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Los Poblados Históricos Del Área De Frontera En La Naciente Del Río Mendoza: Un Testimonio De La Modernidad Finisecular (1890-1950)

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Los Poblados Históricos Del Área De Frontera En La Naciente Del Río Mendoza: Un Testimonio De La Modernidad Finisecular (1890-1950) LOS POBLADOS HISTÓRICOS DEL ÁREA DE FRONTERA EN LA NACIENTE DEL RÍO MENDOZA: UN TESTIMONIO DE LA MODERNIDAD FINISECULAR (1890-1950) THE HISTORICAL VILLAGES OF MENDOZA RIVER BORDER HEAD AREA: A TESTIMONY OF FINISECULAR MODERNITY (1890-1950) DOI: https://doi.org/10.18861/ania.2020.10.2.2987 Arq. Pablo Federico Ricardo Bianchi Palomares ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9941-3881 Arq. Ana María Villalobos ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3700-975X Anales de Investigación en Arquitectura Vol. 10 (1), 2020. Montevideo (Uruguay), 65-87 Universidad ORT Uruguay - ISSN 2301-1513 (en línea) ARQ. PABLO FEDERICO RICARDO BIANCHI PALOMARES Doctor (Cand.) en Arquitectura VII Cohorte, Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño, Universidad de Mendoza (Argentina). Arquitecto, Universidad de Mendoza (Argentina). Profesor adjunto de la Cátedra Arquitectura II-Taller de Integración Proyectual, Carrera Arquitectura, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (Argentina). ARQ. ANA MARÍA VILLALOBOS Doctora (Cand.) en Arquitectura VII Cohorte, Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño, Universidad de Mendoza (Argentina). Especialista en Preservación Urbana y Restauración de Edificios Históricos, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (Argentina). Arquitecta, Universidad de Mendoza (Argentina). Profesora titular en la Cátedra Historia de la Arquitectura y el Urbanismo 2 - Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Diseño, Universidad de Mendoza (Argentina). FECHA DE RECEPCIÓN: 23 de abril de 2020 FECHA DE ACEPTACIÓN: 8 de junio de 2020 REGISTRO BIBLIOGRÁFICO: BIANCHI, P. & VILLALOBOS, A. (2020). Los poblados históricos del área de frontera en la naciente del río Mendoza: Un testimonio de la modernidad finisecular (1890-1950). Anales de Investigación en Arquitectura, Vol. 10 (2), 65-94. Anales de Investigación en Arquitectura Vol. 10 (1), 2020. Montevideo (Uruguay), 65-87 Universidad ORT Uruguay - ISSN 2301-1513 (en línea) RESUMEN Los pueblos de montaña que jalonan el alto valle del río Mendoza, en la provincia homónima del centro oeste de Argentina, son testimonio de la modernidad finisecular desde su aparición en el contexto de implantación del Ferrocarril Trasandino, a fines del siglo XIX. Su presencia en el itinerario cordillerano fue fundamental dado que facilitaron el comercio y el transporte, en el tramo más occidental de la ruta que vincula Buenos Aires con las ciudades de Santiago y Valparaíso del vecino país de Chile. Al estar emplazados en estrecha relación con el río Mendoza, y en un soporte geográfico de características singulares; actuaron como estructurantes del territorio, con una disposición sistémica que definió al territorio fronterizo hasta mediados del siglo XX. El problema que motiva este trabajo se basa en la detección de una vacancia referida a la lectura integral de bienes culturales, ligados al tramo superior del río Mendoza. Los aportes efectuados hasta el momento son fragmentarios, sobre todo en relación con los bienes que consolidaron el territorio de la cordillera mendocina; a nivel turístico, vial y de servicios. Mediante el análisis descriptivo-explicativo de cuatro poblados históricos se pretende llenar el vacío detectado y comprender el rol fundamental que desempeñaron en el proceso de ocupación paulatina del territorio de alta montaña, iniciado en el tiempo de la modernidad. Palabras clave: poblados históricos, frontera, consolidación territorial, modernidad, ferrocarril. ABSTRACT The mountain towns that mark the high valley of the Mendoza River, in the homonymous province of central west Argentina, are testimony of the Turn of the century modernity, since its appearance in the context of the implantation of the Trasandino Railway, at the end of the 19th century. Their presence in the mountain itinerary was fundamental since they facilitated trade and transport, in the westernmost section of the route that linked Buenos Aires with the cities of Santiago and Valparaíso in the neighboring country of Chile. Being located in close relationship with the Mendoza River, and in a geographical support of unique characteristics; they acted as structuring of the territory, with a systemic disposition that defined the border territory until the middle of the 20th century. The problem that motivates this work is based on the detection of a vacancy referring to the comprehensive reading of cultural assets, linked to the upper section of the Mendoza River. The contributions which were made recently are fragmentary, especially in relation to the assets that consolidated the territory of the Mendoza high mountain area; at Tourism-, Road- and Service- Levels. With the help of the descriptive-explanatory analysis of four historical towns, the study seeks to fill an inclusive approximation and to help understanding the fundamental role they played in the process of gradual occupation of the high mountain territory, which began in the modernity. Keywords: Historical Towns, Border, Territorial Consolidation, Modernity, Railway. Anales de Investigación en Arquitectura Vol.10 (2), 2020. Montevideo (Uruguay), 65-94 67 Universidad ORT Uruguay - ISSN 2301-1513 (en línea) INTRODUCCIÓN que revela la transición entre el final de siglo XIX (hacia 1890) y mediados del siglo XX La ubicación geopolítica de la ciudad de (aproximadamente hasta 19501). Completa Mendoza la ha caracterizado desde los inicios indagaciones previas, realizadas en esta misma como ciudad de frontera y tránsito, pero es a línea temática, que abordan poblados situados partir de la creación del Virreinato del Río de la en el tramo medio del río Mendoza2. Plata (1776), que destaca su importancia como eslabón en la cadena de ciudades que enlazan A principios del siglo XX, Mendoza se involucra Buenos Aires con el Pacífico. Esta situación con las tendencias de la evolución y el progreso ha consolidado a lo largo de la historia su que caracterizaron la Segunda Revolución posicionamiento como centro trascendental Industrial y los profundos cambios sociales en la ruta que enlaza Buenos Aires con las que operaban en Europa. La llegada de la Gran ciudades de Santiago y Valparaíso del vecino Inmigración con el aporte de saberes y trabajo, país de Chile. En este contexto histórico- junto con el arribo del ferrocarril, permitió un cultural, se produce el jalonamiento de pueblos rápido desarrollo de las economías regionales de montaña geográficamente emplazados y el avance sobre un territorio especialmente en paralelo al río Mendoza. El curso de agua inhóspito; definiendo claramente la frontera presenta régimen de deshielo, con caudales política de la nación. Esta circunstancia se torrentosos que discurren por abruptas convirtió rápidamente en el pilar de un exitoso pendientes y, junto con la cordillera, actúa modelo económico y político, sustentado por como estructurante natural del territorio en el los gobiernos conservadores en la provincia sitio. En esta particular superficie de soporte y el país, que le permitieron a Mendoza el se desarrolla el ferrocarril a partir del siglo XIX; ingreso a la modernidad que imperaba en el acompañado en el primer tercio del siglo XX por mundo (Mateu, 2004). Es el momento en que el camino internacional, elementos que definen se suscitan emprendimientos que referencian, una organización sistémica característica del territorio fronterizo. 1. Se adhiere al recorte propuesto por diversos autores para el análisis de la modernidad y sus consecuencias; en un período entre 1890, momento La investigación se desarrolla en un espacio de gobiernos neoliberales en Argentina que fundan físico de cualidades singulares, como las el estado moderno; y 1950, con los significativos avances logrados por gobiernos neoconservadores altas cumbres de nieves permanentes a y la primer presidencia de Perón (Cueto, Lacoste, aproximadamente 5.000 metros sobre el nivel Mateu, Raffa). del mar (m.s.n.m.), fuertes pendientes, marcada 2. Al respecto, ver: Bianchi, P. & Villalobos, A. M. (2019). La modernidad en Mendoza (1890-1930): amplitud térmica, extrema aridez y presencia de el enclave Cacheuta como testimonio de montaña. valles intermontanos; en un tiempo histórico Anales de Investigación en Arquitectura, 9(2), 69-88. 68 Anales de Investigación en Arquitectura Vol.10 (2), 2020. Montevideo (Uruguay), 65-94 Universidad ORT Uruguay - ISSN 2301-1513 (en línea) por un lado, el impacto de la incorporación de cultural, permitiendo el intercambio de materias nuevas tecnologías y materiales; manifiestas primas, productos e ideas y construyendo el en infraestructuras de comunicación, sanitarias paisaje” (2009:71). En el aspecto simbólico y de producción de energía. Por otro lado, hubo que superar lo que Corbin (1993) evidencian nuevas formas de interacción denominó “territorio del vacío”: el espacio de la social en relación con las prácticas del ocio y montaña, cargado de una connotación negativa la recreación, que sentaron las bases para y caracterizado como espacio desértico, poco el poblamiento histórico a lo largo de la zona ofrecía para la instalación permanente de cordillerana estructurada por el curso del río. poblados: “[…] las imágenes de la cordillera estuvieron muy En estas altitudes el protagonismo del sistema condicionadas por el sufrimiento físico de los viajeros a lo largo del camino. El frío excesivo, la fatiga ferroviario fue clave para la fundación de extraordinaria, la sensación de miedo y la abundancia poblados, que se recostaron en las laderas y de símbolos lúgubres […] actuaban como fuertes valles de las escarpadas cumbres montañosas. disuasivos […]” (Lacoste, 2003:192). Las primeras
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