Individuals Interviewed by Rogers and Ellen Jane Hollingsworth as Sources for Study of Basic Biomedical Sciences*

* Titles are listed as of the time of the interview. In many cases numerous interviews were conducted with the same individual; there are 914 interviews listed with 596 individuals. HHMI stands for Howard Hughes Medical Institute. All references to Trinity College are to Trinity College, Cambridge, unless otherwise noted.

# Recipient of Nobel, Lasker, Horwitz, Crafoord Prize and/or Copley Medal (74 such individuals were interviewed)

‡ Ellen Jane Hollingsworth conducted these interviews.

** Interviews conducted outside the United States; 201 individuals were interviewed outside the United States.

Abarbanel, Henry, Professor of Physics, Director of Institute for Nonlinear Science, University of California San Diego and Research Physicist, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Interviews at UCSD Faculty Club 5 February 1998, 24 February 1998, 13 July 2001, 3 June 2005, 16 February 2007; interview at University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 25 and 26 May 2007, at UCSD 5 April 2010, 29 December 2010, 29 April 2011, 27 December 2011, 28 May 2012, 26 February 2013, 4 June 2013, 31 July 2013, 12 August 2014, by telephone 17 May 2015, 21 April 2017, 29 March 2018. Abe, Masayuki, Professor, Division of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan. Interview in his office at Osaka University 3 November 2009.** Aberle, Elton D., Dean, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in his office 10 November 2010. Abir-Am, Pnina, Scholar in Residence at Rockefeller Archive Center. Interview at Rockefeller Archive Center 10 May 2001. Adamson, Richard, Former Chief of Cancer Etiology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. Interview in his office in Washington, DC 2 March 1995. Aiken, Michael, Provost, University of Pennsylvania. Interviews in his office and in his residence 18 and 19 February 1993; telephone interview following his becoming Chancellor of the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana 13 October 2005, 30 November 2005. Telephone interview 20 August 2018. Alavi, A., Lecturer in Theoretical Chemistry and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Interview at Trinity College 22 April 2002.** Alber, Jens, Professor of Administrative Sciences, Konstanz University, Germany. Interviews 11 October 1994, 23 November 1994; Professor of Sociology, Free University, Berlin. Interview in Berlin 14 January 2011.** Alberts, Bruce, President, National Academy of Sciences. Former Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco; Former Professor of Biochemistry, Princeton University. Interview in his office in Washington, DC 20 November 1995. Interview in Madison, Wisconsin 8 April 2015. Alberty, Robert, Dean Emeritus of Science and Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, MIT. Interview in his office 2 May 1995.

1 Allfrey, Vince, Emeritus Professor, Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 22 February 2000. Allmendinger, Jutta, Professor of Sociology, University of Munich. Interview in her office 16 June 1998.** Andersson, Åke, University of Jonkoping, Jonkoping, Sweden. Interview at ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China 21 and 14 October 2016. Andersson, David, Professor, School of Entrepreneurship and Management, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. Interview in his office 27 and 29 October 2016. Andreasen, Nancy, Professor of Psychiatry, University of Iowa School of Medicine. Interview in San Diego 6 February 2013. Appelbaum, Fred, Director, Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (Seattle). Interview in his office 31 July 1995. Arbesman, Sam, Senior Scientist, Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. Interview in Kansas City, Missouri 12 November 2014. Archibald, Reginald M., Professor Emeritus, Rockefeller University. Interview at Rockefeller University 2 February 2001. Arnon, Ruth, Professor, Weizmann Institute, Israel. Interview in San Diego, California 17 February 1998. Arthur, Brian, Professor, Santa Fe Institute. Interview in Almen, The Netherlands 8 October 2007. Ashburner, Michael, Professor of Genetics, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 9 June 1999.** Atiyah, Michael Frances (Sir), Former Director Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences and former Master, Trinity College (Cambridge). Interview at Trinity College 11 February 2002.** Attie, Alan, Professor of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview at author’s residence 15 November 1996. Interviews in his office 20 October 2005, 25 August 2012. Interview at Wisconsin Institute for Discovery 10 April 2015. Avrameas, Stratis, Former Director, Unité d’Immunocytochimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. Interview in his office 12 May 2000.** Bachtold, W., President of Research Council, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) (Switzerland). Interview in his office 12 December 1994.** Baker, William, Chairman of the Board of Trustees Emeritus, Rockefeller University, and former head of Bell Labs. Interview at Rockefeller University 30 January 2001; telephone interview 2 February 2001. Balaban, Evan, Fellow at Neurosciences Institute, San Diego, California. Former Student, Rockefeller University. Interviews at Neurosciences Institute 6 February 1996, 7 January 1998, 12 April 2000. Baltimore, #David, Professor of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and former President of Rockefeller University. Interview in his MIT office 28 April 1995. Barakat, Sherif, Vice-president, National Research Council of Canada. Interview in Ottawa, Canada 4 October 2005.** Bárány, Anders, Professor and Secretary, Nobel Committee for Physics. Interview at Nobel Museum Stockholm 24 October 2002.** Bargmann, Cornelia, Professor, Rockefeller University. Interview at her lab 1 June 2015.

2 Barker, Graeme W., Disney Professor of Archaeology and Director of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. Multiple interviews at St. John’s College (Cambridge) during Lent Term 2006.** Barlow, Horace, Emeritus Professor of Physiology, University of Cambridge. Interview at Trinity College 10 April 2002.** Barne, Michel, Former Director of Unité de virologie et vaccins viraux at Institut Pasteur. Interview in his apartment 16 March 2000.** Barton (Sir), #Derek H.E., Professor of Chemistry, Texas A and M University and Professor Emeritus, Imperial College, London. Interview at the Beckmann Center, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 6 February 1998. Bass, Steve, Biological Scientist, Genentech Inc. Interview at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 26 August 1995. Baszio, Sven, Program Director Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Interview in Bonn 29 March 2004.** Battersby, #Alan (Sir), Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 20 March 2002.** Bauer, Bob, Manager, Advanced Systems Development Laboratory, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Interview at Scripps Institution of Oceanography 9 July 2001. Interviews at PARC 10 and 11 February 2003, 4 and 5 May 2003. Baumeister, Wolfgang, Professor and Director of Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried (Munich), Germany. Interview at Martinsried 10 May 2004.** Bearn, Alexander, Executive Director American Philosophical Society, and Life Trustee and former Professor, Rockefeller University. Interviews in his office 15 February and 23 August 2000. Beckman, Jenny, Fellow at Swedish Collegium of Advanced Studies (SCASSS) (Uppsala), Interview at Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences 26 September 2002.** Beers, William, Vice President for Facilities and Research Support, Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 18 May 2001. Belanger, André, Professor of Political Science, University of Montreal. Interview in Montreal, Canada at the residence of Professor Arnaud Sales 2 October 2005.** Bement, Arden L., Jr., Director of the National Science Foundation. Interview in his office in Arlington, Virginia 17 April 2007. Benca, Ruth, Ph.D., Professor of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine. Interview in her office 14 June 2004. Benz, Artur, Professor of Administrative Sciences, Konstanz University, Germany 30 November 1994.** Benzer, #Seymour, Professor of Biology, California Institute of Technology. Interview in his office 30 March 1994; second interview at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 26 August 1995; third interview at Neurosciences Institute, San Diego, California 17 March 1996; fourth interview in his office 22 December 1999. Berg, #Paul, Professor of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine. Interview in his office 6 May 2003. Bergstrom, Carl, Professor, Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle. Interview at Gruter Institute Conference on Innovation, Economic Growth and Human Behavior, Squaw Valley, California 20 May 2012.

3 Bernard, Jean, Former Professor of Medicine, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France. Interview in his apartment 17 April 1998.** Bernard, Paul, Professor of Sociology, University of Montreal. Interview in Montreal, Canada at residence of Professor Arnaud Sales 2 October 2005.** Berridge, #Michael, Senior Research Fellow, Trinity College, Cambridge and Head of Cell Signaling Programme, Babraham Institute (UK). Interviews at Trinity College 9 June 1999, 24 January 2002. interview at Babraham Institute 29 March 2002.** Birnbaum, Howard, Professor of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois. Interview at Scripps Institution of Oceanography 9 July 2001. Bishop, #J. Michael, Professor of Microbiology, Director of Hooper Research Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco. Interview in his office 10 August 1994. Björk, Ragnar, Professor of History, Södertörn University Sweden. Interview in San Diego April 2010. Interview in Sweden 31 August 2010. Blobel, #Günter, Professor at Rockefeller University and HHMI investigator. Interviews in his office 12 April 1995, 16 March 2001, 18 March 2001, 21 December 2004, 13 October 2006, 12 and 14 March 2007, 4 December 2008, 7 August 2012, 5 June 2015. Bloch, #Konrad, Higgins Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, Harvard University. Interview in his office 25 April 1995. Blocker, Helmut, Head of Department, Genome Research, Protein Design, Gesellschaft fur Biotechnologische Forschung mbH in Braunschweig. Interview in Klosters, Switzerland 17 January 1995.** Bloom, Floyd, Professor (Emeritus) of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute. Interview in San Diego 28 April 2010. Blumberg, #Baruch S., Professor, Fox Chase Cancer Center (Philadelphia). Interview at Rockefeller Foundation Study Center, Bellagio, Italy 21 May 1984; interviews at the Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton) 30 November 2008, 1 December 2008. Blundell, Tom, Professor and Head of Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 19 March 2002.** Boiron, Michel, Former Professor of Medicine and Former Director, Unité de virologie des leucémies, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France. Interviews in his office 17 June 1997 and 12 April 1998.** Bok, Derek, President Emeritus, Harvard University. Interview in his office 24 April 1995. Booth, Christopher (Sir), Royal College of Physicians. Interview in his office London 3 May 1997.** Bordenave, Guy, Director, Unité d’Immunophysiologie moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. Interview in laboratory 10 May 2000.** Bornens, Michel, Director Laboratory de Cells, Unité mixe de recherche, compartimentation et dynamique cellulaire in Curie Institut, Paris. Interview in his office 27 May 2000.** Botstein, David, Professor, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine. Former Professor of Biology, MIT. Interview at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 25 August 1995. Bowen, Fred, Former Executive Vice President, Rockefeller University. Interview at Rockefeller University 14 March 2001. Braumwald, Eugene, Professor of Medicine, Chief of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Interview in his office 27 April 1995.

4 Brenner, #Sydney, Professor Salk Institute, and Former Director of Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Cambridge, UK). Interview in La Jolla, California 7 April 2003. Interview in Almen, The Netherlands 8 October 2007. Breslow, Jan, Professor Rockefeller University. Interview in his laboratory 14 April 2001. Second interview 18 April 2001. Brieger, Gerth, William H. Welch Professor of History of Medicine, Science, and Technology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Interview in his office 21 July 1997. Broers, Alec (Sir). Professor and Vice-Chancellor, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 23 April 2002.** Brook, Richard John (Sir), Director of the Leverhulme Trust, London. Interview at Schloss Ringberg in Bavaria 18 April 2002.** Brown, Harold, Former United States Secretary of Defense and Former President of Caltech. Interview at private residence 29 December 2016. Buc, Henri, Director, Unité de physicochimie des macromolécules biologiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. Interview in his office 6 March 2000.** Bukovac, Martin J., University Distinguished Professor, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. Interview in Bonn, Germany 9 July 1996. Burgen, Arnold, former Sheild Professor of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge; former Director National Institute of Medical Research. Interview in his residence 17 October 2002.‡ Burley, Stephen K., Professor and Deputy to the President for Academic Affairs and HHMI Investigator, Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 10 April 2001. Burns, Tom, Professor of Sociology, Uppsala University; Visiting Scholar, Lisbon University. Interview in Uppsala 6 September 2010, 19 October 2011.** Burnside, Beth, Vice Chancellor for Research, University of California, Berkeley. Interview at Scripps Institution of Oceanography 9 July 2001. Burris, Robert H., Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in his office 16 October 1995. Burrows, Malcolm, Professor and Head of Zoology, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 22 April 2002.** Butterfield, William J. (Baron Butterfield), former Vice-Chancellor University of Cambridge. Interview in his residence 12 July 2000.** Cadwallader, Martin, Associate Dean of Graduate School, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in his office 7, 8 March 1994. Carrell, Robin W., Professor of Haematology, University of Cambridge. Interviews at Trinity College 24 January 2002, 26 January 2002, 29 January 2002 Carroll, Sean, Professor of Genetics, University of Wisconsin (Madison) and HHMI Investigator. Interview in his office 5 August 2003. Carson, Russell, Chairman of the Board of Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 7 October 2014. Cerami, Anthony, Director Kenneth S. Warren Laboratories and Former Professor and Dean of Graduate Studies, Rockefeller University. Interviews at Rockefeller Archive Center 12 March 2001, 10 May 2001.

5 Chadwick, Henry (Sir), Former Master Peterhouse College, University of Cambridge. Former Regius Professor, University of Oxford; former Regius Professor, University of Cambridge. Many interviews at Rockefeller Foundation Study Center, Bellagio, Italy, June 1994; interview at his residence in Oxford 13 April 1997.** Chadwick, Margaret (Lady), Numerous interviews at Rockefeller Foundation Study Center, Bellagio, Italy, June 1994.** Chan, Kenyon, Chancellor of University of Washington Bothell. Interview at University of Washington, Bothell 14 February 2012. Chandler, Marsha, Senior Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs, University of California San Diego. Interview in her office 9 March 1998. Other interviews in La Jolla, California 7 December 2000, 12 July 2001. Changeux, Jean-Pierre, Director, Unité de neurobiologie moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. Interview in his office 25 April 2000. Professor, College de France and Institut Pasteur. Interviews in his office at University of California San Diego 6 and 13 March 2012, 12 April 2013, 6 June 2013. Chargaff, Erwin, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, Columbia University. Interview at his residence in New York City 19 November 1993. Charney, Dennis S., Professor and Dean of Research at Mount Sinai School of Medicine; former Chief of the Mood and Anxiety Disorder Research Program and the Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Interviews at Mount Sinai School of Medicine 10 and 11 October 2006, 16 July 2013. Chartier, Roger, Professor, College de France. Interview in San Diego 12 April 2013. Cheney, Monika Gruter, Executive Director, Gruter Institute for Law and Behavioral Research. Interview at Gruter Institute Conference on Innovation, Economic Growth and Human Behavior, Squaw Valley, California 20 May 2012. Cheung, Tai Ming, Director of the Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation and Associate Professor, University of California San Diego School of Global Policy and Strategy. Interview at UCSD Faculty Club 10 October 2016. Child, John, Professor of Judge School of Management, University of Cambridge. Interview in Stresa, Italy 11 September 1997.** Chisholm, John, Software entrepreneur; Development Committee of MIT Corporation; Board Member Santa Fe Institute. Interview at Gruter Institute Conference on Innovation, Economic Growth and Human Behavior, Squaw Valley, California 22 May 2012. Choppin, Purnell, President Emeritus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and former Professor, Rockefeller University. Interview at Rockefeller University 14 November 2000. Interview at Schloss Ringberg in Bavaria,18 April 2002. Claasen, Linda, Director of Archives, University of California San Diego Libraries. Interview in her office 8 June 2012. Claude, Philippa, Senior Scientist, Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin (Madison) and daughter of Albert Claude. Interview in her office 13 March 2000. Interview in Madison, Wisconsin at author’s residence 17 October 2012. Cohen, George, Former Director, Unité de biochimie cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, and Former Director of Laboratoire d’ Enzymologie, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Interviews in his office 9 March 2000, 9 June 2000.** Cohen, Joel, Professor Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 8 February 2001.

6 Cohen, Mildred, Professor Emeritus of Bio-physics, University of Pennsylvania. Interview in her office 31 August 1993. Cohn, Melvin, Professor Emeritus, Salk Institute. Interview in his office 5 December 2000. Colledge, William H., Senior Lecturer, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 9 March 2006. Coller, Barry, Professor, Rockefeller University and Physician-in-Chief, Rockefeller University Hospital. Interviews in his office 18 October 2006, 4 December 2008, 13 August 2012, 13 March 2014. Collins, Randall, Professor, Department of Sociology, University of California, Riverside. Interview at Royal Swedish Academy of Science, Stockholm, Sweden,26–27 September 1996. Consemüller, Dr. Knut, Director Austrian Council for Research and Technology Development. Interview at Austrian Academy of Sciences 30 March 2006.** Cook, Amy, Associate Professor, Department of Theatre and Drama, Indiana University. Interview in San Diego 6 March 2013. Cook, Karen, James B. Duke Professor, Duke University, Numerous Interviews, Rockefeller Foundation Study Center, Bellagio, Italy, May and June 1996. Courvalin, Patrice, Director of Unité des antibactériens at Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. Interview in his office 25 February 1998.** Crawford, Andrew, Professor of Physiology, University of Cambridge. Interview at University of Wisconsin (Madison), 26 June 2000. Creager, Angela, Professor of History, Princeton University. Interview at Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley 12 August 1994. Crick, #Francis, President Emeritus and Distinguished Professor, Salk Institute; former scientist at University of Cambridge and at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Interview in his office in San Diego 6 March 1996 and 11 March 1998. Interview at UCSD 6 June 2002. Croissant, Odile, maître de recherche, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. Interview in conference room 18 April 2000.** Cronon, E. David, Dean Emeritus of College of Letters and Sciences and Professor Emeritus of History, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview at the University Club, University of Wisconsin 17 March 1994. Crossin, Kathryn, Section head of Neurobiology Lab, Scripps Research Institute. Former postdoc at Rockefeller University. Interview at Neurosciences Institute, San Diego, 19 January 1996. Crow, James, Professor Emeritus of Genetics, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in his office 16 December 1992. Cunningham, Bruce, Professor Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California. Former Professor, Rockefeller University. Interviews at Neurosciences Institute 7 February 1996 and 11 March 1998. Cuthburt, Alan, Emeritus Sheild Professor of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge. Interview in his lab, Addenbrooke’s Hospital 16 October 2002.‡ Dalton, Thomas C., Special Assistant to the Chancellor, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California. Telephone interview 18 November 2004; interview at author’s residence in La Jolla 13 June 2005. Darnell, James E., Jr., Professor, Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 10 April 1995. Other interviews in his office 8 March 2001, 18 April 2001, 29 May 2001, 5 December 2008, 3 and 10 August 2012, 9 October 2014, 3 June 2015. At Rockefeller University 6 September 2017.

7 Darnell, Robert, Professor, Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 25 January 2001. Dasgupta, Partha S., Frank Ramsey Professor of Economics, University of Cambridge. Multiple interviews at St. John’s College (Cambridge). Lent Term 2006.** Davidson, Eric, Professor of Biology, California Institute of Technology and former Associate Professor at Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 5 May 2000. Davis, Lance, Professor of Economics, California Institute of Technology. Interview in his office 28 March 1994. Davis, Scott, Associate Director, Division of Public Health, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (Seattle). Interview in his office 1 August 1995. Dawson, Joan, Associate Professor of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Biophysics, and Neuroscience, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. Interview in Paul Lauterbur’s office 24 October 2005. Day, Robert, Director, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Telephone interview 20 July 1995. de Chadarevian, Soraya, Department of Philosophy and History of Science, University of Cambridge 4 November 1998, 22 March 2002.** De Lange, Titia, Professor at Rockefeller University. Interviews in her office 6 April 2001, 10 April 2001. de Vries, Jan, Professor of History and former Vice Provost of Academic Affairs, University of California, Berkeley. Interview in Almen, The Netherlands 9 October 2007. Deichmann, Ute, Geneticist and Historian of Science, Institute of Genetics, University of Kőln and Ben Gurion University, Israel. Interview in Kőln 17 April 2004.** Delbruck, Manny, Pasadena, California. Interview at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 26 August 1995. Delia, Jesse, Interim Provost, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. Interview at Administration Building 25 October 2005. DeLuca, Hector F., Harry Steenbock Professor of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interviews in his office 12 December 1992, 17 March 1994. Interview at Madison Museum of Contemporary Art 12 May 2015. DeMars, Robert I., Tracy Sonneborn Professor of Genetics, Departments of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin (Madison), telephone interview 14 December 1997. Interview at his residence 10 August 2015 (while he was professor emeritus). Devillers, Pierre, Former Member of the Director of INSERM, Institut Curie, Paris, France. Interview in his office 15 May 2000.** Diehl, Eva-Maria, Public Relations Officer, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried (Munich), Germany. Interview in Martinsried, 10 May 2004.** Djerassi, Carl, Professor of Chemistry, Stanford University. Interview in Madison, Wisconsin, 18 May 1995. Second interview 7 October 1997 in Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Doty, Paul, Mallinckrodt Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, Harvard University. Interview in his office 3 May 1995. Interview at his residence in Cambridge, Massachusetts, 19 December 2002. Dulbecco, #Renato, Emeritus President and Distinguished Professor, Salk Institute; Former Professor California Institute of Technology. Interview in his office in San Diego, 23 February 1996. Second interview in his office 22 May 2000.

8 Dunning, Thom, Director, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. Interview at the Center, 25 October 2005. Dusanter, Isabelle, Research Director at INSERM. Interview at lunch 27 March 2000.** Dyson, Freeman, Professor of Physics, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. Interview at Institute for Advanced Study, 30 November, 1 December 2008. Eckhart, Walter, Professor, Salk Institute, Interview in his laboratory, 23 May 2000. Edelman, #Gerald, Research Director, The Neurosciences Institute, San Diego, California and former Professor and Dean, Rockefeller University. Interviews in Klosters, Switzerland, 17 January 1995, and at Neurosciences Institute, 13 January, 16 January, 19 January, 30 January, 14 February, 20 February, 22 February, 5 March, 16 March, 17 March 1996, 12 February 1998, 4 April, 11 April, 18 November 2000, 1 May, 26 May 2006. Telephone interview 3 April 2001. In San Diego 8 January 2010, 3 March 2010, 19 June 2010, 21 April 2011, 27 December 2011, 15 June 2012, 12 June 2013. Edelman, David, Scientist, Neurosciences Institute, La Jolla, California. Interview in San Diego 21 April 2011, 18 June 2014. Edelman, Eric, artist. Interviews in San Diego and New York 3 and 27 June 2014, 21 July 2014, 12 October 2014. Ediger, Mark, Professor of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview at O’Hare Airport, Chicago, 19 August, 1995. Edquist, Charles, Professor, Holder of Ruben Raising Chair, Center for Innovation and Creativity, Lund University. Interview in Sweden 9 September 2010.** Edsall, John, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry, Harvard University. Interview in his office 4 May 1995. Edwards, #Robert G., Professor Emeritus of Physiology, University of Cambridge. Interview at Churchill College, Cambridge, 21 February 2006.** Eigen, #Manfred, Professor, Max-Planck Institut für Biophysikalishe Chemie, Göttingen, Germany. Interview in Klosters, Switzerland, 16 January 1995.** Eisinger, Peter, Professor of Political Science, New School. Interview in his office 12 December 2013. Elion, #Gertrude, Scientist Emeritus, The Wellcome Research Laboratories, Research Triangle Park. Interview in her office 17 March 1995. Elman, Jeff, Distinguished Professor of Cognitive Science and Dean of Social Science, University of California San Diego. Interview in San Diego 20 March 2013. Elzinga, Aant, Professor in Theory of Science, University of Göteborg, Sweden. Interview at Swedish Collegium for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences, 26 September 2002.** Enming, Wang, Professor Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China. Interview in Shanghai 20 October 2016. Epstein, Franklin, Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Former Chief of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital. Also former Professor of Medicine, Yale University. Interview in his office at Beth Israel Hospital, 26 April 1995. Etzioni, Amitai, University Professor, George Washington University. Interview in Washington, DC 20 April 2007. Evans, Gillian, Lecturer in Department of History, University of Cambridge. Interview at University of Cambridge, 18 February 2002.** Evans, James A., Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Chicago. Interview at the Santa Fe Institute 3 April 2018.

9 Evans, #Martin, Professor and Director of School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff, UK. Telephone interview 22 April 2002.** Evans, Ronald, Professor of Biology, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA. Interview in his office 25 May 2010. Everhart, Tom, President, California Institute of Technology. Interview at the Athenaeum at the California Institute of Technology, 21 December 1994. Fairbrother, Jeremy, Senior Bursar, Trinity College, Cambridge. Interview in his office 20 March 2002.** Farquhar, Marilyn G., Professor of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, and former Professor, Rockefeller University. Interview in her office 25 May 2000. Faucher, Philippe, Professor and Chairperson, Department of Political Science, University of Montreal. Interview in Montreal, Canada at residence of Professor Arnaud Sales 2 October 2005.** Ferguson-Smith, Michael, Emeritus Professor of Pathology, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office at Clinical School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, 16 October 2002.‡ Ferrari, Eugenio, Scientist, Genentech Inc. Interview at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 26 August 1995. Fink, Gerald R., Director, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Professor of Biology, MIT. Interview in his office 4 May 1995. Fleet, Stephen G., Emeritus Registrary of the University of Cambridge and Master of Downing College. Interview at Downing College, 12 April 2002.** Franzosi, Roberto, Fellow of Trinity College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Interview at his residence 12 April 1997.** Freund, Hans-Joachim, Heinrich Heine University, Dusseldorf, Germany. Interview at University of California San Diego Faculty Club, 20 February 1998. Friedly, Jock, Freelance Journalist. Telephone interview 4 September 1994; second interview in Washington, DC 22 August 1995. Friedman, Jeffrey, Professor at Rockefeller University and HHMI Investigator. Interviews in his office 16 March 2001, 18 April 2001. Frieman, Edward A., Professor of Physics and Former Head of Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Interview in San Diego 2 January 2010. Fuchs, Elaine, Professor at Rockefeller University and HHMI Investigator. Interview in her office 5 December 2008. Fujio, Yasushi, Professor in the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and a member of the Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Osaka University, Japan. Interview in his office at Osaka University, 4 November 2009.** Furlaud, Richard, Former Chair Board of Trustees Rockefeller University (1990–1998), Member of Board of Trustees (1976–1998), President of Rockefeller Council (2001). Interview at Rockefeller University, 17 May 2001. Furtek, Edward, Associate Vice Chancellor for Science and Technology Policy and Projects, University of California San Diego. Interview at his office 9 July 2001. Gajdusek, #Daniel Carleton, Chief of the Laboratory for Slow Latent and Temperate Virus Infections and Chief of the Laboratory for Control Nervous System Studies at the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Interview at Neurosciences Institute, San Diego, California, 11 March 1996.

10 Galambos, Robert, Professor Emeritus of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego. Interview at UCSD Faculty Club, 13 March 1998. Gall, Einar, Director, Neurosciences Institute, San Diego, California. Interviews at the Neurosciences Institute, 15 March, 1996, 7 January 1998, 6 February and 17 February 1998, 20 November 2014, 12 June 2016, 28 April 2017. Gallo, #Robert, Chief of the Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Interview at University of Wisconsin Union, 13 March 1994. Interview in Bethesda, Maryland, 29 June 1994. Interview in his office 31 August 1994, 4 September 1994, 4 March 1995, 17 November 1995. Gally, Joeseph A., Senior Scientist, Neurosciences Institute, San Diego, California, and former graduate student at Rockefeller University. Multiple interviews at the Neurosciences Institute, during visits at the Institute in 1996, 1998, and 2000. Interview in La Jolla 21 April 2011. Getty, Gordon, distinguished international economist. Interview at Gruter Institute Conference on Innovation, Economic Growth and Human Behavior, Squaw Valley, California, 21 May 2012. Gilbert, #Walter, Carl M. Loeb University Professor at Harvard University. Interview in Chicago, 14 October 1993. Interview in his office at Harvard University 26 April 1995. Glazer, Alex, Professor and Chair, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley. Interview in his office 4 January 1995. Glynn, Ian M., Emeritus Professor and Head, Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge. Interview in his room at Trinity College, 12 July 2000. Interview at Trinity College, 12 April 2002.** Golden, Daniel S., former Administrator of National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Interview in La Jolla, California, 5 July 2002. Goldstein, #Joseph, Professor, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Interview at Rockefeller University, 13 March 2007. Goodenough, Oliver, Professor, Vermont Law School and Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard University. Interview at Gruter Institute Conference on Innovation, Economic Growth and Human Behavior, Squaw Valley, California, 21 May 2012. Goodstein, David, Professor of Physics, and Vice Provost, California Institute of Technology. Interview in his office 29 March 1994. Goodstein, Judith, Registrar, Archivist, and Historian, California Institute of Technology. Interview in Archives at California Institute of Technology, 24 March 1995. Goodwin, Neva, Co Founder and Co-director of the Global Development and Environment Institute (G-DAE) at Tufts University and. Trustee of Rockefeller University. Interview in her residence, in Cambridge, MA 16 February 2001. Gorchevsky, Jane, Archivist March of Dimes. Interview in White Plains, NY, 18, 28 May 2001. Gordon, Ellen, Dermatologist, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in Dermatology Clinic, University of Wisconsin, 27 September 1999. Gordon, Peter, Professor of Public Policy, University of Southern California. Interview at ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China, 20 and 21 October 2016. Grande, Edgar, Professor of Political Science, Technical University of Munich. Interview at Max- Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung in Köln, Germany, 7 July 1996. Interviews at Technical University of Munich, 9 and 11 May 2004. Professor of Comparative Politics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Interview in Munich 31 January 2011.**

11 Gray, Harry, Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology. Interview in his office 22 December 1999. Gray, John, Professor of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 8 June 1999.** Green, Jerald, Physicist and businessman. Telephone interviews from Fonar Corporation in Melville, NY. 13, 14, 15 October 2003. Greengard, #Paul, Professor at Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 16 May 2001. Greenspan, Ralph, Professor of Biology, New York University (1996); Senior Fellow, Neurosciences Institute (1998). Interview at Neurosciences Institute, San Diego, California. Interviews 16 January 1996, 7 January 1998, 13 March 1998, 11 April 2000, 14 April 2000, 27 May 2005, 1 May 2006, 9 March 2010, 17 December 2010, 14 December 2011. Associate Director, Kavli Institute for Mind and Brain, University of California San Diego. Interviews at UCSD 22 February 2012, 21 June 2012, 18 April 2013, 17 May 2013, 31 July 2013, 6 and 20 September 2013, 3 October 2013, 10 May 2014, 30 June 2014, 25 November 2014, 8 December 2016, 8 November 2017. Griesinger, Christian, Director, Department of NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany. Interview in his office 14 April 2004.** Griffin, Roger F., Emeritus Professor of Observational Astronomy, University of Cambridge. Interviews at St. John’s College (Cambridge), 13 and 16 April 2006.** Grossman, Joel, Professor of Political Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Interviews 18, 19 and 20 July 1997, 28 and 29 December 1999, 14 and 16 May 2015. Gruss, Peter, Director of Max Planck Association. Interview at Schloss Ringberg in Bavaria, 18 April 2002, Interview in Berlin 11 January 2011.** Guidotti, Guido, Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University. Interview in his office 19 December 2002. Guillemin, #Roger, Professor, Salk Institute. Interview in his office May 8, 2000. Gunn, Robert, Professor and Chairman of Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Interview in his office 13 May 1997. Gunther, Anne, Associate Dean for Budget Planning and Administration, the Chief Financial and Information Officer for the College of Letters and Science of the University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview by telephone, May 11, 2015. Gupta, Anoop, Distinguished Scientist at Microsoft Corporation. Interview at University of Washington, Bothell 14 February 2012. Gurdon, #John, John Humphrey Plummer Professor of Cell Biology; Chairman, Wellcome CRC Institute, University of Cambridge. Interview at Wellcome CRC Institute, 9 June 1999.** Haar, Charles M., Former member Board of Trustees, Massachusetts General Hospital and Professor, Harvard Law School, Harvard University. Numerous interviews at Rockefeller Foundation Study Center, Bellagio, Italy, May–June, 1996. Hackett, Ed, Program Officer, U.S. National Science Foundation. Interviews at Royal Swedish Academy of Science, Stockholm, Sweden 26–27 September 1996. Halaby, Charles, Professor of Sociology, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in his office 15 October 1996. Hall, Peter A., Frank G. Thomson Professor of Government and Associate Dean, College of Letters and Sciences, Harvard University. Interview at Harvard University, 3 May 1995. Hanappi, Hardy, Professor of Economics, Vienna University of Technology. Interview 10 April 2005.**

12 Handley, E. W., Professor Emeritus of Classics, University of Cambridge. Interview at Trinity College, 27 January 2002.** Hanneman, Robert, Professor of Sociology, University of California Riverside. Interview in his office 20 April 2012. Hansen, W. Lee, Professor of Economics, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview at his residence 24 May 2015, 7 July 2016. Harari, Haim, Professor, Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel). Interview at Schoss Ringberg in Bavaria, 18 April 2002.** Hardiman, John H., Licensing Associate, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF), Madison, Wisconsin. Interview at University of Wisconsin (Madison), 17 November 1996. Harris, William, Professor of Anatomy, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 16 October 2002.‡ Harrison, #Stephen C., Higgins Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and HHMI Investigator, Harvard University. Interview in his office 18 December 2002. Hartman, Geoffrey H., Sterling Professor, Yale University. Several interviews, Rockefeller Foundation Study Center, Bellagio, Italy, June 1996. Hayes, Colleen, Professor of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin. Interview at University of Wisconsin, 18 December 1997. Healy, Bernadine, Former Director of National Institutes of Health. Telephone interview 4 September 1994. Heatley, Norman G., Biochemist and pathologist (retired) at Oxford University. Interviews at St. John’s College, University of Cambridge, 14 March 1997; interview at his residence 13 April 1997.** Heilbron, John, Professor Emeritus of History and History of Sciences, Former Vice Chancellor, University of California, Berkeley. Telephone interview 5 January 1995. Heintz, Nathaniel, Professor of Rockefeller University and HHMI Investigator. Interview in his office 28 March 2001. Herman, Richard, Chancellor, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. Interview at Administration Building, 25 October 2005. Herskowitz, Ira, Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco. Interview in his residence, 13 February 2003. Hinde, Robert A., formerly Master St. John’s College (Cambridge) and Emeritus Royal Society Research Professor of Zoology, University of Cambridge. Interview at St. John’s College, Cambridge, 9 February 2006.** Hines, Tom, Fellow, Getty Museum. Los Angeles. Interviews 8 and 9 March 2011. Interview in Los Angeles 17 March 2013. Hinshaw, Virginia, Dean of the Graduate School, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in her office 11 November 1995. Hirano, #Toshio, Professor and Dean of the Medical School of Osaka University, Professor in the Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, and Group Director of the Laboratory for Cytokine Signaling, Osaka University, Japan. Interview in his office at Osaka University, 4 November 2009.** Hirsch, Jules, Professor, Rockefeller University. Interviews at Rockefeller University 14 March 2001, 9 August 2012.

13 Hodgkin, Marnie (Lady). Widow of Sir Alan Hodgkin, Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge, and daughter of Professor Peyton Rous, Rockefeller Institute. Interview at her residence, 18 March 2002.** Hofnung, Maurice, Director, Unité de programmation moléculaire et toxicologie génétique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. Interview in his office 14 March 2000, 18 April 2000.** Holbo, Paul, Professor, Department of History, University of Oregon. Interview in San Diego 23 June 2012. Holland, John H., Professor of Psychology and Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan and Santa Fe Institute. Interview in Almen, The Netherlands, 9 October 2007. Hollingsworth, William, Professor Emeritus of Medicine and former Associate Dean, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego. Telephone interview 18 February 1995 and interview at his residence in San Diego, 14 March 1996. Honjo, #Tasuku, Executive Member of the Council for Science and Technology Policy (Cabinet Office), Tokyo, Japan. Interview in his Tokyo office 18 November 2009.** Hood, #Leroy, Professor and Chairman, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Washington (Seattle) and former Professor and Chair, Division of Biology at California Institute of Technology. Interview at his Seattle residence, 29 July 1995. Telephone interview 28 August 1996. Horn, Gabriel, Emeritus Professor of Zoology, University of Cambridge. Interview at Sidney Sussex College, 7 March 2006.‡ Horowitz, Norman, Professor of Biology, California Institute of Technology. Interview in his office 28 March 1994, 20 December 1994. Horvath, David, Associate Dean, Letters and Sciences, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in his office 19 March 1998. Hotchkiss, Rollin C., Professor Emeritus, Rockefeller University. Interview in Chicago, 14 October 1993. Telephone interview 18 March 2000. Interview in his residence in Lenox, MA, 17 February 2001. Hotta, Yoshiki, Director General of National Institute of Genetics. Interview in his office in Mishima, Japan. 27 October 1997. President of the Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), Tokyo, Japan. Interview in his Tokyo office 29 October 2009.** Hove, Arthur, Assistant to the Chancellor (former), University of Wisconsin (Madison). Telephone interview 25 February 1993. Second interview December 12, 1997, Library, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Huang, Alice, former Professor Harvard Medical School and Biologist at California Institute of Technology. Interview at her residence, Pasadena, California. 22 December 1999. Hubbard, Ruth, Professor Emeritus of Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Harvard University. Interview in her office 17 December 2002. Hubel, #David, Professor Harvard Medical School. Interview in San Diego, California. 13 March 1998. Hudspeth, James, Professor Rockefeller University and HHMI investigator. Interview in his laboratory, 17 April 2001. Hughes, Colin, Lecturer in Pathology, University of Cambridge. Interview at Trinity College, 27 January 2002.** Hughes, Sally, Professor of History of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Interview in her office 10 August 1994.

14 Humphrey, Donald, Associate Dean for Research in the Medical School and Professor of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Interview in his office 13 May 1997. Hunt, #Tim, Head of the Cell Cycle Control Laboratory at Cancer Research UK. Interview at his residence north of London, 13 May 2006.** Hunt, Neen, Executive Vice President, Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation. Interview in her office in New York City, 26 March 2001. Huntsman, Lee, Associate Dean for Scientific Affairs, University of Washington School of Medicine. Interview in his office 1 August 1995. Provost, University of Washington. Interview at University of Washington, Bothell 16 February 2012. Huxley, #Andrew (Sir). Emeritus Professor of Physiology, University College, London, Former Master of Trinity College, University of Cambridge, and former President of the Royal Society. Interview in his room in Trinity College, 11 July 2000. Interviews at Trinity College, 20 January and 4 March 2002 and 1 February 2006.** Iltis, Hugh H., Professor Emeritus of Botany, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in his office 14 October 1995. Imhoff, Marnie E., Vice President for Development, Rockefeller University. Multiple interviews in her office January–June 2001, 6 September 2017. Immergut, Ellen, Professor of Comparative Politics, Humboldt University, Berlin. Interview in Berlin 14 January 2011.** Insel, Thomas R., Director Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center of Emory University, Atlanta. Interview in his office 11 May 1997. Irving, Robin, Royal Society Professor, Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 18 October 2002.‡ Jäckle, Herbert, Professor and Director of Department of Molecular Development Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany. Interview in his office 14 April 2004.** Jackson, James, Professor of Active Tectonics, University of Cambridge. Interview at University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, 25 May 2007.** Jackson, Richard, Professor of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge. Interview at Department of Biochemistry, 12 April 2002.** Jacob, #Francois, Senior Scientist, Institut Pasteur. Interview at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 24 August 1995. Jahn, Reinhard, Professor and Director of Department of Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany. Interview in his office 14 April 2004.** Jed, Stephanie, Professor, Department of Literature, University of California San Diego. Interview in San Diego 19 June 2013. Jiang, Mianheng, President ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. Interview in his office 26 October 26 2016. Johnson, Kristina, Dean, School of Engineering and Professor of Bio-Engineering, Duke University. Interview at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 8 July 2001. Johnson, Martin, Professor of Anatomy and former Head of Department, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 17 October 2002.** Johnson, P. (Paley), Emeritus, Department of Colloid Science and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge. Interviews at Trinity College, 18 March 2002.** Jones, Fred, Associate Professor, Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, and former student at Rockefeller University. Interview at Scripps Institute, 16 January 1996.

15 Kaag, John, Associate Professor of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts Lowell. Interview in San Diego 1 March 2010, 21 April 2011. Kaiser, #Dale, Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine. Interview at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 25 August 1995. Kamminga, Harmke, Director, Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Interview in her office 14 March 1997.** Kandel, #Eric R., Director of Center for Neurophysiology and HHMI Investigator, Columbia University School of Physicians and Surgeons, member of Board of Trustees, Rockefeller University. Interview at Columbia University, 19 April 2001. Kaziro, Yoshito, Director, the Horizontal Medical Research Organization, Kyoto University, and Professor, Kyoto University, Japan. Interview by telephone from Tokyo, 4 December 2009.** Kelley, William, Chief Executive Officer and Dean, School of Medicine, Robert G. Dunlop Professor of Medicine, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania. Interview in his office 18 February 1993. Kemper, Crosby, Kansas City Public Library Director of Research. Interview in Kansas City, Missouri 13 November 2014. Kenis, Patrick, Professor of Administrative Science, Konstanz University (Germany), 24 November 1994.** Kennedy, Donald, Former President Stanford University, Bing Professor of Environmental Science. Interview in his office 6 May 2003. Kerr, Clark, Emeritus President, University of California, Interview at his residence in Berkeley, 12 August 1994. Kevles, Daniel, Professor of History and Provost, California Institute of Technology. Interview at Athenaeum and his office 29 March 1994; second interview at California Institute of Technology, 27 December 1999. Keynes, Richard, Emeritus Professor and Head of Department of Physiology, University of Cambridge. Interview in his residence, 19 March 2002. Second interview by telephone, 28 March 2002.** Keynes, Roger, Lecturer, Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge. Interview at Trinity College, 18 October 2002.‡ Kiessling, Laura L., Professor of Chemistry and Professor of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview at the University of Wisconsin, 28 August 2006. Interview in her lab 27 April 2015. Kimble, Judith, Vilas Professor of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin (Madison) and HHMI Investigator. Interview in her office 15 August 2003. King, David (Sir), Chief Science Officer to Her Majesty’s Government, and former Professor (and Head of Department) of Chemistry, University of Cambridge. Interview at St. John’s College (Cambridge), 2 February 2006.** Kirschner, Marc, Professor of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School. Interview in his office 1 May 1995. Kirsner, Joseph, Professor Emeritus of Medicine, University of Chicago, former Deputy Dean of Medical School, Head of Gastroenterology, and Chief of Staff, University of Chicago Medical School. Interview at his residence, 7 May 1994. Kirwin, Al, Vice Provost for Research, University of Washington (Seattle). Interview in his office 3 August 1995.

16 Kishimoto, #Tadamitsu, Professor, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Japan. Interview in his office at Osaka University, 4 November 2009.** Klotz, Irving, Professor of Chemistry, Northwestern University. Interview at Northwestern University, 29 October 1993. Klug, #Aaron, former Director, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB), Cambridge UK, President of the Royal Society, Honorary Fellow of Trinity College. Telephone interview 24 May 1999. Interview in his office at LMB, 11 July 2000. Interview at Trinity College, Cambridge, 3 April 2002.** Knowles, Jeremy, Amory Houghton Professor of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Molecular and Cellular Biology; former Dean of Faculty of Arts and Science, Harvard University. Trustee of Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Interview in his office 17 December 2002. Kocijančič, Andreja, Rektor, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Interviews at her residence, 21 May, 2 June 2007.** Kohler, Robert E., Professor of History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania. Multiple interviews in Philadelphia, July and August 1993, 14 February 2000. Kornberg, #Arthur, Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine (Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine, 1959). Interview in his office 5 May 2003. Kornberg, Hans (Sir), University Professor, Boston University. 1975–1995 holder of Dunn Chair in Biochemistry, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office at Boston University, 16 February 2001. Koshland, Dan, Professor of Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Former Editor of Science. Interview in his Berkeley office 5 January 1995. Kousser, Morgan, Professor of Social Science, California Institute of Technology. Interview in his office 24 March 1995. Krakauer, David, Director, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Interview in his office 29 August 2013, 29 October 2014, 22 April 2015, 7 May 2015, 26 June 2015, 3 April 2018, 4 April 2018. Krebs, #Edwin, Professor of Biochemistry and HHMI Investigator, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle. Interview in his office 2 August 1995. Krevans, Julius, Former Dean, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Telephone interview 8 August 1994. Krohn, Roger, Professor Emeritus of Sociology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Interview in Montreal, 2 October 2005.** Kröll, Walter, Vorsitzender der Hermann von Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft. Interview at Schloss Ringberg in Bavaria. 18 April 2002.** Krull, Wilhelm, General Secretary of the Volkswagen Foundation. Interview at Schloss Ringberg in Bavaria. 19 August 2002.** Kukielka, Gilbert, Research Fellow in Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Interview at his residence 19 July 1997. Kuryian, John, Professor Rockefeller University and HHMI Investigator, Interview in his laboratory, 20 April 2001. Telephone interview 5 July 2001. Lamb, Trevor, Professor of Physiology, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 12 July 2000.** Lane, Christel, Reader, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences. Interviews at University of Cambridge, 5 November, 1998, 11 July 2000.**

17 Lane, Nancy, Research Fellow, Department of Zoology; Project Director, Women in Science, Engineering, and Technology Initiative, University of Cambridge. Interview in Master’s Lodge, St. John’s College, 31 January 2006.‡ Lange Peter, Associate Provost (and later, Provost), Duke University. Interview in Durham, North Carolina, 16 March 1995, 20 September 2000. Langman, Steve, Scientist at Salk Institute. Interview at University of California San Diego. 6 March 1998. LaPorte, Todd, Professor of Political Science, University of California Berkeley. Interview at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 8 July 2001. Lardy, Henry, Professor of Biochemistry and Enzyme Institute, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in his office 28 December 1992. Laskey, Ron, Professor of Zoology, Wellcome CRC Institute, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 8 June 1999.** Laubichler, Manfred, President’s Professor of Theoretical Biology and History of Biology, Arizona State University. Interviews at Santa Fe Institute 3 April 2018, 4 April 2018. Lauterbur, #Paul, Professor of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. Interview in his office 24 October 2005. Lazar, Philippe, Former Director of INSERM, Paris, France in his office at ORSTOM. Interview in his office 30 March 2000.** Leake, John A., President St. John’s College (Cambridge) and former Senior Lecturer, Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge. Multiple interviews at St. John’s College. Lent Term 2006.** Leazer, Richard H., Managing Director, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF), Madison, Wisconsin. Interview at University of Wisconsin (Madison), 17 November 1996. Lederberg, #Joshua, President Emeritus, Rockefeller University. Former Chair, Medical Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine and former Professor of Genetics, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interviews at Rockefeller University, 16 September 1993, 13 April 1995; telephone interview 27 August 1999; interviews in his office 25 January 2001, 4 April 2001. Lee, R. May, Dean of School of Entrepreneurship and Management, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. Interview in her office 20 and 26 October 2016. Leedham-Green, Elisabeth, Archivist, University of Cambridge Library, Cambridge, UK 2 November 1998, 6 November 1998, 10 June 1999.** Lehmbruch, Gerhard, Professor of Administrative Science, Konstanz University (Germany). Interviews at University of Konstanz, 15 November 1994, 22 November 1994, 29 November 1994.** Lerner, Richard, President of Scripps Research Institute, San Diego; Institute Professor and Director Scripps Florida; Professor and Founding Director, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies of ShanghaiTech University. Interviews in his office 12 March 1996, 12 March 1998, 6 October 2016. LeRoith, Derek, Professor of Medicine and Endocrinology and Chair, Division of Metabolic Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine and former Diabetes Branch Chief, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Interviews at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 10, 11 October 2006. Levi-Montalcini, #Rita, Professor Emeritus of Biology, Washington University (St. Louis). Interview at her residence in Rome, Italy, 15 June 1995.

18 Levin, Simon A., Professor of Biology, Princeton University. Interview in Almen, The Netherlands, 9 October 2007. Levine, #Arnold, President Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 14 May 2001. Levine, Myron, Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School. Interview at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 24 August 1995. Lewis, #Edward B., Professor of Biology, California Institute of Technology. Interviews at Athenaeum and his office 25 March 1994, 21 December 1994. Lewontin, Richard C., Alexander Agassiz Research Professor, Harvard University. Interview in his office 18 December 2002. Interview at National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 5 December 2005. Libchaber, Albert, Professor Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 11 May 2001. Lifton, Richard P., President of Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 7 September 2017. Lindenberg, Katja, Professor and Former Chair, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego. Interviews at UCSD Faculty Club, 5 February and 24 February 1998. Lipscomb, #William N., Jr., Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Harvard University. Interview in his office 16 December 2002. Litan, Robert, Senior Scientist, Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation & Fellow of Brookings Institution. Interview in Kansas City 15 February 2010. Liu, James, Deputy Director, iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. Interview in his office 27 October 2016. Ljungström, Olof, Administrative Officer for Medicine and Biology, Karolinska Institute. Interview in Sweden 29 August 2010.** Lustig, Alice, Senior Vice President Rockefeller University. Interview in her office 29 May 2001. Lutz, Kenneth G., Controller, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF), Madison, Wisconsin. Telephone interview 27 July 2004. Lyons, David, Former Vice-President, Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 30 January 2001. Macagno, Eduardo R., Dean of Division of Life Sciences, University of California San Diego. Interview in his office 20 May 2003. MacKinnon, #Roderick, Professor Rockefeller University and HHMI Investigator. Interview in his office 1 March 2001. MacRobbie, Enid A.D., Professor of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge. Interview in her office 11 June 1999.** Madadevan, L., Professor of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge. Interview at Trinity College, 24 January 2002.** Magasanik, Boris, Jacques Monod Professor Emeritus of Biology at MIT, Former Chairman, Department of Biology, MIT. Interview at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 26 August 1995. Magnusson, Lars, Professor and Chair of Department of Economic History, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Interview in his office 20 October 2011.** Maniatis, Tom, Thomas H. Lee Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University. Interviews in his office 19 December 2002, 21 July 2003. Markl, Hubert, President, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften, Munich, Germany, Interview in Bonn, Germany, 9 July 1996; second interview in his office in Munich, 15 June 1998. Interview at Schloss Ringberg in Bavaria, 19 April 2002.**

19 Marton, Laurence J., Former Professor at University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, and Former Dean, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interviews in his Madison office 2 August 1994, 13 October 1995. Marwell, Gerald, Professor of Sociology and former Departmental Chair and Editor of American Sociological Review. Multiple interviews at University of Wisconsin, 1995-2003. Massey, Charles, former Senior Vice President, National Foundation. Telephone interview 29 October 2001. Mauboussin, Michael, Managing Director and Head of Global Financial Strategies at Credit Suisse. Interview at Wisconsin Institute for Discovery13 May 2015. Mayer, Karl Ulrich, Director, Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung, Berlin. Interviews in his office 5 July 1996, and at Schloss Ringberg in Bavaria, 19 April 2002.** Mayntz, Renate, Director Emeritus, Max-Planck-Institute für Gesellschaftsforschung. Interview in Kőln, Germany. Interviews 25 March 2004, 19 April 2004.** McCabe, Kevin, Professor, Center for the Study of Neuroeconomics, George Mason University. Interview at Gruter Institute Conference on Innovation, Economic Growth and Human Behavior, Squaw Valley, California, 22 May 2012. McCarty, Maclyn, Professor Emeritus and Vice President Emeritus, Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 6 February 2001. McCaskill, John S., John McCaskill, Professor of Theoretical Biochemistry at the Friedrich- Schiller-University in Jena, Germany. Interview in Almen, The Netherlands, 8 October 2007.** McCave, Nick, Woodwardian Professor of Geology, University of Cambridge. Multiple interviews at St. John’s College. Lent Term 2006.** McCrum, Michael, former Vice-Chancellor, University of Cambridge. Interview in his residence, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 10 June 1999.** McGill, Tom, Professor of Physics, California Institute of Technology. April 10, 2003. McLaren, Anne, Senior Staff Member, Gurdon Wellcome/CRUK Institute, University of Cambridge. Interview in her office 6 March 2006.** McMichael, Sheila (Lady) (Dr. Sheila Howarth), former Executive Office of Medical Research Council, Great Britain. Interview at Royal Society of Medicine (London) 9 May 1997.** McNaughton, Peter, Sheild Professor of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 17 October 2002.** Means, Peggy, Chief Operating Officer, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (Seattle)Douglas A. Melton, Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology and HHMI Investigator, Harvard University. Interview in his office 20 December 2002. Melchers, Fritz, Director, Basel Institute of Immunology (Switzerland). Interviews in his office 15 December 1994, 10 January 1995.** Melton, Douglas A., Professor of Molecular and Cellular Biology and HHMI Investigator, Harvard University. Interview in his office 20 December 2002.** Merrifield, #Bruce, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Emeritus Professor, Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 11 February 2000. Merton, Robert, University Professor, Columbia University. Interview at Russell Sage Foundation, New York City, 19 April 1995. Meselson, Matthew, Thomas Dudley Cabot Professor of the Natural Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University. Interview in Los Angeles, 8 February 2003.

20 Metzenberg, Robert, Bascom Professor Emeritus of Biomedical Chemistry, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in his office 28 February 1995. Meystre, Pierre, Professor, Max-Planck Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany; Optical Sciences Center, University of Arizona, Interview in Bonn, Germany, 8 July 1996.** Migliorato, Piero, Professor of Physical Electronics, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge and Fellow, Trinity College. Interview at Trinity College, 24 January 2002.** Miklos, George, Senior Fellow, Neurosciences Institute, San Diego, California. Interview at Neurosciences Institute, 16 January 1996. Minson, Tony, Professor of Pathology (Virology) and Chair, School of Biological Sciences (SBS), University of Cambridge. Interview in his SBS office 17 October 2002.‡ Moberg, Carol, Senior Scientist, Rockefeller University. Interview in her office 11 February 2000. Telephone interview 15 March 2000. Model, Peter, Professor of Rockefeller University. Interviews at Rockefeller University, 26 March 2001, 8 May 2001. Moffatt, H. Keith, Professor of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge. Interview at Trinity College, 22 April 2002.** Molineux, Ian, Professor of Biochemistry, University of Texas (Austin). Interview at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 25 August 1995. Montal, Maurice, Professor of Biology, University of California San Diego. Interview at Neurosciences Institute, 7 January 1998. Montgomery, Geoffrey, Special Assistant to the President, Rockefeller University. Interviews at Rockefeller University, 13 April 1995 and 14 July 1997. Morgan, Neil, Columnist, San Diego Union Tribune. In his office 19 May 2000. Mori, Kazutoshi, Professor, Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan. Interview in his office at Kyoto University, 9 November 2009.** Morita, Seizo, Professor in the Department of Quantum Electronic Device Engineering, Division of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan. Interview in his office at Osaka University, 3 November 2009.** Morley, Christopher, Professor of Engineering, University of Cambridge. Interview at Trinity College, 10 March 2002.** Morrell, Jack, Emeritus Reader, Bradford University, UK. Interview at his residence, 12 June 1999.** Motoyama, Yasuyuki, Senior Researcher, Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. Interview in Kansas City 14 November 2014. Moulin, Anne Marie, Medical doctor and historian of science at INSERM Unit 158, Hôpital Necker, Paris. Interviews in Paris, 2 August 1996 and at Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden 27 September 1996.** Mountcastle, #Vernon, Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University. Interview 7 March 1995. Second interview 11 August 2000. Muir, Tom, Head of Laboratory of Synthetic Protein Chemistry, Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 28 February 2001. Müller, Karl, Director of Wiener Institut für Sozialwissenschaftliche Dokumentation und Methodik (WISDOM), Vienna, Austria. Multiple interviews in Vienna, 25–28 March 2005, multiple interviews in Vienna and in Madison Wisconsin in 2007 and 2008, 21 October 2010, 21 January 2011, 4 February 2011, 23 July 2011, 19 April 2012, 19 July 2014, 16 February 2016, 18 November 2016.

21 Munro, A. J., Master of Christ’s College, Cambridge. Interview at Master’s Lodge, 16 April 2002.** Murakami, Fujio, Dean of the Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences (FBS), Professor of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neuroscience, Osaka University, Japan. Interview in his office at Osaka University, 2 November 2009.** Nakanishi, Shigetada, Professor, Kyoto University Medical School, Kyoto, Japan. Interview in his office in Kyoto, 30 October 1997. Director, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Osaka, Japan. Interview in his office in Osaka, 5 November 2009.** Nanney, David, Professor Emeritus of Ecology, Ethology and Evolution, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. Interview in his office 26 October 2005. Nathans, #Dan, Professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Interview in his office 21 July 1997. Neaves, William, Chief Executive Officer, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri. Interview in his office 22 March 2001. Neher, #Erwin, Director of Department of Membrane Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany. Interview in his office 15 April 2004.** Neiman, Paul, Director, Division of Basic Sciences and Program in Molecular Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (Seattle). Interview in his office 31 July 1995. Nelson, Richard, Professor of Economics and Political Science, Columbia University. Interview at Columbia University, 23 February 2001. Neurath, Hans, Professor of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine. Interview in his office 3 August 1995. Nichols, Rodney, Executive Director New York Academy of Science and former Executive Vice- President, Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 26 February 2001. Norrby, Erling, Professor of Medicine and Former Dean of The Karolinska Institute (Stockholm) and Permanent Secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Interviews at Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, 26 February 1996; Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden 26–27 September 1996, 18 September 2001; Neurosciences Institute, 3 February 1998. Interview in Almen, The Netherlands, 9 October 2007. Interviews in Stockholm, 3 September 2010, 25 February 2011, 11 August 2011. Interviews in La Jolla, California 24 March 2012, 22 March 2013, 18 November 2013, 2 December 2014, 5 December 2016, 4 December 2017. Nowotny, Helga, Professor ETH-Zurich. Interview at Schloss Ringberg in Bavaria, 19 April 2002.** Noyori, #Ryoji, President of RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan. Interview in his Tokyo office 29 October 2009.** Nurse, #Paul, President, Rockefeller University. Interviews in his office 23 December 2004, 15 October 2006, 13 March 2007, 5 December 2008. Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane, Director, Max Plank Institute for Developmental Biology in Tübingen. Interview in Berlin, 11 January 2011.** Oesterhelt, Dieter, Professor and Director of Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried (Munich), Germany. Interview at Martinsried, 20 May 2004.** Ommaya, Alex, Veterans Administration Hospital System Office of Translational Research. Telephone interview 14 November 2006.

22 Ōmura, #Satoshi, Professor and former President of the Kitasato Institute and Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan. Interview in Tokyo, 22 October 2009.** Orgel, Leslie, Professor, Salk Institute of Biological Studies. Interview in his office 18 May 2000. Osborn, Mary, Research Group Leader at Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and Professor of Medicine, University of Gőttingen. Interviews at Schloss Ringberg in Bavaria, 19 April 2002 and in her office at Max Planck Institute, 15 April 2004.** Owen, Ray, Professor of Biology, California Institute of Technology. Interview in his office 22 December 1994. Palade, #George, Dean, Medical School University of California San Diego. Also former Professor at Yale University and Rockefeller University. Interviews in his office in San Diego, 7 March 1996, 13 March 1998. Payne, Stanley, Professor of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Interview in Madison 15 January 2013, 30 April 2015, 7 August 2016. Pendlebury, David, Editor of The Scientist. Interview at Institute of Scientific Information (Philadelphia), in his office 31 August 1993. Perham, Richard, Professor of Biochemistry (2002) and Master of St. John’s College (2006), University of Cambridge. Interview at St. John’s College, Cambridge, 22 March 2002; Interview in Master’s Lodge, 15 March 2006.** Perpich, Joseph, Vice President for Grants and Special Projects, HHMI, Chevy Chase, Maryland. Interview in his office 6 March 1995. Perry, Malcolm, Lecturer in Mathematics, University of Cambridge and Fellow at Trinity College. Interviews at Trinity College, 15 March 2002.** Persson, Olle, Professor of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. Interviews in Sweden 9 September 2010, 22 August 2011.** Perutz, #Max, former Director, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK. Interview at Peterhouse College 15 March 1997; interview at Laboratory of Molecular Biology 11 June 1999.** Peters, D. Keith (Sir), Regius Professor of Physic, Dean of Clinical School of Medicine, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 11 April 2002.** Petersdorf, Robert, Former Chair Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; Former Dean of School of Medicine, University of California San Diego; Former President of American Association of Medical Colleges. Interview at his office in Veterans Hospital, Seattle, Washington, 2 August 1995. Peterson, Harry L., Vice Chancellor, University of Minnesota. Telephone interview 17 March 1994. Pillsbury, Marnie, Trustee of Rockefeller University. Interview in her office at Rockefeller Center, 30 May 2001. Polanyi, John, Professor, University of Toronto. Interview at the Center for Advanced Cultural Studies, Essen, Germany, 5 September 2001. Potter, Van, Hilldale Professor Emeritus of Oncology, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interviews at McArdle Cancer Laboratory, University of Wisconsin (Madison) 26 November 1993, 13 April 1995. Presber, Hans-Wolfgang, Vice President for Medicine, Humboldt University. Interview in his office 25 June 1998.** Preuss, Peter, President of the Preuss Foundation and Regent of the University of California. Interview at Scripps Institution of Oceanography 8 July 2001.

23 Priedhorsky, William, Program Director, Science Resource Office, Los Alamos National Laboratory. Interview in his office 5 April 2018. Ptashne, #Mark, Professor, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and former Professor and Chair, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harvard University. Interview in his New York City apartment, 24 May 2001. Purnell, Beverly, Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie in Göttingen, Germany, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University. Interview in Bonn, Germany, 9 July 1996. Purnell, Jeffrey W., Max-Planck-Institute für biophysikalische Chemie in Göttingen, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, Interview in Bonn, Germany, 9 July 1996. Ragin, Charles, Professor of Sociology, Northwestern University. Interview in his office 11 March 1995. Raines, Ronald, Professor of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview at author’s residence 15 November 1996. Rees, Martin, Lord Rees of Ludlow, President of the Royal Society of London, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, Astronomer Royal and Royal Society Research Professor at University of Cambridge. Interview at Master’s Lodge, Trinity College, 14 April 2006. Professor of Institute of Astronomy, Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge, Member Board of Trustees Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. Interview at Trinity College, 30 March 2002.** Reid, George, Emeritus Senior Bursar, St. John’s College, Cambridge. Interview at St. John’s College, 7 March 2006.** Renk, Bryan Z., Licensing Associate, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF), Madison, Wisconsin. Interview at University of Wisconsin (Madison), 17 November 1996. Renn, Jurgen, Director of Max-Planck Institute for the History of Science; Professor Free University, Berlin, Germany. Interview in Berlin 10 January 2011.** Rheinberger, Hans-Jörg, Director of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin. Interview in his office 29 June 1998.** Rich, Alex, William Thompson Sedgewick Professor of Biology, MIT. Interview in his office 28 April 1995. Rieke, George, Associate Professor Rockefeller University. Interview 25 April 2001. Riggs, Henry E., President, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, California. Interview at Keck, 21 April 2003. Ris, Hans, Professor of Zoology, University of Wisconsin (Madison) and former postdoc at Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 15 March 2000. Robinson, Gene, Professor of Entomology, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. Interview in his office 26 October 2005. Rockafeller, Nancy, Professor of History of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Interview in her office 10 August 1994. Rockefeller, David. Interview in his office New York 24 July 1997. Roeder, #Robert, Professor at Rockefeller University. Interviews at Rockefeller University 24 April 2001, 8 May 2001. Rosovsky, Henry, Former Dean, College of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University. Telephone interview 2 May 1995. Ross, John, Former Chair, Departments of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University. Interview at Neurosciences Institute, 18 February 1998.

24 Roth, Martin (Sir), Professor of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge. Interview at Trinity College, 31 January 2002.** Rothblatt, Sheldon, Director of the Center for Studies of Higher Education, University of California, Berkeley. Interview in his office 5 January 1995. Rubin, #Harry, Professor of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley. Interview in his office 4 January 1995. Rudwick, Martin, Geologist and Professor of History, University of California San Diego. Interview at University of California San Diego Faculty Club, 10 February 1998. Russell, Marjorie, Associate Professor, Rockefeller University. Interview at Rockefeller University 8 May 2001. Rutter, William, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco. Telephone interview 11 August 1994. Sabatini, David, Professor and Chair of Department of Cell Biology, New York University Medical School. Interview at Rockefeller University, 28 March 2001. Sales, Arnaud, Professor and Chairperson, Department of Sociology, University of Montreal. Interview in Montreal, Canada at his residence, 30 September, 1, 2 October 2005.** Salk, Darrell, Biomedical Scientist. Interview in Seattle, Washington 18 September 1996. Interviews in San Diego, 11 April 2000, 4 June 2001. Salk, Peter L., President and Scientific Director, The Jonas Salk Legacy Foundation. Interview at his residence, 11 June 2012. Sanger, #Fred, Emeritus Staff, Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Interview at Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge, 7 June 1999.** Schmidt, Rudi, Professor Emeritus of Medicine, former Dean of University of California Medical School, San Francisco. Interview in his office 10 August 1994. Scholz, John Karl, Dean of the College of Letters & Science at the University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in his office 15 June 2015. Schramm, Carl, President of the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. Interviews in Kansas City 14 February 2010, 6 December 2010, 19 September 2011. Schreiber, Stuart, Morris Loeb Professor and Chairman of Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Associate Member, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology; Co-Director of the Bauer Center for Genomics Research; Director of Harvard Institute of Chemistry and Cell Biology. Member of Graduate Programs in Biophysics (Harvard) and Immunology (Harvard Medical School); HHMI Investigator. Interview in his office 16 December 2002. Schubert, David, Professor, Salk Institute of Biological Studies. Interview in his office 20 May 2000, 13 June 2012. Schuster, Peter, Professor, Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Vienna, and President of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Interview in Almen, The Netherlands, 9 October 2007.** Schütte, Georg, Secretary General Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Interview in Bonn, 29 March 2004.** Schwartz, Brad, Professor of Biochemistry, Regional Dean, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. Interviews in his office 24, 25, 26 October 2005. Interview in Madison, Wisconsin, 18 September 2006. Schweitzer, Frank, Professor of Systems Design, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) and Editor-in-Chief of the European Physical Journal B: Condensed Matter and Complex Systems and Editor-in-Chief of Advances in Complex Systems. Interview in Almen, The Netherlands, 9 October 2007.**

25 Searle, John, Professor of Biological Philosophy, University of California, Berkeley. Interview at Neurosciences Institute, 17 March 1996. Seitz, Fred, President Emeritus of Rockefeller University. Former President, National Academy of Sciences and former Professor of Physics, University of Illinois (Champaign-Urbana). Interviews in his office in New York 15 April 1995, 24 February 2000, 4 May 2001. Seligman, Maxime, former director of Unité d’Immunologie et Immunopathologie. Interview in his office at Hôpital Saint-Louis 21 April 2000, 30 May 2000.** Sejnowski, Terrence, Professor and Laboratory Head, Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator, Francis Crick Chair, Salk Institute for Biological Studies. Interview at the Salk Institute 8 April 2017. Shain, Irving, Former Vice Chancellor and Chancellor, University of Wisconsin (Madison), and Former Provost, University of Washington (Seattle). Telephone interview 24 July 1995. Second Interview in his Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation office 20 December 1997. Shakhashiri, Bassam Z., Professor of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in his office 26 February 2004, at Faculty Club 11 June 2015. Shalala, Donna, Chancellor University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview at Faculty Club of University of Wisconsin. 5 March 1991. Shapin, Steven, Professor of Sociology of Science, University of California San Diego. Interview in his residence 11 March 1996. Second interview UCSD Faculty Club, 6 February 1998. Shapiro, Lucy, Professor and Chair, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Numerous Interviews, Rockefeller Foundation Study Center, Bellagio, Italy, May and June, 1996; interview in her Stanford office 6 May 2003. Sharp, #Philip, Chair and Professor of Biology, and former Director of Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Interview in his office 3 May 1995. Sharpf, Fritz, Director, Max Planck Institute for Social Science Research (Cologne), Konstanz University (Germany), 23 November 1994.** Shimura, Yoshiro, President of the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS), Tokyo, Japan. Interview in his Tokyo office 2 December 2009.** Siekevitz, Philip, Professor Emeritus of Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 11 February 2000. Simons, Kai L., Geschäftsführender Direktor am Max-Planck-Institute für molekulare Zellbiologie und Genetik. Interview at Schloss Ringberg in Bavaria, 19 April 2002.** Simpson, John, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, University of Washington (Seattle). Telephone interview 5 September 1996, interview in his office 19 September 1996. Slonimski, Piotr, Former Director Labatorie de Génétique physiologique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Interview in his office 15 June 2000.** Small, Henry, Editor, The Scientist. Interview at Institute of Scientific Information (Philadelphia) in his office 31 August 1993. Smith, #Hamilton O., Professor, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Interview in his office 21 July 1997. Smith, Jim, Director Wellcome/CRUK Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology and Professor of Zoology, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 10 April 2002.** Smith, Lloyd (Holly), Professor Emeritus of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. Interview in his office 10 August 1994, telephone interview 17 February 1995. Smith, Michael, Former Director of Biotechnology Laboratory and Professor, University of British Columbia (Vancouver). Interview in his office 5 February 1998.**

26 Smithies, #Oliver, Professor of Molecular Genetics and Pathology, University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill). Former President of Genetics Society of America. Interview in his office in Chapel Hill, 30 March 1996. Snyder, #Solomon, Professor and Director of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University. Interview in his office 18 July 1997. Solé, Ricard V., Physicist and Biologist, Research Professor at Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. Interviews in Almen, The Netherlands, 8 and 9 October, 2007.** Sonneborn, David, Professor of Zoology, University of Wisconsin. Interview in his office 18 December 1997. Second interview by telephone, 23 December 1997. Sorenson, Aage, Professor of Sociology, Harvard University. Interview at Harvard, 29 April 1995. Sornette, Didier, Professor of Geophysics, University of California Los Angeles and Professor of Entrepreneurial Risks, ETH Zurich. Interview at University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, 25 May 2007. Soskice, David, Director of Science Unit. Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin. Multiple interviews at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin, April–July, 1996, June 1998.** Spitzer, Nicholas, Professor, Director of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego. Interview in San Diego 20 March 2013. Stangler, Dane, Executive Vice President for Research and Policy, Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. Interviews 3 March 2011, 7 and 19 September 2011. Interviews in San Diego 31 May 2012, 2 and 3 April 2013. Interview in Kansas City Missouri 11 November 2015, 25 January 2016. Stankiewicz, Rikard, Professor of Science and Technology Governance at the European University Institute in Florence. Interview in his office 31 March 2005.** Stehr, Nico, Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of Alberta and Karl Mannheim Chair for Cultural Studies, Zeppelin University, Lake Constance, Germany. Interview 20 March 2004, 15 April 2005.** Stent, Gunter, Professor of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley. First interview at his residence in Berkeley, California 11 August 1994; Second interview, Klosters, Switzerland 16 January 1995; Third interview, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 24 August 1995. Stern, Steve J., Professor of History and former Vice Provost for Faculty and Staff, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview 9 April 2015. Stevens, Charles, Professor, Salk Institute. Interview in his office 13 December 2000. Streeck, Wolfgang, Director of Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung. In Köln, 7 July 1996, 19 April 2004, 14 May 2004. Interview in New York City 23 March 2014. Strickland, Sidney, Professor and Dean of Graduate Studies, Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 2 April 2001. Strominger, #Jack, Professor of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University. Interview in his office 16 December 2002. Sugimoto, Yoshiaki, Professor in the Department of Quantum Electronic Device Engineering, Division of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan. Interview in his office at Osaka University, 3 November 2009.** Sulston, #John (Sir). Former Director Sanger Institute (Hixton, UK) and former senior scientist, Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Cambridge, UK). Interview at St. John’s College (Cambridge), 7 April 2006.**

27 Sunazuka, Toshiaki, Professor, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences and Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan. Interview in Tokyo, 22 October 2009.** Sund, Horst, Professor of Biology and Biochemistry, Konstanz University (Germany), 6 December 1994.** Svenson, Ola, Professor of Psychology, University of Stockholm. Interview in his office at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study, 14 October 1998.** Svetlik, Ivan, Vice Rektor, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Multiple interviews in Ljubljana, May and June, 2007.** Swinnerton-Dyer, Peter (Sir), Former head University Grants Council. Interview at Trinity College, Cambridge, 14 March, 16 March 2002.** Taniguchi, Tadatsugu, Professor and head of the Immunology Department of the Medical School of the University of Tokyo, Japan. Interview at the University of Tokyo, 30 October 2009.** Tansey, E.M. (Tilli), Historian of Medicine, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. Interview in her office London, 3 May 1997.** Tarin, David, Professor of Pathology; Director, UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego. Interviews in his office at UCSD, 22 June, 3 July 2001, 19 April 2005. Former Director, Cancer Institute, University of California San Diego School of Medicine. Interview in his office 13 August 2013. Tatzel, Ralf, Assistant to Board of Directors, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried (Munich), Germany. Interview at Martinsried, 10 May 2004.** Taylor, Louise, Special Assistant to the Vice Chancellor, University of California, Berkeley. Interview in her office 5 January 1995. Temin, #Howard, Professor in McArdle Cancer Laboratory, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview at McArdle Cancer Laboratory, 26 November 1993. Tessier-Lavigne, Marc, President of Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 13 October 2014. Thelan, Esther, Professor of Psychology, Indiana University. Interview at Neurosciences Institute, 7 January 1998. Second interview 28 January 1998. Thoday, John, Emeritus Professor of Genetics, University of Cambridge. Interview at Emmanuel College, 11 June 1999.** Thorn, George, Levine Professor Emeritus, Harvard Medical School; Former Physician-in-chief, Peter Brent Brigham Hospital. Interview in his residence, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 25 April 1995. Thorpe, Charles, Professor of Sociology, University of California San Diego. Interview at UCSD 12 May 2017. Tomasz, Alexander, Professor Rockefeller University. Interview at Rockefeller University, 8 February 2001. Torrance, Andrew W., Professor, University of Kansas School of Law. Interview at Gruter Institute Conference on Innovation, Economic Growth and Human Behavior, Squaw Valley, California, 23 May 2012. Torstendahl, Rolf, Professor of History, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. Interview in Uppsala 30 August 2010.** Tosteson, Daniel, Caroline Shields Walker Professor of Physiology, President, Harvard Medical Center; Dean, Faculty of Medicine. Interview in his office Harvard Medical School, 27 April 1995.

28 Trischler, Helmuth, Professor, Technical University of Munich and Director of Research Division, Deutsches Historichen Museum. Interviews in his office 11 May 2004, 17 January 2011.** Trow, Martin, Professor of Sociology and former Director of the Center for Studies in Higher Education, University of California, Berkeley. Interview in Berkeley, 15 August 1994, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, 27 September 1996. Tsunewaki, Koichiro, Retired Professor, Kyoto University Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto, Japan, and past president of Fukui Prefectural University, Japan. Interview in Tokyo, 26 October 2009.** Turner, Jonathan H., University of California University Professor and Distinguished Professor of Sociology, University of California Riverside. Interview in La Jolla at Hollingsworth residence, 17 February 2016. Ullberg, Eskil, Professor, Department of Economics, George Mason University. Interview at Gruter Institute Conference on Innovation, Economic Growth and Human Behavior, Squaw Valley, California, 23 May 2012, and in La Jolla, California at the Hollingsworth residence 15 January 2016. Ushioda, Sukekatsu, President of the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) and President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP), Tsukuba City, Japan. Interview in his office in Tsukuba City, 27 November 2009.** Vansina, Jan M., Professor of History and Anthropology, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in his office 6 December 1993. Varmus, #Harold, Director of the National Institutes of Health and former Professor at University of California, San Francisco. Interview in his office Bethesda, Maryland, 6 March 1995. Vogelstein, #Bert, Professor of Oncology and HHMI investigator, Johns Hopkins University. Interview in his office 18 July 1997. Waldrop, Mitchell, Physicist and Science Writer, Science. Interview in Almen, The Netherlands, 8 October 2007. Walker, Graham, Professor of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Interview at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 25 August 1995. Wallace, Doug, Woodruff Professor of Molecular Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Interview at his office 13 May 1997. Wallach, Ed, Professor and Former Chairman, Department of Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Interview in his office 18 July 1997. Warren, Stephen, Timmie Professor of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. Interview at his office 11 May 1997. Watson, #James D., Director, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York. Interview at Cold Spring Harbor, 24 August 1995, and at Neurosciences Institute, San Diego, 20 February 1996. Watts, Duncan, Professor of Sociology, Columbia University. Interview at Columbia University, 16 October 2006. Weber, Doron, Vice President, Programs and Program Director, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Interview at the Sloan Foundation Headquarters 8 September 2017. Weber, Klaus, Professor and Director of Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry. Interview 14 April 2004 in his office.** Weeds, A.G., Fellow at Trinity College and researcher at Laboratory of Molecular Biology. Interview at Trinity College, Cambridge, 22 April 2002.** Weingart, Peter, Professor of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Germany. Interview 19 January 1995.**

29 Weisblum, Bernard, Professor of Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin (Madison) Medical School. Interviews at author’s residence, 18 December 1999, 30 June 2004. Weisbrod, Burton H., Professor Medical/Health Economics, Northwestern University. Interview in La Jolla, California, 14 December 2000. Telephone interviews 14 January 2013, 15 December 2016. Wengenroth, Ulrich, Professor, Munich Technical University. Interview in Munich, 9 May 2004. Head of the Program in History of Technology, Professor, Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany. Interview in his office 21 January 2011.** Werren, John, Professor, Department of Biology, University of Rochester, and Max-Planck-Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie, Seewiesen, Germany, Interview in Bonn, Germany 9 July 1996.** West, Geoffrey, President, Santa Fe Institute. Interview in Almen, The Netherlands 8 October 2007. Interview at Santa Fe Institute 5 April 2018. White, John, Head of Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Professor of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in his office 16 July 2003. Former senior staff scientist, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK. Wiesel, #Torsten N., President, Rockefeller University. Interviews in his office 14 April 1995, 14 July 1997, 7 February 2001, 4 May 2001, 25 May 2001, 24 March 2014, 2 June 2015. Wiley, #Don C., John L. Loeb Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Harvard University. Telephone interview 4 November 1999. Wiley, John, Dean of Graduate School, University of Wisconsin (Madison). Interview in his office 7 March 1994. Williams, David (Sir), former Vice Chancellor, University of Cambridge. Interview at Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge 8 June 1999.** Wilson, #Edward O., Pellegrino University Professor and Curator of Entomology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. Interviews in his office 4 May 1995, 17 December 2002. Wilson, Victor, Professor Emeritus, Rockefeller University. Interviews in his office 2 February 2001, 10 May 2001. Winnacker, Ernst-Ludwig, President Deutsche Forschungsgemainschaft. Interview in Max Planck Institute for Study of Societies, Köln, Germany, 1997. Interview at Schloss Ringberg in Bavaria, 19 April 2002.** Winter, Greg, Co-Division Leader, Medical Research Council Laboratory, Cambridge, UK and Associate Director, Center for Protein Engineering, University of Cambridge. Interview at Trinity College, 17 March 2002.** Woese, #Carl, Professor of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. Interview in his office 26 October 2005. Wolmann, Elie, former member of the Direction of Institut Pasteur. Interview in the office of the Pasteur Archives 15 May 1998.** Wood, Alan, Professor, School of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Bothell. Interview at University of Washington, Bothell 16 February 2012. Wood, Chris, neuroscientist and Vice President, Santa Fe Institute. Interview in his office 2 February 2007. Interview at University of Ljubljana, Slovenia 25 May, 2007. Wright, Woody, Professor of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Interview in Madison, Wisconsin at author’s residence, 30 December 1995.

30 Wüthrich, #Kurt, Professor of Bio-physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) (Switzerland). Interview in his office 12 December 1994.** Wyllie, Andrew, Professor of Pathology, University of Cambridge. Interview in his office 18 October 2002.‡ Yairi, Ikuko Eguchi, Professor, Department of Information and Communication Science, Sophia University Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan. Interview in Tokyo 16 October 2009.** Yang, Guang, Deputy Director, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemistry Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. Interview in his office 25 October 2016. Young, Michael, President, University of Washington. Interview at University of Washington, Bothell 15 February 2012. Zagury, Daniel, Professor, Universite Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris. Interview at NIH in Bethesda, Maryland 21 and 22 August 1995.** Zeilinger, Anton, Ordentlicher Universitätsprofessor of Experimental Physics, University of Vienna and Co-director, Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, IQOQI, Austrian Academy of Sciences. Interview 25 March 2005. Interview over dinner in Vienna 3 April 2006.** Zinder, Norton, John D. Rockefeller Professor, Rockefeller University. Interview in his office 18 April 1995; Second interview at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 24 August 1995. Other interviews at Rockefeller University 11 February 2000, 25 January 2001, 28 February 2001, 30 April 2001. Zuckerman, Harriet, Professor of Sociology, Columbia University and Executive Vice President, Andrew Mellon Foundation. Interview in her office New York 18 November 1993, 15 May 2001. Zukoski, Charles, Vice Chancellor for Research, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana. Interview at Administration Building 25 October 2005.

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