’s from rather but hedonist consuming the on accent postmodern the from derive not does proposition This split. this within produced capitali of motor a also but split contradiction, (1987) Campbell by depicted ambitiously ethics Romantic of and (2002[1905]) Weber by described notoriously ethics Protestant of principles: formative modernity of tradition this Importantly, account. Binkley’s is It ideology. secular or religion by driven whether modernities other formations, other consideration into taking witho such as modernity to contradiction this attribute to slippery be may it Nevertheless, 32 2007: Binkley in 15 cited 1982: (Berman and anguish” of ambiguity all us it throws disunity: of unity a unity, paradoxical a “it is condition: modern the of discontent resulting the about writes He such. as modernity of characteristic is principle protestant and (1 Berman consumption, around deployed lifestyle the in hedonism on insistence rising the scorns (1976) Bell While Berman. Janus The entrepreneurialism. pervasi the to legitimacy gives thus language Countercultural mainstream. consumers of side Co

nstantly emerging competition competition emerging nstantly into a maelstrom of perpetual disintegration and renewal, of struggle and contradiction, contradiction, and struggle of renewal, and disintegration perpetual of maelstrom a into - faced nature of modernity was characterized by Bell as well as, among others, by by others, among as, well as Bell by characterized was modernity of nature faced –

are articulated with the use of subcultural ‘cool’ language of evading the the evading of language ‘cool’ subcultural of use the with are articulated

particular

982) takes into notices that the tension between hedonistic hedonistic between tension the that notices into takes 982) no one ‘recipe’ for the production of capitalist subject. And And subject. capitalist of production the for ‘recipe’ one no modernity that is discussed in Bell’s, Berman’s as well as as well as Berman’s Bell’s, in discussed is that modernity –

on the side of producers producers of side the on 152

sm. Subject of this particular modernity is is modernity particular this of Subject sm. –

a dia a –

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161

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men, was shaken. Club practices practices Club shaken. was men,

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164

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and sexually and 166

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of club cultures. club of taries interpreting the meaning of club cultures focused their critique critique their focused cultures club of meaning the interpreting taries , looking good!’ and we came closer and saw a girl”. Same styles styles Same girl”. a saw and closer came we and good!’ looking , led to enjoy the night, to dance, to contribute to the vibe of the the of vibe the to contribute to dance, to night, the enjoy to led

ale bodies, female bodies became also confusing, confusing, also became bodies female bodies, ale 167

- gender and post and gender - homo/hetero divide: divide: homo/hetero – for masculine masculine for

both critical critical both ios of of ios CEU eTD Collection narrative on Ibiza clubs. clubs. Ibiza on narrative dis a rather but primacy gains that gaze male ‘vulgar’ not is it force: coordinating a is feminine the of economy The core. ‘creative’ its to specifically, class; middle ‘progressive’ the to belonging the claiming for Attention importance subjectivity’. ‘expressive to further and gender classed regime a to attached is It everyone. to open not is gender/sexuality of Plasticity style. the doing of part important explain, an as framed is sexuality where dynamics club unlike very is this them, For Ivo). (Eva, drinks buying men and heels high in girls evoking discos in dynamics gender traditional the to refer Clubbers of culture body the moving for pretext a the just is music where discotheques perceive they way the from them distinguishes which clubbing of ‘the formulate cause’ thus Clubbers party. a of feeling entire the of part is it as well as dancing be to has it clothes, sexy or costumes wearing likes she although that stresses Eva interviewees. other many by confirmed was prepares he which with seriousness The thus was Clothing clubbers. other e to adjusted many with space a in dance to able be to layers top remove and layers in clothing wear would they typically that describe Eva and Anna event. or ta i gt soe o wa ad aa dancing]. and what or stolen gets it that worry inheritedwould oneI that’snottofromoldhave cousin, somy I wear what an I now […], tip your best clothesfor party, mean a I had I a good winter jacket and it drink, got burnt cigarette a by tool an something take usually buy I to, jacket I mycorner, go. a into rucksack I the throw here and it in dance cannot naturally you like undershirt, remove forehead], I his dry [to bands wrist is costumeof sort only My […] go. to ready am othersomesmallstufffood,andsomesomething drink to comb, tissues, a shirt,spare rucksack,spareeverythingputintounderwear, a I developedlike spearritual, undershirt,I a self xtended hours of dancing. Oto describes the way he prepares for parties: he prepares way the describes Oto dancing. of hours xtended -

exploration

or or self - investment interested aesthetic look that Ivan formulated in his his in formulated Ivan that look aesthetic interested 168

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(Oto, male, 23, university student)

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To reconstructTo the story http://www.scribd.com/doc/53963034/Final

of Ginsberg’s visit, I theuse

3.2.4. - 37

regulated. Everything is open to innovation even a even innovation to open is Everything regulated. The The neo

visited Czechoslovakia in 1965, his speeches addressing addressing his speeches 1965, in Czechoslovakia visited - Report 169 - - Final Report Allenon Ginsberg’s Deportation on liberal sexual revolution sexual liberal - on

- the - Allen - road as “existence in the immediate immediate the in “existence as road - Ginsberg - Marxists - s - De - constellation of the subject subject the of constellation - confidence, energy can energy confidence, portation o -

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be be CEU eTD Collection of eroticism of the environment”. For Ginsberg, Majáles was probably reminiscent of a a of reminiscent probably was Majáles Ginsberg, For environment”. the of eroticism of maximum to resolve political of connecting “as celebration of form the of Ginsberg approved ca a Majáles, celebrating crowd a in moving truck a of deck a on placed throne a on sitting while head the on crown cardboard a with paraded was Ginsberg culmination perfect a received country the of conquest Ginsberg of idea The adventures. sexual his for resource a as figures and literati Bohemians aspiring people, people’s young on treated commented Ginsberg suggests he report where The sexappeal. party a over presided Ginsberg occasion, one On trea hospitalization, (arresting, of part institutions the from interventions necessitated life’ of ways the in conduct ‘wrong whose people young of stories by illustrated is concern This life”. of ways the in conduct wrong of example an with them “p youth on influence bad Ginsberg’s of behalf on testify to quoted are authorities medical and parental Czechoslovakia, from Ginsberg Allen of deportation on report the In Ginsb to listening when [ČSM], organization youth state official the to opposition in themselves identified who students report, the to According meaning. its and living of ethics life’, of and Cuba in stay his after things of arrangement political the system, the addresses ‘psycho of level the 2) and Czechoslovakia two was as presented program His all. at inhibitions no and gender in preferences no having about talked he drugs, and alcohol consuming beard, mystical and hair long sporting sneakers, Wearing erg reacted mostly to the first level of appeal and rather disregarded the second. the second. disregarded rather and of appeal level first the to mostly erg reacted - fold: 1) the level of the politica the of level the 1) fold: the Soviet Union Union Soviet the –

- 170 the second level connects to the notion of ‘way ‘way of notion the to connects level second the sexuological philosophy’. While the first level level first the While philosophy’. sexuological

l –

as he criticized the ‘lack of freedom’ in in freedom’ of ‘lack the criticized he as – tment etc.). etc.). tment

– Ginsberg visited Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia visited Ginsberg

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á les, les, CEU eTD Collection gender/sexuality regimes were probably probably were regimes gender/sexuality for houses green or as seen be can Clubs very start. advertising the from marketing, language and of philosophy shared sphere they Rather, the corporations. by telecommunication adoption their and practices and styles Moreover, clubs. of environment leisure the in neo in succeeding) (and living of lesson This and lifestyle. career building for strategy a as change adopt to and good feel and insecurity into immerse the On meaning. different transition, of 65) slightly 2007: (Binkley insecurities’ a ‘ontological of had background cultures club by made invitation same The 1994). (Beck biography own his/her of constructor reflexive middle the In activists. rights and gay feminists minorities, ethnic and racial students, by attacked values and scenarios life categories, identity hegemonic of up opening with line in was insecurities 65) 2007: (Binkley identity” of narratives meaningful and reassuring into insecurities ontological “carve to invited was One man’. ‘organization the of values dominant the from divorce of strategy notorious a became out’ ‘dropping version, countercultural the In tendencies. fascist breeding as seen were morals bourgeois The 160). 1985: (Weeks countries Western in revolution the with wrong went what diagnose to served Marxism Beatn the the by popularized was and Marcuse) and Reich of work Western the in in example (for forged Marxism was advancement political and liberation libidinal between link The such. as system the things, of order misru where carnival or bacchanalia of tradition iks and Hippies. For the Frankfurt scholars, fusion of Freudian psychoanalysis with with psychoanalysis Freudian of fusion scholars, Frankfurt the For Hippies. and iks - ls tasain t en ta oe h one that meant it translation class

the

point of articulation. of point articulation. 171

the entrepreneurial subjectivity where new new where subjectivity entrepreneurial the le and excess are seen as challenging the the challenging as seen are excess and le there was no delay between subcultural subcultural between delay no was there ad to become an ‘active chooser’ and and chooser’ ‘active an become to ad - liberalism was learnt through ‘play’ ‘play’ through learnt was liberalism

one was invited to to invited was one . Embracing the the Embracing .

CEU eTD Collection advertising or fashion). ‘Globalization’ and ‘consumer culture’ became key terms for this line line this for terms key became culture’ ‘consumer and ‘Globalization’ fashion). or advertising of sense broad cultural very of a (in topics studies towards shift: another detected be can there mapping, tentative this in ‘transitology’ feminist of narrative the accept we If 1997b). 1997a, 1993, Šiklová, 1993; meta certain a as discussions feminist these in appeared feminism(s) but women of eyes the through treated be to came socialism ‘real’ of post in women of position theorizing on participated a central became experience women’s of notion the Subsequently, (Castle saved and educated be to victims as post portraying etc. representation abusive violence, domestic trafficking, issue addressed They women. for conditions living of the deterioration with concerned mainly was it initially transition, on scholarship feminist Concerning neo namely regime, orde new the of gesture powerful a as renegotiation for regimes gender/sexuality opening of act the of think may we Nevertheless, circumstances. changed under reconfigured are elements rooted’/‘natural’ ‘transi theories, construction well one from progress evolutionary assumes it because theory modernization American with as Leninism was ‘transition’ of concept The agendas. socio new from dependence in reconfigured was gender/sexuality how exemplified perfectly which period researchers, feminist For transition. under sexualities and identities order, gender in changes the addressed systematically researchers Feminist - known ‘stage’ of history to another” (Gal & Kligman 2000: 10). For social social For 10). 2000: Kligman & (Gal another” to history of ‘stage’ known - political situation and what new risks and challenges emerged for feminist feminist for emerged challenges and risks new what and situation political - liberalism. liberalism. r. Lived (and liberating) instability becomes a metaphor of the new new the of metaphor a becomes instability liberating) (and Lived r. tion’ might be a useful trope as it shows how ‘deeply ‘deeply how shows it as trope useful a be might tion’

study of culture with focus on popular forms such as as such forms popular on focus with culture of study criticized extensively as “consonant with Marxism with “consonant as extensively criticized 172

- - Kanerová 1992; Wolchik 1998a, 1998b). 1998b). 1998a, Wolchik 1992; Kanerová level of reflection (Kiczková & Farkašová Farkašová & (Kiczková reflection of level - socialist countries. Not only experience experience only Not countries. socialist

‘transition’ could be conceived as a a as conceived be could ‘transition’ nd thus local feminists feminists local thus nd s of unemployment, unemployment, of s - socialist women women socialist - CEU eTD Collection ‘progressive’ middle ‘progressive’ gende rethinking of experience visceral a rather but agenda an or manifesto a program, a offer not did cultures Club 3). (Chapter oneself express experiment, mad, get up, open transgress, to invitations the from ‘organically’ grew m the from distinction 1), (Chapter empowerment agency, youth in embedded and were they clubs, In impositions. identities invasive not were consumption globalized literature, transition of fraction’ studies ‘cultural the in Unlike through borderlines practice an and norms gender/sexuality about discoursed the this, necessarily Doing clubber experience. sensibilities, styles, new on’ ‘trying without clubber proper of 2008). studies Cerwonka 2007; (Zimmerman programs gender of help ideological the with and NGOs the through mostly introduced as femini from independently evolved Slovakia ‘90s in cultures Club (2004). Woodcock or (2000) Bunzl (1999), Essig by are addressed and activities imaginaries presuppositions, researchers’ of problems the of Some 1999). (Long democracies Western civ of part a as identities LGBT convey and institute to act also they hand, other the On 1997). (Renne territory new a in queerness of traces for quest a are attempts their agend an with came researchers First women. European East of behalf on and about talking then sexuality on Scholarship Goscilo 199 & (Azhgikina culture socialist or Soviet in interest rising the by accompanied investigation of gender/sexuality gender/sexuality a of studying as well as affecting/co as well as studying of a d styles. styles. d 6; Green 1995; Omelchenko 1999; 1999; Omelchenko 1995; 6; Green

- became the kernel of new subjectivity constitution. One could not be a a be not could One constitution. subjectivity new of kernel the became class values spinning the post the spinning values class –

or rather LGBT identities identities LGBT rather or o rdinating LGBT communities. On the one hand, hand, one the On communities. LGBT rdinating 173 Stitel 2005; Vains 2005; Stitel P

ut on trial in the leisure sphere leisure the in trial on ut r/sexuality regimes in line with instituting instituting with line in regimes r/sexuality - industrial ‘creative’ economy. ‘creative’ industrial –

proved to be even more problematic problematic more even be to proved tein 1996; True 2003). True 1996; tein st and LGBT identity politics politics identity LGBT and st ainstream (Chapter 2) and and 2) (Chapter ainstream the the ,

t il society in in society il he domain domain he notions of of notions

CEU eTD Collection neo embody to being into is called subjectivity the on liberation neo middle male onto traveling i style transgressive Rather, su commercial of sphere the from exclusion one’s balance to deployed not are pose and Style business. of for allowing creative gender/sexuality as presented is subjectivity expressive of middle new regime the of constitution liberal the to central the is experimentation that proposed I Moreover, threate their but innovation of are sources middle of scenarios sustainable and more conventional into flavor Bohemian The clubs. of gate the on retained not is drug unrestrained sexuality, transgressive enough, Interestingly health. and future for identity, care little consumption, gender slippery style, on spent amounts big work), with interrelation of (devoid leisure pure on accent education, lower ‘Sma transgression. of kernel a is which ‘smažka’ of figure the is differentiation clubbers’ of aspect central The lifestyle. of patterns clubbers that argued I values. bohemian and bourgeois both of articulation of site a provided Club cultures - liberal sexual revolution taking place in clubs. However, unlike gender/sexuality gender/sexuality unlike However, clubs. in place taking revolution sexual liberal navigated between the ‘mainstream’ and ‘extreme’ to construct ‘meaningful’ ‘meaningful’ construct to ‘extreme’ and ‘mainstream’ the between navigated ccess as it was with the case with case the with was it as ccess

gna f Marx of agenda - s wedded with profit. Transgression mainly concerns femininity femininity concerns mainly Transgression profit. with wedded s class bodies in the form of style. I suggested we may speak of of speak may we suggested I style. of form the in bodies class

- ruin eouinre, nw sexuo new a revolutionaries, Freudian žka 3.3.0. ning aspects are obfuscated, prevented. obfuscated, are ning aspects ’ represents a blend of points of excess excess of points of blend a represents ’ 1 74 -

liberal ideals. liberal

and this creativity is extended to the sphere sphere the to extended is creativity this and Conclusion

Bohemians, counter Bohemians, that that

class youth. Figures of ‘extreme’ ‘extreme’ of Figures youth. class ‘smažka’ ‘smažka’ - class subject. The ideal ideal The subject. class this figure of distinction distinction of figure this - provides is reworked reworked is provides

and subculturalists. subculturalists. and -

or failure: failure: or economic economic CEU eTD Collection lifestyle. Information, material, people flew across the lines delimiting youth culture and the the and culture youth delimiting lines the across flew people material, Information, lifestyle. c in always were cultures Club milieu. clubbing the beyond clubs in tested patterns lifestyle and work reproduce to able were they Subsequently, service. quality and professionalism of values post in clubbers commitment, and participation subcultural of form with the In clubbers skills. and knowhow equipped marketable and thinking of modes entrepreneurial of forms disseminated ‘drain were countercultures and cultures youth Not reversed. be may incorporation of logic the context, on depending that suggests it twist: a presents project the However, research. of line this on built partly dissertation The (M critique of streams selected of incorporation by rejuvenated Post 2005). Chiapello & (Boltanski spirit’ new ‘the with boosted is capitalism principles, entrepreneurial with merges creativity rebellious Where counter of incorporation (1997) Frank’s Since capitalism’. ‘cool by as captured (2009) aptly McGuigan was synergy This incentives. Mod entrepreneurial the by life, of employed aspect invitation every in innovation and creativity to calls the in tangible supposedly of convergence values the opposed in interest scholarly rising registered decade Previous lose proximity, if not interrelated, with the sector of ‘trendy’ jobs dealing with with dealing jobs ‘trendy’ of sector the with interrelated, not if proximity, lose - – socialist Br socialist

Bohemian or countercultural and Bourgeois. This mixing was especially especially was mixing This Bourgeois. and countercultural or Bohemian On ‘cool capitalism’ conveyed by subcultures by conveyed On capitalism’ ‘cool - utrl icus ws tde a a oo o business of motor a as studied was discourse cultural tsaaasre neo absorbed atislava Concludingpoints ed’ for inspiration that sells but rather club cultures cultures club rather but sells that inspiration for ed’ 175

- liberal concepts of cultural organization, organization, cultural of concepts liberal -

industrial capitalism thus emerges emerges thus capitalism industrial cGuigan 2009; Fraser 2009). Fraser 2009; cGuigan h Cnus o Cool of Conquest The

cultures. cultures. ernist ernist , the the ,

CEU eTD Collection business’. ‘real the for field training subcultural neo for templates proposed They efficiently. wi unthinkable were cultures club If helped which knowhow) cultures. club of character ‘progressive’ the marketing articulate to clubbers or IT cameras, digital (borrowed material or ideas idea the communicating community; clubbing of of notion the shaping were Advertisements phones mobile or drinks energy Bratislava. cigarettes, in cultures club of formation the on participating culture dissertation This protest. to power with social deviants and rebels as themselves of think could clubbers and potential resistant with charged were cultures club majority, orderly the – media of state the in found be to never actually were cultures club that argued (1996) Thornton Deconstruc resistance. coded as serve to potential its loses and subculture Subsequently, industries. cultural and youth media captured mass by disseminated is subculturalists of style and knowledge i that suggested originally He was (1993[1976]). out selling or incorporation of thesis The lifestyle and sectors economic new consumers. in workers as well as were subculturalists they commerce): committed of cultures complicit and youth resistant of division subcultural retai to decide we case (in sides both on active were Clubbers work. of world

and by extension other subcultures other extension by and - innocence. She showed that mass media were rather crucial for shaping club cultures cultures club shaping for crucial rather were media mass that showed She innocence.

a ta has k en of ‘party nation’. Business sector served as a source of language, language, of source a as served sector Business nation’. ‘party of

e ar her gument further. There were other forces of commercial commercial of forces other were There further. gument thout the market, they also reproduced its structures structures its reproduced also they market, the thout

(see also Cohen Cohen also (see 176 - liberalization of culture as well as served as a a as served as well as culture of liberalization

ting this hegemony/subculture division, division, hegemony/subculture this ting 2002 ). Portraying them as a threat to to threat a as them Portraying ). ntroduced by Dick Hebdige Hebdige Dick by ntroduced

n the classic classic the n CEU eTD Collection the power of the state (but using the legal framework guarantee) and dissociated from from dissociated and guarantee) framework legal the using (but state the of power the prac T them. embody and changes class a but politicians of spectrum narrow or j not may changes the with who themselves identify and profit who Those terms. exclusive in portrayed is transition so and analysis the from disappear they terms; classed in addressed not are transition’ of ‘winners result, a As of Authors discipline. in above transition by affected populations the to anthropologists of approach The states: Buyandelgeriyn transition, of critiques anthropological post the for unsuitable and population wide neo that argued transition of anthropologists Most post on perspective innovative an proposes project this Furthermore, e ae f lbes hw a ifrn ln o itouto o neo of introduction of line different a shows clubbers of case he tice. This time, it emerges from ‘below’ shaped by subcultural ‘cool’ allure. Away from from Away allure. ‘cool’ subcultural by shaped ‘below’ from emerges it time, This tice. mainly taken the peasant, the lower classes, and the oppressed asits central protagonists. class industrialized, on societies,scale sociologistswith non and of study holistic the to commitment a upon rests [anthropology] differences that the transitologists had dismissed eventually engulfed the transition. (T modernization of forces the thetransnationalby away theythatsweptneedobstaclesbe andtoprogress systems areto of because failed ignor policies on neoliberal the suggest, assumptionmarketthatworkedruleseverywhere. thesame accountsThat assumption wasnotbased ethnographic the As Buyandelgeriyn ne hwvr bt n cnepuu ble ta clua iette,vle, and values, identities, cultural that belief contemptuous a on but however, ance, On re The Global Middle Middle Classes The Global - ’s account account ’s framing transition through ‘youthful creativity’ ‘youthful through transition framing

- based societies, anthropology’s engagement with class analysis has analysis class with engagement anthropology’s societies, based ö k é 20) I bcm cer o e hwvr ta te cult the that however, me, to clear became It 2000). s –

was political scientiststraditionallyhavingfocused primarily

to a great extent caused by the biases of the the of biases the by caused extent great a to 177 ust be the spectacular figures of ‘new riches’ riches’ ‘new of figures spectacular the be ust ( propos insight an provide r t es a ls fraction class a least at or - oils ‘etlt’ I her In ‘mentality’. socialist - liberal reforms were detrimental to the the to detrimental were reforms liberal (Heiman &

(Buyandelgeriyn 2008: 236) Liechty & Freeman 2012: 5) - liberal discourse and and discourse liberal -

ing that ing socialist transition. transition. socialist - etr ad small and Western

– )

as summarized summarized as which support support which

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- hand shops: some pieces had potential for being reshaped reshaped being for potential had pieces some shops: hand , I stated that in 20 years of club cultures in Bratislava, women gained extremely extremely gained women Bratislava, in cultures club of years 20 in that stated I, ss towards entrepreneurs entrepreneurs towards ss – differences’ invoked by Buyandelgeriyn are much more flexible and and flexible more much are Buyandelgeriyn by invoked differences’ On the limits of neo of the limits On

were rehashed for new uses while other discourses discourses other while uses new for rehashed were –

were opposed. Late socialist cultural legacies served served legacies cultural socialist opposed. Late were

- liberal sexual revolution sexual liberal 178 -

class men to dominate the field of night night of field the dominate to men class - liberal cultural patterns were were patterns cultural liberal

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07) notified us. The modernist and countercultural countercultural and modernist The us. notified 07) 179 - and

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- mainstream whatever it means) while most of the social aspects dropped out. In In out. dropped aspects social the of most while means) it whatever mainstream , I I , –

proposed that style functioned as a vehicle of new gender/sexuality order order gender/sexuality new of vehicle a as functioned style that proposed femininity is detached from female bodies to inspire ‘liberated’ masculine masculine ‘liberated’ inspire to bodies female from detached is femininity - liberal sexual revolution. It is a revolut a is It revolution. sexual liberal - oriented subjectivity drawing distinction from the crude crude the from distinction drawing subjectivity oriented pes it for the post the for it pes 180 –

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CEU eTD Collection Hvorecký, M., 2006b. 2006b. M., Hvorecký, 2006a. M., Hvorecký, 2010. Deportation T., Gális, Ginsberg’s Allen date]. [no radio, Fun on Report Final 1990. R.M. Ebeling, Žižek, S. 1989. S., Zukin, 2007. S., Zimmerman, 2006. A., Yurchak, the and Ethic Entrepreneurial The Neoliberal: Russian Neoliberal: Russian 2003. A., Yurchak, Aesthetics and Identity, Power, Transforming Kids: Rave the and Gagarin 1999. A., Yurchak, http://hvorecky.sk/2006/06/06/depeche 2012]. http://hvore 2012]. 10 October [Accessed http://kultura.sme.sk/c/5599302/slovenske October 2012]. Deportation http://www.scribd.com/doc/53963034/Final 2012]. 26 October [Accessed University Press. 1 Regional the and Politics Asymmetric Union: Soviet Former the and Europe Eastern and Central in Education Press. University Princeton Princeton: Careerism". "True of Spirit Gorbachev Since and Society Post in , 2004. 2004. , 60 .

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