An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, Near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

View south-east of the remains of Thornseat House ARS Ltd Report 2020/72 May 2020

Compiled By: Adrian Jacklin

Archaeological Research Services Ltd Unit 2 Aizlewood’s Mill Nursery Street Sheffield S3 8GG

Checked By: Robin Holgate MCIfA

Tel: 0114 2750140

[email protected] www.archaeologicalresearchservices.com

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Archaeological Research Services Ltd Report 2020/72

May 2020

Date of compilation: May 2020 Compiled by: Adrian Jacklin Checked by: Robin Holgate MCIfA Planning Reference: NP/S/0120/0078 Local Authority: Peak District National Park Authority Site central NGR: SK 22981 92404

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Archaeological Research Services Ltd was commissioned by David Whiting of Babcock International on behalf of Northern Powergrid (Yorkshire) Plc to produce an archaeological desk-based assessment in support of a planning application (Reference No. NP/S/0120/0078) for the proposed construction of a telecoms unit with integrated monopole mast on land at Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, centred at NGR SK 22981 92404. It is postulated the farmhouse could date to an earlier period; however, no cartographic or documentary evidence of this could be obtained to support this claim during the production of this DBA because of UK-wide Covid-19 lockdown measures. However, the surrounding landscape suggests medieval agricultural and settlement activity within the area of Bradfield Dale as evident by the narrow lanes, still extant medieval field boundaries and nearby medieval earthworks. It is uncertain if Thornseat House itself dated to the medieval period but the area around it was most likely farmed at the time. As noted during the site visit, structural remains of the former Thornseat House could be identified within the surface soil. Therefore, it is considered that there is a high chance of encountering surviving below- ground archaeological remains relating to Thornseat House during ground works associated with the proposed development. The proposed development is potentially located over surviving below-ground archaeological remains relating to Thornseat House itself and associated early post-medieval, and potentially earlier, agricultural activity. As structural remains of the building could be identified within the surface soil, it is considered that further structural remnants of Thornseat House could lie just below the surface, at a relatively shallow depth. Therefore, in order to mitigate any potential loss of archaeological remains, a programme of archaeological works in the form of archaeological strip, map and sample excavation should take place during any ground works associated with the proposed development. A study of historic mapping and any other relevant documents and archives housed at Sheffield Archives and Local Studies Library and the Wentworth Estate should also be undertaken to assist in interpreting the surviving structural remains.

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 Project and Planning Background ...... 1 1.2 Site description ...... 1 1.3 Geology ...... 1 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ...... 1

3 METHOD STATEMENT ...... 2

3.1 Study Area ...... 2 3.2 Information Sources...... 2 3.3 Limitations ...... 3 4 BASELINE DATA ...... 3

4.1 Archaeological and Historical Background ...... 3 4.1.1 The Prehistoric to Romano-British Periods ...... 3 4.1.2 The Medieval to Modern Periods ...... 4 4.2 Cartographic Regression and Analysis ...... 5 4.3 Designated Assets ...... 6 4.4 Non-Designated Assets ...... 6 4.4.1 Heritage Assets ...... 6 4.4.2 Archaeological Events ...... 7 4.4.3 Historic Landscape ...... 7 5 SITE VISIT ...... 8

6 ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AFFECTED HERITAGE ASSETS ...... 9

7 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS ...... 10

8 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 10

9 STATEMENTS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...... 11

9.1 Archive Deposition ...... 11 9.2 Publicity, Confidentiality and Copyright ...... 11 9.3 Statement of Indemnity ...... 11 9.4 Acknowledgements ...... 11 10 REFERENCES ...... 11

10.1 Primary Sources ...... 11 10.2 Secondary Sources ...... 12

iii

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Non-designated Heritage Assets located within the study area ...... 6 Table 2: Previous archaeological events located within the wider study area ...... 7 Table 3: SMR HLC type located within the PDA ...... 7 Table 4: SMR HLC types located within the wider study area ...... 8 Table 5: HBSMR HLC type located within the PDA ...... 8 Table 6: HBSMR HLC types located within the wider study area ...... 8

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Census Directories ...... 13 Appendix 2: Groundsure Historic Mapping report ...... 15 Appendix 3: Figures ...... 16 Appendix 4: Photographs ...... 25

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Site Location ...... 17 Figure 2: Non-Designated Heritage Assets ...... 18 Figure 3: Archaeological Events recorded on the SMR ...... 19 Figure 4: Archaeological Events recorded on the HBSMR (part 1) ...... 20 Figure 5: Archaeological Events recorded on the HBSMR (part 2) ...... 21 Figure 6: SMR Historic Landscape Characterisation ...... 22 Figure 7: HBSMR Historic Landscape Characterisation ...... 23 Figure 8: 1771 Thomas Jeffrey’s Map of Yorkshire ...... 24

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

Photograph 1: View north-east showing the site boundary and the location of Thornseat House ...... 26 Photograph 2: View south-east showing the site boundary ...... 26 Photograph 3: View north-east showing the access road into the proposed development area ...... 27 Photograph 4: View east showing Thornseat Road ...... 27 Photograph 5: View north-east showing quarrying activity at Thornseat Delf ...... 28 Photograph 6: View north-west showing quarrying activity at Thornseat Delf ...... 28 Photograph 7: View south-east of a flat area that used to support one of the houses that are recorded as ‘Thornseat Delf’...... 29 Photograph 8: View north-west of a flat area that used to support one of the houses that are recorded as ‘Thornseat Delf’...... 29 Photograph 9: View north-west showing possible western wall of the north-western outhouse...... 30 Photograph 10: View south-west showing structural remains of former enclosure boundary ...... 30

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Photograph 11: Dump of gritstone, brick and ceramic material located just north of the site which possibly relates to the main structure of Thornseat House ...... 31 Photograph 12: Dump of gritstone, brick and ceramic material just north of the sheep pen which possibly relates to the north-eastern outhouse ...... 31 Photograph 13: Structural remnants that may have formed the eastern wall of the north-eastern outhouse ...... 32 Photograph 14: Remnants of flagstone flooring within the site boundary ...... 33 Photograph 15: Evidence of structural remains relating to Thornseat House identified within the surface soil..... 33 Photograph 16: Small enclosure located across the farm track, south of the site ...... 34 Photograph 17: Sheep pasture located south of the proposed development area ...... 34 Photograph 18: Sheep pasture located north of the site ...... 35 Photograph 19: Structural remains of the former utilities building ...... 35

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project and Planning Background Archaeological Research Services Ltd was commissioned by David Whiting of Babcock International on behalf of Northern Powergrid (Yorkshire) Plc to produce an archaeological desk-based assessment (DBA) in support of a planning application (Reference No. NP/S/0120/0078) for the proposed construction of a telecoms unit with integrated monopole mast on land at Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, centred at NGR SK 22981 92404. The current design of the proposed development comprises a telecom unit measuring 4.7m x 4.715m with an integrated monopole mast which is sat on a concrete foundation measuring 600 x 600mm. These will be enclosed by an area of hardstanding material for parking and pedestrian access to the unit. An associated soakaway will be located either directly to the north or west of the telecom unit. Note: The final sizes of each component of the development have yet to be finalised. 1.2 Site description The ‘red line boundary’ of the proposed development area (hereafter ‘PDA’) is depicted by a red polygon on Figure 1 and is c.600m2 in area. The PDA is bounded to the north and east by enclosed farmland, by an access road to the south and by sandstone outcrops of the former Thornseat Quarry to the west. The topography of the site is relatively flat, sitting at c.411m above Ordnance Datum. The site currently consists of the remains of walls of the former Thornseat House and the structural remains of the former utilities building that was located on the site. 1.3 Geology The underlying solid geology of the PDA comprises Heyden Rock – Sandstone - Sedimentary Bedrock formed approximately 320 to 322 million years ago in the Carboniferous Period (BGS 2020). No superficial deposits are recorded (BGS 2020). The soils of the PDA are recorded as very acidic and loamy, upland soils, with a wet peaty surface (CU 2020) 2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The principal aims of this assessment are to produce a report detailing any archaeological potential of the PDA, and to assess the potential impacts of the proposed development upon any buried and upstanding archaeological remains, historic buildings, the historic landscape and to assess their significance. The following objectives will contribute towards accomplishing this aim.

◆ To collate and assess existing information about the historic environment within the study area and to determine as fully as possible from the available evidence the nature, survival, quality, extent and importance of any archaeological remains and any upstanding buildings/structures within the PDA.

◆ To provide an assessment of areas of archaeological potential and survival based on the above research and assess the potential for the use of particular investigative

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

techniques in order to aid the formulation of any necessary mitigation strategy, including further evaluation, excavation, and/or preservation of archaeological remains.

◆ To assess, where possible from the available sources, the extent of any ground disturbance associated with any previous intrusive development.

◆ To provide an assessment of potential impacts of the proposed development to the settings of cultural heritage assets, and make recommendations for further detailed assessment should this be considered necessary. 3 METHOD STATEMENT The DBA was undertaken in accordance with the guidelines set out in The Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ Standards and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk Based Assessment (CIfA 2017). The approach to the assessment of significance is that set out in Conservation Principles (English Heritage 2008), which states that the significance of heritage assets derives from the ‘heritage values’ that they possess, which may be evidential, historical (either illustrative or associative), aesthetic or communal. Reference is also made to ‘heritage significance’ as described in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), which is defined as the ‘value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Significance derives not only from a heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting’ (MHCLG 2019, 71). 3.1 Study Area The study area adopted for this assessment was agreed with Natalie Ward, the Peak District National Park Authority’s Senior Conservation Archaeologist, and comprises a 1km off-set from the planning application site boundary. This study area is depicted as a dark blue polygon on Figure 1 and subsequent figures. 3.2 Information Sources The following sources of information were consulted to inform this assessment:

◆ The South Yorkshire South and Monuments Record (SMR), maintained by Sheffield City Council at Sheffield for information regarding non-designated assets and previous fieldwork, and Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) mapping.

◆ The Peak District National Park Sites and Monuments Record (HBSMR) for information regarding non-designated assets and previous fieldwork, and HLC mapping.

◆ The National Heritage List for England (NHLE) maintained by English Heritage for information concerning designated assets within the study area.

◆ Google Earth and Bing online historical satellite imagery.

◆ Groundsure Historic Mapping Report for historic Ordnance Survey maps. No 25 inch (1:2,500) scale maps show the site as they did not survey this area.

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

◆ The British Geological Survey onshore digital maps at 1:50 000 scale (DiGMapGB-50 – WMS).

◆ Various other relevant books, journals and publications identified during the course of the assessment, details of which can be found in the references section of the report.

◆ A site visit was undertaken in fine conditions on Monday 5th May 2020. 3.3 Limitations The Covid-19 pandemic has caused numerous resources that are usually available for use and which aid significantly in the production of archaeological DBAs to be inaccessible, namely the following.

◆ The National Register of the Historic Environment (NRHE) maintained by English Heritage Archives was unavailable.

◆ The relevant archive repositories, e.g. Sheffield Archives, for historic maps, plans and other documents relevant to the study area were closed.

◆ No LiDAR data is available for the site. 4 BASELINE DATA 4.1 Archaeological and Historical Background

4.1.1 The Prehistoric to Romano-British Periods The area of the proposed development is rural and mostly under pasture. Consequently, limited development and ground disturbance has taken place in recent years which, along with a lack of archaeological fieldwork, means that the opportunities to discover archaeological remains dating to the prehistoric period have been limited. Despite this, evidence of prehistoric activity has been identified within the Bradfield area, including part of a Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age mace head discovered on the banks of Damflask in 1907 (Jessop and Beauchamp 2014, 14) and an assemblage of Mesolithic flints (SMR 5080) recorded as being within the Bradfield Parish. Mesolithic flint artefacts eroded out of the moorland peat in the Pennines have been collected since the 19th century. The flints retrieved include broad blade microliths indicating that the Central and Southern Pennines were exploited by bands of hunter-gatherers after the ice from the last glacial period had melted (Spikins 2002, 1-10). Some of these early sites appear to show evidence of structures which may have been shelters, as suggested for the site at Deepcar located c.5km north east of the PDA (Radley and Mellars; Spikins 2002, 10). The landscape at the time was largely birch woodland with tall shrubs on higher ground. Romano-British activity within the area is limited, despite the Peak District having been an important area for lead mining. No Romano-British archaeological activity is recorded on both the SMR and HBSMR within the study area. The nearest discoveries of Romano-British remains comprise a few find spots in High Bradfield, on Castle and Bailey Hill, which includes a coin depicting the Emperor Trajan that was discovered in 1760 (Jessop and Beauchamp 2014, 14).

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

4.1.2 The Medieval to Modern Periods Despite the majority of the farmsteads within the Bradfield Dale area being constructed between the 16th-19th centuries, there has been farming activity on the Bradfield Moors since at least the 14th century, as exemplified by Snell House (located approximately 7km north east of the PDA), which is illustrated on Tom Jefferys’ map of Yorkshire 1771 (Figure 8) and referred to in the book of customary fines of the lordship of Hallamshire in 1342 (Hey 2014, 24). On the Pennine fringes in the Dark Peak, the term hamlet is used to describe a small, compact area with its own communal fields (Hey 2014, 32). Whilst the boundaries of these hamlets are poorly recorded in documentary records, their boundaries are known to continue into the Victorian era and can be discerned on the first edition Ordnance Survey (OS) maps (Hey 2014, 32). The landscape of Bradfield Dale, with its narrow and winding lanes, signify the medieval holloways that linked the farms and amplify the early origins of this area (Hey 2014, 39) and evidence of medieval agricultural activity within the study area is exemplified by a cruck barn (SMR 01344/01), located c.1km south east of the PDA, at Hallfield. Furthermore, there are two linear earthworks identified in this area of the Peak District that are interpreted as originating in the medieval period, with one being Bar Dyke, Bradfield (Bevan 2003, 197). It is uncertain what role the area of Thornseat Delf had during the medieval period and the origins of the name ‘Thornseat’ is difficult to ascertain. Whilst studying Thorn House to the west of Wharncliffe, Hey (2014) explains that it is difficult to pinpoint the origins of the word Thorne but noted that a William and Henry de Spina (latin for Thorn) and a William del Thorne were present in the area in 1297. The first documentary reference of the aforementioned Thorn House is in 1637 (Hey 2014, 26), so the name Thornseat could be related to the earlier Thorn House. Historically, Bradfield resided within the bierlow (township) of ‘Westmondhalgh’ within the manor of Sheffield (Hey 2014, 24). Westmondhalgh has its origins in Old Norse as a ‘halgh’ is an Old Norse word for territory detached from its main unit (Hey 2014, 31). The lord of Westmondhalgh held no demesne and, instead, the land was farmed by small freeholders (Hey 2014, 31). The 15th to 18th centuries saw the economic and political landscape of Britain transform from feudalism to capitalism, which led to planned enclosures and the intensifying of agricultural activity. By the early 17th century many favourable areas beyond the medieval open fields in the upper reaches of the Derwent Valley had been enclosed into large rectangular, or smaller irregularly-shaped walled fields as documented in surveys undertaken by William Senior of the Cavendish holdings scattered across the region - the earliest extensive cartographic evidence for the region to show field boundaries (Barnett 2019, 27-8). Open fields have been documented dating back to this period to the north of the PDA (Hey 2014). Although many farmsteads were built in the 16th-19th centuries, there is also a possibility that areas of small irregular walled fields still in use today originated in late prehistoric period. During the 17th century, the moorlands to the west of Mortimer Road are referenced in the records of Bradfield as being used for grouse hunting, as evident by numerous remains of grouse butts and hunting lodges, including Thornseat Lodge (Dunwell 1990, 24). Arable farming would have been unproductive within the moorlands because of

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

poor soil conditions, therefore, plantations (such as Bole Ege) provide a more economical use of the land (Dunwell 1990, 24). Interestingly, an 1819 description of Bradfield’s enclosure process states “a country which is passing from a wild into a cultivated state has a naked and unpleasing appearance; especially when, as in this instance, the new fences are all of stone” (Hunter 1819, 443). Hunter (1819, 443) details that new roads were constructed to accommodate the enclosures and how some upland areas remained unenclosed as they are too poor to farm. This can be seen at Onesmoor, in the Peat Pits area, as a grid of 12 fields and the accompanying road are shown to be in a sorry state of disrepair (Dunwell 1990, 18). It could be argued that Thornseat House is another example of this, with Thornseat Road being overgrown and in disrepair (Photograph 4), and that Thornseat House itself was inhabited by Civil Engineers rather than farmers since 1891 (as witnessed in census records). In the 17th-19th centuries the medieval timber-framed buildings that characterised the agricultural landscape within the area were replaced with stone farmhouses, cottage, outbuildings and halls (Hey 2014, 38). The expansion of the cutlery industry in Sheffield (which lead to a population explosion in the city) had little effect on the settlement pattern within the Bradfield parish, with only a few new farms being constructed after the enclosure award of 1826 (Hey 2014, 39). 4.2 Cartographic Regression and Analysis The earliest cartographic evidence available for study during the production of this DBA is the 1771 Thomas Jeffrey’s Map of Yorkshire (Figure 8) which, although it does not depict Thornseat House itself, does show numerous farm houses within the area that are extant today, illustrating the extensive agricultural activity that has occurred within this area. The 1855 OS shows the site as being occupied by Thornseat House which comprised three buildings (a central building and two outbuildings: one north-west and the other north-east) and its associated yard adjacent to the east of the complex. The boundary walls of this yard are still present on the PDA and are currently used as a sheep pen. Directly to the west of Thornseat House is Thornseat Quarry, a large sandstone quarry that was active to the south and north of the site. The eastern and northern boundary of the PDA is bounded by Thornseat Plantation. Field boundaries can be an indicator of the origins of the agricultural activity within the area as on the 1855 OS map: for example the fields immediately west of the Agden Reservoir are indicative of medieval strip farming and those to the south, near Thomson House Lane, are examples of late medieval piecemeal enclosures. It could, therefore, be argued that Thornseat House was built to complement the parliamentary enclosures in the mid-19th century as its fields comprise straight boundaries as if planned. However, reading the landscape of the PDA is difficult due to the nearby plantations. It is entirely possible that even though Thornseat House may date to the 16th to 19th centuries, the land around it was farmed throughout the medieval period. Given its location on the hillside, and the undulating and irregular landscape of the former Thornseat Quarry, the area was most likely used for sheep farming as it is today. There is little apparent change observable at Thornseat House over the years, but the 1903 OS shows two small buildings, one west and one south-west of the site, within Thornseat Delf itself. These buildings are still extant by the 1948 OS, but the southernmost building is

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

no longer present on the 1955 OS, indicating its demolition within this period. The quarrying activity slowly reduces over time: by the 1955 OS, it occupies only a small area to the north of the site. Analysis of census records can help to identify who occupies each of these houses and thus to differentiate between them. Thornseat House, as it was labelled on the 1855 OS, is recorded in the 1861 census as being occupied by Reuben Booth. His occupation is slightly illegible, but it could read as farmer, which would be expected. However, from 1891 to 1911, Thornseat House is occupied by civil engineers, indicating that Thornseat House was occupied by a skilled, perhaps educated, worker and is distant from its farming origins. This could indicate that the land around the house was no longer farmed by Thornseat House but could belong to the nearby Holling Dale Cottage. The two structures that were constructed within Thornseat Delf are identified on the census records of 1901 and 1911 as being occupied by a quarryman. 4.3 Designated Assets There are no designated heritage assets within the PDA or the wider study area. 4.4 Non-Designated Assets

4.4.1 Heritage Assets For the purpose of this report, ‘heritage assets’ includes both non-designated archaeological monuments and digitised features of archaeological interest that have been identified on historic mapping by the Peak District HBSMR. On-Site There are no non-designated heritage assets within the PDA. Off-Site There are 17 non-designated heritage assets within the PDA which are tabulated in Table 1 below and illustrated on Figure 2. Table 1: Non-designated Heritage Assets located within the study area SMR ID HBSMR ID Description 01344/01 Medieval Cruck Barn, Hallfield, Badfield 5080 Mesolithic flint finds were found in an unspecified location in the Bradfield area. The quantity of the assemblage has not been recorded but is thought to include eight microliths, a core and over 12 lakes/blades. PD.DA40..3 Extensive hummocky ground in area marked as quarry in 1855 OS map. More recent quarrying along S boundary? PD.DA40..4 Extensive hummocky ground in area marked as quarry in 1855 OS map. PD.DA40..5 Small enclosures/yards around site of Thornseat House depicted in 1855 OS map. PD.DA40..6 Small enclosures/yards around site of Thornseat House depicted in 1855 OS map. PD.388..1012 Stone on OS 6" 1855 PD.388..1013 Stone on OS current PD.388..1014 Stone on OS Current PD.388..1015 Stone on OS Current

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

SMR ID HBSMR ID Description PD.388..1016 Stone on OS Current PD.388..1020 Stone on OS Current PD.388..1021 Stone on OS 6" 1855 PD.388..1023 Boundary Stone on 1st OS 6" PD.388..1024 Boundary Stone on 1st OS 6" PD.388..1025 Boundary Stone on 1st OS 6" PD.388..1073 Stake on OS 6" 1855

4.4.2 Archaeological Events There are 11 previous archaeological events recorded within the wider study area which are recorded in Table 2 and illustrated on Figures 3, 4 and 5. Table 2: Previous archaeological events located within the wider study area SMR ID HBSMR Description ESY1393 Archaeological Survey at Holling Dale and Bole Edge Plantations ESY1524 Archaeological survey at Woodsetts Farm, Bradfield EPD1427 Archaeology & Aggregates Assessment: Peak District EPD1494 CRoW survey EPD1546 Bradfield Moor EPD1578 Bradfield EPD1688 Holling Dale and Bole Edge Plantations EPD1693 Caves of the Peak District EPD1931 A Landscape Through Time (The HLC of the PDNP) EPD2126 The Potential for a Landscape Archaeology in the Parish of Bradfield, S Yorks EPD2159 Woodseats Farm, Sheffield Level 2 Archaeological Survey

4.4.3 Historic Landscape Historic Landscape Character is recorded individually on both the South Yorkshire SMR and the Peak District HBSMR. Therefore, both sets of data for the PDA and study area are recorded below. 4.4.3.1 South Yorkshire SMR On-Site There is one HLC unit wholly within the PDA, which is tabulated in Table 3 below and illustrated on Figure 6. Table 3: SMR HLC type located within the PDA HLC broad HLC type Name Period HLC ID type Unenclosed Bradfield, Howden and Roman to Modern - 43 AD? to HSY2965 Moorland Land Broomhead Moors 2003 AD

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Off-Site There are four HLC unit wholly or partly within the wider study are, details of which are recorded in Table 4 below and depicted on Figure 6. Table 4: SMR HLC types located within the wider study area HLC broad HLC type Name Period HLC ID type Unenclosed Bradfield, Howden and Roman to Modern - 43 AD? to HSY2965 Moorland Land Broomhead Moors 2003 AD Holling Dale, Bole Edge and Industrial to Modern - 1826 HSY2967 Woodland Plantation Coo Hill Plantations, Bradfield AD? to 2003 AD Enclosed Agglomerated Harrison and Thornseat Modern - 1938 AD? to 2003 HSY2969 Land fields Plantations, Bradfield AD Enclosed Piecemeal Medieval to Modern - 1066 HSY3004 Bradfield Dale, Bradfield Land Enclosure AD? to 2003 AD

4.4.3.2 Peak District HBSMR On-Site There is one HLC unit wholly within the PDA, which is tabulated in Table 5 below and illustrated on Figure 7. Table 5: HBSMR HLC type located within the PDA HBSMR ID Landscape Character Name 435 Open moors Off-Site There are three HLC unit wholly or partly within the wider study are, details of which are recorded in Table 6 below and depicted on Figure 7. Table 6: HBSMR HLC types located within the wider study area HLC ID HLC broad type 378 Slopes & valleys with woodland 435 Open moors 607 Moorland slopes & cloughs

5 SITE VISIT A site visit was undertaken in fine conditions on Monday 5th May 2020. The purpose of the site visit was to provide an up-to-date account of the site conditions within the PDA which could affect the survival of potential below-ground archaeological remains and to identify any constraints to be considered should any mitigation fieldwork be required. The PDA (Photographs 1 and 2) was accessed by a deeply rutted farm access road (Photograph 3) that led from Holling Dale Cottage. A second entrance to the site is gained from Thornseat Road (Photograph 4) but this road is unsuitable for vehicles and appears to be pedestrian access only.

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

The undulating landscape directly to the west of the PDA is the location of Thornseat Delf (Photographs 5 and 6), a sandstone quarry that dates back to at least the mid-19th century. As discussed in section 4.2, two structures occupied a parcel of land to the west and south- west of the PDA, recorded as houses called ‘Thornseat Delf’. Two areas of relatively flat land were identified during this walkover that are the possible locations of both houses (Photographs 7 and 8). The occupiers of these buildings were quarrymen who would have lived and worked on the land at Thornseat Delf. Delineating the western boundary of the site is an upstanding wall (Photograph 9) that, based on its location and orientation, could be the western wall of the north-western outbuilding. However, this is difficult to ascertain, but structural remains within the surface of the soil that run eastwards from the end of this wall (Photograph 10) could be the remnants of the northern wall of this outbuilding. Two piles of structural remains could be identified on the site with the more central one (Photograph 11) representing the remains of the central building and the dump located north of the sheep pen (Photograph 12) belonging to the former north-eastern outbuilding. The remains of the possible eastern wall of the north-eastern outbuilding could be identified within the surface of the soil, adjacent to the sheep pen (Photograph 13). Within the surface soil west of the sheep pen, flagstones and sandstone blocks that would have possibly comprised parts of Thornseat House were identified (Photographs 14 and 15). The site today is used primarily as a sheep pen, with pastureland surrounding the site for the sheep to graze (Photographs 16, 17 and 18). With the site’s location in the Dark Peak and on the rugged moorlands, it can be assumed that the lands within the vicinity of the PDA were used as animal pasture during the medieval and post-medieval periods as the valley bottom provides more ideal conditions for arable agricultural use. To the north of the PDA, the remains of the former utilities’ building are present (Photograph 19). 6 ASSESSMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AFFECTED HERITAGE ASSETS It is considered that, despite the presence of archaeological evidence of Mesolithic activity within the wider study area, the relatively small area of development means that there is little potential to identify in situ below-ground archaeological remains dating to the Mesolithic period. Regarding the rest of the prehistoric period, even though the paucity of archaeological evidence within the vicinity of the PDA can be attributed to a lack of opportunity to discover archaeological activity within the area, the small size of the PDA means that there is negligible to low potential to identify surviving in situ below-ground archaeological remains dating to the prehistoric period. The lack of Romano-British archaeological evidence within the area can be associated with both a limited Romano-British presence and the limited amount of archaeological excavations/surveys within the wider study area. However, the small size of the development means that there is negligible to low potential to identify surviving below- ground archaeological remains dating to the Romano-British period.

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

The PDA at one time supported Thornseat House, a possible 16th-19th century farmhouse and associated yards. It is postulated the farmhouse could date to an earlier period; however, no cartographic or documentary evidence of this could be obtained to support this claim during the production of this DBA because of UK-wide Covid-19 lockdown measures. The surrounding landscape suggests medieval agricultural and settlement activity within the area of Bradfield Dale as evident by the narrow lanes, still extant medieval field boundaries and nearby medieval earthworks. However, the moorlands were most likely not farmed because of poor soil conditions, hence the large plantations in the hills, and therefore, the land could have been used for cattle and/or sheep. It is uncertain if Thornseat House itself dated to the medieval period but the area around it was most likely farmed at the time. As noted during the site visit, structural remains of the former Thornseat House could be identified within the surface soil. Therefore, it is considered that there is a high chance of encountering surviving below-ground archaeological remains relating to Thornseat House during ground works associated with the proposed development. Any archaeological remains identified within the PDA that date to the medieval and post- medieval periods would be of evidential and illustrative historical value, of archaeological interest and of local significance as the archaeological evidence could help inform research into the medieval and post-medieval landscape of the Dark Peak and expand our knowledge of the extent and type of medieval and post-medieval farming activity within the area of Bradfield Dale. 7 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS Potential direct physical impacts to heritage assets during the construction phase include the following.

◆ Removal or truncation of surviving below-ground archaeological remains during ground works, site clearance and construction (e.g. removal of vegetation, erection of fencing, traffic movement, topsoil stripping).

◆ Damage to buried archaeological remains due to rutting from construction traffic movement.

◆ Other groundworks associated with the construction of the new development, such as ground reduction, foundation and service trenches, which have the potential to damage or destroy below ground features or deposits relating to the Irwell Springs Print Works should they be present. 8 RECOMMENDATIONS The proposed development is potentially located over surviving below-ground archaeological remains relating to Thornseat House itself and associated early post- medieval, and potentially earlier, agricultural activity. As structural remains of the building could be identified within the surface soil, it is considered that further structural remnants of Thornseat House could lie just below the surface, at a relatively shallow depth. Therefore, in order to mitigate any potential loss of archaeological remains, a programme of archaeological works in the form of archaeological strip, map and sample excavation should take place during any ground works associated with the proposed development. A study of historic mapping and any other relevant documents and archives housed at Sheffield

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Archives and Local Studies Library and the Wentworth Estate should also be undertaken to assist in interpreting the surviving structural remains. 9 STATEMENTS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9.1 Archive Deposition One bound copy of the final report with an attached digital PDF/A copy on disc will be deposited with both the Peak District Historic Building and Sites and Monuments Record (HBSMR) and the South Yorkshire Sites and Monuments Record (SMR). 9.2 Publicity, Confidentiality and Copyright Any publicity will be handled by the client. Archaeological Research Services Ltd will retain the copyright of all documentary and photographic material under the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act (1988). 9.3 Statement of Indemnity All statements and opinions contained within this report arising from the works undertaken are offered in good faith and compiled according to professional standards. No responsibility can be accepted by the author/s of the report for any errors of fact or opinion resulting from data supplied by any third party, or for loss or other consequence arising from decisions or actions made upon the basis of facts or opinions expressed in any such report(s), howsoever such facts and opinions may have been derived. 9.4 Acknowledgements Archaeological Research Services Ltd would like thank David Whiting of Babcock International for commissioning this work on behalf of Northern PowerGrid (Yorkshire) Plc Homes; Natalie Ward, Senior Conservation Archaeologist for the Peak District National Park Authority her assistance and advice; Zac Nellist (South Yorkshire Archaeology Service’s Archaeological Records Officer) for providing South Yorkshire SMR data; and Del Pickup (the Peak District National Park Authority’s Assistant Conservation and Records Archaeologist) for providing the Peak District HBSMR data. 10 REFERENCES 10.1 Primary Sources 1771. Thomas Jeffrey’s Map of Yorkshire. 1850. Ordnance Survey County Series. 1:10,560 1880. Ordnance Survey County Series. 1:10,560 1891. Ordnance Survey County Series. 1:10,560 1898 - 1901. Ordnance Survey County Series. 1:10,560 1903 - 1905. Ordnance Survey County Series. 1:10,560 1924. Ordnance Survey County Series. 1:10,560 1924. Ordnance Survey County Series. 1:10,560

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

1951. Ordnance Survey Provisional. 1:10,560 1980. Ordnance Survey National Grid. 1:10,000 2001. Ordnance Survey National Grid. 1:10,000 2010. Ordnance Survey National Grid. 1:10,000 2020. Ordnance Survey National Grid. 1:10,000 10.2 Secondary Sources Barnett, J. 2019. Reading the Peak Landscape. Snapshots in Time. Historic England, Swindon. Bevan, W. 2003. The Upper Derwent: Long-term landscape archaeology in the Peak District. Unpublished PHD thesis. University of Sheffield. British Geological Survey. 2020. Geology of Britain viewer. Available online at: http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html [accessed 7th May 2020]. Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. 2017. Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment. Reading, Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. Cranfield University. 2020. The Soils Guide. Available online at: http://www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes/ [accessed 7th May 2020]. English Heritage. 2008. Conservation Principles. Policies and guidance for the sustainable management of the historic environment. Historic England, London. Hey, D. 2014. The medieval origins of south Pennine farms: the case of Westmondhalgh Bierlow. Agricultural History Review 14.1, 23-39. Hunter, J. 1819. Hallamshire. Virtue and Co. London. Jessop, O. and Beauchamp, V. 2014. Water Treatment Works, Low Bradfield, South Yorkshire. An Archaeological Desk Based Assessment and Walkover. The Jessop Consultancy. Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) 2019. National Planning Policy Framework. London, The Stationery Office. Radley, J. and Mellars, P. 1964. A Mesolithic Structure at Deepcar, Yorkshire and the affinities of its associated flint industries. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 30, 1-24. Spikins, P.A. 2002. Prehistoric People of the Pennines. Reconstructing the lifestyles of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers on Marsden Moor. West Yorkshire Archaeology Service.

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

APPENDIX 1: CENSUS DIRECTORIES

Census House Name Relation Age Occupation Where born name or to head number 1841 Thornseat Thomas 30 Quarry Man Yorkshire Quarry Thickett Priscilla 25 Yorkshire Thickett George 4 Yorkshire Thickett Mark 3 Yorkshire Thickett Annis 1 2 Yorkshire Thickett Mo 1861 7 Reuben Head 22 Farmer? Bradfield Thornsett Booth House Rachel Wife 41 Bradfield Booth Martha Daughter 1 Bradfield Hannah Booth 1891 Thornsett William C Head 63 Civil Engineer Llanelly House Roberts Mary E Daughter 34 House Keeper Handsworth Roberts Albert W Son 27 Civil Engineer Ecclesfield Roberts Frederick C Son 23 ? Keeper Ecclesfield Roberts Olive Servant 19 General Servant Sheffield Bramall (Domestic) 1901 16 John Edwd Head 36 Civil Engineer Bradfield, Yorkshire, Thornsett Roberts England House Mary Elizth Wife 37 Worrall, Yorkshire, Roberts England Clement Son 6 Bradfield, Yorkshire, Roberts England Jeanie Scott Servant 19 Domestic – General Sheffield, Yorkshire, Servant England 27 Sidney Head 42 Stone Quarry Bradfield, Yorkshire, Thornsett Littlewood Labourer England Deplh Eliza Wife 51 Walkley, Yorkshire, Littlewood England

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Census House Name Relation Age Occupation Where born name or to head number 28 George Head 50 Flag Stone Bradfield, Yorkshire, Thornsett Horsfield Quarryman England Deplh Amelia Mary Wife 47 Manchester, Horsfield Lancashire, England Rose Daughter 20 Bradfield, Yorkshire, Horsfield England William Son 17 Flag Stone Bradfield, Yorkshire, Horsfield Quarryman England Myra Daughter 11 Bradfield, Yorkshire, Horsfield England Frank Son 8 Bradfield, Yorkshire, Horsfield England Willis Son 6 Bradfield, Yorkshire, Horsfield England Luther Son 4 Bradfield, Yorkshire, Horsfield England Blanche Daughter 2 Bradfield, Yorkshire, Horsfield England 1911 11 Mr F Thornsettt Beamall House 20 Mr G Thornsettt Horsfield Delph 21 Mr S. Thornsettt Littlewood Delph

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

APPENDIX 2: GROUNDSURE HISTORIC MAPPING REPORT

Site Details:

422981.87916440464, 392411.52721300634

Client Ref: 2020075 Report Ref: GS-6816972 Grid Ref: 422982, 392411

Map Name: County Series N Map date: 1850 W E Scale: 1:10,560

S Printed at: 1:10,560

Produced by Groundsure Insights T: 08444 159000 E: [email protected] W: www.groundsure.com

Production date: 26 June 2020

Map legend available at: www.groundsure.com/sites/default/files/groundsure_legend.pdf

Site Details:

422981.87916440464, 392411.52721300634

Client Ref: 2020075 Report Ref: GS-6816972 Grid Ref: 422982, 392411

Map Name: County Series N Map date: 1880 W E Scale: 1:10,560

S Printed at: 1:10,560

Produced by Groundsure Insights T: 08444 159000 E: [email protected] W: www.groundsure.com

Production date: 26 June 2020

Map legend available at: www.groundsure.com/sites/default/files/groundsure_legend.pdf

Site Details:

422981.87916440464, 392411.52721300634

Client Ref: 2020075 Report Ref: GS-6816972 Grid Ref: 422982, 392411

Map Name: County Series N Map date: 1891 W E Scale: 1:10,560

S Printed at: 1:10,560

Produced by Groundsure Insights T: 08444 159000 E: [email protected] W: www.groundsure.com

Production date: 26 June 2020

Map legend available at: www.groundsure.com/sites/default/files/groundsure_legend.pdf

Site Details:

422981.87916440464, 392411.52721300634

Client Ref: 2020075 Report Ref: GS-6816972 Grid Ref: 422982, 392411

Map Name: County Series N Map date: 1898-1901 W E Scale: 1:10,560

S Printed at: 1:10,560

Produced by Groundsure Insights T: 08444 159000 E: [email protected] W: www.groundsure.com

Production date: 26 June 2020

Map legend available at: www.groundsure.com/sites/default/files/groundsure_legend.pdf

Site Details:

422981.87916440464, 392411.52721300634

Client Ref: 2020075 Report Ref: GS-6816972 Grid Ref: 422982, 392411

Map Name: County Series N Map date: 1903-1905 W E Scale: 1:10,560

S Printed at: 1:10,560

Produced by Groundsure Insights T: 08444 159000 E: [email protected] W: www.groundsure.com

Production date: 26 June 2020

Map legend available at: www.groundsure.com/sites/default/files/groundsure_legend.pdf

Site Details:

422981.87916440464, 392411.52721300634

Client Ref: 2020075 Report Ref: GS-6816972 Grid Ref: 422982, 392411

Map Name: County Series N Map date: 1924 W E Scale: 1:10,560

S Printed at: 1:10,560

Produced by Groundsure Insights T: 08444 159000 E: [email protected] W: www.groundsure.com

Production date: 26 June 2020

Map legend available at: www.groundsure.com/sites/default/files/groundsure_legend.pdf

Site Details:

422981.87916440464, 392411.52721300634

Client Ref: 2020075 Report Ref: GS-6816972 Grid Ref: 422982, 392411

Map Name: County Series N Map date: 1924 W E Scale: 1:10,560

S Printed at: 1:10,560

Produced by Groundsure Insights T: 08444 159000 E: [email protected] W: www.groundsure.com

Production date: 26 June 2020

Map legend available at: www.groundsure.com/sites/default/files/groundsure_legend.pdf

Site Details:

422981.87916440464, 392411.52721300634

Client Ref: 2020075 Report Ref: GS-6816972 Grid Ref: 422982, 392411

Map Name: Provisional N Map date: 1951 W E Scale: 1:10,560

S Printed at: 1:10,560

Produced by Groundsure Insights T: 08444 159000 E: [email protected] W: www.groundsure.com

Production date: 26 June 2020

Map legend available at: www.groundsure.com/sites/default/files/groundsure_legend.pdf

Site Details:

422981.87916440464, 392411.52721300634

Client Ref: 2020075 Report Ref: GS-6816972 Grid Ref: 422982, 392411

Map Name: National Grid N Map date: 1980 W E Scale: 1:10,000

S Printed at: 1:10,000

Produced by Groundsure Insights T: 08444 159000 E: [email protected] W: www.groundsure.com

Production date: 26 June 2020

Map legend available at: www.groundsure.com/sites/default/files/groundsure_legend.pdf

Site Details:

422981.87916440464, 392411.52721300634

Client Ref: 2020075 Report Ref: GS-6816972 Grid Ref: 422982, 392411

Map Name: National Grid N Map date: 2001 W E Scale: 1:10,000

S Printed at: 1:10,000

Produced by Groundsure Insights T: 08444 159000 E: [email protected] W: www.groundsure.com

Production date: 26 June 2020

Map legend available at: www.groundsure.com/sites/default/files/groundsure_legend.pdf

Site Details:

422981.87916440464, 392411.52721300634

Client Ref: 2020075 Report Ref: GS-6816972 Grid Ref: 422982, 392411

Map Name: National Grid N Map date: 2010 W E Scale: 1:10,000

S Printed at: 1:10,000

Produced by Groundsure Insights T: 08444 159000 E: [email protected] W: www.groundsure.com

Production date: 26 June 2020

Map legend available at: www.groundsure.com/sites/default/files/groundsure_legend.pdf

Site Details:

422981.87916440464, 392411.52721300634

Client Ref: 2020075 Report Ref: GS-6816972 Grid Ref: 422982, 392411

Map Name: National Grid N Map date: 2020 W E Scale: 1:10,000

S Printed at: 1:10,000

Produced by Groundsure Insights T: 08444 159000 E: [email protected] W: www.groundsure.com

Production date: 26 June 2020

Map legend available at: www.groundsure.com/sites/default/files/groundsure_legend.pdf

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

APPENDIX 3: FIGURES

421950 422820 423690

393360 393360

392480 392480

391600 391600 421950 422820 423690

Site name: Thornseat Delf, Low Bradfield Figure 1: Archaeological Research Services Ltd Date: May 2020 Drawn by: ARJ Site location Unit 2 Scale: Varies Aizlewood’s Mill Nursery Street Sheffield S3 8GG This drawing: © ARS Ltd Site Location 1km Study Area

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

APPENDIX 4: PHOTOGRAPHS

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Photograph 1: View north-east showing the site boundary and the location of Thornseat House

Photograph 2: View south-east showing the site boundary

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Photograph 3: View north-east showing the access road into the proposed development area

Photograph 4: View east showing Thornseat Road

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Photograph 5: View north-east showing quarrying activity at Thornseat Delf

Photograph 6: View north-west showing quarrying activity at Thornseat Delf

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Photograph 7: View south-east of a flat area that used to support one of the houses that are recorded as ‘Thornseat Delf’

Photograph 8: View north-west of a flat area that used to support one of the houses that are recorded as ‘Thornseat Delf’

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Photograph 9: View north-west showing possible western wall of the north-western outhouse

Photograph 10: View south-west showing structural remains of former enclosure boundary

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Photograph 11: Dump of gritstone, brick and ceramic material located just north of the site which possibly relates to the main structure of Thornseat House

Photograph 12: Dump of gritstone, brick and ceramic material just north of the sheep pen which possibly relates to the north-eastern outhouse

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Photograph 13: Structural remnants that may have formed the eastern wall of the north-eastern outhouse

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Photograph 14: Remnants of flagstone flooring within the site boundary

Photograph 15: Evidence of structural remains relating to Thornseat House identified within the surface soil

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Photograph 16: Small enclosure located across the farm track, south of the site

Photograph 17: Sheep pasture located south of the proposed development area

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment of Thornseat Delf, near Low Bradfield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire

Photograph 18: Sheep pasture located north of the site

Photograph 19: Structural remains of the former utilities building 35