NASA/TM–2007–214755 The Apollo Medical Operations Project: Recommendations to Improve Crew Health and Performance for Future Exploration Missions and Lunar Surface Operations Richard A. Scheuring, DO, MS, NASA Jeffrey A. Jones, MD, MS, NASA James. D. Polk, DO, MS, NASA David B. Gillis, MD, Ph.D., UTMB/NASA Josef Schmid, MD, MPH, NASA James M. Duncan, MD, NASA Jeffrey R. Davis, MD, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Joseph D. Novak, MEng University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 September 2007 THE NASA STI PROGRAM OFFICE . IN PROFILE Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to • CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected the advancement of aeronautics and space papers from scientific and technical science. 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Scheuring, DO, MS, NASA Jeffrey A. Jones, MD, MS, NASA James. D. Polk, DO, MS, NASA David B. Gillis, MD, Ph.D., UTMB/NASA Josef Schmid, MD, MPH, NASA James M. Duncan, MD, NASA Jeffrey R. Davis, MD, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas Joseph D. Novak, MEng University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 September 2007 Acknowledgments The Apollo Medical Operations Project was a team effort. Members of this team included the core Summit group at Wyle Labs: Kae Parker, Phyllis McCulley, Mary McFarther, Luisa Rivera, Christopher Stokes, Marilyn Sylvester, Karen Mathis and Sandy Ballesteros. The facility hosting the Summit, Space Center Houston, provided excellent accommodations and service led by Sheri Armstrong. The JSC Center Director, Michael Coats, provided opening remarks to the group and set the tone for the meeting. A tremendous thank you is offered to Dr. Joe Kerwin who provided insight and encouragement throughout the development process and for the face-to-face meeting. Of course, thank you to all the NASA-JSC flight surgeons and astronaut physicians: Ellen Baker, Lee Morin, Scott Parazynski, Michael Barratt, Thomas Marshburn, Bob Satcher, David Wolfe and Anna Fischer offered their time in preparing for the meeting which could not have happened without them. Other individuals contributed to the writing of the manuscript and deserve heartfelt thanks: Barbara Tomaro, Donna Baumer, Jennifer Fogarty, Nancy House, Carol (Mimi) Kao and Malinda Moller. Lastly, the future generation of lunar explorers will benefit greatly from the servant spirit offered during the few days in June 2006 by the Apollo astronauts and flight surgeons. Their effort will improve the new vehicles and protect crew health and performance for years to come. Available from: NASA Center for AeroSpace Information National Technical Information Service 7115 Standard Drive 5285 Port Royal Road Hanover, MD 21076-1320 Springfield, VA 22161 301-621-0390 703-605-6000 This report is also available in electronic form at http://ston.jsc.nasa.gov/collections/TRS/ Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................. 2 2.0 Methods ...................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Background Research .........................................................................................3 2.2 Data Collection ....................................................................................................4 2.3 Panel Questions ..................................................................................................5 2.4 Face-to-Face Summit ..........................................................................................5 2.5 Post-Summit Review and Validation....................................................................6 3.0 Results........................................................................................................ 6 3.1 Data ....................................................................................................................6 4.0 Operational and Research Recommendations by Category ............................. 8 4.1 EMU/EVA Suit .....................................................................................................8 4.2 Lunar Surface Operations..................................................................................11 4.3 In-flight Illnesses................................................................................................15 4.4 Medication/Medical Kits (Appendix D) ...............................................................16 4.5 Environmental Impacts ......................................................................................18 4.6 Radiation ...........................................................................................................20 4.7 Performance/Human Factors.............................................................................21 4.8 Crew Schedule ..................................................................................................24 4.9 Exercise ............................................................................................................24 4.10 Food/Nutrition....................................................................................................26 4.11 Launch/Landing/Recovery Operations...............................................................27 4.12 Flight Surgeon-Crew Interaction ........................................................................28 5.0 Discussion................................................................................................. 29 6.0 Conclusion ................................................................................................ 56 7.0 References................................................................................................ 57 Appendix A Non Attributable Access Data Records.................................................. 59 Appendix B Non-Attributable Panel Discussion & Post-Panel Responses................. 308 Appendix C Apollo Medical Operations Project Summary of recommendations Excel Spreadsheet ........................................................................... 406 Appendix D Apollo Medical Kits from Biomedical Results of Apollo5 ......................... 414 Appendix E Correspondence ............................................................................... 417 Appendix F Meeting Agenda................................................................................ 421 Appendix G Personal Communications ................................................................. 426 i Figures Figure 1. Sample Access Data Record From the Apollo Medical Operations Project ......5 Figure 2. EMU/EVA Issues............................................................................................34