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Archaeopress Archaeology

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ISBN 978 1 78491 393 9 ISBN 978 1 78491 394 6 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Access Cover illustration: Citadel, photo Jack Pascal

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Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Contents

List of Figures and Tables...... iv

Authors’ details...... xii

Preface...... xvii

Archaeological investigations on the Citadel of Erbil: Background, Framework and Results...... 1 Dara Al Yaqoobi, Abdullah Khorsheed Khader, Sangar Mohammed, Saber Hassan Hussein, Mary Shepperson and John MacGinnis

The site of Bazyan: historical and archaeological investigations...... 11 Narmin Amin Ali and Vincent Deroche

Short notes on Chalcolithic pottery research: The pottery sequences of Nader (Erbil) and Ashur (Qal’at Sherqat)...... 19 Claudia Beuger Access

New Evidence of Paleolithic Occupation in the Western Zagros foothills: Preliminary report of cave and rockshelter survey in the Sar Qaleh Plain in the West of Kermanshah Province, ...... 29 Fereidoun Biglari and Sonia Shidrang

Activities of Sapienza-University of Rome in :Open Erbil, Sulaimaniyah and Duhok...... 49 Carlo Giovanni Cereti and Luca Colliva

The Achaemenid Period Occupation at Tell ed-Daim in Iraqi Kurdistan...... 57 John Curtis and Farouk al-Rawi

‘Inscription D’ from Sennacherib’s Aqueduct At Jerwān: Further Data and Insights...... 65 Frederick Mario Fales and Roswitha Del Fabbro

The Land of Archaeological Project: A Preliminary Overview on the Pottery and Settlement Patterns of the 3rd Millennium BC in the Northern Region of Iraqi Kurdistan...... 75 Katia Gavagnin

Animal husbandry and other human-animal interactions in Late Ubaid-Early Uruk northern Iraq: the faunal remains from the 2012 excavation season at Tell Nader...... 87 Angelos Hadjikoumis

HawArchaeopresssh-Kori and Char-Ghapi: Why the Sassanids built two monuments in the west of Kermanshah and the south of Iraqi Kurdistan...... 101 Ali Hozhabri

Across millennia of occupation: the Land of Nineveh Archaeological project in Iraqi Kurdistan: The prehistory and protohistory of the Upper Tigris rediscovered...... 125 Marco Iamoni

The Iraqi Institute: Education for Archaeological Research and Conservation...... 135 Jessica Johnson, Abdullah Khorsheed and Brian Michael Lione

i Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Two seasons of excavations at Kunara (Upper Tanjaro): An Early and Middle Bronze Age city...... 139 Christine Kepinski and Aline Tenu

Excavations of the Chalcolithic Occupations at Salat Tepe on the Upper Tigris, Southeastern Anatolia...... 147 Tatsundo Koizumi, Minoru Yoneda, Shigeru Itoh and Koichi Kobayashi

Insights into the settlement history of Iraqi Kurdistan from the Upper Greater Zab Archaeological Reconnaissance Project...... 163 Rafał Koliński

Two Ottoman Trade Buildings (Qaisariya) in the Bazaar of Erbil from Building Archaeology to Refurbishment Planning...... 173 Dietmar Kurapkat

Ninevite 5 – culture or regional pottery style?...... 181 Dorota Ławecka

Back to the Land of Muṣaṣir/Ardini: Preliminary report on fieldwork (2005-2012)...... 189 Dlshad Marf Access

New Researches on the Assyrian Heartland: The Bash Tapa Excavation Project...... 201 Lionel Marti and Christophe Nicolle

Materials from French Excavations in Erbil Area (2011-2013): Qasr Shemamok...... 209 Maria Grazia Masetti-Rouault and Ilaria Calini Open

Current Investigations into the Early of the Zagros Foothills of Iraqi Kurdistan...... 219 Roger Matthews, Wendy Matthews and Kamal Rasheed Raheem

About Bakr Awa...... 229 Peter A. Miglus

Magnetic investigations in the Shahrizor Plain: Revealing the unseen in survey prospections...... 241 Simone Mühl and Jörg Fassbinder

The Bazaar of Erbil within the Context of Islamic Trade Routes and Trade Buildings...... 249 Martina Müller-Wiener and Anne Mollenhauer

Halaf Settlement in the Iraqi Kurdistan: the Shahrizor Survey Project...... 257 Olivier Nieuwenhuyse, Takahiro Odaka and Simone Mühl

ContextualizingArchaeopress Arbīl: Medieval urbanism in Adiabene ...... 267 Karel Nováček

Filling the Gap: The Upper Tigris Region from the Fall of Nineveh to the Sasanians. Archaeological and Historical Overview Through the Data of the Land of Nineveh Archaeological Project...... 277 Rocco Palermo

Satu Qala: an Assessment of the Stratigraphy of the Site...... 297 Cinzia Pappi

ii Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Helawa: A New Northern Ubaid/Late Chalcolithic Site in the Erbil Plain...... 309 Luca Peyronel, Agnese Vacca and Gioia Zenoni

From the banks of the Upper Tigris River to the Zagros Highlands. The first season (2013) of the Tübingen Eastern Ḫabur Archaeological Survey...... 323 Peter Pfälzner and Paola Sconzo

Gre Amer, Batman, on the Upper Tigris: A Rescue Project in the Ilısu Dam Reservoir in ...... 333 Gül Pulhan and Stuart Blaylock

In the Neo-Assyrian Border March of the Palace Herald: Geophysical Survey and Salvage Excavations at Gird-i Bazar and Qalat-i Dinka (Peshdar Plain Project 2015)...... 353 Karen Radner, Andrei Ašandulesei, Jörg Fassbinder, Tina Greenfield, Jean-Jacques Herr, Janoscha Kreppner and Andrea Squitieri

New investigations at Shanidar Cave, Iraqi Kurdistan...... 369 Tim Reynolds, William Boismier, Lucy Farr, Chris Hunt, Dlshad Abdulmutalb and Graeme Barker Access Materials from French excavations in the Erbil area (2010): Kilik Mishik...... 373 Olivier Rouault and Ilaria Calini

Kurd Qaburstan, A Second Millennium BC Urban Site: First Results of the Johns Hopkins Project...... 385 Glenn M. Schwartz Open The Sirwan (Upper Diyala) Regional Project – First Results...... 403 Tevfik Emre Şerifoğlu, Claudia Glatz, Jesse Casana and Shwkr Muhammed Haydar

Tracking early urbanism in the hilly flanks of Mesopotamia – three years of Danish archaeological investigations on the Rania Plain...... 411 Tim Boaz Bruun Skuldbøl and Carlo Colantoni

The Activities of the Italian Archaeological Mission in Iraqi Kurdistan (MAIKI): The survey area and the new evidence from Paikuli blocks documentation...... 417 Gianfilippo Terribili and Alessandro Tilia

The Kani Shaie Archaeological Project...... 427 André Tomé, Ricardo Cabral and Steve Renette

Philological and scientific analyses of cuneiform tablets housed in ArchaeopressSulaimaniya (Slemani) Museum...... 435 Chikako Watanabe

‘Carrying the glory of the great battle’. The Gaugamela battlefield: ancient sources, modern views, and topographical problems...... 437 Kleanthis Zouboulakis

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Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 Magnetic investigations in the Shahrizor Plain: Revealing the unseen in survey prospections

Simone Mühl and Jörg Fassbinder

Prospection by magnetometer in urban environments Magnetometer Survey in the Shahrizor Plain: Avoided outside the limits of excavation offers the possibility Spaces to unveil the layout of entire settlements, including street networks and residential and other architectural The archaeology of urban spaces in the Shahrizor Plain features, without the use of a spade. Questions about (Fig. 1.) remains difficult to assess by magnetometer city planning, the use of built and open space and the surveys. Due to the degree of settlement continuity, organization of religious and other architecture at sites half of the detected sites in the Shahrizor Plain are can all be addressed (cf. Fassbinder 2002; Fassbinder et elevated tell sites. The top layers of the region’s biggest al. 2005; Benech 2007). Magnetic prospections of sites sites date to Islamic periods (cf. Altaweel et al. 2012; in the Shahrizor Plain, which have been conducted since Miglus et al. 2013), a time of growth and prosperity in October 2013, have the potential to provide insights the Shahrizor Plain when major building programs such into the diachronic use of rural space in the region. This as hydraulic features such as canals and qanats, which paper will focus on the results of investigations which nowadays come to light duringAccess construction work in the were carried out at Gird-i Shatwan (bečuk – ‘the small expanding cities (pers. comm. Kamal Rasheed), shaped mound Shatwan’; SSP-51 & 52), a small Parthian site in this urban landscape. These layers cover older periods the rural environment of Wadi Shamlu in the center of and therefore it is difficult to gain information on pre- the Shahrizor Plain. Islamic periods by magnetic investigations at these sites. Open

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Figure 1. Map of sites in the Shahrizor Plain.

241 Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regions

Figure 2. Sites affected by landmine depositions.

Access Furthermore large sites as well as middle sized tells are magnetic field and thus mask the faint magnetic signal often affected by the region’s recent history. Many sites of archaeological features. Additionally, a fifth of the have not only been badly damaged by looting during the sites in the Shahrizor Plain are not safe to investigate due time of the Iran-Iraq war, but have also been damaged by to the distribution of antipersonnel mines, even though the excavation of tank or gun emplacements. These and these do not disturb the magnetic field dramatically (Fig. other military structures from that time have destroyed 2). The application of other geophysical prospecting the upper levels of many archaeological sites in a region methods such as ground penetrating radar or resistivity where until recently only very little research had been wouldOpen encounter even more difficulties. The penetration carried out since the Iraqi salvage projects of the 1960s depth of ground radar is limited by the consistency of the (Directorate General of Antiquities Baghdad 1960; loamy soil which is rich in clay. The use of resistivity 1961; Wahbi 1961; Janabi 1961; Husaini 1962; Abu prospecting is in general restricted to stone buildings. al-Soof 1964; Madhloom 1965; Hijara 1975; 1976). Tell sites were used as strategic positions which often Small flat sites in the Shahrizor Plain: Investigation of served as observation posts or military positions. Metal the rural spaces shrapnel from both exploded bombs and grenades and from unexploded ordnance (UXO) are commonly found at sites where fighting took place. Between 2009 and 2011, larger and middle sized sites of the Sharizor Plain were investigated in order to determine Large and small calibre shells and even live ammunition the distribution of settlements through the ages as well are scattered widely over sites in the entire plain. Within as their relationship to each other. Starting in 2011, the framework of the Shahrizor Survey Project, which is the project’s efforts were focused on the investigation investigating the past landscapes of the Shahrizor Plain of small flat sites which had been detected on satellite in southern Iraqi Kurdistan, these traces are recorded images prior to the survey. These sites, which have only and documented as part of the historical landscape of one or a very small number of occupation layers, provide the valley. However, the project is careful to only gather key data for the establishment of a preliminary regional this information if the security of the team members pottery sequence, which is characterised by a large Archaeopress1 number of until recently unknown or little understood is guaranteed. Nevertheless these remains also affect archaeological recording in many ways. For instance, pottery types and chronological developments (cf. they make it more difficult to apply magnetometer Altaweel et al. 2012). Additionally, high density survey prospection in such areas since the metal pieces and methods are applied to examine these sites and to help disturbed surfaces cause strong spike anomalies in the understand the formation history of individual sites (cf. Nieuwenhuyse et al. forthcoming). Nevertheless, it is not 1 Security measures also include reading mine reports in advance. In possible to gain information on the use of rural space the field it is required to ask for the guidance of a local person from during certain periods without excavations, which of the village nearest to the site. In accordance with security standards course remain the best method to examine households for landmine monitoring survey teams (Information Management & Mine Action Programmes 9.11.2007, 132), if no sufficient information and small communal structures in rural regions. is available, sites in high risk areas are avoided and not surveyed. Interdisciplinary research teams can reveal not only the

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Figure 3. Gird-i Shatwan at Wadi Shamlu (Digital Globe image, 23.11.2013). Open

physical layout of houses and other structures, they can Plain, northwest of Tell Begum on the western bank of also – by employing archaeobotanical, archeozoological Wadi Shamlu (Fig. 3). It consists of a small tell site which and chemical analyzes, as well as micromorphology – can be dated to the with, on the top of the help in reconstructing communal life in its economic mound, a concentration of Parthian pottery fragments setting. Excavations are costly and destructive by nature, including bowls (Fig. 4.1-3), jars with narrow (Fig. though, limiting the degree to which this method of 4.4-7) and wide necks (Fig. 4.8-11) and whole mouth investigation can be applied. jars (Fig. 4.12-14). The prehistoric occupation did not extend beyond the eroded limits of the tell. A small area Total field caesium-magnetometers enable us to cover (SSP-52) measuring 0.3 ha which stretches up to 100 m large areas in a reasonable amount of time, while to the north exhibits a noticeable change in the color of offering high sensitivity as well as a high degree of the ploughed soil, indicating ancient settlement traces. spatial resolution (25 x 20 cm). Therefore, it is possible Collected sherds from this area also date to the Parthian to analyze settlement structures of specific periods at period. In April 2015 the site was revisited to carry out a selected sites. With the financial support of the Ludwig- magnetometer survey on the top of the mound. An area of Maximilians University of Munich as well as the Johann 0.3 ha was prospected within one complete 40 x 40 m grid WolfgangArchaeopress Goethe University of Frankfurt am Main2 and and three areas within that grid. For the magnetometer in collaboration with the Directorate of Antiquities of survey we applied a Caesium magnetometer in a so Sulaymaniyah3 (Mühl and Fassbinder 2015; Fassbinder called ‘Duo sensor configuration’. This offers the highest et al. 2015), four sites were investigated with this method possible sensitivity while allowing the prospection to be in October 2014 and April 2015 (Fig. 1). One of the sites executed at a high speed (Fassbinder and Gorka 2009; was Gird-i Shatwan (bečuk; SSP-51 & 52), south of the Fassbinder 2015). At this configuration normally more modern village Said Sadeq in the center of the Shahrizor than 98% percent of the magnetometer data in a 40 m grid will vary in the range of ±20 nT from the corrected 2 The authors would like to express their gratitude to Adelheid Otto mean value of the geomagnetic field. The stronger (Munich) and Dirk Wicke (Frankfurt). anomalies can typically be ascribed to burnt structures, 3 The project is funded and supported by the German Research Foundation (MU3354/1-1). to lightning strikes, to pieces of iron containing slag or to

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Figure 4. Selection of Parthian pottery from Gird-i Shatwan (SSP-51 & 52).

244 Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 S. Mühl and J. Fassbinder: Magnetic investigations in the Shahrizor Plain

Diam. Organic Mineral Fig. 2 no. Object no. Diam. Color surf. Color sect. Matrix Treatm. Preserv. temper temper 1 51-503/6 21 cm 7.5% <1 mm, 5% 10YR8/2 10YR7/3 fine red sand 2 51-342/5 23 cm 5% 1 mm, 10% 7.5YR8/3 7.5YR6/3 middle thin slip 1 mm, 20 mm 3 51-345/3 23 cm 6% <1 mm, 10% 2.5YR6/6 7.5YR6/6 fine 4 51-345/12 12 cm 8% <1 mm, 60% 1 mm, 10% 7.5YR7/4 7.5YR7/4 middle 5 51-346/13 12 cm 6% 1 mm, 20% 10YR7/3 10YR5/2 middle polished red sand 6 51-345/6 9 cm 12% 1 mm, 10% 2.5YR6/6 2.5YR5/8 middle 1 mm, 20% sand, mudstone 7 51-419/6 10 cm 14.5% <1 mm, 5% 10YR7/4 10YR7/4 middle 2 mm, 10% 8 51-503/4 21 cm 7.5% 1 mm, 20% 10YR8/3 10YR/7/4 middle 9 51-345/17 22 cm 5% lime 1 mm, 30% 10YR7/3 10YR5/3 middle quartz, lime 10 51-343/3 20 cm 7.5% 7.5YR7/4 2.5Y/2 middle 1 mm, 30% 11 51-34/3 23 cm 7% 1 mm, 20% 5YR6/3 10YR3/1 middle 12 51-346/9 18 cm 2% 1 mm, 20% quartz 1 mm, 30% 7.5YR6/3 7.5YR5/2 middle 13 51-346/11 32 cm 2% 1 mm, 20% quartz 1 mm, 20% 7.5YR7/3 7.5YR7/6 middle quartz, sand 14 51-344/2 20 cm 7.5% 1 mm, 10% 7.5YR7/3 5Y5/4 middle 1 mm, 20% Table 1. pottery description. Access

Open iron rubbish, and these are easily distinguishable both by from Wadi Shamlu, extended over the whole eroded their different direction of magnetic dipole anomalies as mound. We were able to detect lines of broken mudbricks well as by their high intensities (> ±50 nT). To cancel the at the same level around the top of the mound with our natural micro-pulsations of the Earth’s magnetic field, a bare eyes. A limestone pillar base, presumably ploughed band pass filter in the magnetometer processor was used. out from the vicinity or from a higher spot on the The advantage of the ‘duo-sensor’ configuration is that mound, was found at the western border of the assumed the resulting image provides more information on a site, mudbrick structure (Fig. 5). The pillar base has a round especially from its deeper parts, thus revealing additional drum resting on a carved-out protrusion. The upper part archaeological structures. The instrument measures the has an elevated base for the pillar, which has a decorated Earth’s magnetic field with a sensitivity of ±10.0 pT torus at the bottom. With the segmented top it shows (Picotesla) with a sampling rate of ten measurements similarities with simple Ionian pillar bases and can be per second; in April 2015, the Earth’s magnetic field in roughly compared to pillar bases from Azerbaijan which the Shahrizor Plain varied in the range of 47,300±20.0 are assumed to have belonged to Parthian buildings nT (Nanotesla). For a more sophisticated interpretation (Kleiss 1972). The structure on top of the mound was we applied a high-pass filter on the data and fused both at least partly constructed of fired bricks. Fragments magnetograms into one image. This procedure allows us of bricks, two examples of which showed deep finger to discriminate single features in large anomalies but at imprints and a deep wedge shaped impression (Fig. 6), the same time also to trace ancient ground floors by their indicate that at least parts of the architectural remains on slightly Archaeopresshigher magnetic susceptibility. A control unit top of the mound were built of fired bricks. allows fading in and out of the different magnetogram layers and thus optimizes the interpretation. Moreover the Interpretation of the magnetometry image procedure can remove the deeper and mainly geological features and thus provides supplemental information on The analysis of the magnetometer image, combined with the type of the anomalies. The results are then displayed soil magnetic measurements of selected samples from in a second grey scale magnetogram image. the top of Gird-i Shatwan, revealed a long rectangular structure measuring 35 x 25 m in a nearly perfect east- At Shatwan, the complete surface of the mound was western orientation (Figs. 7 and 8). The building seems heavily disturbed by fresh plowing. A watermelon field, to rest upon a rectangular mudbrick platform (55 x 38 pump irrigated with the help of plastic tubes taking water m), visible on the magnetic image to the north, west,

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Figure 6. Marked brick fragments from Gird-i Shatwan. Figure 5. Limestone pillar base from Gird-i Shatwan.

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Figure 7. Interpretation of the magnetomer image of Gird-i Shatwan.

east and partly also south of the structure. The southern central structure might represent staircases leading up to side of the mound is the face most heavily affected by the building or smaller protrusions like towers or semi- weather related erosion, which is accelerated by the pilasters. agricultural activities on the mound today. Therefore the observed structures are not as well preserved as on During the Parthian Period it was quite common to this side. It is difficult to assess the internal structure erect sacral buildings on platforms at elevated places. of the detectedArchaeopress building from the magnetometry image. Therefore it is not unlikely that the structure at Gird-i We can discern some linear features as well as the Shatwan might have served as a sanctuary of a small rectangular layout of the ground plan. The fact that the rural settlement in the vicinity. The ground plan revealed pillar base was ploughed out of the ground shows that shows multiple enclosures on top of the platform as well the use of the tractor caused damage at the floor level as, despite heavy disturbances, traces of a subdivision of the structure. Very interesting is the discovery of a of the inner part of the structure on Gird-i Shatwan. square shaped pit measuring ca. 3 x 3 m in the western The outline of the structure is reminiscent of liwans, part of the building. It is very likely that this pit contains or smaller temples found in the western sphere of the burnt in situ material, as indicated by the high intensity . The shrines X and XI at (Safar of the magnetic remnant magnetization of the anomaly and Mustafa 1974, fig. 19, 20, plan XXI) are examples (Fig. 7). Structures protruding from the façade of the of Parthian sacral buildings with long rectangular outer

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Figure 8. The prospected area on top Openof the mound of Shatwan.

walls, accessed from one of the longer sides and a cella ‘Breitraum’ plan can also be suggested (see also Stein protruding from the backside of the building. If the 1940, fig. 11). This reconstruction is favoured here. In interpretation of the detected protrusions as stairways is the end, the true nature of this site can only be revealed correct, the Shatwan structure had a regular rectangular by the spade. But we have to fear that the damage to shape. This outline with simple internal subdivisions the building is severe. The magnetic image of Gird-i corresponds to a plan known from shrines VI and VIII Shatwan might be all that is left from this structure that at Hatra (Lenzen 1955, fig. 7; Safar and Mustafa 1974, once covered the top of the mound. Nevertheless, it fig. 16, 19), where two chambers face each side of a provides us with a glimpse of Parthian material culture forecourt of the cella, which in this case has a position and represents an additional piece of information that corresponding to the liwan of Parthian residential and will hopefully contribute to a better understanding of the palatial Archaeopressarchitecture as known, for example, from Ashur classical history of southern Kurdistan. (Andrae and Lenzen 1933) or Abu Qubur (Wright 1991). The reconstruction of the liwan or the general position of Acknowledgements the cult image is also important for the reconstruction of the entrance to the building. Parthian architecture gives The authors would like to thank the colleagues of the a variety of examples for both models: access from the Directorate of Antiquities for their long side of the building with a direct line of sight to the support and collaboration, especially its director, image or the centralized square plan (e.g. Jandial temple Kamal Rasheed. In the field we were joined by the in Taxila (Colledge 1977, 44 fig. 16 E). If the fired archaeologists Saber Ahmed Saber and Hero Saleh. Kak structure in the western part of the Shatwan building Saleh, the driver of the directorate, saved the campaign is interpreted as a small altar, the reconstruction of a after the battery charger of the instrument had exploded

247 Copyright Archaeopress and the authors 2016 The Archaeology of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and Adjacent Regions and his car turned out to be the only possibility to charge des Zagrosgebirges in Kurdistan.’ Denkmalpflege the batteries of the magnetometer. In fate’s ungrateful Informationen 160:71-73. exchange his car was broken by the harsh environment Hijara, I. 1975. ‘Exploration in Shahrizor. Yasin Tepe on a mud track near Gird-i Shatwan. We want to express [the first campaign 1973] (in ).’ Sumer 31:275- our deepest gratitude to our colleagues who always work 82. with us with patience and dedication. Hijara, I. 1976. ‘Excavations in Shahrazur Plain, Tell Kurdrsh (in Arabic).’ Sumer 32:59-80. Bibliographical References Husaini, M. B. al- 1962. ‘The Excavations at Tel Bakr- Awa (in Arabic).’ Sumer 18:141-64. Abu al-Soof, B. 1964. ‘Uruk Pottery from the Dokan and Information Management & MineAction Programmes, Shahrazur Districts and the Distribution of Ninevite 9.11.2007. Landmine Impact Survey 2004-2006. The V Pottery as Revealed by Field Survey Work in Iraq.’ Republic of Iraq. Sumer 20:37-45. Janabi, K. al- 1961. ‘The Excavations at Tell Shamlu in Altaweel, M. R., A. Marsh, S. Mühl, O. Nieuwenhuyse, Shahrizur (in Arabic).’ Sumer 17:174-93. K. Radner, Rasheed, and A. S. Saber. 2012. ‘New Kleiss, W. 1972. ‘Bericht über Erkundungsfahrten in Investigations in the Environment, History, and Iran im Jahre 1971.’ Archäologische Mitteilungen Archaeology of the Iraqi Hilly Flanks: Shahrizor aus Iran 5:135-242. Survey Project 2009-2011.’ Iraq 74:1-35. Lenzen, H. J. 1955. ‘Ausgrabungen in Hatra.’ Andrae, W., and H. Lenzen. 1933. Die Partherstadt Archäologischer Anzeiger 334-75. . Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Madhloom, T. 1965. ‘The Excavations at Tell Bakr-Awa Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 57. Osnabrück: Otto (in Arabic).’ Sumer 21:75-88. Zeller. Miglus, P. A., U. Bürger,Access R. Fetner, S. Mühl, and A. Benech, C. 2007. ‘New approach to the study of city E. Sollee. 2013. ‘Excavation at Bakr Awa 2010 and planning, domestic dwellings in the ancient Near 2011.’ Iraq 75:43-88. East.’ Archaeological Prospection 14:87-103. Mühl, S., and J. Fassbinder. 2015. ‘Archaeological Colledge, M. A. 1977. Parthian Art, London: Elek. geophysics in the Shahrizor plain (Iraqi Kurdistan).’ Directorate General of Antiquities Baghdad. 1960. Archaeological Prospection. ‘Excavations of the Directorate General of Antiquities Nieuwenhuyse, O. P., T. Odaka, A. Kaneda, S. Mühl, K. in Shahrizor(in Arabic).’ Sumer 16:147-9. OpenRasheed, M. R. Altaweel . Forthcoming. ‘Revisiting Directorate General of Antiquities Baghdad. 1961. Tell Begum. A prehistoric site in the Shahrizor Valley, ‘Excavations of the Directorate General of Antiquities Iraqi Kurdistan.’ Iraq 76. in Shahrizor (in Arabic).’ Sumer 17:221-2. Safar, F., and M. A. Mustafa. 1974. Hatra. The city of Fassbinder, J. 2002. ‘Magnetometerprospektion in Uruk the sun , Baghdad: Dir. General of Antiquities. am Schauplatz des ersten Epos der Weltliteratur: Auf Stein, A. 1940. Old Routes of Western Iran, London: den Spuren von König Gilgamesch.’ Denkmalpflege Greenwood Press. Informationen 122:62-3. Wahbi, T. 1961. ‘The Etymology of the Name ‘Shahrzur’ Fassbinder, J., H. Becker, M. van Ess. 2005. (in Arabic).’ Sumer 17:129-44. ‘Prospections magnétiques à Uruk (Warka): La cité Wright, G. R. H. 1991. ‘Abu Qubur. The ‘Parthian du roi Gilgamesh (Irak)’ Dossiers d’Archéologie Building’ and its Affinities.’ In Fouilles d’ bu Qubur, 308:20-5. edited by H. Gasche, N. Pons, G. Verhoeven, and Fassbinder, J., I. Hofmann, S. Mühl. 2015. ‘Archäo- D. A. Warburton: 75-91 Mesopotamian History logisch-geophysikalische Prospektion am Rande and Environment Series I. Northern Akkad Projects Report. Ghent: University of Ghent. Archaeopress

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