DOCSLIB.ORG

Actinbdes-89

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Actinbdes-89 Academy of Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences of the UzbekSSR + Sf; ACTINBDES-89 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Tashkent, USSR September 24-29.1989 ABSTRACTS Academy of Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences of the UzbekSSR ACTINIDES-89 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Tashkent, USSR September 24-29,1989 ABSTRACTS e Moscow «NAUKA» 1989 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE "ACTINIDES-S9 ABSTRACTS: PLENARY LECTURES 1. LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION, SYNTHESIS OF SUPERHEAVY ELEMENTS IN REACTIONS WITH HEAVY IONS 2. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND SPECTROSCOPY 3. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 4. SOLID STATE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY 5. SOLUTION CHEMISTRY 6. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 7. ACTINIDES IN ENVIRONMENT © Vernadeky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemiatry of the Academy of ISBN 5-02-007142-7 Scieneea of the USSR, i989 PREFACE STUDIES ON ACTINIDE ELEMENTS ARE IN PROGRESS IN MANY COUNTRIES FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD. THE RESULTS FROM A GREAT SCIENTIFIC INTEREST PAYED TO THESE ELEMENTS, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WHICH HAVE NOT BEEN INVESTIGA­ TED WELL ENOUGH; AND FROM A NECESSITY TO DEVELOP MORE EFFICIENT AND SIMPLE METHODS OF THEIR ISOLATION AND DETERMINATION, AND WIDE POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR PRACTICAL USE. SUCH APPLICATIONS OF THESE ELEMENTS SHOULD BE NOTED AS PORTABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY, POWERFUL AND COMPACT NEUTRON SOURCES AND SO ON. INTEREST IN THESE ELEMENTS IS ALSO CAUSED BY A CONTINUING DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGETICS AND THE PROBLEM OF HARMLESS WASTE DISPOSAL ASSOCIATED WITH THE LATTER, GENERAL RESULTS OF ACTIN1DE STUDIES ARE REGULARLY DISCUSSED AT INTERNATIO­ NAL CONFERENCES. THE TWO PRECEDING CONFERENCES HAVE BEEN HELD IN PACIFIC GROVE (USA, CALIFORNIA, "ACTINIDES 81") AND AIX EN PROVENCE (FRANCE, "ACTI- NIDES 85" THE PRESENT BOOK CONTAINS EXTENDED ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE "ACTINIDES 89" INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE (USSR, TASHKENT, SEPTEMBER 24 - 29 !, SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME OF THE CONFERENCE INCLUDES 9 INVITED PLENARY LECTURES AND 12 INVITED KEYNOTE LECTURES ON THE MOST ACTUAL TRENDS OF STU­ DIES, MORE THAN 60 ORAL COMMUNICATIONS AND SOME 200 POSTERS. THE ABSTRACTS HAVE BEEN ARRANGED IN CERTAIN LOGICAL SEQUENCE CORRESPON­ DING TO THEIR SCIENTIFIC SUBJECT MATTER. THE NUMBER OF A COMMUNICATION IN THIS BOOK CORRESPONDS. TO ITS NUMBER IN THE PROGRAMME OF THE CONFERENCE TO МАХЕ IT EASIER TO FIND A NEEDED ABSTRACT. THE LARGER PART OF ABSTRACTS HAVE BEEN PRINTED WITHOUT ANY CHANGES, AS THEY WERE PRESENTED, IN PARTICULAR CASES, IF A MATERIAL DID NOT SATISFY THE REQUESTED DEMANDS, THE ABSTRACTS WERE EDITED AND RETYPED. UNFORTU­ NATELY, WE HAD NO OPPORTUNITIES TO SUBMIT CORRECTED TEXTS FOR APPROVAL OF THE AUTHORS BECAUSE OF LACK OF TIME, THEREFORE, WE APOLOGIZE FOR POSSIBLE INCONSISTENCIES, SELECTION OF THE PAPERS HAS BEEN CARRIED OUT BY THE PROGRAMME COMIS- S10N OF THE ORBANIZING COMMITTEE, PERSONALLY BY PROF, B.F. MYASOEDOV, PROF, A.II. ROZEN AND DR, G.V, IONOVA, ESPECIALLY LARGE WORK TO PREPARE ABSTRACTS FOR PUBLICATION AND TO MAKE UP THE PROGRAMME HAS BEEN DONE BY DR, M.K, CHMU- TOVA. PROF. A.S. NIKIFOROV PROF. B.F. HYASOEDOV •V JiTW- ACTINIDES-89 INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE PROF, T.BRAUN (HUNGARY) PROF W.MllLLER (C.E.CJ. PROF, G.R.CHOPPIN (USA) PROF S.NIESE (GDR) PROF, P.R.DANESI (IAEA) PROF R.PASCARD (FRANCE) PROF. N.EDELSTEIN (USA) PROF, W.SUSKI (POLAND) PROF. P.ERDOS (SWITZERLAND) PROF, T.TOMINAGA (JAPAN) PROF. J.FUGER (CE.C,J,R.C.,KARLSRUHE) PROF D,-X.WANG (CHINA) PROF. LGRENTHE (SWEDEN) PROF P.VIGATO (ITALY) PROF. G, HERRMANN (FRG) CONFERENCE COMMITTEE PROF, A.P.ALEXANDROV - CHAIRMAN PROF. P.K.KHABIBULLAEV- CO-CHAIRMAN PROF. A.S.NIKIFOROV - VICE--CHAIRMAN PROF. A.A.KIST VICE--CHAIRMAN PROF. B.F.MYASOEDOV - VICE--CHAIRMAN DR. '.A.LEBEDEV SCIENTIFIC SECRETARY DR. G.A.NEKRASOVA DR, A.S.POLYAKOV PROF. V.V.GROHOV PROF. A.M. ROZEN DR, B.S.ZAKHARKIN PROF, D.I.SKOROVAROV PROF. A.P.ZAKHAROV PROF. O.V.SKIBA PROF. A.M.CHEKMAREV PROF. D.N.SUGLOBOV PROF, I.I.ZVARA PROF. G.N.FLEROV PROF. V.S. KOLTUNOV PROF. A.V.FOKIN PROF. N.N.KROT PR. V.YA.FRENKEL DR, A.K.KRUGLQV PROF, V.A.TSYKANOV DR, L.N.I.AZAREV PROF, N.T.CHEBOTAREV PROF. B.N.LASKORIN MRS. N.V.SHAKHOVA PROF, B.P.NIKOLSKY MRS. E.P.SHUMILOVA PROF, YU.TS.OGANESYAN DR. I.K.SHVETSOV PLENARY LECTURES # ACMHIDE ACCUHULAMOS AND RABIOCHEHICAb PROBLEMS , A.S.Hikiforov, A.li.Roaen. All-union Research Institute of Inorganic Materials, Mosoow, USSR With nuclear power development increasingly sore aotlnides - plutoslum, neptunium end transplutonlum elements (IPS) are being produced. Plutonium oan be used In a nuclear fuel cyole to produce nixed uranium- plutonium fuel for fast and thermal reaotors. The fuel cycle «1th thl3 ele­ ment Is closed* * more complicated problem la a management of Hp and TPE that accumulate in significant amounts. Beptunium-237 and аоег101ии-г41 can be employed to produce plutonium-238 - a good material for neat and current sources ( ™Pu produced from "Am can be employed in medicine). Calif ornlum-252, curium-244 and 242, aserioius-241 are used to produce neutron, alpha- and gamma sour­ ces as well as neat, e.g., at the Research Institute of Atomic Reac­ tors (RIAR) , see the review of V.'.Isykanov and coworkers [l]. Howe­ ver the isotopes will be more widely used with reprocessing Improvements and cost reduotion their amount used up is lefts than that accumulated* Hence, the problem of TPE storage arises. To solve it one must proceed from the fact that due to their long half-life their disposal into the ground is not per­ missible. Since the master line of high level waste management is solidifica­ tion and the TPE incorporation into matrices will not practically allow their future use it seems advisable to isolate these elements at one of the stages of spent fuel reprocessing. Therefore, along with spent nuclear fuel reproces­ sing Improvements three more radiochemical problems arise, vie., a thorough actinide extraction from radiochemical process wastes, actinide separation and finally storage* Improvement of extraction process. On mixed fuel reprocessing with IB? and at high plutonium concentrations the limited solubility of TBP-Pu solvate in saturated hydrocarbons entails the danger of a second organio phase formation. To avoid this instead of TBP phosphates with the optimized hydrocarbon chaln- an elongated one with an isostructure have been suggested [2~4] . The recommen­ ded triieoamylphosphate, diiaobutylisooctylphosphate and others,were suceeaful- ly tested for high burn-up fuel (100 GW day/t) short-term cooled (the solut­ ion activity up to 10' Ci/l [5])* The danger of the extractant degradation has been overcome through the use of centrifugal extractors having short phase contact time (extraction of 2 a, see [5] and the paper of A.S.Hikiforov, B.S.Zakharkin and others at this oonferenoe).Alternative ways of improvements suggested by the Prenoh and Italian researchers are also under study; I.e., the use of diluents- Isoparsffine. amides of oarboxylic acids instead of TBP. For the sake of the process optimization redox reactions of Pu.Hp.ind others are under systematic atudy (tie work by Koltunov V.S., e.g., [6] ). At the Radium Institute together with the scientists from the SSSR a process was develop­ ed to extract and successively isolate Important fission products - caesium, strontium, lanthanides-and TPE with chlorinated cobalt dicarbolyde [l] • High extraction, i.e., effective removal of TPE from raffiliates ie attain­ ed with powerful bidentate organophoephorus extraotants. At the AUSRITm such oxtractant* have been developed, e.g., tetratolylmetiurlenediphosphine dioxide 6 tol2P(0)0H2(0)Ptol2 (most powerful extractant H ) and ditolyldibutylcarba- moylphosphine oxide tol2P(0)CH,(O)CNbu2; the effectiveness of both the compo­ unds is significantly increased due to the anomalous axyl strengthening effect revealed in 1975 'see [9i10J and the paper by Rozeii A.M. and coworkers at this conference). The extractants were also tested in reprooessing fuel irra­ diated to 100 aw dey/t [5]. At the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (GEOChI) B.F.Myasoedov and coworkers investigated many carbomoylphosphine oxides and diphosphine dioxi­ des including those with a rigid bridge that have a higher selectivity for the Fu/Am.U/Am pairs [11] . In the USA to extract TPE the TRUEX process is sug­ gested based on the use of octylphenyldilsobutyloarbamoylphosphine oxide ootPhP(0)OHg(0)CNibu2 solubilized with IBP (see [12] as well as the paper of W. Shultz at this conference}. Due to the high extraction ability of diphos­ phine dioxides and carbamoylphosphine oxides there are difficulties caused by the need to suppress the extraction of fission products - zirconium, techne­ tium and others-Howevervthese difficulties can be overcome, e.g., with complex- ones. Some powerful extractants have been suggested by B.N.Laskorin and D.l.Skorovarov and coworkers (Ail-Union Research Institute of Chemical Technology, see p j] as well as at the Aimim ДА,16] . Actinide separation. Plutonium and uranium are rather easily separable from TPE. For the separation of the latter one can use the known TALSPEAK pro­ cess, extraction with D2JBHFA (e.g., ^S]1- It also seems promising to separate based on the ТРЁ conversion to different oxidation states. With this aim in the USSR systematic investigations of TPE redox reactions are under way. Fun­ damental results have been obtained at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR where N.N.Krot and others revealed heptava- lent ifp and other actinides (see [17J, reactions яге under study in complica­ ted complexing media (concentrated solutions of aoids and alkalies, extrac­ tants in organic diluents, solutions of isopoly- and heteropoly compounds etc); investigations are being carried on of the kinetics and mechanism of the indi­ cated reactions, influence of different factors on the reactions, including ultra-sound and presence of solid phase catalysts.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,062.922 B2 Britt Et Al
    US008062922B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 8,062.922 B2 Britt et al. (45) Date of Patent: Nov. 22, 2011 (54) BUFFER LAYER DEPOSITION FOR (56) References Cited THIN-FILMI SOLAR CELLS U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS (75) Inventors: Jeffrey S. Britt, Tucson, AZ (US); Scot 3,148,084 A 9, 1964 Hill et al. Albright, Tucson, AZ (US); Urs 4,143,235 A 3, 1979 Duisman Schoop, Tucson, AZ (US) 4,204,933 A 5/1980 Barlow et al. s s 4,366,337 A 12/1982 Alessandrini et al. 4,642,140 A 2f1987 Noufi et al. (73) Assignee: Global Solar Energy, Inc., Tucson, AZ 4,778.478 A 10/1988 Barnett (US) 5,112,410 A 5, 1992 Chen 5,578,502 A 1 1/1996 Albright et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 6,268,014 B1 7/2001 Eberspacher et al. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 (Continued) U.S.C. 154(b) by 203 days. OTHER PUBLICATIONS (21) Appl. No.: 12/397,846 The International Bureau of WIPO, International Search Report regarding PCT Application No. PCTUS09/01429 dated Jun. 17, (22) Filed: Mar. 4, 2009 2009, 2 pgs. (65) Prior PublicationO O Data (Continued) US 2009/0258457 A1 Oct. 15, 2009 AssistantPrimary Examiner-HaExaminer — Valerie Tran NTNguyen Brown Related U.S. Application Data (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Kolisch Hartwell, P.C. (60) Provisional application No. 61/068,459, filed on Mar. (57) ABSTRACT 5, 2008. Improved methods and apparatus for forming thin-film buffer layers of chalcogenide on a Substrate web.
    [Show full text]
  • Newly Discovered Elements in the Periodic Table
    Newly Discovered Elements In The Periodic Table Murdock envenom obstinately while minuscular Steve knolls fumblingly or fulfill inappropriately. Paco is poweredwell-becoming Meredeth and truckdisregards next-door some as moneyworts asbestine Erin so fulgently!profaned riskily and josh pertinaciously. Nicest and What claim the 4 new elements in periodic table? Introducing the Four Newest Elements on the Periodic Table. Dawn shaughnessy of producing a table. The periodic tables in. Kosuke Morita L who led the mountain at Riken institute that discovered. How they overcome a period, newly discovered at this led to recognize patterns in our periodic tables at gsi. The pacers snagged the discovery and even more than the sign in the newly elements periodic table! Master shield Missing Elements American Scientist. Introducing the Four Newest Elements on the Periodic Table. The discovery of the 11 chemical elements known and exist master of 2020 is presented in. Whatever the table in. Row 7 of the periodic table name Can we invite more. This table are newly discovered in atomic weights of mythology. The Newest Elements on the Periodic Table or's Talk Science. The scientists who discovered the elements proposed the accepted names. Then decay chains match any new nucleus is discovering team is incorrect as you should inspire you pioneering contributions of fundamental interest in. Four new elements discovered last year and known only past their. 2019 The International Year divide the Periodic Table of Elements. Be discovered four newly available. It recently announced the names of four newly discovered elements 113 115 117 and 11 see The 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental and Health Effects of Early Copper Metallurgy and Mining in the Bronze Age Sarah Martin
    Environmental and health effects of early copper metallurgy and mining in the Bronze Age Sarah Martin Abstract Copper was a vital metal to the development of the Bronze Age in Europe and the Middle East. Many mine locations and mining techniques were developed to source the copper and other elements needed for the production of arsenic or tin bronze. Mining came with many associated health risks, from the immediate risk of collapse to eventual death from heavy metal poisoning. Severe environmental pollution from mining and smelting occurred, affecting the local mining community with effects that can still be felt today. This essay aims to establish that copper mining and manufacture had dramatic effects on the environment and health of people living in Europe and the Middle East during the Bronze Age. It goes on to speculate that heavy metal poisoning may have contributed to the increase in fractures seen between the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Keywords copper, Bronze Age, mining, health, environment Introduction The Bronze Age in the Middle East and Europe occurred approximately 3200–600 BCE. During this period, the importance of copper and its alloys grew to dominate society. The earliest uses of copper occurred in the Neolithic Period before its use in tools or weapons. Copper and its ores were used for colouring in ointments and cosmetics such as the vibrantly coloured 45 The Human Voyage — Volume 1, 2017 oxide malachite. The trading and manufacturing of bronze weapons quickly became essential for the survival of Bronze Age societies in times of warfare. Bronze weapons were superior—in terms of sharpness, durability, weight and malleability—to other materials available at the time.
    [Show full text]
  • Metal Types and Properties
    Metal Types And Properties Actinic Broderick bags, his terminals scrambles fiddle-faddle foolishly. When Devon handcuff his reanimations unknotting not tendentiously enough, is Chauncey chronometrical? Detestable and styptic Pasquale outjet her sewings munited while Carlo premix some pensions mutably. Revise and learn about metals including Ferrous and Mr DT. This type of solid solubility of metals that metal types of comfort decorating, and metallic coating. Alloy forms an important consideration for foams: their original shape when an electrical circuits, becoming soiled by types. Characteristic Properties of Major Classes metals polymers ceramics hard but malleable. There are among main types of alloys These are called substitution alloys and interstitial alloys In substitution alloys the atoms of these original metal are literally replaced with atoms that have roughly the same size from another material. Metals General properties Extraction and classification of metals. To weight its mechanical or electrical properties typically reducing the. Metal Facts For Kids Uses Of Metals DK Find Out. There standing three main types of metals ferrous metals non ferrous metals and alloys Ferrous metals are metals that consist mostly of iron or small amounts of other elements Ferrous metals are dusk to rusting if exposed to moisture Ferrous metals can justify be picked up business a magnet. The ability to as copper, we are strong and properties and inspire you free or dissolving into varying sizes are plasticity is. Heat treatment can return be used to perceive the properties of alloys eg hardening and tempering of high tense steel All metals are good conductors of feasible and. Expect that they grow and metal types properties.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxic Metals in the Environment: the Role of Surfaces
    Toxic Metals in the Environment: The Role of Surfaces Donald L. Sparks1 etals are prevalent in the environment. They are derived from both such as density, weight, atomic number, and degree of toxicity natural and anthropogenic sources. Certain metals are essential for (Roberts et al. 2005). Certain met- Mplant growth and for animal and human health. However, if present als and metalloids are essential for in excessive concentrations they become toxic. Metals undergo an array of plant growth and for animal and human health. With respect to biogeochemical processes at reactive natural surfaces, including surfaces of plants, these are referred to as clay minerals, metal oxides and oxyhydroxides, humic substances, plant roots, micronutrients and include B, Cu, and microbes. These processes control the solubility, mobility, bioavailability, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Mo. In addition, and toxicity of metals in the environment. The use of advanced analytical As, Co, Cr, Ni, Se, Sn, and V are essential in animal nutrition. techniques has furthered our understanding of the reactivity and mobility Micronutrients are also referred to of metals in the near-surface environment. as trace elements since they are required in only small quantities, Keywords: critical zone, metals, sorption, surface complexation, biogeochemical processes unlike major nutrients such as N, P, and K. In excess, trace elements INTRODUCTION can be toxic to plants, microbes, animals, and humans. Metals comprise about 75% of the known elements and can Problems also arise when there is a deficiency in essential form alloys with each other and with nonmetals (Morris elements. 1992). Metals have useful properties such as strength, mal- Important trace elements in the environment are As, Ag, B, leability, and conductivity of heat and electricity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Binding State of Indium in Natural Chalcogenides: In
    • • • THE BINDING STATE OF INDIUM IN NATURAL CHALCOGENIDES: IN A XANES APPROACH THROUGH THE L 3 ABSORPTION EDGE * Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia Cancún, Mexico Ma Ondina FIGUEIREDO & Teresa PEREIRA da SILVA August 16-20, 2009 CENIMAT/I3N, Mat. Sci. Dpt., Fac. Sci. Techn., New Univ. Lisbon, A Brief Summary of Indium Crystal Chemistry Symposium 20 2829-516 Caparica, and LNEG, Geol. Data Centre, Apt. 7586, Assigned as a native metal associated with lead in Transbaikalia [4], indium 2721-866 Alfragide, Portugal (Z=49) has the electronic structure [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1, and frequently assumes the Poster nr. 1 trivalent state, thus suggesting the inertness of 5s2 electron-pair. Like gallium Introduction MAIN CRYSTAL STRUCTURE-TYPES (STP) of NATURAL and unlike tin - other important “High-Tech” elements -, indium seldom forms Indium became one of the most relevant scarce CHALCOGENIDES (Minerals) specific minerals, occurring dispersed within polymetallic sulfide ores (Table 1). Octahedral Sulfides metals used in the last decades to produce new The sulphide roquesite (CuInS2) was the first In-mineral to be described [5], Disulfides |S=S| dimers SULPHO- “high-tech devices” based on innovative nano- followed [6] by indite (Fe In2 S4) and dzhalindite, a tri-hydroxide with In (OH)6 o t <c> SALTS : LCD Fe [| S2 |] octahedra. The recovery of indium stands mostly on the processing of zinc technologies - liquid crystal displays ( s), Polysomatic S organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and the series blende or sphalerite - the cubic zinc sulphide that typifies tetrahedral sulphides recently introduced transparent flexible thin-films made-up (fig.2), where cations fill half of the available tetrahedral sites in a cubic closest Pb from slabs packing (ccp) of sulfur anions (S=); the crystal-chemical formula is Znt[St]c, (TFTs) [1], manufactured with ionic amorphous extracted from galena o o c where t stands for tetrahedral coordination and c quotes the anion packing [7].
    [Show full text]
  • WM White Geochemistry Chapter 7: Trace Elements
    W. M. White Geochemistry Chapter 7: Trace Elements Chapter 7: Trace Elements in Igneous Processes 7.1 INTRODUCTION n this chapter we will consider the behavior of trace elements, particularly in magmas, and in- troduce methods to model this behavior. Though trace elements, by definition, constitute only a I small fraction of a system of interest, they provide geochemical and geological information out of proportion to their abundance. There are several reasons for this. First, variations in the concentrations of many trace elements are much larger than variations in the concentrations of major components, of- ten by many orders of magnitude. Second, in any system there are far more trace elements than major elements. In most geochemical systems, there are 10 or fewer major components that together account for 99% or more of the system. This leaves 80 trace elements. Each element has chemical properties that are to some degree unique, hence there is unique geochemical information contained in the varia- tion of concentration for each element. Thus the 80 trace elements always contain information not available from the variations in the concentrations of major elements. Third, the range in behavior of trace elements is large and collectively they are sensitive to processes to which major elements are in- sensitive. One example is the depth at which partial melting occurs in the mantle. When the mantle melts, it produces melts whose composition is only weakly dependent on pressure, i.e., it always pro- duces basalt. Certain trace elements, however, are highly sensitive to the depth of melting (because the phase assemblages are functions of pressure).
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Dictionary of Metals Copyright © 2012 ASM International® H.M. Cobb, editor All rights reserved www.asminternational.org Introduction Without doubt, none of the arts is older than agriculture, but that of the metals is not less ancient; in fact they are at least equal and coeval, for no mortal man ever tilled a field without implements. In truth, in all the works of agriculture, as in other arts, implements are used which are made of metals which could not be made without the usage of metals; for this reason the metals are of the greatest necessity to man . for nothing is made without tools. —Vannoccio Biringuccio, Italy, 1540 Contents The contents of the book fall into the following categories: • Detailed descriptions of each of the 73 metallic elements, including the date of discovery, the discoverer, the meaning and source of the name, and principal applications. • Tables in the Appendix showing the physical properties of each element and its abundance in the earth’s crust and in seawater. • Descriptions of alloys and groups of alloys, often with sources for further information. • Definitions of metallurgical terms, with references. • Descriptions of test methods, with references to ASTM tests. • Historical notes on the prominent men and women in the field of ­metallurgy. • Descriptions and illustrations of notable metal structures and applications.­ • A separate Metals History Timeline of metals, metallurgy, and notable events and people. The Earliest Discoveries The field of metals and metallurgy begins with the seven metals ofantiquity , dating from the Bronze and Iron Ages: gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, tin, and mer- cury.
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals Explained V—Some Ore Minerals Craig Barrie Minerals Explained Editor
    Minerals explained V—Some ore minerals Craig Barrie Minerals Explained editor Overview This final release for the Minerals Explained online event deals with some of the rarest and most unusual minerals in Earth’s crust. I say unusual not because the minerals are exotic combinations of rare elements, or mixtures of vibrant colours and unusual habits but, because they are pure, or very nearly-pure, native ele- ments. All of the minerals discussed so far have been composed of combinations of elements (i.e. in the form of silicates, carbonates, sulphides, etc); however, here elements that occur naturally uncombined (i.e. gold (Au), silver (Ag), graphite (C), etc.) are discussed. There are well over 4000 individual mineral species, with between 50–100 new minerals recognized every year, and one or two either discredited or downgraded. Of these 4000 minerals, only around 20 (it depends how stringent the criteria for defining a native mineral is) occur as native minerals, consisting of only a single element. One interesting native mineral is Fe, for although it can be found in pure form in the Earth’s crust, or as an alloy with nickel (Ni), the majority is extra-terrestrially sourced from meteorites! Most Fe in the crust is bound with silicates, sulphides or oxides and only one known major deposit of native Fe or ‘telluric Fe’ is known to exist, which is near Disko Bay in Greenland; again this Fe forms an alloy with Ni (Fig. 1A). Native minerals can be separated out into three groups; the native metals, semi-metals and non-metals.
    [Show full text]
  • Copper, Silver, Gold, and Zinc) Ores: Insights from Lake Superior Sediments
    J. Great Lakes Res. 30 (Supplement 1):162–184 Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., 2004 Local, Regional, and Global Implications of Elemental Mercury in Metal (Copper, Silver, Gold, and Zinc) Ores: Insights from Lake Superior Sediments W. Charles Kerfoot1,*, S. L. Harting1, J. Jeong1, John A. Robbins2, and Ronald Rossmann3 1Lake Superior Ecosystem Research Center and Department of Biological Sciences Michigan Technological University Houghton, Michigan 49931 2NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory 2205 Commonwealth Blvd. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105 3United States Environmental Protection Agency Mid-Continent Ecology Division Large Lakes Research Station 9311 Groh Road Grosse Ile, Michigan 48138 ABSTRACT. Anthropogenic inventories for copper (229 ± 89 ug/cm2, N = 30), and mercury (470 ± 307 ng/cm2, N = 25) in Lake Superior sediments are much greater than inventories in remote lakes (Cu 50 ± 31 ug/cm2, Hg 64 ± 34 ng/cm2, N = 16) that receive inputs largely from long-distance atmospheric sources. Whereas the absolute concentration of mercury in Lake Superior sediments is not high (80–110 ng/g), enrichment ratios along coastal margins indicate industrial sources. An example of previously unre- ported mining-related inputs comes from native copper mining on the Keweenaw Peninsula. Around the peninsula, sediment inventories for mercury, silver, and copper are highly correlated and can be traced back to shoreline tailing piles, smelters, and parent ores. Elemental mercury occurs as a natural amalgam or solid solution substitution in native metal (copper, silver, gold) deposits and associated gangue minerals (e.g., sphalerite, ZnS) at µg/g or higher concentrations. Native copper stamp mills discharged more than 364 million metric tons of “stamp sand” tailings, whereas copper smelters refined five million metric tons of copper, liberating together at least 42 metric tons of mercury.
    [Show full text]
  • W. M. White Geochemistry Chapter 7: Trace Elements
    W. M. White Geochemistry Chapter 7: Trace Elements − 2+ 2+ + + 2+ HCO 3 , Mg , Ca , K and Na (and H2O, of course) can be considered a trace constituent, though Sr , − – HBO 3 , and Br are sometimes considered major constituents also (constituents or species is a better term here than elements). These, including the last three, constitute over 99.99% of the total dissolved solids in seawater. Trace elements in seawater and in rocks do have one thing in common: neither affect the chemical or physical properties of the system as a whole to a significant extent. This might serve as a defi- nition. However, trace (or at least minor) elements can determine the color of a mineral (e.g., the green color of chrome diopside), so even this definition has problems. And CO2, with a concentration in the atmosphere of only 360 ppm, profoundly affects the transparency of the atmosphere to infrared radia- tion, and, as a result, Earth’s climate. At even lower concentrations, ozone in the upper atmosphere controls the atmospheric transparency to ultraviolet radiation. So this definition is not satisfactory ei- ther. Yet another possible definition of a trace element is: an element whose activity obeys Henry’s Law in the system of interest. This implies sufficiently dilute concentrations that for trace element A and major component B, A-A interactions are not significant compared to A-B interactions. There is perhaps no satisfactory quantitative definition of a trace element that will work in every situation. For our present purposes, any of these definitions might do, but bear in mind that a trace ele- ment in one system need not be a trace element in another.
    [Show full text]
  • Atomic Absorption Methods for Analysis of Some Elements in Ores
    CONTENTS PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS 5 GENERAL METHODS 7 General Procedure for Acid Decomposition 7 Barium 7 Beryllium 8 Cobalt 9 Copper 9 Iron 10 Lead 10 Nickel 11 Tellurium 11 Zinc 12 SPECIAL METHODS 14 Acid Pressure Decomposition Technique for Silicate Analysis 14 Analysis of Fluorite for Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Fluorite 15 Copper Oxide in Ores and Concentrates 16 Lead and Zinc in High Grade Ores 16 Manganese in Manganese Ores 17 Mercury in Ores and Concentrates 17 Molybdenum in Molybdenite 18 Molybdenum Oxide in Ores and Concentrates 19 Silver in Ores and Concentrates 19 Tin in Ores and Concentrates 20 REFERENCES 22 iv PREFACE Published methods for rock and ore analysis by atomic absorption are fairly extensive, but scattered. This publication is a compilation of some general and specific procedures for application of atomic absorption analysis to rocks and minerals. In this application, the difficulties and problems lie primarily in the dissolution of the sample. Once dissolution has been effected, the actual atomic absorption analysis is usually relatively simple and straightforward. This publication, while not a treatise of atomic absorption theory or technique, provides a collection of dissolution methods for analysis of rocks and minerals with major emphasis on ore and concentrate analysis. No attempt has been made to include all elements that can be analyzed by atomic absorption, but only those elements and/or situations for which atomic absorption is the method of choice in our laboratory. The methods described have been tested and are used by the analytical laboratory at the New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources.
    [Show full text]