ORAL HISTORY ASSOCIATION Volume XXXV Number 1 Winter 2001

Durham Focuses on Transformations

More than 500 people who share + Leon Fink, a history professor at single men who spoke a foreign an interest in oral history focused on the University of Illinois at Chicago, language, were Catholic in an transformations--in society and in oral described his work with the overwhelmingly non-Catholic state history practice--at the annual Guatemalan Mayan immigrant and who were also distinctive because conference of the Oral History workers and their struggle for union of their communal spirit, a sharp Association, Oct. 11-13,2000, in recognition at a poultry-processing contrast to the individualism local Durham, N. C. plant in Morganton, N.C. people prized as the key to American With sessions ranging from an The town, Fink said, with an culture. examination of electronic publishing African-American population in 1990 "How communities receive to a presentation about the changing of less than 7 percent, likes to see strangers is a recurring theme" in nature of rodeos, the conference itself as a dynamic community American culture, Fink said. carried out its theme, "At the embracing social and economic + Ellen Stein and Carol Stack, Crossroads: Transforming change. It embraced Hmong refugees authors of "Tales of Luck and Pluck, Community Locally and Globally." from Southeast Asia in the 1970s, but With Fries," described their study of Several featured speakers change "snuck up" on Morganton inner-city youth in Oakland, Calif., highlighted the theme of when the local poultry plant recruited who work in fast-food restaurants. transfOlTIlations: Guatemalan refugees--largely young, (Continued on page 5)

there are numerous exceptions to the Editor's Note: Oral History rule of evidence that bars hearsay As Evidence testimony, none of these exceptions Copy deadline for the next issue of usually applies to the out-of-court the OHA Newsletter is April 1. statements that are made by a narrator By John A. Neuenschwander State and regional oral history in the course of an oral history Carthage College groups are encouraged to report on interview. their spring activities. The primary means by which oral Although there has been no We also welcome contributions on history does make it into court as significant increase in the number of oral history projects or issues of evidence is through the opinion court cases involving oral historians in interest to oral historians. Photos testimony of expert witnesses. Rule recent years, there has been a definite are welcome and will be returned. 703 of the Federal Rules of Evidence upturn in the number of cases in which Mail materials to: Mary Kay provides that an expert witness may oral history has played an evidentiary Quinlan, 7524 S. 35th St., Lincoln, rely upon inadmissable evidence, "if of role. This article will review how NE 68516; fax to: 402-420-1770; a type reasonably relied upon by courts treat oral history evidence and or e-mail: [email protected]. experts in the particular field in what role such evidence has played in Please do NOT send items as forming opinions and inferences upon four recent cases. attachments to an e-mail message. a subject.. .. " In the eyes of both state and federal While rules of evidence in the 50 courts, a transcript or tape of an oral states vary somewhat from the Federal history interview is hearsay. While (Continued, on page 4)

-1­ Jacquelyn Dace and the local third-year review of aHA's arrangements committee have been relationship with the University of ,. IFrom Your working very hard to develop another California Press. Again, your input is outstanding program. welcome. President As the aHA annual meetings I'd like to acknowledge four become larger and more complex, it individuals who have played key roles By Cliff Kuhn seems appropriate to address anew the in the history of the aHA and in the OHA President annual meeting and its place within the furthering of oral history. This past Association. Toward that end, I have year saw the retirement of three key As we get farther from the Durham resurrected the Annual Meeting Task individuals in the field: Willa Baum of meeting and as I enter the Oral History Force, chaired by Linda Shopes. The the DC Berkeley Regional Oral Association presidency, I continue to task force will examine all aspects of History Office~ Dale Treleven of the be tremendously impressed by the the annual meeting and will offer UCLA Oral History Program and Ron dedication, commitment and passion specific suggestions to Council and the Grele of the Columbia University Oral shown by so many people in the field. aHA membership. Your input in this History Research Office. Through This to me is one of the strengths of process is welcome. their writings, administration of major the Association--the active One priority of mine over the next programs and leadership positions in involvement of countless members. year is to see that aHA, as the national the field, all three have made lasting By any measure, the Durham professional organization in the field, contributions to oral history. conference was a success. More than works with other organizations, Last but not least, I'd like to thank 510 people attended the meeting, from agencies, individuals and constitu­ my predecessor, Laurie Mercier. approximately 20 different countries. encies to advance sound oral history Laurie played an enonnous role in Program co-chairs Alicia Rouverol practice. In conjunction with the making the 1999 Anchorage meeting and Mary Murphy and their committee American Historical Association, the a success against considerable odds put together a stimulating, innovative Organization of American Historians and has been a highly conscientious, program that significantly advanced and other groups, aHA has been in stabilizing force as president. The the aHA and the practice of oral continuing discussions with the aHA is in stronger shape as a result of history. National Institutes of Health about her tenure. Beth Millwood, Cathy Abernathy Institutional Review Boards and oral and the other members of the local history and human subject risk more arrangements committee paid generally. extraordinary attention to the details of In addition, aHA will be involved Executive Secretary's putting on a conference, and set a new from the outset in a recently approved Status Report standard for southern hospitality. Veterans Oral History Project, to be By Madelyn Campbell Thanks to money generated by the conducted under the auspices of the aHA Endowment and a grant from the American Folklife Center of the It has been 18 months since the North Carolina Humanities Council, Library of Congress. Such aHA executive secretary's office an unprecedented number of collaboration is essential for the moved to Dickinson College, and it conference participants received continued health of the organization. appear"s that this new relationship is scholarships or other fonns of It is also crucial that we keep working quite well. The college has subvention. Conference evaluations abreast of and critically evaluate the provided excellent computer, printing have been overwhelmingly positive. burgeoning practice of oral history in and mailing services, as well as And, last but not least, the budget new media. Toward that end, I'd like adequate space. Dickinson has agreed projections for the meeting were met, to encourage aHA members and to simplify our Web address to: ensuring that the aHA is in reasonably others to take advantage ofH-Oralhist. www.dickinson.edu/oha good fmancial shape as we move into Under the supervision of Jeff Charnley The revised version of the aHA the new century. and others, H-Oralhist has boomed Evaluation Guidelines is available The 2001 meeting, to be held in over the past year. In addition to being on the Web site for you to download St. Louis, also promises to be great. a discussion forum on the theory and the distribute to anyone who is The conference's exciting and timely practice oforal history, H-Oralhist can interested. You may also wish to read theme, "Bearing Witness: Docu­ be used as an organizing vehicle, for the minutes of our most recent Council menting Memories of Struggle and recruitment and outreach and in and business meetings. Resistance," offers an opportunity to numerous other ways. Continuing the Finally, I'd like to remind you it is reflect upon and extend the role of oral new media "thread," this year, the time to renew your aHA membership. history in important realms. aHA aHA Council and the Publications Your continued support makes it Vice-President Mary Marshall Clark, Committee will be exploring the possible to continue educating and program co-chairs Leslie Brown, electronic publication of aHA supporting individuals and institutions Anne Valk and Jessica Wiederhorn materials. Part of this discussion will interested in oral history and its along with their committee, and be in conjunction with the scheduled preservation.

-2­ At the Crossroads: Oral History in the 21st Century

B)' Donald Ritchie knowledge beyond national and among today's students, they U.S. Senate Historical Office continental boundaries. She spoke of encouraged practitioners to be the mix of traditions and technology in prepared to "jump into the Web with Are audio cassettes the "old world" oral history, but also cautioned that both feet." of oral history? while new technology would enable us Paul Thompson mused about this to gain new knowledge, that and wondered whether oral historians knowledge would likely remain widely were ready to "leap into the new world separated by cultures, peoples and Election Results In of digital infonnation technology." countries. Thompson, a professor at the Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, director of Oral History Association members University ofEssex, offered his the Southern Oral History Program, elected a new first vice president, two speculations during the closing asserted that "history changes the Council members and three plenary of the Oral History historian," because dealing with nominating committee members in Association's annual meeting in individuals and communities affects election results announced at the OHA Durham, N.C. one's subjectivity and politics. annual meeting. Key participants of the conference She evoked the power of oral Elected first vice president was gathered on a panel to assess the many history not only to get to the particular Arthur Hansen of California State issues raised during the meeting and to but to get away from a flattening University, Fullerton. Elected to focus on the future of oral history in similarity in society and to show a Council were: Rina Benmayor, the 21 st century. variety of ideas of what kinds of social California State University, Monterey Reflecting the conference's theme supports and benefits that people need Bay and Linda Wood, South oftransfonning community locally and and want. Kingstown High School, R.I. globally, panel chair Alicia Rouverol ''I'm a person of the book," Hall Elected to the nominating of the Southern Oral History Program conceded, but she emphasized that committee were: Rose Diaz, at the University of North Carolina at oral historians will need to do more to University of New Mexico; Kathy Chapel Hill, asked the panelists how harness and use the new infonnation Nasstrom, University of San Francisco oral history narratives helped in technologies currently washing over and Rebecca Sharpless, Baylor understanding the impact of us. She described how the Southern University. globalization on communities and Oral History Program had been u:sing what new directions in oral history CD-ROMs to build greater oral historians should be thinking accessibility to its multi-media Silent Auction, Gifts about. documentation. Boost Endowment Fund The panelists linked the issues of From the audience, Willa Baum of oral history and globalization with the the Regional Oral History Office at The OHA silent auction at the remarkable potential of world-wide Berkeley posed a question that had run Durham annual meeting netted infonnation dissemination through the through the meeting: whether the new $1,125, almost enough to push the Internet. Thompson, who spoke of the technology would replace candid oral OHA Endowment Fund past the difficulty in using oral history to study history with a fonn of public $100,000 mark. In a year-end appeal, globalization because there were so perfOlmance. President Cliff Kuhn and past many forces at work that we do not Hall shared her concern, but cited president Laurie Mercier asked readily see, talked of the transient "the amazing power of perfonnance," members to consider making tax­ nature of local stories in "this moving and asked the audience to think of the deductible gifts to boost the principal world." many different ways oral history above $100,000, increasing the OHA's He suggested that the new material can be embodied and used. ability to undertake special projects infonnation technology could permit Thompson agreed there was a real and support scholarships to increase the construction of core sets of danger that the type of medium would diversity at the annual meeting. interviews in similar but widely affect the type of person interviewed OHA thanks donors who recently separate communities, such as and the type of responses collected. It made contributions in memory of Lila between coal miners in Poland and in seemed possible that the digital Johnson Goff. They were: John West Virginia, and help those revolution would make oral history"a Wickman, Elizabeth Mason, the communities relate to each other. different animal," but the panelists Stephenson Family Trust and Dora Schwarzstein of the agreed that "we need all these different Michaelyn Chou. Universidad de Buenos Aires similarly animals" to get people to read and use Other recent contributions to the noted the advantages of a world-scale our interviews. Endowment Fund also came from: history, as opposed to the prevailing In seeking to attract a new Elinor Sinnette, Lu Ann Jones, Charles microhistories, to expand research and generation of oral historians from Crawford and Elizabeth Mason.

-3­ Oral History Plays Evidentiary Role in Recent Court Cases

that was considering the settlement 1835. In reviewing the limited offer to internees for their suffering investigation that the defendant firm and losses during World War II. had undertaken, the court noted that Drawing upon more than 50 "the mill's significance to the Town interviewes with Japanese Latin over the last century and three quarters Americans who were interned in the would make it part of the Town's oral United States or Panama for the history. The court infers that there purpose of hostage exchange, Shimizu was extensive information about this detailed the suffering, humiliation and particular site readily available to the property loss that they had endured. defendant firm either through formal Ultimately, the Federal Claims Court research or by merely asking around approved the settlement. the Town, had Lycott sought to A less direct appearance of oral uncover it." The developer who sued history testimony OCCUlTed in an was awarded $1.4 million in damages. (Continued from page 1) Illinois case contesting land use by the The last case to be reviewed here, Rules ofEvidence, there are University of Illinois. In Maxwell Crees vs. Flores, is a case in which the provisions in most state codes for Street Historic Preservation Coalition Yakima Indian Nation filed suit similar reliance by experts on hearsay vs. University of Illinois, 2000 WL. against Washington State officials to evidence such as oral history. 1141439 (N.E. Ill., 2000), the prevent them from collecting truck While under Rule 703 a trial judge coalition sought an injunction to stop license and overweight permit fees has the authority to exclude an expert's the University of Illinois from from Yakima drivers who hauled testimony if the court determines that demolishing certain buildings adj acent timber from tribal lands for outside the hearsay evidence upon which he or to its South Canlpus in Chicago. purchasers. she is basing his opinion is not the Before this lawsuit, the Because the Yakima maintained type of evidence that can be Preservation Coalition had endeavored that an 1855 treaty exempted them "reasonably relied upon," such to have the Maxwell Street area from such fees, the court battle was authority is rarely exercised. designated an historic district by the largely fought between experts. In litigation involving Native National Register of Historic Places. One of the experts for the State of American land or tribal rights claims, To bolster their chances, the coalition Washington was a history professor for example, oral tradition is usually utilized evidence drawn from oral from Central Washington University seen as a type ofhearsay that can be history interviews to demonstrate that who had written a biography of Isaac "reasonably relied upon" by an expert the area had been a seedbed for 1. Stevens, the territorial governor of in offering an opinion on the nationally known blues musicians. Washington at the time the treaty was authenticity of such claims. As the The court noted that the National signed. The chief expert for the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Register officials had determined that Yakima was William Yallup, a tribal noted recently in Crees vs. Flores, 157 while this creative musical outpouring member who was well versed in F.3d 1223 (9th Cir. 1999), "were it had indeed occurred, it was actually Yakima history and culture. otherwise, the history and culture of a street-based and not associated with After losing at the trial level, the society that relies on oral history any buildings per se. The request for State of Washington appealed. One of tradition could be brought before the an injunction was denied. its major issues on appeal was the fact fmder only with the greatest of The use of oral history interviews decision of the trial court to give more difficulty and probably with less to help in the enviI:onmental credence to Yallup's testimony than reliability. " assessment of suspected pollution sites the experts for the state. Attorneys for Oral history evidence can come is a research approach often used by the state questioned the trust­ into play even more directly in court all interested parties. In Chiacchia vs. worthiness of oral tradition as the proceedings where the hearsay Lycott Environmental Research, Inc., primary basis for an expert's objection is waived and the oral WL.1146824, (Mass. Super., 1995), a testimony. They cited ample history testimony is used to provide developer sued the environmental precedents for their position that when background or to help assess damages. investigation/cleanup firm for there are dueling experts, the ones This is precisely what happened in malpractice after a 25-acre plot ofland who rely on oral tradition to formulate Mochizuki vs U.S., 43 Fed. Cl., 97 could not be developed due to ground an opinion are in general less reliable (1999). Grace Shimizu, the pollution. than the experts who do not. coordinator of the Japanese Peruvian The property was on the National The Ninth Circuit, however, Oral History Project, was allowed to Register of Historic Places because of upheld the district court decision to testify before the Federal Claims Court a mill that had been built there in (Continued on page 5)

-4­ Two Editors Added Transformation the collection isn't as accessible as the To H-Oralhist Internet can make it. Specific projects Is Focus of Meeting fund~d by. the Mississippi legislature, he saId, dIrect that the Internet be used By Jeff Charnley In Durham to publicize the work. Michigan State University Susan McCormick of the State U~versity (Continued from page I) of New York at Albany Two new editors have joined H­ SaId the driving force for her oral Oralhist, the Oral History The scholars' study of an inner-city community about evenly divided history program's focus on Web site Association's electronic discussion list. development has been creating Mary Larson ofthe University of among African Americans, Latinos and Asians, mostly Vietnamese, found resources to use for teaching. Nevada, Reno is assistant director of But problems abound with the oral history program there and the youths obsessed with education as the route to success, but unwilling or fluctuating standards for the new combines many years of work in oral technology. "It's kind oflike when all history with expertise in new media unable to participate in school. Stein said community colleges and the railroad trains ran on different technologies. guages," she said. Kathryn Blakeman of Baylor proprietary trade schools exploit inner-city youth through the loan­ Dale Treleven of the University of University is an experienced editor California, Los Angeles injected a note who has worked for several years at based fmancial aid system that seems to offer them hope but in fact only gets of caution. He recalled a project in Baylor's Oral History Institute under Wisconsin 20 years ago in which he Rebecca Sharpless. them in debt. + The Kitchen Sisters, Davia ask.ed a farmer how he decided to buy Their addition brings the number a piece of new equipment. of discussion list editors to four, with Nelson and Nikki Silva, delighted a luncheon audience with excerpts from The farmer told him: "You don't Gene Preuss of Texas Tech and Jeff want to the be first, but you don't want Charnley of Michigan State University their award-winning radio documen­ tary series "Lost and Found Sound." to be the last. " continuing for two-year terms. "Maybe that's where some of my In the past several years, the "Recorded sound has changed and shaped the last hundred years," Silva caution comes from," Treleven said. discussion list has grown to more than The "oveniding principle" should 1,200 subscribers around the world. said. Nelson added: "There would be no 'Lost and be informed consent ii-om Found Sound' without the interviewees, with due concern that (Continued from page 4) they not be exploited, he said. rely more heavily on Yallup's contributions of oral historians and other collectors and archivsits. " The "worst outcome," Treleven testimony as well as the judgment in The Kitchen Sisters' stories are added, would be "thoughtless favor of the Yakima. largely about transformations, like the disuibution of our interviewees' As the number of oral history story of the Vietnamese immigrant words." interviews being conducted continues who named herself Shirley, so she That "could sabotage the trust that to grow and the subject matter of such would be happy, like the girl she saw we have to have to create and preserve interviews becomes more and more on television, Shirley Temple. any meaningful historical record of the diverse, there may well be an Or the story about discovering a past," he said. increasing number of litigants on both cache of reel-to-reel tapes in the Beyond the legal and ethical the state and federal levels who will Mohave Desert that contained the aspects of informed consent, Treleven seek to utilize oral history evidence to SOO-song creation cycle of the Mohave said oral historians have a moral bolster their cases. Ifthis does come people, which eventually was responsibity to share with interviewees to pass, an increasing number of oral instrumental in establishing their right any remuneration derived from profit­ history programs will have to respond to land where a nuclear waste dump making uses of the material. to requests or subpoenas from had been proposed. At his session on oral history and attorneys wishing to make evidentiary the law, John A. Neuenschwander of use of oral history materials. Oral historians at Durham also continued to mold their responses to Carthage College reminded oral the proliferation of electronic historians to make sure their legal Editor's note: John A. technology and to legal issues that may release agreements adequately cover Neuenschwander, a past OHA arise in an increasingly litigious . all possible future uses of the president, teaches hist01Y at Carthage society. materials. College and is a municipaljudge in Chuck Bolton of the University of Legal cases involving oral history Kenosha, Wis. He is afrequent Southern Mississippi said his program have not been a "fruitful field" for contributor on legal topics and is the has put much of its collection on the lawyers trying to make money, author ofthe OHA pamphlet "Oral Internet because the school's Neuenschwander said, and that can History and the Law." To obtain "somewhat off the beaten path" remain so if oral historians plan copies ofthe pamphlet, use the order location in Hattiesburg, Miss., means thoroughly to prevent legal problems form on page JJ ofthis Newsletter. from occuring.

-5­ OHA Marks Retirements of Three Long-time Leaders

Dale Treleven chuckled at the memory of reading the minutes from the fIrst national oral history colloquium in 1966 at Lake Arrowhead, Calif. "There was a discussion of these new cassette recorders and whether they should be used or not," he recalled. "Cassette tape was crappy in those days," Ron Grele inteIjected. "We decided not to use them, but at that point the other recorders disappeared," Willa Baum remembered. Baum, Grele and Treleven, all Retiring oral history leaders, from left, Dale Treleven, Willa Baum and Ron Grele retiring as leaders of three of the were recognized at the OHA meeting in Durham, NC,lor their lifetime achievements. world's most prominent oral history A resolution proposed by past president Don Ritchie hailed their work and declared: programs, compared notes about their flOral historians never retire, they just have more time to interview. " careers and about the past and future of oral history at an informal interview African-American history. And he his earliest goal at UCLA was to during the Durham OHA meeting. particularly sought to make Columbia upgrade the recording quality. "We Baum, who retired last year after the center of the international oral still make preservation masters on more than 45 years of service at the history movement, editing the open-reel tapes," he said. Regional Oral History Office at the international group's journal and The UCLA collection also took on University of California-Berkeley, said sponsoring an international oral topics in which Treleven was that when she started, "it was our idea history conference. interested, such as the McCarthy-era that we could catch the meat of The Columbia collection includes blacklist of Hollywood writers and a anybody in two interviews." some 7,000 interviews with 675,000 project on Afiican American leaders in But the collection is now home to pages of transcripts. the arts, architecture and music. some I,700 oral histories, ranging Grele went to Columbia from the Baum, who has attended every from one to 40 interviews each. University of California at Los OHA meeting since the Arrowhead While the ROHO collection Angeles, whose oral history program conference, and Grele and Treleven, focuses on California and Western was then taken over by Treleven, who both past OHA presidents, agreed history, the Columbia University moved to California after an oral technological change has been a program Grele headed until retiring in history career in Wisconsin. constant in oral history. But all three the fall is more disparate. Baum Grele and Treleven agreed urged caution in the rush to put oral Grele said that when he went to the strengths of their collections relate histories on the Internet. Columbia in 1982, "my idea was I was in part to being housed in major "We cannot afford to have our going to impose some kind of university libraries. But Baum and interviewees exploited," Treleven said, discipline" on the collection. Grele lamented the amount of time and Web distribution magnifIes the "Louis [Stan, his predecessor] they spent raising money. risk that will happen. would just take everything," Grele Treleven said the UCLA oral "I think it will destroy oral history's said, describing it as "a kind of history program was fortunate to be candidness," Baum said. vacuum cleaner approach" to building awarded permanent funding as a Grele said there's an important an oral history collection. separate line in the library's budget. difference between an interview three But before long, Grele said, "I "That's so important," he said. "It's researchers a year come to use and one realized the joy of the collection was allowed the program to grow." that 20 million people can look at. its variety, the catholicity of it." "Amen," Baum said. "I'm retiring just at the right "What I really had always "We don't have that," Grele added. moment" he said. Dealing with the criticized Louis for turns out to be one The UCLA collection has tripled issues of new technology are "for of the strengths of the collection for in the past 18 years to more than 800 somebody else to do," he said. "I'm the researcher," he said. interviews. too old to retool. " Grele said he worked to expand Treleven, noting that he has always Baum agreed. "The technological the collection in areas in which it was been interested in the long-term is overtaking the historical, and I'm weak, such as women's history and preservation of sound recordings, said glad I'm not a part of it. "

-6­ Session Focus: Realizing Dollar Value of Collections

By Janie Weaver generate $26 million annually for Because the mission ofhistorical School of Information Sciences Coca-Cola, with $9 million of that societies typically has been to collect, University of Pittsburgh coming from archival materials. preserve and make collections Mooney noted, however, that while available to researchers, they are not At the Durham conference many people thought materials could equipped to market. For the roundtable session, "Culture, Art and be used "for whatever they want," in Minnesota Historical Society, Commerce: Realizing the Dollar fact, archivists make sure materials are contracting with Corbis Corp. to Value of Collections," moderator used appropriately and within existing market photographs has become a true James Fogerty, archivist at the rights. "cash cow," Fogerty said, generating Minnesota Historical Society, and Access to some materials has been income well beyond predictions. presenters Philip Mooney, Coca-Cola expedited by placing high-resolution In this instance, Corbis selects and Co. archivist, and Ellen Gartrell, copies on Coca-Cola.'s intranet (in­ digitizes archival photographs, which archivist at the John W. Hartman house) site and allowing users to go the firm determines to have the Center for Sales, Advertising and over the firewall for retrieval, saving greatest commercial value. MRS Marketing History at Duke University, staff time. Mooney noted that the receives a royalty for every use. discussed the ways in which profit and difference between Coca-Cola's Contracts have a "one time use fee" nonprofit organizations have similar archives and nonprofit repositories is clause so fees can be obtained for concerns about collections scale. He said he knew of instances further use. While MRS has to management. when college and university archives approve each use, it does not receive In fact, for many archvists and had missed out on the opportunity to detailed information about the use, preservationists, regardless of their increase funds by reproducing taped similar to the process for approving institutional setting, "collections interviews, photographs and film quotations for a book. management" is synonymous with footage of famous games. Technically, MRS could deny "assets management." And one of the Gartrell discussed the merits of permission if it thought the use was essential activities of sound archival establishing a sliding fee scale, with inappropriate, but Fogerty said the management is the continued re­ fees based on the size of the society is not interested in censorship. evaluation of use and access policies. organization and how it intends to use Because Corbis has a nonexclusive One of the most glaring problems materials. Many institutions have license to MHS photographs, MRS of older use policies, for instance, has been slow to adopt such policies, but also can mount images on its Visual been the lack of a sliding fee scale for few managers of nonprofits relish the Resources Database and clients can the reproduction of images and written idea of subsidizing large corporate buy a copy directly from the historical or spoken text. Until recently, most concerns. society. repositories charged the same fee Gartrell also raised the issue of Mooney and Fogerty strongly (usually minimal) for reproduction, nonprofits showing a "return on recommended that nonprofits without considering certain essential investment." Would traditional outsource reproduction and marketing aspects of the use or user. Thus, collecting policies (collecting for to a third party. Corporations like nonprofit institutions were subsidizing research value) be joined by a new Corbis have the expertise and film production companies, major standardulicensing opportunities? resources to manage marketing in presses and others who stood to make Some collections, according to ways that nonprofits do not. Film and a considera.ble profit from the sale of Gartrell, attract grant funding because video collections are particularly their product. of the ways in which they can be made sought by film and television Fogerty and Gartrell argued that available to a larger audience. Grant production companies. With the creating a sliding fee scale is a funding allowed archivists at her proliferation of cable, channels like responsible action that allows non­ center to create the Web site The History Channel, A&E and VB1 profits to share in profit generation "Ad*Access," making available more join PBS in seeking film or video while continuing to allow individuals than 7,000 print advertisements from footage. and small organizations access to 1911 to 1955 "for study, research and Fogerty said that oral histories also reproductions for miminal fees. teaching." attract commercial notice. In fact, Presenters raised questions about Fogerty described the increasingly because of the way MRS conducts oral access, use and legal or ethical issues difficult scenario of repositories asking histories--filming background (farm involved in the use of collections for donors for money and then allowing scenes, etc.) that further documents the moneymaking purposes. For a major the use of valuable images for less person or event, thus giving greater corporation like Coca-Cola, it is not than market value. He added that dimension to "talking head" shots and surprising that the archives market value should determine fees, audiotapes--clients have been participates in commercial ventures. not an antiques roadshow or eBay interested in the background footage. In fact, external licensing activities mentality. (Continued on page 8)

-7- CD-ROM Reveals actively in national and regional oral Jobs, Fellowships, history, history and archives Foreign Affairs Details professional organizations. Internships Open For a complete description ofthe By Charles Stuart Kennedy job requirements, see the UCLA Association for Diplomatic Columbia University Seeks library Web site: Studies and Training Oral History Office Director www.library.ucla.edu/admin/staffserv/ Columbia University seeks a openposn.htrn "Frontline Diplomacy: The u.s. person with extensive experience in Candidates applying by Feb. 15, Foreign Affairs Oral History oral history who has the vision to lead 2001, will be given first consideration. Collection" is available as a CD-ROM Columbia's premier oral history with 893 transcripts of interviews with program into the 21 st century. Buffalo Internship Available career and non-career American The office is an administrative unit The State University of New York diplomats from World War II to the of the Columbia University Libraries at Buffalo library internship/residency present. within the Rare Book and Manuscript program offers an historically Covering U. S. relations with Division. The position has primary underrepresented individual (African almost every country in the world, responsibility for planning and American, Hispanic American or subjects range from epic events to the directing the activities of the oral Native American) an opporuntity to tedium of everyday life abroad. The history program and for fundraising in pursue a career in academic interviews are surprisngly frank and support ofthe office. librarianship. The program is part of give a side to the workings of The director will plan and the School of Information Studies. diplomacy that does not appear from administer the activities of the Oral To request an application, call or reading the official records. For History Office, continue existing write Donna King at 716-645-2412 or information, check the association's programs and set new directions for [email protected] Web site: www.adst.org the Oral History Program by exploring The application deadline is April interdisciplinary initiatives and 1,2001. (Continued from page 7) innovative formats. The director also He also said it was essential to "do the will interact with the university faculty Military History Fellowships filming right, not cheaply," using Beta to provide enrichment to academic Jan. 15 is the application deadline SP so that production companies can programs and research. for dissertation fellowships offered by easily use tapes. For specific job requirements or the U.S. Army Center of Military Another instance involving the other information about the position, History. commercial use of an oral history, contact Joseph Knox, 519 Butler The Center offers two annual however, "gave pause," according to Library, 535 W. 114th St., MC 1104, fellowships that carry a $9,000 stipend Fogerty. MHS had a request to use a New York, NY 10027. You may also each to support scholarly research and sound bite from an interview for a e-mail Knox at: [email protected] writing among civilian graduate product advertisement. Because the Resumes will be reviewed until the students perparing dissertations in the request involved licensing the right to position is filled. history of war on land. use someone's voice and words, MHS In addition to the stipend, had considerable concern. UCLA Library Seeks fellowship winners have access to the MHS searched for the interviewee Oral History Director Center's facilities and technical and his family (he was dead and The Department of Special expertise. without heirs), consulted legal counsel Collections in the University of For information, call the U.S. and requiried a rough cut of the script CalifOlnia Los Angeles' Charles E. AImy Center of Military History at and the fmal product to determine Young Research Library is seeking a Fort Lesley 1. McNair, 202-685-2709 perrrusslOn. director for its oral history program. or see the Center's Web site at: Fogerty said 11I-IS was satisfied The director is responsible for all \wlw.army.mil/cmh-pg that the use was not inappropropriate administr-ative and research aspects of and, consequently, the material was the program. The director also is handled as any other item from a Draft IRB Report Online expected to lecture in campus classes collection would be. Oral historians concerned about and may teach history courses that Panelists concluded that how university institutional review integrate oral history methodology and institutions need to make sure they boards deal with social science theory. know the rights associated with the research should review and In addition, the director presents materials they hold and need to get as comment on a draft report by the campus and community workshops in many rights as possible conveyed to American Association of University oral history practices, organizes the institution at the time of the gift in Professors. It's online at: seminars and conferences to advance the form of use and indemnification www.aaup.org oral history research and participates agreements.

-8­ MEETINGS. ANNOUNCEMENTS, OPPORTUNITIES

OHA Next in St. Louis Baylor Conference history projects and has taught oral The 2001 annual meeting of the On Storytelling's Future history seminars for more than two decades. Oral History Association is scheduled The Baylor University English Please register by Feb. 9, 2001. for Oct. 17-21 in St. Louis. Program Department and Institute for Oral For information contact Gail Kurtz at chairs are Leslie Brown, Anne Valk History are co-sponsoring a 510-525-7050 or bye-mail at: and Jessica Wiederhom. The local conference on "Storytelling in the [email protected]. Or call arrangements committee is headed by Millennium" in Waco, Texas, Feb. 9­ Elizabeth Wright at 415-928-3417 or Jackie Dace and John Wolford. 10,2001. For information, contact bye-mail at:[email protected] Rebecca Munro at: 10HA Meet Set [email protected] For South Africa Book Available The XIIth conference of the Book Contributions Invited On Romanian Americans International Oral History Association, The Routledge Studies in Memory "Ethnic Vision: A Romanian in collaboration with the Faculty of and Narrative invite contributions for a American Inheritance" by Joanne Human Sciences of the University of book on gender and transnational Bock examines how Romanian Natal, is set for June 24-27,2002, in families, to be edited by Selma Americans have maintained strong ties Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, Leydesdorff at the University of to their homeland and traditional South Africa. Amsterdam and Mary Chamberlain at culture through the preservation of The conference theme is "The Oxford Brookes University. their folk art heritage. Power of Oral History: Memory, Deadline for proposals, which Bock, an OHAmember, used Healing and Development." Proposals must be in English, is Feb. 16, 2001. interviews with American craftsmen of for papers, workshops or panels are For more information, contact Romanian descent to document the due July 1, 2001. For details on Chamberlain at: creation of folk arts traced to specific submitting proposals, see the [email protected] villages in Romania. conference Web site at: www.hs.unp.ac.zaJioha2002/ Women/Gender Network Iron Range Village History Solicits Papers for Meeting Describes Community Canberra Is Site The Women/Gender Network of "It's Gone~ Did You Notice?" by For OHAA 2001 the Social Science History Association Barbara Milkovich uses oral history to "Voices ofa 20th Century Nation" is soliciting papers and panels for the express community values and social is the theme of the Oral History SSHA annual meeting in Chicago characteristics and to serve as a guide Association of Australia's national Nov. 15-18,2001. The conference to other documentary evidence about conference in Canberra, Aug. 30-Sept. theme is "Quantitative and Qualitative the history of the village of Franklin, 2, 2001. For details about the meeting Approaches to Social Science Minn.,a small community outside in Australia's capital, visit the Web at: History." Deadline for porposals is Virginia, Minn., on the Mesabi Iron www.geocities.com/oha_australiaJ Feb. 1, 2001. For information, cantact Range. Patricia Turner at: [email protected] The author skillfully combines the New Zealand Meeting information collected in the oral history interviews with the results of Focuses on Community Morrissey Workshop Set thorough research in other primary and The National Oral History For San Francisco secondary sources to develop a well­ Association of New Zealand will The seventh annual Charles T. written community history with a examine "Communities and Oral Morrissey Oral History Workhop is specific focus on the Shaw Location, a History" at its conference June 2-3, planned for March 2-4, 2001, at the miners' village within the Franklin 2001, in Wellington, New Zealand. Fort Mason Center in San Francisco. community. The deadline for abstracts or The workshop serves both as an workshop outlines is Feb. 15,2001. introduction to oral history and a For information, contact Megan refresher course for more experienced Technical Leaflet Available Hutching at: practitioners. Participants learn about The Summer 2000 issue of History [email protected] all phases of the oral history process News, the magazine of the American or Linda Evans at: and will learn to navigate ethical Association for State and Local linda.evans@natlib. govt.nz dilemmas, calm transcription traumas, History, includes an eight-page master project management and create technical leaflet called "A Guide to fundraising strategies. Oral History Interviews" by OHA Morrissey is a past president of the members Barbara W. Sommer and oHA, has directed numerous oral Mary Kay Quinlan.

-9­ STATE AND REGIONAL REPORT

committee members Regina Akers TOHA Gives Award (Md.) and Cindy Swanson (Md.). The fall conference, "Educating the For Lifetime Work Next Generation of Oral Historians," To Tom Charlton was jointly sponsored with the Association of Oral History Educators By Lois E. Myers (AOHE) and took place at the new Texas Oral History Association library and teleconference center at the University ofMaryland-Baltirnore Thomas L. Charlton, Baylor OHMAR Plans Tribute County campus. Elizabeth Clark­ University's vice provost for research Lewis ofHoward University received For 25th Anniversary and professor of history, received the the Forrest C. Pogue Award for first Lifetime Achievement Award outstanding and continuing from the Texas Oral History By Stan Schuchman contibutions to oral history. Toby Association on Aug. 26,2000, for his Oral History in the Mid-Atlantic Daspit, co-author of "Talking Gumbo: outstanding contributions to oral Region An Oral History Manual for Secondary history in Texas. School Teachers," received AOHE's A trailblazer in Texas oral history, OHMAR is one of the oldest Betty Key Oral History Educator Charlton is a graduate of Baylor regional oral history organizations in Award. University and holds master's and the United States. In recognition of its OHMAR board member Glenn doctorate degrees from the University first meeting at George Washington Whitman and AOHE President Barry of Texas. He was founder and director University in Washington, D.C., on Lanman organized the conference, of the Baylor University Institute for April 6, 1976, OHMAR will celebrate which included presentations by Oral History, now in its 30th year. its 25th anniversary at its spring teachers and students and a first-time During his 23 years as director, the conference, April 6, 2001. teleconference that linked teachers and program earned a national reputation Conference co-chairs Pam Henson, oral historians at UMBC, Brown and for excellence in oral history Don Ritchie and Linda Shopes Utah State universities. For details interviewing and memoir processing. announced the theme"Setting about the fall conference check: Charlton interviewed more than 150 Standards in Oral HistoryuMeasuring www.geocities.com/aohet.anman/ persons for the collection and up to Martha" to commemorate the established a summer research faculty achievement of OHMAR and to program that provides stipeds for recognize the contributions of its Bay Area Historians Baylor faculty to conduct oral history founding members, including the Start Online Group research in topics related to their much-loved Martha Ross. fields. The conference will take place at By Nancy MacKay The Texas historian has taught the Maryland Hall of Creative Arts in Bay Area Oral Historians graduate oral history seminars, Annapolis, Md. Keynoter Alfredteen directed dozens of theses, conducted Harrison of Jackson State University The San Francisco Bay Area Oral oral history workshops as part of the will speak on "Oral History and Civil Historians are now running an online Texas Sesquicentennial Celebration Rights." Other sessions will feature a discussion group. Not to compete and has been active in numerous group interview with the founders of with H-Oralhist, our list primarily Texas historic preservation efforts. OHMAR, as well as "Looking Back, serves the San Francisco Bay area and A founding member of the Texas Looking Forward," an examination of beyond with announcements, Oral History Association, Charlton the achievements of oral history and its discussions and themes of a regional also has been active for more than 25 future directions. For more details, nature. Everyone is welcome to years in the Oral History Association, contact: OHMAR, P.O. Box 201, participate. having served as president, Ellicott City, MD 21041-0201. To join the list, send a message to: Newsletter editor and member or At its Nov. 4, 2000 fall [email protected]. In the chair ofnumerous committees. conference, OHMAR elected new message, state your full name. That's Whether in a conference room with officers for two-year terms: President it. To post an announcement, send one person or lecturing in an Donita M. Moorhus (Va.), Vice message to: [email protected]. auditorium containing hundreds, President Roger Horowitz (Del.), For more information, contact list Charlton inspires, educates and manager Nancy MacKay at: Secretary Rosemary Crockett (D.c.), motivates Texas historians on the Treasurer Kelly Feltault (Md.), At­ [email protected]. virtues and techniques of oral history. Large Board Member Deborah Gardner (N. Y.) and nominating

-10­ SOHA Plans Look Project, sponsored by Sandra Sleight­ OHAAwards Brennan of the Ohio University School At Prickly Issues For Project, Article of Telecommunications. The project awards committee The Southwest Oral History Given in Durham included Lois E. Myers, Jacqueline Association will examine "Prickly Dace and Sandy Polishuk. Issues in Oral History" at its annual The Oral History Association Also recognized at the awards meeting set for May 3-6 at the Fiesta recognized outstanding oral history banquet was Andrew Wiese for his Inn in Tempe, Ariz. projects and outstanding articles article "The Other Suburbanites: Conference planners invited making use of oral history at its annual African American Suburbanization in participants to focus on "prickly awards banquet in Durham, N.C. the North before 1950," which issues" that arise when doing oral For projects with a budget ofless appeared in the Journal ofAmerican history and to discuss solutions. For than $6,000, the award went to a History, March 1999. details about the conference, contact project about the Lanconing Silk Mill Honorable mentions went to: SOHA President Karen S. Harper at: in Allegany County, Md., sponsored + Jacquelyn Dowd Hall for "'You 562-439-9856, or bye-mail at: by the Allegany High School, Must Remember This': [email protected]. Cumberland, Md.. Students ofhigh Autobiography as Social Critique," school teachers Dan Whetzel and published in the Journal of American OHAM Reports Kids' Mike Lewis researched the history of History, September 1998~ and Heritage Garden Project daily work life at a local silk mill + Ann Short Chirhart for "'Gardens which closed its doors in 1957 ' of Education': Beulah Rucker and Children in Wright County, Minn., through archival records and o~al African-American Culture in the 4-H Clubs gathered infOImation on history interviews with fOImer Twentieth Century Georgia flowers, vegetables and other plants employees. Upcountry," published in the Georgia grown in the county before 1950 for a For projects with a budget of more Historical Quarterly, Winter 1998. county historical society project, than $6,000, the OHA recognized Andor Skotnes, Alphine Jefferson according to the newsletter of the Oral Nancy Wachowich of the University of and Jane Collins were the article History Association of Minnesota. British Columbia for her project award judges. The 4-H members collected chronicling the life histOIies of three Aprill is the deadline for the pictures of early gardens and generations of Inuit women. 2001 awards for outstanding book, information on county gardeners and An honorable mention also was precoUegiate teacher and nonprint gardening methods to incorporate in a"varded to the Countdown to use of oral history. Visit the ORA their own heritage gardens. Millennium Oral History Collection Website for details: ()-~J\-fl~~J;~I~t--(j~~;;~-I=~~~------~,~~c~~~~,~~.u~_~~ _

Add to your professional reference library the Pamphlet Price Quantity

Oral History Association I s pamphlets. OHA Oral History and the Law. $8.00 members get a 10 percent discount for orders of 2nd ed .. by John A. 10 or more copies. Clip and mail this coupon. Neuenschwander. 1993 with your check made out to OHA, to: Oral History in the $8.00 Oral History Assn.. Dickinson College, Box 1n3. Secondary School Carlisle, PA 17013. Classroom, by Barry A. Name.______.Lanman and George L. Mehaffy, 1988 Address------Using Oral History in $8.00 ComlTlJnity History City------­ Projects. by Laurie Mercier and Madeline Buckendorf, 1992 State ,Zip _ Oral History Evaluation $5.00 Guidelines. 2nd ed., Country_:-:­ _ 1991 All prices include shipping via domestic mail. InqUire for Order total: costs of Federal Express delivery. International shipping by Optional mail ing charge: surface mail at no extra charge; add 30 percent to your order if you prefer international airmail delivery. TOTAL ENCLOSED:

-11­ including 3,400 from World War I and Congress OKs 6 million from World War II. But Reach OHA Online almost 1,500 veterans die every day. Oral Histories "The American Folklife Center of The Oral History Association's Of Veterans the Library of Congress will preserve home page on the World Wide Web these folk histories of our everyday can be found at: war heroes from every corner of the The Library of Congress' www.dickinson.eduJoha nation and offer selections from their American Folklife Center announced The oral history electronic stories back to the American people on Veterans' Day it would launch a discussion list, H-ORALHIST, is over the Internet," Center Director program to collect and preserve the one of the H-Net affiliated scholarly Peggy Bulger said in a press release. stories of personal experiences of lists. There are no dues or fees of Guidelines to assist the public in America's war veterans and make any kind to enroll. Subscribers only conducing local interviews will be selections available to the public over need an e-mail address on the available on the American Folklife the Internet. Internet. To subscribe, send a Center's Web site: The Veterans' Oral History Project message to: [email protected] wwvv.loc.gov/folklife encourages war veterans, their with no subject and the following families, vetrans groups, communities The Library of Congress said it text: and students to record the memories of would create a network of partnerships SUBSCRIBE H-ORALHIST throughout the United States to veterans' time in service. frrstname lastname, affiliation encourage affiliated organizations, Legislation establishing the Access the main H-ORALHIST community goups and indivduals to Veterans' Oral History Project was Website at: collect these recollections and sponsored by Reps. Ron Kind, D­ http://www.h-net.msu.eduJ---oralhist Wis., and Amo Houghton, R-N. Y., frrsthand accounts. Ifyou have questions or problems and Sens. Max Cleland, D-Ga., and "Collecting the oral histories of subscribing, contact H-Oralhist Chuck Hagel, R-Neb. President American veterans is a critical task in Editor Jeff Charnley at: preserving our history and an urgent Clinton signed it into law Oct 27 [email protected]. 2000. . , need as we enter the 21 st century," said Librarian of Congress James More than 19 million war veterans H. Billington. are living in the United States today,

Oral History Association Newsletter Nonprofit U.S. Postage The Oral History Association P.O. Box 1773 Carlisle, PA 17013 PAID Newsletter (lSSN:0474-3253) is Jefferson City, Mo. published three times yearly by the PERMIT NO. 210 Oral History Association for its members and subscribers. Copy deadlines are: Dec. 1, April 1 and July 1.

Address membership, change of address, subscription and delivery inquiries to: Oral History Association, P.O. Box 1773 Carlisle, PA 17013. '

Editor: Mary Kay Quinlan, 7524 S. 35th St., Lincoln, NE 68516.

Copyright 2001 Oral History Association, Incorporated

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