Thai J. For. 26 : 28-39 (2007) 26: 28-39 (2550)

#$% & '( ) ' (Aceros nipalensis) ,$% --- $-#& - /. /

Homerange and Habitat Use of Rufous-Necked (Aceros nipalensis) by Radio Tracking in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Uthai Thani Province

! "# 1 Jutamas Tifong1 $% 1 Vijak Chimchome1 & (' () *2 Pilai Poonswad2 #+ , /' 3 Anak Pattnavibool3

1 !" 10900 Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 2 !" 10900 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand 3 # () #.$% .& 11120 Wildlife Conservation Society Thailand Program, Pak Kret District, Nonthaburi Province 11120, Thailand z. 12 2550 * * 3 2550

ABSTRACT

The objectives of this research were to estimate home range size of and habitat suitability for Rufous-necked , using radio tracking within hill evergreen forest at Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary. We collected data during May 2004-May 2007 and compared home range size between seasons and individuals. Three Rufous-necked Hornbills from two nests were captured for back-mounting of radio transmitters suitable for hornbills. We found that the mean home range sizes of all hornbills, using the minimum convex polygon analysis technique, was 25.86 ± S.D. 1.32 km2. The territorial male and female of the first nest used 11.24 ± S.D. 1.19 km2 and 10.96 ± S.D. 1.04 km2 respectively, whereas the territorial male of the second nest used of 23.84 ± S.D. 2.14 km2. A seasonal effect on home range was apparent among all hornbills. Hornbill ranges during the non-breeding season tended to be larger than during the breeding season. Home ranges for territorial males in the breeding and non-breeding seasons tended to be larger than for the female. The differences in home range size between seasons was significant (P = 0.015, Z = -2.439), but not between genders (P = 0.648, Z = -0.456) or between males (P = 0.770, Z = -0.293). A map of habitat suitability throughout the year showed four environmental factors that influenced detection of hornbills and their habitat utilization. The factors consisted of elevation (DEM), slope, forest type and distance to streams. Habitats of the most, moderate, less and least suitability covered 8.58 km2, 10.71 km2, 16.86 km2 and 26: 28-39 (2550) 29

65.58 km2, respectively, within the study area of 101.73 km2. The modeling result can guide management of hill evergreen forest in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary for conserving the rufous-necked hornbill and other hornbill species.

Keywords: hornbills, radio tracking, home range, habitat suitability



& )8( 8(* (*( -'. '*8A *; 8A.. B.:'( *+, 2547 ) *+, 2550 (/. 8 * (+ *: ; (+*: ; (( ( &* ) &: * & 3 & 2 * 3 25.86 ± S.D. 1.32 - .:( *8W 11.24 ± S.D. 1.19 ( 10.96 ± S.D. 1.04 - .: 2 *8W 23.84 ± S.D. 2.14 - &&( /B . +:* -+:*; '.*.'D+:*; ( *.:.'D 2 +: &() * (+: (P = 0.015, Z = -2.439) / (.:( (P = 0.648, Z = -0.456) (( .: . (P = 0.770, Z = -0.293) * ( : 8(. 4 8M&& :&(( 8A((( & -* (, 8, . (. / * 8.58, 10.71, 16.86 ( 65.58 - &* 101.73 - && *(:)/8:&*8A'*; 8 A . *. ( V /8

: * * (  &(&&(&(8Q (indicator species) *&:8A '8&:' '(8A '(&B Bucerotidae 8(. 54 ( 13 * *;/.8A (seed disperser) ( '8(/ (Poonswad and Kemp, 1993) 8(B 8Q*; -8Q '& (:9&8Q.:B (seed predator) ; (flagship species) 8Q /.8A (*/, 2543) D /'.* (* -.(:8A (.* .z*( &,(8M&& *8A. (*8A Thai J. For. 26 : 28-39 (2007) 30

'8(/):'. 8 & 13 *'8(/:' &* ),*):('.:D*; '( '8*+,'8W 2547 ('8W ). ((- -8 Q 1 ' 8 2549 98Q (:*.&(& ),*'.:D*;'(8( -'. 227 12 (Endangered species) (IUCN, 2005) (: 4 .8-* & &&8Q.)( DD (transmitter) . V (,*)( *'.)* ',*.,* (niche) &**&) (, 2543) (*( DD-'.DD( *' ' &DD &'* ( '8(/ . :*&(DD/. (,*8Ž- (.98(.(* / (.DD (.'.B ) &. 2 )8Q.* * ( 9.: & 2 )-'.B( &(8Q.:&8Q */8:& & (' &DD /.& /.'.; DD 05.00-21.00 . V - *.:V (.:/. & 6-8 (( (,:/.8('. ** ((* 8( 600 (-. &*(&'.8M&& . V '*    /.& / &. 2 ) DD* . -' . Distance and Azimuth Tools v. 1.4e Extension ' &'*8A ) & -8 ArcView GIS 3.2 8A *; 8A.. Jenness (2005) /...* , & ; (Figure 1) * B)* 101.73 - ' 26: 28-39 (2550) 31

Figure 1. Study site within Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary Thai J. For. 26 : 28-39 (2007) 32

'. ; Logistic Regression Analysis (, * (Home range) & 2544) '-8 ArcView GIS 3.2 (( -'.; MCP% -8Q 4 ( (P(X) = 0.75-1.00) 8 (minimum convex polygon) (Kenward, 1987); (P(X) = 0.50-0.75) . (P(X) = 0.25-0.50) (.) -( (&). / * (P(X) = 0.00-0.25) ( , (&*-'. Descriptive 2548) (-'.* ' Statistics .:8W (8Q 2 2 +: /. +:*; (( y 2 )*+,) (+:*; (( = e P(x) y ) ) ; ) 1+ e - P(X) = &(8Q '.()/'. / * (Nonparametric) .: e = EXP (Y) Y * 9 (& . / Y = * ; 8 (. 8 &&8 * β β β β *( 3 Y = 0 + 1x1 + 2x2 + ‘+ nxn -'.; Kruskal-Wallis Test ('. Mann- Whitney Test (  +: &&. : (& -'. * ; (& & 3 ( 1 ( .: 2 ) -/. 8M&&. 4 8M&&/. DD*(( :&(( 8A ( - & /8 ((& -'. ; Logistic Regression Analysis (, 2544) 9 * & 3 * ; 1 *z ( Y = β0 + β x1 + β x2 + ‘ + β xn 1 1 2 n U (Standard Deviation) - Y = *;8.( 25.86 ± 1.32 - (N=3,116) 8 '+:*; * 11.06 ± 0.73 β ,β ,β ,.. ,β = 8( ; ))ƒ 0 1 2 n - (N=1,174) (+:*; x1, x2,..,xn = 8 ( * 20.90 ± 1.47 - (N=1,942) /.' Figure 2 -* & - ('8W +:*; '.*& 1 - (+*: ; / '. Figure 3 26: 28-39 (2550) 33 Wildlife Sanctuary. Wildlife Figure 2.Figure Monthly home range (km2) of 3 Rufous-necked Hornbills in Huai Kha Kheang Thai J. For. 26 : 28-39 (2007) 34

Figure 3. Home range sizes of 3 Rufous-necked hornbills (May 2004-May 2007). '*. ( *; *:( 39.8 *.:-.'.*' ( 55.8 - (Suryadi et al., 1998) * *'+:*; -.: ''D *8W:( 11.24 ± 1.19 ( Buceros bicornis & 2 ( 23.84 ± 2.14 - ( Ptilolaemus tickelli (8W 1988 *8W 10.96 ± 1.04 ( 1989 (. - *(+: undulates (8W 1989, 1990 ( 1991 '+: 3 *'+: *; ** *; 11.06 ± 0.73 - 9. 3.7 - 4.3 +:*; 20.90 ± 1.47 - (. 10 - &'+:*; ./.8Q - +:*; * 8 /. *.. +:*; '. -.* 28 / /& *& - (Poonswad and Tsuji, 1994) 8+:*;B/./.&( '../8/ /8 *.'D * 3 /8. *. (+: D 8 ) (P = 0.015, Z = -2.439) &8( Red-knobbed Hornbill *.:'+: *'+:*; 26: 28-39 (2550) 35

'.*.+:*; ('. *(.:(/ %&' ( D) (P = 0.792, Z = -0.264) 2 *-z*( (*;( 8Q:*; (: . (&8M&&.*8M&& 8W('.**8W 4 8M&& /. :&(( 8*(.:/. 8A (8A) (((& /8' / ) ;*(& : (P = 0.770, Z = -0.293) .: 2 (Table 1) -*; *:,'8W 3 & & &*;8M&&. 4 98Q'. (* );(& *8Q'D'. /. (. 66.2 (-'*. (*/ 4 ( Figure 4

Table 1. Relative factors of the distribution of Rufous-necked Hornbill

Remark: STREAM = Distance to stream FOREST(1) = Mixed deciduous forest FOREST(2) = Degrade dry evergreen forest FOREST(3) = Dry evergreen forest FOREST(4) = Degrade hill evergreen forest FOREST(5) = Hill evergreen forest SLOPE = % SLPOE DEM = Digital elevation model Thai J. For. 26 : 28-39 (2007) 36

Y (year) = -10.214 - 0.008 (stream) + 1.696 (Hill evergreen forest) + 0.118 (slope) + 0.009 (Dem) ( R2 = 0.662) 3

P(X) = e -10.214 - 0.008(dist-stream) + 1.696(Hill evergreen forest) + 0.118(slope) + 0.009(Dem) 4 1+ e -10.214 - 0.008(dist-stream) + 1.696(Hill evergreen forest) + 0.118(slope) + 0.009(Dem) &((-'.* ,**8A 5 8A 8A 4 ( ); )://. 8A. 8A.)://. 8A * ; 8 &&M /. . '(8A -*'. %&' 8(- 64.61, 27.43, 0.36, 7.19, 0.12 ( 0.30% (:&( *((. '.'*( (: :'( 0-11% ((( 900-1200 &(( '.* & z 287.68 * 16.86 ,*8A 3 8A 8A):/ - (16.57%) * /. (8A.)://. -*'. %&' ) 8(- 75.52, 23.31 ( 1.17% * '..V :'( *(( : : 800 &(( ( 23-33% (((&z ,**8A,*98( 122.45 * -'.*( . 5 8A 8A):/ * 8.58 - (8.43%) /. 8A. 8A.)://. 8A' * (8A * 65.58 %&' - (64.46%) * (:'.'* :'( 34-44% (((& (8: (: 1200-1400 617.09 &(( '.* 4 8A ():( 8A)://. 8A.(8A.):/ ((& * /. -*'.8(- 72.14, ):'8A. (8A8Q 24.20, 0.02 ( 3.64% *( 'D9 Kemp (1995) /./. (8 ( *:'8A. (8A 12-22% (((&z 238.16 (: 800 - 2,000 &(( -* 10.71 - .( ( (10.53%) * 8Q .8A:' %&' /8MD: (:*(& '.*&8('; & : 800-900 &(( 9 . 26: 28-39 (2550) 37

Figure 4. Probability distribution map of Rufous-necked Hornbill in Huai Kha Kheang Wildlife Sanctuary. Thai J. For. 26 : 28-39 (2007) 38

    (&'D:'8A : '. (( "! &(: (: /8 &* (* Y = -10.214 - 0.008 (dist_stream) + 1.696 (-'. (Hill evergreen forest) + 0.118 (slope) + 0.009 (Dem) '*8A ) &8A ( R2 =0.662) *; 8A.. & (-'.* ; (*+, 2547 ) 4 ( -( (, 8, *+, 2550 )8 . (./** 8.58, ( 10.71, 16.86 ( 65.58 - 3 '.* &* 101.73 - 8W 25.86 ± 1.32 - -'.* '+:*; .+:*; # .:-.'.* 1. * -.:* 8Qz*('8A* ( 11.24 ± 1.19 ( 23.84 ± 2.14 9* 101.73 - - (* ,'*; 8A.. & 8 W 10.96 ± 1.04 - ;/8'8A V *&(/. * 3 '.* (/.&& * D) ( 8Q.'.):. +:*;(+:*; (P = 0.015, 2. B.:(& Z = -2.439) /B*/ -'. /.& ) '(.:( &('.( .:( (P = 0.792, Z = -0.264) ((.: *():. (& . (P = 0.770, Z = -0.293) &B.:'./. (* (8MD %&' ( DD(B.:&( /)DD/. (DD/. 9 8M&& ;*(& '/)DD/. /. :&(( (( 8A (8A) (((& B.: (* - 4 8M&& ;*(& & DD' /. . 8Q.( 66.2 - 3. (* 26: 28-39 (2550) 39

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