' ':*815SERBSF10 I 643*
•*815SERBSF10,643 *
Site Name (Subject): WILLARD SMELTING CO.
Site ID (Document ID): NCD003151651
Document Name (DocType): Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (PA/SI)
Report Segment: Description: Site Inspection Report
Date of Document: 9/5/1986
Date Received:
Box: Enter SF and# with no spaces. SF10,643
Access level: PUBLIC
Division: WASTE MANAGEMENT
Section: SUPERFUND
Program (Document Group): SERB (SERB)
Document Category: FACILITY
Print Report for Go to New Go to New Record - Delete Record J Record Blank Record (default to last record values) SITE INSPECTION REPORT
Willard Smelting Co. NC D003151651 101 New Bern Street Charlotte, NC 28203
5 September 1986
By Stan Atwood, Toxicologist North Carolina Department of Human Resources Division of Health Services Environmental Health Section Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Branch CERCLA Unit .I
EXEOJTIVE SUMMARY
'•I Willard Smelting (now Willard Industries, Inc.) operated a secondary lead smelter at 101 New Bern Street in Charlotte, NC from 1939 until 1982. Since 1982 the site has only been used for fabrication of lead products. A battery breaker was purchased in 1981 but was never used due to a drop in the lead market. The four acre site is in an industrial park and has been paved and diked for more than 15 years. Company officials report that no hazardous wastes have been disposed of on the property. Lead dust is recovered from baghouses and wastewater treatment. Process and storm water are collected in a concrete tank, treated, and released to the Charlotte sewer. Recovered lead was returned to the furnace in the past but is now sold as scrap lead. The city of Charlotte supplies water to the site and the surrounding area. There are no identified uses of groundwater in the area; although prior to 1982, an on-site well was used to supply cooling water to the smelter.
A CER.CLA site inspection was conducted on 9 July 1986. About SO drums of scrap lead were present at the time of inspection. No soil or water samples were taken. Data from the on-site well were provided and additional data from air sampling, employee blood monitoring, and wastewater sampling were available. These data show that the well is not contaminated and that air emission permits and sewer discharge permits have not been violated. Willard Industries employs Industrial Health and Safety Consultants of Jackson, Tennessee to monitor compliance with North Carolina OSHA standards.
-1- BACKGROUND
Location Willard Smelting Co. (now Willard Industries) is located in Mecklenburg County at 101 New Bern Street in Charlotte. The coordinates are: latitude 35° 11' 57'~, longitude 80° 52' 12".
Site Layout The site occupies about four acres in an industrial park. The entire area is fenced, paved and diked. Surface drainage is collected in a concrete tank at the southwest corner of the property. Discharge is to the Charlotte sewer. The site is bordered by streets on the north and west, a railroad track on the east, and undeveloped land on the south (Figure 1).
Ownership and Site Use History Willard Smelting Co. has owned the site since 1939. Prior to 1939 Moore Smelter operated at this site. A secondary lead smelter operated until 1982. Presently the site is used to fabricate lead products.
I · Permit and Regulatory History Willard Industries maintains air emission permit numbers 14-0017, 14-0018, and 14-0056 from the Mecklenburg County Air Quality Control Section (1). The Charlotte Mecklenburg Utility Department permits discharge to the city sewer system.
Remedial Actions to Date None reported.
Summary Trip Report On 9 July 1986 Stan Atwood and Jack Butler, NC DHR/DHS CERCLA Unit, conducted a site investigation at Willard Industries. Henry Sutton, Mecklenburg County Health Department, was also present for the inspection. We met with Mr. Henry Sherrill, Production Manager, who gave us a tour of the plant and explained their present operations. The entire site is paved and diked. All storm and process waters are collected in a concrete tank, · pretreated; and released to the Charlotte sewer. Recovered lead is sold to a secondary lead smelter. Several photographs were taken. Data from air samples, employee blood samples, waste water, and an on-site well are ~ available; therefore, no additional samples were taken.
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ALl. AREAS A I.! SCALEP tto,ooo.~a. FT-1 +.f N=-$. r11T/ '" .f:Z 5 5Q. Fr. 0· 7 llfl.. /{l ~.8so :sa. Fr. ~.2. STu..: "t318 ~- FT. o • 2. PDJ,J:P 15.'1,34-1 SQ. Fr. oP. 3.'- 1\C.S Pi ~ I N
.' -~- ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
Topography Elevations range between 600 and 750 feet within one mile of the site. The site elevation is between 730 and 740 feet (Appendix A). Runoff is toward the southwest section of the property along E. 3 to St grade. All runoff is collected in a concrete tank, treated, and released to the Charlotte sewer system.
Surface Waters No surface waters receive runoff from this site. All runoff is collected and discharged to the city sewer.
Geology, Soils, and Groundwater The rocks underlying the Piedmont can be divided into two groups: bedrock and saprolite. Saprolite underlies the land surface and varies in thickness from a few feet to more than 100 feet (2). Based on well logs, the saprolite is estimated to be about 20 feet thick at the site (3). With the exception of the rocks of the Carolina slate belt in the east, the rocks of Mecklenburg County belong to the diorite-granite complex or are believed to be associated with it. The diorite-granite complex proper covers a large area around Charlotte. Granite is probably predominant in the site vicinity (3). The diorite in a semi-weathered state is a medium-textured roCk composed predominantly of hornblende and feldspar. The rock granulates readily near the surface of the ground. The granite forming the complex with the diorite is composed almost entirely of feldspar and quartz •. The granite also disintegrates readily near the surface (3). · Hydraulic conductivity of both saprolite and granite bedrock is 5 ft/day (2). This equals 1.76 x lo-3 em/sec. Soils in the Charlotte area have been extensively altered due to urbanization. All of the site is paved and most of the surrounding area is paved. An adjacent undeveloped lot is cl~ssified as Cecil-Urban land. Undisturbed Cecil soil is well drained with moderate permeability. Typically, the surface layer is a sandy clay loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is clayey and about 47 inches thick (4). Ground water is not presently used in the vicinity of the site; although Willard Industries did use ground water from an on-site well for cooling water until 1982 (5). Records from old wells indicate that the depth to ground water in the site vicinity is about 20 feet (3).
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' e Climate and Meteorology- (6,7) (oF) January July Seasonal Temperatures: Mean Max. so - 54 88 - 90 Mean Min. 32 - 36 68 - 72 Mean 42 - 44 80
Precipitation: (inches) Mean annual precipitation: 44 - 48 Mean annual evaporation: 40 - 42 Net annual precipitation: 4 - 6 Mean annual snowfall: 4 - 6 1 year 24-hour rainfall: 3
Storm Events: Mean days/year with thunderstorms: 40 - 60 Prevailing winds and wind speeds: SWat 9 mph
Emissions Inventory Summary for Mecklenburg County (Tons/yr) ( 8)
~ Area Sources Point Sources Particulates 20,657 3,335 Sulfur Dioxide 3,503 3,631 Nitrogen Oxides 24,745 813 Volatile Organics & 36,601 5,707 Hydrocarbons Carbon Monoxide 156,662 1,758
Land Use The site is located in an industrial park near downtown Charlotte (1980 population 314,447). Urban residential, industrial, and commercial areas characterize the land use within several miles of the site.
Population Distribution Population estimates are based on the 1980 density estimate for Charlotte of 2251 people per square mile (8). The number of people within one, two, and three miles of the site are 7,068; 28,295; and 63,645.
-4- Water Supply There are no identified water resources that could be affected by the site. The area is served by the Charlotte water system whidh draws from Mountain Island Lake, an impoundment of·the Catawba River, located about 12 miles northwest of the site.
Critical Environments None identified.
·e -s- WASTE TYPES AND QUANTITIES
Waste Quantities No wastes were reported to have been disposed of on-site (5,9).
Waste Disposal Methods and Types Prior to 1982 lead dust from the smelter was collected and returned to· the furnace. A concrete tank held cooling water and surface drainage. The lead was allowed to settle and the water was recycled for cooling. Periodically the tank was cleaned out and the lead wastes returned to the smelter. Recovered lead was stored in 55-gallon drums prior to smelting. Since 1982 recovered lead is stored in.drums and shipped to a secondary lead smelter as scrap metal. The concrete tank is used for pretreatment of waste water which is discharged to the city sewer (5,9,10,11,12).
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# LABORATORY DATA
Sununary (Appendix B)
Sample Type Date Results On-site well 11-22-85 Met domestic use requirements I Sewer Discharge 12-84 to present In compliance Property Line Air Max: 0.5 ug/m3 Lead Levels Mean: o. 3 ug/m3 Workstation Air 1986 2 of 10 workstations 'I Lead Le·iels exceeded OSHA standards I Employee Blood Lead 1986 17 of 88 workers 50 ug/100 ml I
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• TOXICOLOGICAL/OIIMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
~ Due to the waste management pra~tices of Willard Industries, the site is not believed to pose a health threat to the surrounding population. Exposure to employees at the site is monitored by Industrial Health and Safety Consultants of Jackson, Tennessee and is regulated by North Carolina OSHA standards (13). Data from a recent study are included in Appendix B. Blood lead levels (PbB) are considered to be the best indicator of total lead exposure. The four major target organs are the central nervous system, the peripheral nerves, the kidney, and the hematopoietic system (14). Table 1 summarizes PbB levels associated with increased risks for various health effects (13,15,16). It.is estimated that about 0.6 mg lead/day could be ingested without an apparent increase in the body burden (15).
Table 1. Probable health effects associated with blood lead levels in adults*.
PbB (ug/100 ml) Health Effect 15-25 Normal: non-occupationally exposed 20-40 Altered heme metabolism Peripheral Nerves 30-50 - Slowed conduction velocity > 80 - Paralysis Central Nervous System ., so - Minor dysfunction ., 100 - Encephalop~thy >60 Kidney damage
>80 Colic
* Children are generally more sensitive to lead toxicity.
-8- Appendix A
Maps and Photographs
• USGS Topographic Map inside back cover
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ALL AREAS II~E SCAI.EP %1o,ooo.~. ""/ "f:f ~- r1T1 ~.4-ZIS ~. Fr. 0·7 /lft.. 1t.L ~.1150 ~. FT: .:>.~ STU.: '1,518 fjQ, FT. 0· 2 fo~;p
Tin 8tti ~ 'ff'S.'- I • . ----... ___.!- ______.:....-:....:..•. -----.--- .h ~i·l" .· .• t ...... ·, • . ---·~" , c------...,.~ .-·. ,_- . ~~--· . ! . t • -· ... Appendix B Laboratory Data • fABRICATORS. . . . •• UAD PIPE 5H££T UAD sou:tRS ROC' fLANGES LEAD fiTTINGS MIXED METALS WILLARD LEAD PRODUCTS COMPANY, P. D. IOX1111S. 101 NEW BERN STREET. CHARLOTTE. N t 21220 • PHONE 70HS2J.t230 INGOT UAD January 02, 1986 Mr. Jack Butler Division of Health Services Solid and Hazardous Mgmnt. Branch PO Box 2091 Raleigh, NC 27602 Dear Mr. Butler: Enclosed please find the chemical analysis of the water in our deep well. Happy New Year! Yours truly, WILLARD LEAD PRODUCTS CO., INC. ~~~~~p-i( President CSW/aw '.1 Enclosure • It/. • • • P. Q. BOX 19198, CHARLOITE, N. C. 28219 TEL. 394-6382 December 12, 1985 REF: 1498 Chemical Analyses of We:I Water dated 11 f.l"i./85 · MADE FOR: Willard Lead ?roducts P.O. BOX 11233 Charlotte, N.C. 28220 MARKED: Sample received at Chem-Sac Labs, Inc.-on 11/25/:8s· · ANALYSIS: pH value -----7"7"-:". 7.SO Alkalinity{as C~C0 3 ) --7"7"7"':"' .. 70 ppm Chloride ---:--7"-7"7"7"7"7"-7"7"7"':'"':'"--:-':'". ·33. 0 ppm · Sulfate ---~7"--7"':'"':'"7"7"7"7"7"':"'7"':'"7"~. s2·. 6 ppm Nitrate----~---~-~~-:-~~~~~~~-~ 1. 7 ppm Total Solids ---~--:--:--:--:--:----:----:-~-':'"':'" 210 ppm Total Sus;:>enced So !ids· ---:--~-~~~.less than 1 ppm Silver ------:--:---:-~.-:-~~':'"~7"':'"':'"7"':"'~7"':'" .less:than • OS ppm · Arsenic --7"7"7"':'"':'"':'"':'"7"7"--:-:-:--:--:-7"':"':-~.less than .-os-ppm · Cadmium ---:-7"-:-7"7"7"~7"-:--:-~-:--:-~-:-.l.ess· than .-os. ppm Chromium -----:--:-7"':'"':'"':'"~':'"':'"7"':"'':'"':'"':'"':'"':'".1.ess than·. OS ppm · Lead ---:--:--~~':'"7"':'"':'"7":"':'":"~:-:-~:-:-7::-,ess than • OS ppm Mercury- ---:--:--:--:--:--:-~':'"':'"':'"7"':'"':'":-':'"':'"':'"':'".less "than:. Ol. ppm Calcium --':'"':'"':'"~7"':"'':'"':'"~':'"-:--:-:-:-~-:--:-7"':"'-:-. 3:. 60 ppm Magnesium ---:-:-:-:--:---:-:--:-:-~:-~:-:-7"':"':-. 1. 70 ppm I ron ---:----:-:-:--:-:--:--:--:--:--:--:--:-:--:-:-7"':"'-:--:-:-:--:--:-~. (). 38 ppm Manganese --:--:---:--:--:-~~':'"7"':"'':'"~-:-:-:--:--:--:-. o.-OG ppm Zinc--:-~~~-:-~:-:--:-:--:--:-:-~-:-:--:--:-~-:--:-~. 0.1S ppm Copper --:-~~7"':"':"':'"':'":-~:-7"':"'~':'":-::: ~e~s than • 05 ppm REMARKS: Based on chemical analysis; this ·water' will"meet_ requirements I for domestic ·use. I I• Respectfu~ly. :submitt"ed. · J.~beii CHEM-BAC LABOR.r:;o,-:. :;:s, .INC. Su#f"Jfl.ing Chemist .. \ BORATORIES • CHEMISTS • BACTERIOLOGISTS • CONSULTA\)ITS North Carolina Department of Human Resources Division of Health Services P.O. Box 2091 • Raleigh, North Carolina 27602-2091 James G. Martin, Governor Ronald H. Levine, M.D., M.P.H. Phillip J. Kirk, Jr., Secretary State Health Director 16 July 1986 Harold Harris, Chief Chemist Industrial ·waste Charlotte M.ecklenburg Utility Department 5100 Brookshire Boulevard Charlotte,. NC 28216 Dear Mr. Harris: This letter is in response to our telephone conversation on 11 July 1986 concerning analyses of waste water from Willard Industries Inc. of Charlotte. ! The North Carolina Solid and Hazardous Waste ~funagement Branch is i . I evaluating potential hazardous waste sites under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). On 9 July 1986 a CERCLA site investigation was conducted at Willard Industries. 14!. Henry Sherrill, Production 1•ianager at the plant, told us to contact your office for results of wastewater analyses. Would you please provide the following information: 1. How long has you office been monitoring effluent from Willard Industries? 2. Have they ever been out of compliance? If so, when and what reason. 3. Copies of results for the past two years. Thank you for your assistance. lwfy card is enclosed; please contact me if you have any questions. Sincerely, .· l Stan Atwood, Toxicologist Solid and Hazardous Waste ~funagernent Branch I Environmental Health Section I.,A/tb/0184b I • CHARLOTTE MECKLENBURG UTILITY DEPARTMENT INDUSTRIAL WASTE DIVISION JULY 18, 1986 STAN ATWOOD, TOXICOLOGIST SOLID AND HAZARADOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT BRANCH ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SECTION DEAR MR. ATWOOD: ENCLOSED YOU WILL FIND THE RESULTS OF THE MONITORING EVENTS THAT CMUD HAS DONE AT WILLARD INDUSTRIES. THE INDUSTRY WAS ADDED TO OUR MONITORING IN THE PRETREATMENT PROGRAM IN DECEMBER 1984. -THE RESULTS OF SAMPLES COLLECTED HAVE SHOWN THEM TO BE IN COMPLIANCE. SINCERELY, HAROLD HARRIS CMUD INDUSTRIAL WASTE DIV. • Ref 12 20 August 1986 TO: File FR0~1: Stan Atwood ~~ RE: Willard Industries I called Lee Norman (901) 784-3014, Industrial Health and Safety Consultants, for permission to use Willard's workstation air monitoring data and employee blood lead summary in my report. He gave his permission to use these data and will confirm it in a letter. He said he would also send me results from air monitoring at the property boundaries and results from the last stack test in 1975. The highest value he remembered ever recording at the property lines was 0.5 ug/m3 with a mean of 0.3 ug/m3. The standard is 1.5 ug/m3. The smelter was permitted for 25 tons lead emissions annually but they averaged about 3 tons annually. I also asked Mr. Norman about the on-site well, scrap lead storage, and how long the property had been paved. The well is no longer used but it has not been filled in. Lead dross from the refining kettles, flue dust, and filtrate from wastewater treatment is sold as scrap metal to a broker who sells it to a smelter. They now have a warehouse for storage of scrap metal. They used to collect 300 drums then notify the broker; they now notify when they have about one truck load of drums. According to Mr. Norman, the site has been paved at least since 1971 when he started working for Willard. SA/tb/0210b \ INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CONSULTANTS AC 901-668-7233 LEE NORMAN, DIRECTOR HR. STAN ATWOOD DIVISION OF HEALTH SERVICES SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT P. 0. BOX 2091 RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA 27602-2091 RE1WILLARD INDUSTRIES, INC. DEAR MR. ATWOOD: AT YOUR REQUEST I AM FORWARDING SOME DATA CONCERNING WILLARD INDUSTRIES, INC., 101 NEWBERN STREET, CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA WHICH YOU REQUESTED. PLEASE CONTACT MY OFFICE IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS CONCERNING THIS INFORMATION. YOU CAN REACH ME AT (901) 784- 3014. THANK YOU. SINCERELY, ~l~EALTH CONSULTANTS, INC. LEE NORMAN, DIRECTOR 20 1 NORTH CENTRAL AVENUE HUMBOLDT,1TENNESSEE 38343 POST OFFICE BOX 2047 • 121 CARRIAGE HOUSE DRIVE • JACKSON, TENNESSEE 38302-2047 WILLARD INDUSTRIES, INC. TECHNICAL SERVICES STUDY 'WORKSTATION AIR MONITORING 7 1986 SAMPLE tt LOCATION RESULTS UG/H3 1 PRESS/FLASHINGS 17.0 UG/M3 2 BURNING 5.0 UG/M3 3 LEAD PIPE PRESS 13 .o UG/M3 4 ROLLING MILL OPERATOR 16.0 UG/M3 5 CASTING/BOATKEELS 69.0 UG/M3 6 SOLDER 2.0 UG/M3 7 KETTLES 8 SOLDER/DRAWING 1 • 0 UG/M3 9 ROLLING MILL 10 ALLOY DEPT 436.0 UG/M3 N.C. OSHA'S LEAD STANDARD ACTION LEVEL: 30.0 UG/M3 8 HOUR TWA PERMISSIBLE LEVEL: 50.0 UG/M3 8 HOUR TWA ,··I I ======~= ·~ ---..... . WILLARD INDUSTRIES, ~NC. TECHNICAL SERVICES STUDY CASTI tiG DEPARTMENT tee~------~ 9e~------~----~------"----- ee~------ ?er-----~----~------ ~.~------~------50 • • • • 491~------~------· 30.~------~·-"------20·~-~~-----~~ 10·~--- ·----4·-~ e J F M A M J J A S 0 N D. i ·Month .. ~ . I! LEAD IH AIR '85 0 LEAD IN AIR '86 i. + OSHA STANOAP~ I! I , i. i! 1 ! If ! : '. ~AREHOUSE SUPERVISOR Ck: tee w ·t-w 90 ~ se - ·~ 70 "'B 60 •50 • • • • • • • • • • • CJ)' 40 -· ~ a:: 30 (!) a::0 20 (.)... 10 I: -i I -n·. . I e J F M A M J J A S 0 N 0 Month II LEAD IN AIR 'es 0 LEAD IN AIR '86 + OSHA STANDARD -. WILLARD INDUSTRIES, INC. TECHNICAL SERVICES STUDY l KEEL ROOM OPERATOR 166 UJ "1- 90 UJ I: sa 0 1-C 70 m ;:1 60 0 50 (I) I:' 46 ~c: 30 (!) 0 20 "u 10 i 1-C .- i ,;_ I: e J F M A M J J A S 0 .-N 0 Month II-.· ·' II LEAD IN AIR '85 0 LEAD IN AIR 'S6 + OSHA STANDARD ,.-. . . SOLDER OPERATIOHS tea~~------~ i 90~------ . ! Bel~·------70~------r. 60~~------l i - i 50 • • • • • • ...... ' t: 40,~-~t------;; \i; l 1 30 ------4•------tl !: . 20-·•----· ~ I 10-·•------~~---~------· '.I t I e J F M A M J- J A S 0 N D :I 'i I Month .. ! I ~LEAD IN AIR '85[] LEAD IN AIR '86 ;; ! + OSHA STANDARD , I -• I ·e .: ! 'i I 'l I :.: : \ . I WILLARD INDUSTRIES, INC. TECHNICAL SERVICES.STUDY . ·. ROLLIIiG MILL / CUTTER 10 e 9e 8 0 7e 6e-- . • • • • • • • • • • • e • ".... - I f·l • 0 I I I J F M A M J J A S 0 --~N 0 Nonth • LEAD IN AIR '85 0 LEAD IN AIR '86 • OSHA STANDARD REFIHING AREA ~ 100,.....------rP------. ....UJ 9et------n------UJ l: B0t------n------ll---l ...u 701-.------i ·------11!---1 m :::> 60:1--_..;.-----i ·------u 50~~--~+-~~~~~~~~~-1--l •(I)' t 40t---~-----i a: 30.1---.lif---1.. -~ (!) a:0 201----·f----IIJ-~ ...u 10 -----~~~--~ 1: 0 J F M ~ M J J A S 0 N 0 Mor.th II LEAD IN AIR '85[] LEAD IN AIR '86 + OSHA STANDARD _...,.__·_~ -- - ...... ·~ WILLARD INDUSTRIES, INC. TECHNICAL SERVICES STUDY FAB SHOP / BILLETS 0! 100 LIJ 1- 90 LLI - E 80 u M 79 m " ~ 60 u 50 (I) • • • • • • • • • • • • ·E' 40 <1: cr f30 '" (!I cr0 20 ~- - u M 10 • •• - E. I .._ I 0 J F M A M J J A S 0 N D Month • LEAD IN AIR '85 0 LEAD IN AIR '86 + OSHA STANDARD OFFICE / FAB SHOP 0! 100 LLI t- 90 LLI E 80 i; u. 70 ! • M .• I·I CD 60 !; u=- i p 50 : ,,. (I) • • • • • • • • • • • .. I' E' 40 -· d:. <1: 0! 30 (!.o :r\ i cr0 20 .. u M 10 ll' E 0 If • n. II I ~ F M A M J J A S 0 N D I 'I Month I I El LEAD IN AIR '850 LEAD IN AIR '86 + OSHA STANDARD II: I • I.r ~ . I I! ! ·I q,:;~ ;~ .\ :d: -- ... :-. .. : WILLARD INDUSTRIES, INC. I TECHNICAL SERVICES STUDY f SOLDER ROOM SUPERUISOR 100 9e ' se 70 60 50 • • • • • • • • • • • 40 -··- "30 - - -- 20 1---:-:1_ -· 10 - - - I n1 0 J F.M AM J J AS 0 N D Month . II LEAD IN AIR '85 [] LEAD IN AIR '86 + OSHA STAHttARD FABRICATING/PIPE PRESS ~ 100 UJ t- .90 UJ - 1:. 80 u. M 70 m ::1 60 I u 50 (/) • • • • • • • • • • • • l:' 40 - ~ 0: "36 - I (!) - 0 20 0:: --. ,.., - u 10 ... H - 1: II e J F M A M J J A S 0 N 0 . Month II LEAD IN AIR '65 [] LEAD IN AIR '66 ' + OSHA STAHDARD . I (_-~ e I WILLARD INDUSTRIES, INC. TECHNICAL SERVICES STUDY ROLLING MILL OPERATOR 100 98 - 80 - 79 60 - 58 • • • • • • • • • • • • 48 3C - 29 10 •I II e J F M A M J J A S 0 •N 0 Month II LEAD IN AIR '85[] LEAD IN AIR '86 + OSHA STANDARD THE ABOVE ELEVEN <11) GRAPHS DEMONSTRATE THE AVERAGE LEAD IN AIR i THE DESCRIBED WORKPLACE IN 1985 AND 1986. ONLY TWO <2> READINGS ¥.~RE ABOVE THE NORTH CAROLINA OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION'S PERMISSIBLE LEVEL IN 1986 AND ONE READING WAS HIGHER .J 1985. ALLOWING FOR CHANGES IN OPERATIONS AND LABORATORY ERROR WE WOULD -IMINATE THESE READINGS FROM THE AVERAGE. SINCE ALL OTHER READINGS -ACE THE COMPANY IN C011PLIANCE WITH THE REGULATIONS, WE RECOMMEND THAT THE TWO .AREAS BE RE-TESTED • WORKSTATION AIR MONITORING HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED EVERY SIX <6> ~~~~ RATHER THAN EVERY THREE <3> MONTHS DUE TO THE STANDARD'S RE · EMENT~ WHEN THE SAMPLE RESULTS ARE LESS THAN PERt1I SSI BLE · lEVELS. "WILLARD INDUSTRIES, INC • . TECHNICAL SERVICES STUDY . . REVIEW OF EMPLOYEE BIOLOGICAL MONITORING THE COMPANY. HAS MADE ~REMENDOUS PROGRESS IN CONTROLLING BLOOD LEAD LEVELS. IN 1980 1 THE FIRMS ACCEPTABLE BLOOD LEAD LEVEL FOR ALL EMPLOYEES WAS .80ug/100 g DUE.TO THE FIRMS LEAD SMELTER S~ATUS. WHEN THE COMPANY ELECTED TO CLOSE THE FURNACES THEY SET NEW GOALS TO REDUCE ALL EMPLOYEES' BLOOD LEAD LEVELS TO 50 ug/ 100 9 BY 1986. A REVIEW OF THE CURRENT LABORATORY TEST RESULTS INDICATES THE FOLLOWING Hl STOGRAM: . RANGE OF BLOOD LEAD LEVELS NlA1BER OF B1PLOYEES IN THIS ~GE 0 19 ug/1 00 g_Pb 8 20 - 29 ug/100 g Pb 15 30 30 ug/100 g.Pb 25 40 49 ug/100 9 Pb 23 50 - 59 ug/100 g Pb 11 60 - 69 ug/100 g Pb 6 TOTAL TESTED 88 • '\! Appendix C References • 1. Mecklenburg County Environmental Health/Air Quality Control Section. · Certificate of Operation, Willard Lead Products Co., Inc. March 24, 1986. 2. USGS Water Resources Investigations, Open File Report 80-44. Basic Elements of Ground-Water Hydrology with Reference to Conditions in North Carolina. U.S. Department of the Interior and the NC Department of Natural Resources and Community Development, 1980. 3. LeGrand, H.E. and M.J. Mtmdorff. Geology and Ground Water in the Charlotte Area, North Carolina. NC Department of Conservation and Development, Division of Mineral Resources and the US Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. Bulletin 63, 1952. 4. Soil Survey of Mecklenburg County. · US Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Mecklenburg Cotmty Board of Commissioners, and NC Agricultural Experiment Station. 1977. 5. Clarance Willard, President Willard Industries, telephone conversation with Jack Butler, NC DHR/DHS, December 31, 1985. 6. Clay, J.W., D.M. Orr, Jr., and A.W. Stuart. North Carolina Atlas: Portrait of a Changing Southern State. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1975. 7. Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Site Ranking System: A User's Manual. National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan, Appendix A (40 CFR 300), or (47 FR 31219), July 16, 1982. 8. North Carolina State-Government Statistical Abstract, Fifth Edition, 1984. North Carolina Data Center. Research and Planning Services Office of State Budget and Management. 9. C. Rick Doby, NC DHR/DHS, memo to O.W. Strickland, NC DIR/DHS, February 17, 1982. 10. C. Rick Doby, memo to O.W. Strickland, September 15, 1982. 11. Richard Doby, telephone conversation with Jack Butler, December 20, 1985. . 12. Lee Norman, Industrial Health and Safety Consultants, telephone convers.ation with Stan Atwood, August 20, 1986. 13. North Carolina OSHA Standards for General Industry. Office of Occupational Safety and Health, North Carolina Department of Labor. Subpart Z - Occupational Health and Environmental Control, 1910.1025. Lead. ·e I t • 14. Hammond, P.B. and R.P. Beliles. Metals. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 2nd Edition. J. Doull, C.D. Klaassen, M.O. Amdur eds. Macmill~ Publishing Co., New York, 1975. 15. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety, 3rd (revised) Edition·. L. Parmeggiani ed. International Labour Office, Geneva, 1983, Volume 2, pp 1200-1204. 16. Federal Register, United States Government Printing Office. November 13, 1985. 50:219, pp. 46968-46971. • Ref 1•. MECKLENBURG COUNTY · DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DIVISION AIR QUALITY CONTROL SECTION CERTIFICATE OF OPERATION In accordance with the provisions of thf Mecklenburg County Air Pollution Control Ordinance (adopted November 4, 1985), PERMISSION IS HEREBY GRANTED TO Willard Lead Products Company, Inc. 101 New Bern Street Charlotte, North Carolina FOR-THE OPERATION OF THE FOLLOWING EQUIPMENT Certificate #14-0017 Three g~s fired 50-ton kettles which melting and oxidizing (Baghouse #1) lead integrated with one American Wheelabrator dust collector having five compartments with 1,116 bags, 16,070 ft.2 bag surface in total. Certificate #14-0018 Keel casting department and fabrication department for casting (Baghouse #2) lead keel and fabrication of lead products integrated with a special de~igned four compartment dust collector with 768 bags, 11,060 ft. b~g surface in total. Certificate #14-0056 A small dust collector with 72 bags, 523 ft.2 bag surface (Baghouse #3) in total controls emissions from the solder department where manufacturing lead alloy solder. · This certificate shall be effective from March 7, 1986 until March 31, 1988 and shall be subject to the attached specified conditions and limitations. Date e 1/86 POST IN CONSPICUOUS PLACE NEAR EQUIPMENT • -·~~~ .:··=~~. . Ref 1 I ,~ MECKLENBURG COUNTY 1 DEPARTI~ENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEHENT DIVISION AIR QUALITY CONTROL SECTION Faci 1 i ty w; JJ ard Lead Products Company Address 101 New Bern Street, Charlotte Certificate of Operation #(s)------14-0017, 14-0018, 14~0056 CONDITIONS AND LIMITATIONS 1. This certificate can be revoked at any time that it is found that said equipment operates or is operated in such aiifaer that it no longer complies with the provisions ~ Mecklenburg County Air Polluti~n ~ontrol Ordinanc )~ . 2. Unauthorized modifications, repairs, or alte t" to the aid equipment, which change·its emission charact sties, will be ·I cause for revocation of this certificate. 3. ·This certificate shall not exempt the holder from prosecution for emissions or discharge of air pollutants prohibited by the Mecklenburg County Air Pollution Control Ordinance. 4. The owner or operator shall submit all reports as may be required by the Mecklenburg County Department of Environmental Health. 5. The particulates from the processes shall be controlled with bag filters with correct air flow and maintenance of bag integrity • . The emission rates shall comply with MCAPCO Section 2.0515 - Particulates from Miscellaneous Industrial Processes. The emission rates for the applicable equipment are listed below: #14-0017 Baghouse #1 (Refining Kettles) < 9.03 lb/hr #14-0018 Baghouse #2 (Casting/Fabrication) < 4.10 lb/hr #14-0056 Baghouse #3 (Soldering Department)-< 2.98 lb/hr 6. Visible emissions shall not exceed the opacity standard set for:h in MCAPCO Section 1. 5402 which states in general that no. person shall allow or permit emissions from any installation which are of a shade or density darker than that designated as 20% opacity for an aggregate of more than six (6) minutes ln any one hour or more than twenty (20) minutes in any 24-hour period. 7. The facility shall comply with MCAPCO Section 1.5404 - Nuisance. The source shall not discharge any air contaminants or other material to cause injury, detriment, nuisance, annoianc~, or endanger the comfort, repose, health or safety of public. or property. Date Rep res en ta ti ve DEH 1/86 • ,, ~£1 ; 8. The facility shall comply with Section 2. 0522 - Control and ~ Prohibition of Odorous Emissions. A person shall not cause, ~ allow, or permit any plant to be operated without employing suitable measures for the control of odorous emissions. 9. Compliance with these conditions shall be determined by surveillance, visual observations, and plant inspections. Mecklenburg County Department of Environmental Health (DEH) reserves the right to require a performance test at any time compliance is in doubt. 10. The management will inform DEH within two (2) ho~rs~ malfunction that may cause the plant to violate f?k~e conditions. · © 11. This permit does not relieve the source from the responsibility of acquiring any other permits that may be required. This permit allows the source to operate only equipment specifically enumerated herein. Possession of this permit does not guarantee compliance with any applicable ordinances or regulations. 12. Violation of any permit condition could result in legal action by MCDEH or revocation of the permit or both. • Ref 1 30 July 1986 TO: File FROM: Stan Atwood RE: Permit History Willard Industries I spoke by telephone with Joan Liu, Mecklenburg County Environmental Health, (704) 376-4603, about the air emissions permit history for W11lard Industries. The bag house and furnace and the 50 ton melting kettles were issued air emissions permit numbers 14-0017 and 14-0018. These permits were renewed in March 1986 and will expire·in March 1988. They now apply to particulate emissions only because the secondary lead smelter has been shut down. SA/tb/0184b • c.~··· :o" 2 Basic Elements of . .. . ~ ··· . • Ground-Water HydrOiog)i:·- .-. ·· Reference to with . "Conditions. ·in North Carolina ·rlwiO...,. • •• . -·· ·-' •:- . - -· .... • ••'" • I ...... •; ...... • .. ·;· ...... ~.: .~.. • :-:-: • ";;.:or:- ~~?. ···-.. ~~~~ . . :"': . . .·.-...~ .. :. ~ -.. --~-·:: . .. . -:··~... : . .•· .. 4 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY & WATER RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS _,J· .. .J . OPEN-FILE REPORT 8D-44 " '' Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Natural _Resources and Community Development • Ref 2 Rock UnitS and Aquifers in the Piedmont and Mountains • • • a t 1 • ? , .. ~ CIUT I!CII:T IIOOnAII' l!l.t .. ·. • ( ~ liiCI.SaiDIZiriAU ltiCXS -- ~ lUI! nDC:I-tDD !J_,- !D.'t ~ c:aa:w:m1 . . •. • : ·.:.· .. -.. -...... . .. ,. ... The rocks underlying the Piedmont and mountains Into six units. The 1:500,000 scale mountains can be divided into two groups: Geologic Map of North Carolina, published In (1) bedrock, and (2) saprolite (or residuum). 1958, divides the bedrock in the same area into · The saprolite underlies the land surface and 48 different unl~ But. a much larger number of· ranges in thickness from a foot or two near units have been identified and are shown on bedrock outcrops to more than 100ft. Bedrock large scale geologic maps. underlies the saprolite and Is the parent rock . The' bedrock units differ from each other In from which the saprolite was derived In the mineral composition and other geologic process referred to as weathering. charact!!ristics. Fortunately, these differences Many stream valleys, especially those of do not result in large differences In hydraulic larger streams, are underlain by a layer of characteristics so that it is possible to combine material similar in composition to. saprolite .. the bedrock units into a relatively small number This material, which has been deposited by the of hydrogeologic units. . streams during floods, is correctly referred to The accompanying map shows the hydro .• as alluvium. However, to avoid unnecessar-Y geologic units into which the bedrock ir1 the complications, we will lump the· alluvium in Piedmont and mountains has been divided by with the· saprolite for the purpose of this the U.S. Geological Survey and the North discussion. Carolina Groundwater Section. The bedrock underlying the Piedmont and The most productive hydrogeologic units .. mountains consists of many dlffe'rent types of are the Great Smoky Mountain· belt and the . igneous ·and metamorphosed igneous and Blue Ridge-Inner Piedmont belt. The least sedimentary rocks. The Generalized Geologl.: productive units are the Carolina Slate Belt and cal Map of North Carolina accompanying the the Triassic Basins. The Charlotte Belt Is discussion of WATER-BEARING ROCKS intermediate in productivity. divides the· bedrock in the Piedmont and -- 26 • Ground-Water Situation Ref 2 in the Piedmont and Mountains The saprolite (weathered rock) that forms geologists assume that it is ttie presence of . the land surface in the Piedmont and fractures that determined the position of ·. mountains consists of unconsolidated granu valleys In the first place. Fractures tend to be - -· · · · · lar material. It thus contains water in the pore more closely-spaced and the openings spaces between rock particles. developed along them tend to be larger near The bedrock, on the other hand, does not the surface of the bedrock. Most fractures have any significant intergranular .(primary) appear to be· non water-bearing below a depth porosity. It contains water, instead, In sheet of 300 to 400ft. Large water-bearing openings, like openings formed along fractures (that Is, penetrated below this depth are probably breaks In the otherwi~e .. solid" rock). Fractures associated with faults. . · In bedrock are of two types: (~)joints, which The ground-water system in the Piedmont are breaks along which there has been no and mountains is recharged by precipitation differential movement; and (2) faults, which are ~n the interstream areas. A part of the breaks along which the adjacent rocks have precipitation infiltrates through the unsatu undergone differential movement. rated zone to the water table, which normally Faults are formed during earthquakes and occurs in the saprolite. generally contain larger and more extensive Ground water moves laterally and downward openings than those developed along joints. , through the saprolite to points of ground Joints, however, are far more numerous than water seepage (springs) on the hillsides and to faults. the streams in the adjacent valleys. Some of the Fractures (joints and faults) are more water In the saprolite also moves downward abundant" under valleys, draws, and other Into the bedrock and, thereafter, through the surface depressions than under hills. In fact, f.ractures to the adjacent valleys. 27 • Hydraulic Characteristics of the Ref 2 Piedmont and Mountain e Ground-Water System WELL---f!l ...-sroaAGE IN BEDROCK BEDROCK Hydraulic . ~ . .. . J One of the most basic concepts of ground conducUvlty In !I -I water hydrology Is that aquifers function both Rock type Porosity In percent feet per dar ·. Saprolite 20-30 1-20 as reservoirs, in which water is in storage, and Bedrock 0.1-1 1-20 as pipelines, which transmit water from one point to another. This is referred to as the The above values suggest that the principal reservoir-pipeline concept. This concept forms difference between saprolite and bedrock is in a useful basis on which to discuss the hydraulic water-storage capacity. In other words, the characteristics of the Piedmont and mountain saprolite has the capacity to store a much ground-water system. larger quantity of water than does the bedrock. The reservoir (storage) function of aquifers This is not the entire story, however. · depends on the porosity. The pipeline function As we noted above, the capacity of an aquifer depends on the hydraulic conductivity and the to transmit water depends both on hydraulic thickness of the aquifer. The approximate ,, conductivity and on aquifer thickness. The part range in porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock containing water-bearing · · for the saprolite and bedrock is shown in the fractures is several times thicker than 'the following tabl.e. saprolite. 28 • . ' Ref 2 We can then, without great error, view the 3. The hydraulic conductivity of the sapro ground-water system in the Piedmont and lite and the nature of the hydraulic con mountains as consisting of a saprolite reser nection between the saprolite and the voir overlying a bedrock pipeline consisting of bedrock. numerous small, interconnected pipes. In the The number and the size of the fractures vicinity of a pumping well the bedrock control the rate at which water can enter the fractures (.. pipes") convey water from the well. The areal extent and degree of intercon saprolite reservoir to the well. nection of the fractures control the size of the area. that supplies water to the well. The yield of a well drawing from fractured The thickness and the specific yield of the bedrock depends on several factors. The most saprolite determines the volume of water important of these are believed to be: ,, available from storage in the saprolite. The 1. The number, size, areal extent, and hydraulic conductivity of the saprolite and the degree of Interconnection of the fractures nature of the hydraulic connection between penetrated by the well, the saprolite and the bedrock determines the 2. The thickness of saturated saprolite in the ·rate at which water can drain from the vicinity of the well and the specific yield of saprolite into the bedrock fractures. the saprolite, and • 29 • Ref 2 I Hydraulic Conductivity of Selected Rocks t Hydraulic conductivity (rounded values) ·e ~ Material (fVday) [(gaVday}lft') (meters/day) Coarse~ sand ••..•.••••••.•...... •• 200 1500 60 ~dium sand ...•...... •...... ••• 130 1000 40 SIU ...... •.••...... ••.•...••••.• 1 5 0.2 0.001 0.01 0.0004 UmestoneClay • • • • • •(Castle • • • • • • •Hayne) • • • • • • • • ••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • 300 2000 80 Saprolite ••.••• : ••••••••••••••••••• ~ 5 . 50 2 Granite and gne1ss ••••••••••••••••• 5 50 2 Slate ..... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 3 25 1 ~ ;·Hydraulic conductivity replaces the term "field coefficient of permeability" and should be used when 1eferring to the water-transmitting characteristic of material in quantitative terms. It is still permissible iD refer in qualitative terms to "permeable" and "impermeable" material. ~ . f,RoBLEM - Determine the hydraulic conductivity of the confined aquifer shown in the preceding i:!rawing in both feet per day and gallons per day per square foot. ~~ ,, i (1) Solution in feet per day (Equation) (0) · (A) (dl/dh) ..~ r , ... lf ... ,~r-A--. •· K = Odl = 150 ft'x_!_ xll = 150·ft3 tt/day ! 2 2 =150 r Adh day . ft 1 ft day ft try i: f.~· (2) Conversion of feet per day to gallons per day per square foot r: te r' a- 150ft' X 7.5 gal = 1125 (gal/d)/ft2 -I day ft2. ft3 1 l ~' ). I• I 3 r l r f •l 1 ~' f. g~- ,~ ~ f~ I .. i . t! •t: .. r,_.'. ·· 13 I '.: t". I. • Ref 2 Transmissivity As was the case with hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity is also defined in terms of.a unit hydraulic gradient. . · · I mile dl= If we combine equation 1 with Darcy's law. I (see HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY), the result is an equation that can be used to calculate the quantity of water moving through a width,-w, of an aquifer. Thus, · a = KA .Qh. = K(bw) dh = "(Kb)w dh dl dl" dl a =Tw dh (2) dl Equation 2 is also used to calculate transmis sivity, where the quant~ty of water {Q) discharging from a known width of aquifer can be determined as, for example, with streamflow measurements. Rearranging terms, we obtain The capacity of an aquifer to transmit water T = 0 dl (3) Is referred to as lts. transmissivity. The wdh transmissivity (T) of an aquifer is equal to the hydraulic conductivity of the material compris The units of .transmissivity. as can be demon Ing the aquifer multiplied by the thickness of . strated with the preceding equation, are the aquifer. Thus · _ (ft' day-') (ft) == __!!!_ T = Kb (I) T - (ft} (ft) day wtiere T·is transmissivity, Because transmissivity depends both on K K is hydraulic conductivity, and and b, its value is different in different aquifers b ls aquifer thickness. and from place to plac~ in the same aquifer. Average Values of Hydraulic Conductivity. Thickness. and Transmlnlvlly for Selected Aquifers In North Carolina Hydraulic ConducliYity Thlckne11 1'ran•mln\vlty Aquifer (fUday) (fL) (ft'Jday) Post-Yorktown deposits so. 2o··. 1000 Yorktown Formation 50 40 2000 ·castle Hayne Limestone 300 100 30000 Cretaceous deposits 20 200 4000 Saprolite 5 50 250 Granite and gneiss 5 200 1000 Transmissivity replaces the term "coefficient of transmissibility" because, by convention, an aquifer is transmissive and the water In lt is transmissible. · PROBLEM- Determine the quantity of water (0) moving through the segment ofthe confined aquifer shown in the preceding drawing In both ft.3/day and gal./day. · {1} Calculation of transmissivity (2) Solution In fL'/day T =Kb =150ft X 100ft = 15,000 ft2 a =Tw dh =15,000 ft2 X 5280 ft X 1 ft 15,000 ft '· day 1 day dl day ·1 · 5280 ft ., • day (3} Conversion of ft'Jday to gal./day 15,000 ft' X 7.5 gal= l/d day n, 112500. ga ay 37 • Ref 3 NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT GEORGE R. R()SS, Director DIVISION OF MINERAL RESOURCES • JASPER L. STUCKEY, State .Geologist 0 BULLETIN NUMBER 63 GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE Charlotte Area, North Carolina By · H. E. LEGRAND and M. J,. MUNDORFF • 0 Geologi8ts, U. S. Geological Su~vey • •o PREPARED COOPERATIVELY BY THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.. ·e UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR: I • 1952 • Ref 3 GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NoRTH CAROLINA nost places. The limestone proper is generally less than 100 feet thick, as a result of which its areal ex -t is small. In contrast to ~he 9-uartzlte it '\\'eathers readily, forming longitudinal valleys along its strike. Kefth':' has named this rock the Gaffney marble because of its prominence near Gatrney, S.C. It Is most y gray in color and contains, in addition to calcite and dolomite, such impurities as quartz, mica, graphite, .J.nd hornblende. · · . . Diorite nnd grnnlte complex• ...:..Rocks of the diorite and granite group cover a large area in Cabarrus md Mecklenburg Counties, and they also occur in eastern Gaston and Lincoln Counties. They are believed tO have a wide distribution outside the Charlotte area, although ,.ery little geological study· has been made of rocks of this complex. · A mafic component, chiefly diorite~ and a felsic component, chiefly granite, form this complex, ·(fig. 3). ·.rbe mafic component varies in composition, being a gabbro in some places a~d a diorite in others, but, for convenience, it is called diorite in this report. The felsic component is granite in all places. Residual Soil Scale: I ~n~h=IOOfeet . . . FIGURE 8.-Diagram·matic sketch shou.. -ing the relation of granite (G) and diorite (D) in Cabar- rus and Mecklenburg Counties. · So closeiy spaced .are individual rocks within the complex that not even the larger bodies can be shoV.·n on the accompanying maps. It was decided to split the complex proper into two units, one in which 1:he diorite predominates and the other in which the granite predominates. In using this subdivision the >oundaries between these units are necessarily arbitrary and somewhat indefinite. The most conspicuous occurrence of the granite is as discrete bodies veining and penetrating the dlo- • dte in random fashion. Thus, in most places, it is evident that granite was intruded into the diorite, lltliough each type of rock is clearly separated from the other, w.ithout any appreciable modification of ~~ . . The diorite in a semiweathered state, commonly seen:, is ~ dark-blue or gray medium-textured rock :omposed predominantly of hornblende and feldspar and. containing varying amounts of quartz, biotite. - pyroxene, and other accessory minerals. The rock granulates readllf :near the surface of the ground, and the son may be composed in part of individual hornblende and feldspar crystals typical of the Mecklen ourg soil types. The granite forming the complex with the diorite is light in color, being composed almost entirely of feldspar and quartz. Biotite, muscovite, and the accessory minerals common to most granites are not :onspicuous. Like the diorite with which it is associated, the granite disintegrates readily near the sur- Iac~. breakii1g down into pea-size aggregates of quartz and feldspar. · _ Some of the diorite ls strongly schistose and much of the granite is sheared. The Wide range ln degree of metamorphism of the diorite suggests that basic rocks of different ages are included in this complex. Laney" descripes a group of diorite dikes younger than the granite and diorite and cutting both. · The source Qf-the granite fom1ing the complex '\\·lth the diorite is not known. It is in contact '\\•ith a large granite mass near Kannapolis in Cabarrus County and with the syenite ring dike south of· Con ~ord. Although differing in general appearance from the other granites of the Charlotte area, general · t4l relations suggest that t~e Yarious granites may be of the same age. 'Where granite occurs in lesser - . . . .. ~op cit., p. 6. • •Laney, F. B., Gold Hlll mining district or North Carolfna: North Carolina Geol. and Econ Sul't'ey Bull. 21, p. 56, 1910. • Ref 3 JO GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROLINA . MECKLENBURG COUNTY {Area 542 square miles; population in 1950, 197,052) Gcogrn}Jlty nucl l'hysiogrnJ,lly.-l\Iecklenburg County, in the southeast part of the Charlotte area, 1s be most densely populated county in the area. Charlotte, the only city, is the county seat; it ls the largest ;Hy in the State and had a population of 133,219 according to the.1950 U. S. census. The county is the :: 1ter of the textile industry of the State, many of the mills lying in the close enYirons of Charlotte. That part of the Piedmont Province that includes Meckl~burg County consists of a series of mod ~ .. 'l.tely level interstream areas which a.o.·e appreciably hilly near the larger. streams. No hills stand out : lminently above the general level of the upland. The highest land in the county is near Da\'idson, in :ne extreme northern part of the county, where the altitude is slightly more. than 850 feet above sea level, 1nd the lowest land is on the.Catawba River at the South Carolina line, where the altitude is about 520 -~ . The western part of l\Iecklen}?urg County is drained by the Catawba River, ~·hereas the eastern part s drained by small streams tributary to Rocky River, which itself is in the drainage basin: of the Pee Dee = ver. The major divide formed by these drainage systems extends from Davidson in the north through .:n:rita to the vicinity of Matthews. The Catawba River :flows southward along the western border of the !OUnty, whereas the Rocky River :flows along the northeast part. These rivers are only 10 miles anart in . ~ northern part of the pounty, and as a consequence the interstream area is narrow and much. di~sected. :_the other hand, _Catawba and Rocky Rivers in the southern part of the county are more widely spaced .\·hich res:ults in longer tributaries of lower gradients extending to the major divide. Thus, the topogra- : yIn the southern part is rather. gentle. · Geology.-The most striking feature of the geology of Mecklenburg County is the near absence of ;r-'tlistose rocks {:fig. 17). With the "exception of a thin belt of slaty rocks in the extreme east, the rocks : the county are, for the most part, massive and are generally lacking in regional structural trends. Rocks of the Carolina slate belt occur in the southeastern part of the county where they extend south ,·~rd from Cabarrus County. Although several types of rock occur within the belt only two are shown on ! accompanying geologic map; they are the. greenstone and undifferentiated rocks, including slates and .u;::;ociated volcanic rocks. The slates are generally composed of dense, :fine-grained siliceous material. .u least a part of the slate is well bedded and resembles the slate at Monroe,28 which is a distinctive part· : the Carolina slate belt. The slates, as a rule, are well jointed and possess a gentler dip than other ·-.!ks in the Charlotte area. With the exception of the rocks of the Carolina slate belt in ~he east, the rocks of Mecklenburg County : long to the diorite-granite complex or are believed to be ass·ociated with it.· Gabbro-diorite is widely ex :._sed along N. C; Route 49 south of Shopton in the southwest part of the county. It is a massive medium- · :o coarse-grained dark colored igneous rock composed mostly of pyroxene or hornblende and plagioclase · dspars. It is exposed in a few road cuts and as isolated boulders above the generally fiat land surface. : is locaily referred to as "blackjack" and is the source of the :\lecklenburg soil type.::n The extent of the ~abbro-diorite to the south in South Carolina is not known, but it is bounded in Mecklenburg C-diorite in the south and along the Cabarrus County line in the northeast. Rocks in the northern part of the county do not fall easily into the classification· of rocks designed for .11.arlotte area. They are granitic but contain considerable hornblende and biotite in places. They· ="Stucke,·, J. L .. Personal communication. :-·Rl'por!· on ~h.·cklenburg Courty Soils, Agriculture, and Industry: ~orth Carc.lina Dept. AgricultuTe Clunty SoU Report No.1, .-ol. 31-o, no. 4, p. :!!!, l!lli. • Ref 3 GEOLOGY AND GRO!Jh"D \YATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROLINA 67 EXPLANATION !]ill ~ ill§] Granite and diorite ...... ,...OfninMl ~ t::3 "-- liiJ1Il] ~.r-..-o.;,...IMIC!Ier, ---cbAI ~.,. hlemoic ...... ace., CII- elder. Goo~otC-.rinore~ Seale • Miles 0 t 3 c ~EO LOGIC. MAP OF MECKLENBURG COUNTY Goo1oc:Y I>)' M. J. Muftdortf' 11111 H. L Lo~ FIGURE 17.-GEOLOGIC MAP OF MECKLENBURG COUNTY. • Ref 3 • i oB GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NoRTH CAROLINA 1 MAP OF_ MECKLENBURG. COt)NTY SHOWING LOCATION OF WELLS v SC:AI.E Ill~$ 0 % ? .. FIGURE 18.-MAP OF MECKLENBURG CoUNTY SHOWING LoCATION OF WELLS. • . Ref 3 IV GEULOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROLINA SU:U11ART OF DATA 0~ WELLS I~ !iECKt.I:~B'l"RG Co'C~TT (Dr1lled v.·ells 3 Inches or more in dlamete~) ACCORDING TO ROCK TYPE I r~ld 'pllolll a minuu) I J'nftat or nllt Anra&t Nambu oC I ~ldiac I r;aDoa Trr.: or Roe~: derth wella I alllinutur (feet) hr root lolL .. . Anrace oC•tll D;o.jte •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ao 155 ~~I :n.e .Hi 0 Granite •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 18 I 136 u.s .109 0 ·JS.4 All •tllr. ·------H I 1U ~I! .128 I 0 ACCORDING TO TOPOGRAPHIC LOCATION r~elcl (pllou alllinau) ATtr&P Iritldial1 ~~·-- plloa TorooJUPme LOC.lnox Number or depth weJio a lllinatew (rett) Per root Rure I Aftrart oCwtll I -- I mn .• ------····---- 41 12S 1~ I 8.$ O.OH % Flat----·----··--··-··------· 13' ut 2-40 I 13.1 .110 0 1\lope ______I lt lU 2-i5 I 15.1 .110 0 I .Jn Draw·······------·-·········· 21 lU 5-i5 I 2U 0 t; v~ ··-······--··------J ------1 I .082 I 0 . According to table 13 wells in diorite have greater yield and average yield per foot of well than wells granite. The average yield of all diameters for which information is available in diorite is 17.9 gallons .. a minute as compared with an average of 11.5 gallons a minute for wells in granite. If only 3-lnch and larg~r wells are considered, those in diorite yield 22.6 gallons a minute and those in granite 14.8 gallons . minute. Although granite occurs ·extensively throughout the county, the data on wells do not indicate that 1t vlelds more water at one place than another. if topography is d~sregarded. The same condition holds true •r the diorite. According to topographic location·, wells on-hills yie~d less water than wells on any other "upographic site, yielding only .068 gallons a minute per foot of well. This is slightly more than one-third. of the yield of wells in the most favorable locations, draws, that yield .173 gallon a minute per foot of ell. Thus wells in draws have an average depth of 144 feet and an average yield of 24.9 gallons a min _;e. The a\·eragc yield might be appreciably higher if only 3-inch and larger wells were considered. AI; no particular part of the county ca.n be designated as unusually poor and no part_ as exceptionally )Od.., it appears advisable to give considerable attention to local conditions in lo.cating a well. Vlest of the __ ate belt,. diorite, the best aquifer, occurs sporadically in almost every square mile. Thus in many cases it is possible to locate a well in the. dark-colored diorite or gabbro without sacrificing cOnvenience of loca on. AI; topography is an important consideration, the location of wells in lowlands or especially in , ~aws should be attempted if relatively large yields are desired. The quality of ground water in Mecklenburg County is good almost everywhere. {See- table of anal- 1 ;is.) Analyses of water from wells penetrating gratifte in Mecklenburg County vary considerably ir.. the · I )ncentration of dissolved mineral solids. This is doubtless due to the penetration of one or more small l.>. of dioritic material in the granite. By virtue of their relatively insoluble mineral constituents the :-anites should contain water lower in mineral matter. Analyses of water from "·ells 27, 133, and 180 1ggest that, although the predominant rock is granite, a large part of the mineral matter in solution comesI from diorltic or mafic bodies penetrated by the wells. • Ref 3 74 . GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER IN THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROLINA RECORD OF WELLS I:\ l\fECKLT.~Bt:RG Cot::~n-Contintted Total bard Depth Diameter Depth ...... ,. Dtu (field ()w-J • Ref 3 76 GEOLOGY AND GROUND'yVATER IN. THE CHARLOTTE AREA, NORTH CAROLINA RECORD OF WELLS I::!i !I:I:ECKLE::!ilJl'J:G Cot';:\T'f-G071tinued . Total hard- Dtpth Dtpt \rat~ level !Damet~ DOSS (6eJd WrC Da.ru.u I LocAno:c 011"N£a Type of or .-eu or.-.u casine (feet beloW" lield .J!.£.1UilU tma) DO. .-ell (feet) (feet) aurfaet) (c..p.m,) ~nehes) (p.p.m.) .• .. :?OS 5!S miles SW. or Charlotte ••••• Ebeneur Prub'1~rian ,..h...., w. A. Xirkkr •••••• Cr-Dr 156 3 r.o. G u 6%•r. Slope • :115 ... H.R u. Ct-Dr 125 2 ...... Modfta~ aoft ftter. Slope. 207 4~ miles SW. of Charlotte ••••• C. N.llak~.·- W. A. Eirkkr •••••• Cr-Dt 93 4 ...... 8 35 Ta~ at JO C·JI.IZL HiD. 205 4H miles sw. or Charlotte ••••• J. H. Huntley-"······ ------...... Due 26 36 ...... 20 2-3 30 Hill. 209 4~ milea sw. or Charlotte ••••• :Mra. L. J. EDer ••••••• W, A. Xirilty •••••• Cr-Dr HS • ------· H 18 30 Slope. %10 ••••dO-•••••••••••••••••••••• F. D. Hemphill ••••••• Hurle,; Htlms ••••••• Cr-Dr 90 2 ·------I·········· 5 !!5 Slope. :n 5!' miles SW. of Charlotte ••••• E. L,Joftl. ' W. A. Xirilty •••••• Cr-Dr 92 3 I········ ··--·---- 10 4$ Draw. 212 . dn ••••••••••••• A. r.DeaJ ••••••••.•• ------Ct-Dr 8S 2 I········ ...... 5 ·------Diorite. llaL 213 5?, mila sw. or Charlotte ••••• Ed win llrutoa •••••••• Unll:o Cr-Dr 108 2 I········ 4$ Diori~. Draw. %14 Gmiles SW. or Charlotte ••••••• R. S. Smith ••••••••••• . A. Kirkley .•••• Cr-Dr 108 4 !········ ...... ·~3 60 Diorite. Hill. :!15 6)..S miles SW. of Charlotte ••••• H. ll: Hunlft ••••••••• Cr-Dr m 3 60 8 60 62° F. Diorite. Bill. 21& 5~ miles SW. of Charlotte ••••• J. N. Herron •••••••••• w. A. Kirkley •••••• c..,. Dr 121).-S 3 so I·········· 6-8 60 HiU. 217 6).-S miles SW. of Clwlone ••••• J. T. Greenwood •••••• Due ~8 36 ...... 42.il ········ Diorite. Hill. 218 3!{ miles N. or Pin mile ••••••• '1\.B.T. Radio Station. ·-··· Cr-Dr :!25 3 ...... 7-8 Slope. 2Ji 4 miles NW. or Pin mile •••••• ArroW'OOd •••••••••••• Dr 286 G 20 16 %61 G2~F. Aberuathy ··-······ !·········· nra. ... I.botatorr taL 220 3~ milea NW. of Pioe..-i~- •••• U.S. Rubber Co. Shell Loadinc ~!ant •• \\".A. Kirkley •••••• Cr-Dr 196 3 ...... 12 40 Gabln. Well capped; eo& llltd. Flat. 221 ...... ~do d. Cr-Dr HS 3 ...... 12 30 Gabbro. llat. 222 7 miles sw. or Chadotte •••••• Mia Aman~-~~~-;:_: Tom AileD---····· Cr-Dr 112 2 80 I 10 ll1°F. 2!!3 ;u mila sw. of Charlotte ••••• R. A. Grier •••••••••· •• ------Cr-Dr ...... ·········· 1·····-- ·········· ········ 25 224 •••• do-•••••••••••••••••••••• lin. F. K. ll)TIIIII: •••• ------Cr-Dr 100 2 ... 6 Diorite. llat. 225 9), miles sw. or Charlotte ••••• Sa:nuel Kn01 ••••••••• ------Due 20 2t ...... u.~ ······· Gabbro. Hill. 226 t Ji miles NW. or Pioi"Tille ••••• N.M.lloyd Due 21 30 ,...... IUS 1""·-··· 125 Gabbro. 22; 5~ miles S'l\. or Pi~1'i~ ••••• Due 17 .s n.;v 165 Gabbro. :··· ~--········ ...... Baa aJ .." fanaisb------td adequate aapply. . 228 8 miles NW. ofPin.-rille ••••••• O.ll. KDox ••••••••••• Charles Moot- . comerr.---····· Cr-Dr 110 2 ~ 20 Diorite. Hill. m 8!; miles l."W. or Pinm\k ••••• Island Point Club ••••• 1... do Cr-Dr 100 2 ...... ------2 105 Do. 230 Smiles NW. or Pinnii!e ••••••• R. S. Smith._ •••••••• Ralpb .. A .. Dr 181 55/8 ·83 25 Do. 231 e IJliles w. of PiDnille ••••••••• J. R. Smith ••••••••••• HOI'f'd 52 12 52 43.08 Graaite. 232 5!{ miles w. or Pinmlle ••••••• W. C. Stroup ••••••••• Montcomery --····· Cr-Dr 128 3 80 20 15 25 6%).( F. Graaite. HiD. :33 G miles W. or Pine-rille ••••••••• H. M. Blaekwtld~ •••• ••••dO-····~··••••• Cr-Dr I;S 2 ······· I·········· 3---f 20 Granite. Hill. • 234 PintTille ••••••••••••••••••••• J. E. M. Davenport ..... Dr 132 6 ...... 12 75 Sebislcee diorite Slope. 235 ••••do:-······-~---··········· Town •••••••••••••••• ········ Dr J3t 8 ...... 12 75 %3.1 62~F. ~diorite. . AAalysis. Draw. 236 4 miles SE. or p;,,..;n. Jamea K. Hall ••••••• Dr 90 2 ...... 5 Granite. Bill: 231 4!~ miles SE. or p;. •_,,_ ;n. R.G. "'""""t RobbiDa 4: '1\iloon ••• Cr-Dr . 132 2 90 42 I 35 Do. 238 3M miles SE. or 1>:. Mn. Niveu Due 38 36 38 3J.i5 ~---:..... Adequate yield. Draw. .23V 4~ mila 8\\', of Uotfl J.J.r..;., ...... ------lloml 32. 12 32 23.74 1··--··· 20 Hill. 3~ mila SW. of Matthen ••••• J. M. KnnT Due 39 36 29.80 25 \\'eD m- than old; 240 -----··-······· ...... 1-~---··· ao :ran WDe'I'UIOI>ecfr7. Flat.. 2U !!)..S mila sw. or 'Uottl W. N. MoKO@. Abernathy·-······ Cr-Dr 235 3-2 135 ...... J 45 Granite. HiJ1. 2~2 %,!.2 milos SW. of u ...~ J>reoley l:mlt!. C. C. Montcomery •• Cr-Dr 85 2 ;s ...... ' &-tO Grani~. • Soil survey of Ref 4 • Mecklenburg County, North Carolina United-States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service In cooperation with Mecklenburg County Board of ·commissioners and · It North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station • . I \jV;\\~r~ ~vne. \ \-~ ~ .. I Ref 4 8 SOIL SURVEY e few area~ of soiis that are less acid than the Cecil soil, water capacity is medium, the shrink-swell potential is and a few intermingled areas of Appling, Mecklenburg, moderate, and surface runoff is medium. The subsoil is and Vance soils. The included areas, each less than 5 strongly acid or very strongly acid. Depth to bedrock is acres, make up to 35 percent of this map unit. more than 60 inches. The water table is below 6 feet. The organic matter content Is low In the surface layer Most of the acreage is used for hay or pasture. Some of this Cecil· soil. Permeability is moderate, the available areas are used as cropland. The rest is forested. water capacity is medium, the shrink-swell potential is This soil has moderate potential for corn, soybeans, moderate, and surface runoff is medium. The subsoil is small grain, pasture, hay, and horticultural crops. Be· strongly acid or very strongly acid. Depth to bedrock is cause the surface layer is thin, this soil is difficult to keep more than 60 ir =hes. The water table is below 6 feet. in good tilth. Additional erosion is a severe hazard where Most of the at reage is used as cropland. Some areas cultivated crops are grown. Minimum tillage, the return of are used for hay and pasture. The rest is forested. · crop residue to the soil, and the use of cover crops, This soil has · moderate potential for corn, soybeans, including grasses and legumes, improve tilth, reduce small grain, pasture, hay (fig. 2), and horticultural crops. ·runoff, and help to control erosion .. Keeping this soil ;in good tilth Is difficult because the The potential is moderate for broadleaf and needleleaf surface layer is .thin. The surface layer commonly forms trees. The dominant trees are loblolly pine, shortleaf a crust as it dries: after a hard rain and becomes cloddy pine, and Virginia pine. The main understory species are if worked wheni wet, · both of which affect germination dogwood, sourwood, redbud, and black cherry. The and cause poor or uneven crop growth. Minimum tillage, clayey subsoil is the main limitation in woodland use and the return of crop residue to the soil, and the use of management. cover crops, including grasses and legumes, Improve tilth, reduce runoff, and help to control erosion. This soil has only moderate potential for most urban .The potential Is moderate for broadleaf and needleleaf uses because of the slope and the moderate permeabil· trees. The dominant trees are loblolly pine, shortleaf lty. The slope limitation can be reduced or modified by pine, and Virginia pine. The main understory species are special planning, design, or maintenance. The moderate · dogwood, sourwood, redbud, and black cherry. The permeability ·is a limitation for septic tank absorption clayey subsoil is the main limitation in woodland use and fields. This limitation can generally be overcome by modifying the field or by increasing the size of the ab· . management. ~'Y~t·: . . . sorption area, or both. Erosion is a hazard if the ground This soil has~high potential for most urban uses. The moderate permb ::tbility is a limitation for septic tank ab cover is removed. The potential is dominantly moderate for recreation because of the slope and the clayey sub sorption fields. This limitation cari generally be overcome soil. . , : . -, ; : by modifying the field or by increasing the size of the absorption area, or both. The potential is dominantly The capability subclass is VIe. The woodland group is moderate for recreation because of the clayey subsoil. 4c. ·,The capability subclass is llle. The woodland group is 4c. ·' ·· ' ... ·. .. · · · CuB-Cecil-Urban land complex, 2 to a percent , .. .. : ...... I . slopes. This map unit consists of areas of Cecil soils ,-. CeD2-Cecll sandy clay loam, ·a to 15 percent and areas of Urban land primarily in the suburban areas slopes, eroded. This well drained soil is on side slopes of Charlotte. These areas are too small and too intricate on the uplands: Mapped areas are oblong and range ly mixed to be mapped separately. The undisturbed Cecil from 6 to 100 acres. soil makes up 50 to 70 percent of each area, and Urban Typically, the surfac~ layer Is yellowish red sandy clay land makes up 15 to 35 percent. The rest of this unit loam about 6 inches thick. The subsoil is 47 inches thick. consists of areas where most of the natural soil has The upper part is red clay, and the lower part is red clay been altered or covered as the result .of grading and loam. The underlying material to a depth of 65 inches is digging. _ red and yellow ~oam. The undisturbed Cecil soil is well drained. Typically, Included with this soil in· mapping are a few uneroded the surface layer is yellowish red sandy clay loam·~bout areas where the surface layer is thicker and browner 6 Inches thick. The subsoll is 47 inches thick. The upper than is typical and a few areas of similar soils that have part is red clay, and the lower part is red clay loam. The a clayey subsoil less than 24 inches thick. Also included underlying material to a depth .of 65 inches is red and are many areas of rills and shallow gullies, a few areas yellow loam. of soils that are less acid than the Cecil soils, and a few The organic matter content Is low In the surface layer a intermingled areas of Appling, Mecklenburg, and Vance of this Cecil soil. Permeability is moderate, the available 9 soils. The included areas, each less than 5 acres, make water capacity is medium, the shrink-swell potential is up 10 to 35 percent of this map unit. moderate, ·and surface runoff is medium. The subsoil is The organic matter content is low in the surface layer strongly acid or very strongly acid. Depth to bedrock is of this Cecil sc II. Permeability is moderate, the available more than 60 inches. The water table is below 6 feet. ·I • ~ECKLENBURG COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA Ref 4 9 -e Urban land part of this unit is covered with development. Surface runoff from rooftops and. paved tWses, paved streets, parking lots, driveways, small surfaces causes an increased hazard of flooding in low shopping centers, industrial buildings, schools, churches, lying areas downstream. The clayey subsoil is a limitation and apartment complexes (fig. 3). to landscaping. The moderate permeability is a limitation In some altered, or disturbed, areas the Cecil soil is for septic tank absorption fields. This limitation generally covered with more than 20 inches of fill material. In can be overcome by modifying the field or by increasing :::~tl_lers, more than two-thirds of the natural soil has been the size of the absorption area, or both. .· · .. removed by cutting and ,grading. Onsite investigation is generally needed before plan- Included in mapping are small areas of Appling, Enon, ning use and management of this unit. · and Mecklenburg soils. . This unit is not assigned to a capability subclass or to In disturbed areas erosion is a hazard because of the a woodland group. · slope and the runoff. Surface runoff from· rooftops and oaved surfaces increases the hazard of flooding in lowly DaB-Davidson sandy ·clay loam, 2 to 8 percent · · ing areas downstream. The clayey subsoil is a limitation slopes. This well drained soil is on broad ridges on the ;n landscaping. The moderate permeability is a limitation uplands. Mapped areas are commonly Irregular· and for septic tank absorption fielas. This limitation generally range from 4 to several hundred acres. : · . '; ..':t''. ~an be overcome by modifying the field or by increasing Typically, the surface layer is dark reddish brown the size of the absorption area, or both. sandy clay loam about 7 inches thick. The subsoil to a Onsite investigation is generally needed before plan depth of 103 inches is dark red clay loam In the upper ning the use and management of this .unit. part and dark red clay in the lower part · · This unit is not assigned to a capability subclass or to Included with this soil in mapping are a few areas of a wo.odland group. soils that have a loam surface layer, a few areas of soils that are less acid than is typical, a few areas where the · .CuD~Cecii-Urban land complex, a to 15 percent lower part of the subsoil is lighter rer:l; and a few ·small slopes. This map unit consists of areas of Cecil soils eroded areas where the surface layer is clay loam. Also and areas of Urban land primarily in the suburban areas included are a few small areas of ~cil and Mecklenburg of Charlotte. These areas are too small and too intricate soils. The included areas make up_:25, to 40 percent of ;y mixed to be mapped separately. The undisturbed Cecil this map unit. • . ; , :. · .~ ...... soil makes up 50 to 70 percent of each area, and Urban The organic matter content is lovi• i~ ·the surface layer land makes up 15 to 35 percent. The rest of this unit of this Davidson soil. Permeability is moderate, the avail :onsists of areas where most of the natural soil has able water capacity is high, the shrink-swell potential is .. been altered or covered as the result of grading and low, and surface runoff is medium. The subsoil ranges .. -~· digging. . from very strongly aeid to medium acid. Depth to bed· · The undisturbed Cecil soil is well drained. Typically, rock is more than 60 inches. The water table is below-6 · the ·surface layer is yellowish red sandy clay loam about feet. . ':1 ,, ·· · ·. >.-. :: ·, S inches thick. The subsoil is 47 inches thick. The upper Most of the acreage is used as woodland. The rest is part is red clay, and the lower part is red clay loam. The cropland and pasture. Some areas: a_long the Catawba underlying material to a depth of 65 Inches Is red and Rive~ are used for recreation. ; \ 1::£ , .·.. . · yellow loam. This soil has high potential for com,· soybeans, small The organic matter content is low In the surface layer grain, hay, pasture, and horticultural crops. Crop poten of this Cecil soil. Permeability is moderate, the available tial can be reduced through erosion. As the original sur water capacity is medium, the shrink-swell potential is face layer is lost, the underlying sticky, clayey subsoil moderate, and surface runoff is medium. The subsoil is , becomes part of the p'ow layer. Thls "lrocess lowers the strongly acid or very strongly acid. Depth to bedrock is • overall tilth of the surface layer. M :1imum tillage, the more than 60 inches. The water table is below 6 feet. return of crop residue, and the use lf cover. crops, in The Urban land part of this unit is covered mostly with cluding grasses and legumes, reduce runoff and help to houses, paved streets, parking lots, driveways, small control erosion. shopping centers, industrial buildings, churches, and This soil has moderately high ·potential for broadleaf apartment complexes. and needleleaf trees. The dominant trees are loblolly In some altered, or disturbed, areas the Cecil soil is pine, shortleaf pine, yellow-poplar, hickory, white oak, covered with more . than 20 inches of fill material. In red oak, sweetgum, and ash. The main ·understory spe- · others, more than two-thirds of the natural soil has been cies are dogwood,· sourwood, redbud, black cherry, and · removed by cutting and grading. holly. The clayey subsoil is the main limitation in wood- · tluded in mapping are small areas of Appling, Enon, land use and management. · ' ; . a ~ecklenburg soils. This soil has high potential for most ·urban uses. Be . cover is not well established, soils on these areas cause of the moderate permeability, this soil is limited for I have an erosion hazard. Grading Is necessary for urban septic tank absorption fields. This limitation can be over- •. . COUNTY 1 Ref 4 I , / I l 1e 1\ I 80"50' .... - evtUnecl Ofl tftls _, I - IMn- lrind of MIL 11M _, for ..,_, plonnilll f'flltftet for cleciliON 011 tM UM of apedfic • Ref 4 LEGEND CECIL: Gently sloping to strongly sloping, well drained soils that have a predominantly clayey subsoil; formed in residuum from acid igneous and metamorphic rock CECIL·URBAN land: Nearly level to strongly sloping urban areas on well drained soils that have a pre dominantly clayey subsoil; formed in residuum from acid igneous and metamorphic rock IREDELL-MECKLENBURG: Nearly level to strongly sloping, moderately well drained and well drained soils that have a predominantly clayey subsoil; formed in residuum from diorite, gabbro, and other rock high in ferromagnesian minerals WI LKES.ENON: Gently sloping to steep, well drained soils that have a predominantly clayey subsoil; formed in residuum from diorite, hornblende schist, and other basic rock; or from mixed acidic end basic rock ENON-HELENA.VANCE: Gently sloping to strongly sloping, well drained and moderately well drained soils that have a predominantly clayey subsoil; formed in residuum from mixed acidic and basic igneous and metamorphic rock PACOLET-CECIL: Gently sloping to steep, well drained soils that have a predominantly clayey subsoil: w formed in residuum from acid igneous and metamorphic rock MONACAN: Nearly level, somewhat poorly drained soils that have a predominantly loamy subsoil: 1§11jj formed in fluvial sediment on flood plains GEORGEVILLE·GOLOSTON·LIGNUM: Gently sloping to strongly sloping, well drained and moderately well drained soils that have a clayey or loamy subsoil; forme~ in residuum from fine grained schist or slate - Compiled 1978 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION MECKLENBURG COUNTY BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS N GENERAL SOIL MAP MECKLENBURG COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA Sale 1:253,440 1 0 1 2 3 4 Miles I I I I 1 I I I I 1 0 4 a Km I. I I I • L. ______\"::::··.··.. ·;. Ref 5 DATE: December 31, 1985 TO: F II e FROM: Jeck Butler SUBJECT: Telephone conversation with Clarence WI I lerd ((704) 523-12301 ebout I WI llerd Smelting Co. NC 0003151651. WJJ lerd Smelting Co. begen operation et 101 Newbern Street In 1939. Prior to 1939 Moore Smelter operated et this site for severe! yeers. In the mid to Jete 1940's the neme wes changed from Willard Smelting Co. to Willard Leed Products end on Jenuery I, 1986 the neme will change to Willard Industries, Inc. Mr. WI I lerd reported thet batteries heve never b!en opened et this site. A secondary teed smelter wes operated from 1939 until June 1982. Only leed febrtcetlon Is done et this site et present. An approximately 400 ft. deep weli Is on site. This well wes used to supply cooling water for the smelter but Is no longer used. The well wes sampled In December end Mr. Willard promised to send e copy of the Jeb report. AI I weter from the site Including storm run off weter from peved perking end loedlng erees Is pretreated prior to discharge to the city sewer. The pH Is monItored end edj us ted to pH B end 'f I occu I ent Is added. The s I udge thet Is generated Is returned to the process. Mr. WII lerd reported thet he knew of no spl lis or disposal of hezerdous ~estes on their site. JB/tb/0:!14b • • NORTH CAROLINA Al"L~ PUBLIC HEALTH >LIBRARY ·~ DIVISION OF HEALTH SERVICES Edited by JAMES W. CLAY P. 0. BOX 2091 DOUGLAS M. 6RR, JR. RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA 27602 ALFRED W. STUART Forewcrd by JAMES E. HOLSHOUSER, JR. The University of North Carolina Press • Chapel Hill Figure. Average January Temperatures In N.C. ;:,easonat "nangu11111 Cllmuu• 6 Winter The alternate passage of l~w- and· pressure systems over the state during winter months • results in changing weather conditions. Moisture arm warmer temperatures are characteristically associated with frequently passing low-pressure cells. Lows are followed by polar highs, which bring lower temperatures and clear skies. However, even when under the influence of these polar highs, temperatures seldom fall below 10° F.• and midday temperatures reach into the forties, making the winter season very tolerable by northern standards. - Degrees Fahrenheit January average temperatures shown in Figure 5.2 48andabove illustrate the mildness of winters. Only at the highest elevations do temper?'ures average below freezing. The 46-48 mean temperature lor January at Mount Mitchell is 28.JO 44-46 F., the lowest in the state. Yet, at Asheville, located on the lee side of the mountains, temperatures for January average 39.4° F. 36-40- Nowhere else in North Carolina is the local contrast in temperatures as great as in the western counties. Temperature contrasts are least where the climate is mildest. Hatteras, on the Outer Banks, has a January ' :. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather and Climate in North Carolina, 19n. mean of 48.0° F.• and only thirteen days each year when •' -temperatures of 32• F. and below are recorded. The tendency for January isotherms to parallel the coast shows the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. Wilmington, in Figure 5.3. Mean Maximum Temperature In N.C. southeastern North Carolina, the most subtropical area in the state, exemplifies the maritime effect. This coastal city has a January mean temperature of 47.8° F., and an JANUARY average of only eight days during January when temperatures dip to 32° F. or less, as compared with eighteen days at Raleigh and nineteen at Asheville. In the Piedmont, latitude is the primary control on temperature, and the isotherms maintain a zonal pattern. As might be expected, temperature averages lie be tween those exhibited by the surrounding regions. Charlotte has a mean January temperature of 42.3° F., Greensboro, 39.0° F., and Raleigh, 42. r F. Degrees Fahrenheit However, whereas Asheville averages eighty-three days each year when temperatures drop below freezing, Winston-Salem has freezing temperatures eighty-eight days annually, and <;3reensboro has eighty-four days with freezing temperatures. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather and Climate in North Carolina, 1972. 94 Janunry IIA Maximum and Minimum Figu~n-5.4. Moon Minimum Tompornturo In N.C. Tempera-tZ Figure 5.3 illustrates the temperature pattern across North Carolina on a typical afternoon of the coldest month. The cool waters of the East Coast are JANUI•RY- responsible for the isotherms taking an abrupt inland turn to the north before resuming the northeast-southwest pattern usually found on temperature maps. This dis tribution indicates that midday temperatures in January are highest a short distance inland f~om the coast unlike the pattern of mean temperatures thai indicates a smooth gradient from the coast westward. Also, in the mountains, isotherms of mean maximum temperature are more numerous and some "islands" or "pockets" of cool temperatures exist. The greater ranges of temperature are associated with mountain valleys where nights are Degrees Fahrenheit cold and days are warm, causing patterns of maximum temperatures to contrast significantly with mean temperature distributions. The moderating effect of the ocean becomes evident in Figure 5.3, where January mean minimum temperatures are shown. Isotherms on this map reflect characteristic nighttime temperatures. The pattern reveals that temperatures are milder along the coast and decrease inland fairly rapidly. Once again, the temperature pattern Source: U.S. Departm~nt of Commerce, Weather and Climate in North Carolina, 19n. is more complex in the highlands region. Generally, mean minimum temperatures are well below freezing in the Mountain region, at freezing levels throughout the Piedmont, and above freezing in the Coastal Plain. A ~Figure 5.5. Average Annual Heating Degree Days in N.C. comparison of Figures 5.3 and 5.4 indicates that during January the daily range of temperature is about 20° F. :' everywhere in the state. ' ' Average Annual Heating Degree Days There are climatically signi-ficant measurements of heat energy variation other than the direct determination of tempera lure, the cyclical occurrence of certain temperature • levels, or the periodicity of temperature realms. These measurements relate to temperature efficiency in term·s of human comfort or plant growth. One of these less common indexes is the heating degree day. This measurement is a cold season index and is based on the Total Heating Degrees Annually (Fahrenheit) assumption that a temperature of 65° F. within a building is the minimum thermal threshold for normal human comfort: The negative departure of daily mean tempera ture from this standard figure is recorded as healing degree day units. For example, a daily temperature . 4,000-4,500 average of 40° F. would be listed as twenty-five healing degree days. Developed by healing engineers, this 3,500-4,000 index permits a relatively accurate measurement of fuel 3,000-3,500 consumption, and removes the guesswork from the 2,500-3,000 calculation of fuel ,needs. The accumulation of heating 2,000-2,500 degree day units Spring For many North Carolinians, this season is the most preferable of all. With the northward shifting of the noon sun, the storm track normal to North Carolina during Number of Inches the winter retreats northward and fewer and fewer cy clonic storms occur. Cold spells are less numerous and periods of high temperatures and balmy days become longer and more pronounced. Rainfall diminishes slightly in April, but increases toward the summer as cyclonic ac tivity gives way to thundershowers and their heavy down pours. Although more precipitation is received in the state during May and June, there are fewer hours and days in which rainfall occurs, indicating a higher precipitation in tensity. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Climatological Summary, 1966. Mean temperatures range from the fifties in April to the seventies in June for all places save those at high eleva tions. The days are marked by cool nights and_ warm after noons with relative humidities at optimal levels for human Figure 5.8. Average Date of Last Freezing Temperature In N.C. comfort. As the daylight period lengthens, sunshine per centages and totals increase totheirhighestvaluesforthe year. For the eastern two-thirds of the state, sunshine dur- · :' ing April, May, and June is received approximately 70 . ' percent of the time and in amounts exceeding three hu~dred hours for the latter part of the season. Average Date of the Last Freeze In Spring As illus tr>~ted by Figure 5.8, the beginning of the freeze-free sea son varies across the state from 1 March to 1 0 May, a dif ference in time of over two months. As expected, the milder climate along North Carolina's coast engenders early dates, whereas the more severeclimateof the Moun tains retards the start of the freeze-free period longer than elsewhere. In most areas of the Coastal Plain, the last spring freeze generally occurs by the first of April. The · ' Apr. 11-Apr. 21 Piedmont has its last freezes between 1 and 10 April, Apr. 1-Apr. 11 - about ten to fifteen days later than the Coastal Plain. In the Mountains, there is greater variation in mean dales for both the beginning and the end of the freeze season. Be before Mar. 12 cause air chills more quickly at higher elevations, and because cold air is denser than warm air, the cold air drains into the valleys where it is contained and continues Source: U.S. Department of_ Commerce, West her and Climate in North Carolina, 1972. to lose heat by radiation. The result of this process is that in certain Mountain areas some valleys are more often colder than their slopes ·at intermediate altitudes. Lying between the below-fre~zing temperatures of the valley's and the higher elevations are "verdant" or "thermal" belts. tlgure 5.~. Average July Temperature In N.C. I hese stnp-rike regrons have ronger free.;:e-fA:;ect:;ons and thereby show earlier dates for the end~ freeze e period than their surroundings. They support frost susceptible vegetation long after the greenery has disappeared in nearby areas. Often in early winter or even in midwinter a c_ontrasting belt of green flanked above and below by brown may be seen. These green belts are characteristically located along slopes that face the winter sun, are protected from cold northern winds, and have cold air drainage to lower valleys. The blossoming of dogwood and redbud moves across the state in a pattern similar to that of the end of the freeze Degrees Fahrenheit season to blanket North Carolina with color and beauty. 80andabove Summer Summer is characterized by its high tempera .I 78-80. .J tures, high humidities, high amounts of rainfall, and high 76-78 physiological stress. Except for the amelioration ol these 72-76 climatic elements in the Mountains, and the relief 68-72 afforded by sea breeze:s along the coast, elsewhere in below68 the state summer is a season of extremes. Mean monthly minimum temperatures for July and August are in the upper seventies and eighties and mean maximum Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather and Climate in North Carolina, 1972. temperatures reach into the nineties. However, to quote a popular adage, "it's not the heat but .. the humidity," and North Carolina's temperatures in Figure 5.10. Mean Maximum July Temperature In N.C. . combination with the high water vapor amounts preva lent during the summer months are definitely uncomfort able. In addition, high sunshine percentages and a predominance of southerly winds tend to aggravate an already unpleasant climatic condition. Only the periodic passage of cool, dry air masses from the north and sea breezes in the coastal areas alleviate the discomfort of summer weather for North Carolina's low-lying counties. July Average Temperatures The pattern of mean temperatures in July is similar to the pattern in January (Figure 5.9). However, in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain, isotherms are fewer in number and farther apart. In ~ Degrees Fahrenheit the Mountains, the reverse is tru.e. The widespread 92and above isotherms east of the Mountains indicate that tempera- · lure averages across central and eastern North Carolina 90-92 exhibit little contrast. From the western Piedmont to the I ... 88-90 coast, the difference in mean temperatures is only 4° F. I 86-88 Although the influence of the ocean is not evident in the 84-86 arrangement of isotherms, the high temperatures of the I 82-84 Coastal Plain are made less severe by the cooling power 80-82 of the sea breeze. Hatteras, on the Outer Banks, records a temperature of 90° F. on the average of only one day below80 ffi' each year, while Wilmington, a short distance from the Hl . coast, has an occurrence of 90° F. temperatures about m Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather and Climate in North Carolina, 1972. twenty-four days annually. In contrast with these loca- tions, Raleigh and Winston-Salem mean temperatures for July are slightly lower, but the average number of days on which a temperature of goo F. or above is experienced increases to more than forty. 98 lnlhe MouroA;. lim ellecls ol allilude re July Average Maximum and Minimum Temperatures The temperatures typically recorded Degrees Fahrenheit duriny an afternoon in July are shown in Figure 5.10. In nand above the Coastal Plain, isotherms representing mean maxi mum iemperature are aligned parallel to the shoreline 68-72 signifying the effect or the cool ocean and sea breeze. At Cape Hatteras, the summer daytime maximum is 84° F. 00-64 Inland, temperatures increase and reach their highest 56-00 values in the Fayetteville area where scorching tempera tures in excess of 92° F. are experienced. In the Piedmont, maximum temperatures average between 88° F. and 92° F. Toward the Mountains, midday highs drop to more pleasant levels. In Swain and Haywood Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather and Climate in North Carolina, 1972. counties, afternoon temperatures are generally in the low seventies and most western counties record mean July maximums under 80° F. . Although isotherms of mean minimum temperature ex hibit a pattern similar to the pattern of maximum July :• temperatures, in the outer Coastal Plain absolute tem pcrnturc values nrc reversed (Figure 5.11 ). Minimum temperatures represent nighttime conditions and their having over 8 inches ·of precipitation and an average of distribution indicates that the effect of the ocean is to fourteen rain days in July. By August the hurricane Figure 5.12. Average Annual Growing Degree Days warm adjacent areas. Farther inland, the more rapidly season has arrived and these storms may contribute a in N.C. cooling land causes the temperatures to be lower. Thus significant percentage of rainfall to monthly totals and the maps showing average July maximum and minimum continue to do so well into the fall. temperatures portray the daily relative change in influ ence from ocean to land and back again along the Average Growing Degree Days Similar in its deriva coastal fringe of North Carolina. Over the Piedmont and tion to the heating degree day concept, the growing the Inner Coastal Plain, July average minimums show degree day is based on the positive departure of mean little change with distance, ranging only 4° F. from 66° F. daily temperature from an established temperature value to 70° F. In the Mountains; 50° F. and 60° F. temperatures representing the start of the active growth period for indicate -the characteristically cool weather associated plants. with this region during summer nights. Total Degrees Annually Although each plant has its own base temperature for Sur,·,;;er is the season of greatest precipitation in North seed germination and active growth, a mean daily Carolina. Thunderstorms are the predominant temperature of 40° F. will represent the beginning of the mechanism for precipitation delivery and occur mainly in growth period for most crops. To determine growing the afternoon or evening. They come on an average of ten degree day units for example, a daily mean temperature 5,000-6,000 to twelve days per month. July and August show the of 50° F. will indicate ten growing degree days or a 1 oo F. 4,000-5,000 highest rainfall amounts with many sections of the state departure from the base minimum of 40° F. These units below4,000 reporting 5 to 7 inches of rain for each of these months. are then accumulated for the year and averaged over a The coastal region around Wilmington and the south period of time to provide us with the data for preparing western counties are the fainiest areas in the stale Fi_gure 5.12. Since each plant requires a certain amount Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Climatologicsl Summary, 1966. -Autumn is the.est season of the year and rainfall Figure 5.15. Average Annual Precipitation in N.C. amounts drop w 3 inches throughout central and eastern North olina during October and November. Cyclonic activity increases as thunderstorms become less frequent until by late November they seldom oct,cur. As illustrated in Figure 5.14, freezes begin early in October in the Mountains and slowly move eastward toward the coast. In early December, the freeze-free season reluctantly comes to a close in the Wilmington Southport area. Deciduous trees begin their dormancy period and the color of the state gradually changes from the quiet greens of summer to the fiery reds and brilliant Number of Inches yellows of fall. By late autumn the highlands, now a mottled brown and green, show an occasional sprinkling , · 80 and above of white as temperatures in the Mountains fall below • 72-80 freezing and the possibility of snow increases. However, 64-72 in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain, tennis, sailing, and 56-64 picnicking, for example, continue into November and 52-56-- football games played late in the season are often attended by fans dressed in warm-season attire. 44-48 Annual Precipltallon and Humidity Although a considerable variation in the distribution of rainfall exists throughout the state, everywhere precipita Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Weather and Climate in North Carolina, 1972. tion is high (Figure 5.15). In the Coastal Plain, rainfall totals average from 44 to 55 inches; the highest amounts were received at the Outer Banks. Across the Piedmont, yearly rainfall averages range from 43 to 48 inches, with the northern and southern sectors having the lower totals. Although rainfall is hea'viest in the summer, evaporation Average Number of Days with 0.011nches of The greatest variability in rainfall distribution is found in and transpiration Jesse's are also great. Consequently, Precipitation or More Figure 5.16 shows the pattern of the Mountains. Here, south-facing slopes along the North the summer season is· deficient in its supply of soil days with measurable precipitation in North Carolina. Carolina-South Carolina border receive as much as 80 moisture and irrigation-may be required to sustain crop The Mountains have the greatest number of days with inches of precipitation each year. Nearby, Asheville, needs. measurable precipitation, averaging 10 to 20 more rainy lying in'a sheltered valley, records only 37 inches, the days per year than the coast and 20 to 30 days more than lowest rainfall average reported in the state. More Although it is considered to be a wet state, North the southern Piedmont. In the northwest corner of the commonly, average annual precipitation in the Moun Carolina nevertheless has its occasional "bout with state precipitation occurs 4 out of every 10 days. By tains ranges from 44 to 58 inches. For the state as a drought." Recently, the Piedmont and Inner Coastal Plain contrast, the sandhills in the Southern Piedmont experi whole, an average total of 50 inches is representative. suffered through an especially severe drought. In 1968, ences precipitation on only 30 percent of the days. In negative rainfall departures amounting to as much as 26 fact, a "tongue" of fewerrainy days penetrates the state The distribution of rainfall throughout the year is reason inches were computed by individual stations within this from south to north, through North Carolina's central ably uniform. Although there are no pronounced wet and area. On the other hand, 1972 proved to be an abnor counties. For the slate as a whole, 125 days with dry seasons, a profile of average annual precipitation mally wet year. During that year, Raleigh, which has an measurable precipitation is a representative figure. indicates a bimodal distribution, i.e., two periods of average annual precipitation of 46.35 inches, experi higher rainfall separated by two periods during the year enced a total rainfall of 51.74 inches. Raleigh's weather Water Balance when rainfall amounts are lower than the norm. Gener records may be used to illustrate the variations in yearly ally, the highest precipitation totals are associated with precipitation amounts. In the capital city, annual totals The "wetness" or "dryness" of any region is mirrored by the summer months. In the fall, the season of the least have varied from a low of 30 inches in 1933 to a high of its natural vegetatioh. Indigenous plant life is an indi rainfall, the lowest yearly totals usually occur in October 64 inches in 1936. On a monthly basis, rainfall variation cator of a region's precipitation effectiveness and its or November. Precipitation increases slightly during the for July has ranged from 12.36 inches in 1931 to as little capacity to support plant growth. The minimal moisture winter season and then decreases to a secondary low in as 0.38 inches in 1953. Yet precipitation variability in requirements of plant communities are quite specific, April. This precipitation regime is common to the state North Carolina is moderate compared with those states and in situ vegetation reflects the amounts of water and varies only slightly from place to place. where rainfall totals are significantly less and conse annually and seasonally available for its use. As the size quently precipitation patterns and regimes are more of a bank account depends upon the balance between unpredi_ctable. depOsits and withdrawals, so precipitation effectiveness 101 !;ollrnoi!>turc-JireniCnl is satisfied, additional precipi Figure 5,18. Water Balance Doflclt In N.C. Flguro 5.20. Moon Annual Evoporotlone.c. . ' tation will dr~ the underground water table or run oil ! the lnnd as surplus water. I Figure 5.18 provides the water balance deficits for th.e I state and shows that everywhere except for the Asheville area and the northern Piedmont, the annual water deficit :I is less than one inch. By contrast, Figu.re 5.19 gives water balance surpluses. Being a wet slate, North Carolina's water budget indicates surpluses exceeding I 1 inch and above deficits by large amounts. While most of the Piedmont 0 Number of Inches and Coastal Plain have surplus water up to 15 inches, the D below 1 inch Outer Banks and the Mountains show surpluses above 15 inches. In the southwest corner of the state, water surpluses amount to as much as 30 inches. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Climatic Summary of tile U.S., 1972. I, Mean annual evaporation for North Carolina is shown in I i Figure 5.20. Evaporation rates and totals are related to I temperature, wind velocity, and relative humidity. Where temperatures are highest and humidities lowest, evapo Figure 5.19. Water Balance Surplus In ~.C. ration intensities will be greatest. Since temperatures throughout the Coastal Plain and the Piedmont are Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Climatic Summary o"f the highest for the state and since humidity percentages are U.S.,1972. greater in the vicinity of the ocean, evaporation totals are lower in the Mountains and along the coast, and highest in the sbulhern Piedmont and Coastal Plain. A compari son of !l,e maps showing precipitation, evaporation, water surplus, and water deficit will provide the reader with a fairly complete picture of North Carolina's water balance. Number of Inches· 30and above Winds and Storms 25-30 . ' The velocity of the wind is relevant to ventilation of air pollutants, evaporation rates, and thus cooling and 20-25 Three types of storms and their associated winds are chilling indexes. On those occasions when winds reach common to North Carolina: cyclonic and convectional 15-20 gale force and higher, their velocities are of singular thunderstorms, hurricanes, and tornadoes. These storms below 15 importance because of their destructive capabilities. are integral parts of the state's climatic pattern. In • Damaging winds are usually associated with infrequent analyzing the importance of winds, direction and speed hurricanes and tornadoes and, at times, with severe are major considerations. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Climatic thunderstorms. Summary of the U.S., 1972. Although prevailing winds (winds that persist in blowing The prevailing winds and mean wind speeds averaged from one direction more so than any other) characterize for the year are given in Figure 5.21. For the eastern given geographical areas, wind direction changes fre two-thirds of the state, winds blow most frequently from quently. A northwesterly wind (coming from the rorth the southwest and south. Throughout the Mountains and west) will be, relatively speaking, a cooling and drying the western Piedmont, winds prevail from northerly wind, whereas a southeasterly wind will bring warm, directions. This annual pattern of prevailing winds moist air to the state. The passage of cyclones and persists lor most months of the year except September anticyclones with their characteristic wind patterns will and October when winds are dominantly from the change the wind's direction so that it may come across northeast. During ihese months, the clockwise flow of air North Carolina from any point of the compass. from seasonal anticyclones lyin·g poleward of North Carolina, and the counterclockwise wihds associated ~ with an increased number of offshore storms cause ~ northeasterlies to prevail across the state. 103 F .....- Figure 5.21~evalllng Wmds and lvlean Annuu1 t:secause tnunders1urrn dev~::luiJmen, dllu frequ"''"·'Y is 5.~!!rag-nbel- a···- .... .nd Speed in N.C. enhanced by (1} atmospheric instability that is linked to Thunderstorms high surface temperatures, (2) atmospheric moisture that supplies the latent energy requirements, and (3) some NE triggering device to start the convection process, thunderstorms occur more frequently in regions of warm temperatures and high humidities. North Carolin~·s climate is conducive to thunderstorm development and the state experiences violent local storms forty to fifty days each year. For the United States, Florida and the Gulf Coast lead in the number of days with thunder- storms. Here, seventy to ninety days per year with thunderstorms is normal. In the northern states and along the West Coast, thunderstorm activity drops olf because of colder temperatures over land and coastal waters. North Carolina's pattern of thunderstorm activity shows Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Climatic Summary of the U.S .. 1972. . fewest storms off the northeast coast where coastal waters also are cooler. Inland, thunderstorms are more \ Note: Wind speeds are noted in miles per hour. frequent, increasing to fifty days as the Mountains are approached. In the Mountains, the higher frequency of I I storm activity (all types) and the triggering supplied by mountain and frontal slopes results in the most thunder ous area to be found in the state (Figure 5.22). Wind speeds have been averaged for each zone of prevailing winds. Winds tend to diminish in speed Hurricanes In th~ latter half of the year. the United ,, ' westward from the coast where sea breezes and offshore States is visited by hurricanes. Originating over tropical \ : storms contribute to velocities that average twelve miles oceans as small cyclones, under Javor able conditions .. , ~r hC'Jr. Thrc~gho'Jt the Inner Coast::~ I Plain a~d the hurricanes become large, intense storm systems. Their P.~;::~:::;;:. t":e r:"e:.!1 "ind s;::·eed is nine miles per hour. winds exceed seventy-li,·e miles per hour and spiral a."'\::!' n .:-.:: ·••• ;:;~;·n ccunties. representative wind speeds counterclockwise around an "e~·e" ol '·ery low pressure. a~t: "E. a~.::: p:r 1'1c:AJr. On a daily basis, Sustained by the ocean tt·.at breeds them. these storms e."''' t: ;:-.: m1:t:s Numbefo!Days \v.n~ ,,:;oc ::es a~e l.:.•.es: te!ore da\\n and highest are dri"en by the heat rete::~sed from condensing water ar01.1nd midaftemoon. Seasonally, winter, with greater vapor. Covering tens of thousands of square mites, OOandabo\"8 temperature and pressure contrasts, shows the most hurricanes move slowly and deliberately, at speeds 60-00 rapid air movement and summer is the time of lowest between filteen and fifty miles per hour, delivering 4().60 winq speeds.· · prodigious amounts of precipitation to areas over which · 20-40 they pass. Moving out of the tropics, hurricanes of the Thunderstorms Thunqerstorms are vertically de Atlantic Ocean generally invade the Gulf of Mexico, or below20 veloped storm systems that involve lightning and thun veer northward toward the middle latitudes, occasionally der. Produced by instabil,ity in the atmosphere, these penetrating the continent, or skirting the coastline as far Source: Glenn T. Trewartha, Arthur H. Robinson, and Edwin H. storms are sustained by the conversion of water vapor north as New England. Hurricanes are sea monsters and Hammond, eds., Elements of Geography, 5th ed. (New York: into rain and hail, which causes the release of enormous diminish in intensity as they move inland and away from McGraw-Hill Book Co., 19671. amounts of energy. This energy results in vigorous . their source of energy. Although capable of great updrafts of rapidly moving air. The intensity and turbu destruction, hurricanes nevertheless benefit the south lence of an individual thunderstorm is related to the eastern states to a substantial degree. As the eastern degree of atmospheric instability and the supply of latent slates are subject to periodic summer droughts, the vast energy released by the condensing of water vapor. In amounts of water delivered to this region by these giant structure, the typical thunderstorm is a collection of tropical storms have served more than once to alleviate year, bui as many as eleven in one year have been convecti~e cells each averaging a mile or more 'in or terminate the disastrous effects of drought conditions. observed. North Carolina has experienced twelve espe diameter, A cell is comprised of columns of rapidly However, hurricanes are killer storms, and their long cially disastrous hurricanes since 1900. Cape Halt era" rising air separated and counterbalanced by downdrafts range benefits are obscured by the more obvious death,· extending as it does into the ocean, is affected by ffi' of slower moving air. Associated with thunderstorms and destruction, and damage accompanying them. On the hurricanes more than any other area of North Carolina Hl their bulbous h:;:1de are heavy downpours of rain, hail, average, the Atlantic Ocean generates six hurricanes a (Figure 5.23}. Its low-lying sandy surface is especially m gusty and squal,y winds, and of course, lightning and vulnerable to the combined effects of high winds, higl· thunder. · tides. and flooding associated with these storms. 104 Otvl5-\0N Of HEALTH S_ · P. 0. BOX ~091; ,.. , r::-r~NA 2.76J2 ~~ NORTH \J'I'~ Ref 8 F-Ifth Edition.1984 North Caroljna State Government Statistical Abstract ...... North Carolina ...~ I • -< Research and Planning Services Office of State Budget and Management • Table 18 IV\JLATIOH DENSITtl•l rl PlJ.CES VITH_~.!5o0 m taE INWIITAHTS 'rEARS 1960, 1970 ARJ 1980 1960 1970 19110 PI tee 1960 1970 1980 PI tee 2,834 3,141 1,614 Ahoskie 3,274 2,687 1,880 Lunberton 1,918 1,035 Madison 2,7.31 N\ 510 Albemarle 2, "1 1,287 1,052 ,... 1,1» Halden N\ N\ Ape'\ 2,573 2,382 2,047 Archdale 1,382 1,130 942 . Harton 1,387 Mar-Mac CCa>) N\ N\ 732 Asheboro 2,197 2,076 616 2,714 2,587 1,867 Hasonboro CCa>) N\ N\ Asheville 1,950 N\ 1,595 Ayden 2,072 2,029 1,817 HIIXton 5,844 3,062 1,594 Heyodan 3,380 2,875 1,751 BeiiUfort 1,689 N\ 1,855 Be11110nt 2,635 2,292 1,1n Mebane N\ 574 Benson 2,355 N\ 2,148 Hint Hill N\ I 581 1,496 Mocksville 743 790 733 Bessemer City 1,211 1 1,620 1,313 1,001 9n Monroe 1,727 1,736 Black Mountain 2,096 1,957 1,824 Bonnie Doone CCIPJ 953 N\ 1,700 Mooresville 2,682 Morehead C lty 3,122 3,489 2,180 Boone 2,304 2,245 1,012 2,B57 2,497 2,047 Morganton 2,355 1,841 Brevard 2,822 1,592 1,430 Brogden CCIPJ N\ N\ 1,358 Mount Airy 2,364 2,231 Mount Holly 2,125 1,459 1,562 Burlington 2,677 2,7:50 2,n8 Butner CCIPJ . N\ 1,220 1,514 Mount Olive 3,1" Murfreesboro 1,888 2,3» 1,769 Camp lejeunl Cenrrel CCIPJ N\. 2,107 1,636 )81 973 2,437 Myrtle Grove CCIPJ N\ N\ Canton 2, 715 (b) Nashville 2,372 N\ 1,275 Carrboro 2,8, 1,265 2,934 2,510 2,176 New Bern CCIPJ 6,287 3,858 Cary 1,20 1,161 N\ 602 3,592 ),274 2,594 New Hope (CIPJ (Wilke County) N\ Chapel HI I I New Hope CCIPJ CWeyne County) N\ N\ 942 Charlotte ),199 ),173 2,251 1,794 Hew River Station lea>) N\ 1,192 711 Cherryville 2,576 1,813 2,018 2,910 1,588 1,660 1,939 1,023 Newton Clayton North Bel1110nt CCIPJ 1,028 I ,098 1,170 Cle1111110ns CCIPJ N\ N\ 705 North llllkesboro 976 746 724 Clinton .. 2,487 2,105 1,678 574 2,017 Ogden (CIP) N\ N\ Concord 3,632 2,676 2,251 1,795 2,001 2,851 2,237 1,249 Oxford Conover Parkwood CCDPJ N\ N\ 1, 710 Dallas 1, 721 2,136 2,386 ),373 1,350 Pentlroke 1,524 .N\ Davidson 2,573 1,466 934 N\ 135 3,15) 2,025 1,867 Pinehurst (CIP) Dunn Pine Valley CCDP) N\ N\ 929 Durha11 3,676 2,608 2,484 556 9)8 990 Piney Green-White Oak CCIPJ N\ N\ East Flat Rock lea') 822 1,728 1,540 1,203 East Rocklngha• CaP) 2,676 2,382 1,442 Ply1101.1th N\ 461 1,356 1,3» Poplar Tent CCIP) N\ Eden P~ln Center (CIPJ N\ N\ 652 Edlinton 2,026 1,362 1,488 1,344 "' R~~eford 1,176 1,178 E IIzabeth City 3,430 2,814 2,980 2, 787 2,708 2, 793 2,321 N\ 986 Raleigh E llzebethtown Red Springs 2,516 1,990 1,202 Elkin 896 906 752 1,871 1,794 1,666 2.uo N\ 2,394 Reidsville Elon College Roanoke RI!P) ds 2,562 2,289 2,014 Elroy CCIJ') N\ N\ 590 1,969 1,773 1,627 2,482 2,727 2,496 RockinghaM Enfield Rocky Mount 3,457 2,765 2,281 Enkl CCIPJ N\ N\ 84J Rosewood (COP) N\ h\ 564 Enoehvllle CCIPI ~ 69& 2,145 2,2)8 . 2,036 2 449 2,194 1,768 ROMboro Erwin 0 "' Rutherfordton 1,305 1,248 1,374 Falr1110;1~ 11 201 I, 767 1,477 N\ N\ 900 N\ 6l4 St. Stephens CCDP) Felrplalns CCDPJ N\ Sale• CCDP) CBurtle County) AA AA 601 FarMVIlle 3,075 2,458 2,241 3,4, 2,649 1,718 3,20, 2,287 I,BOl SeJiabury · Fayetteville Sanford 2,785 :,663 1,252 Forest City 1,681 825 1,220 2,704 2,391 1,889 N\ 2,701 2,213 Scotland Neck Fort Sregg CCDPJ Seegate CaP) N\ M 815 Frenk lin 701 N\ 852 2,381 972 Set•e 2,585 2,904 · Fuquay-Yartne 1,09, 11 192 2,206 1,988 2 140 2,143 Shelby 2,493 Garner 1,726 1 1,142 1,172 1,112 3,584 2ol69 2,181 Slier City Gastonia Sliver lake (CDP) N\ N\ 541 • Glbaonvll le N\ '.791 '· 784 S•lthfleld 2,781 2,087 1,157 Glen Raven (COP) 11 051 11 499 672 1,142 1,119 2o2U Southern Pines 1,181 Goldsboro ' 4,067 2,979 1.,.. N\ 1,362 N\ .. N\ 256 South Gastonia CCOPJ Gor1111n (CIPJ South Goldsboro CCDPJ N\ M 791 r. .. ,.,,...,. ,,,40 2,,,, 1,0~! .... • ,,_,..._a 1,1111 N\ 1,,69 EMISSIONS INVENTORY SUK't\RY (IN TONS) F'ROH POINT Nil MEA SOURCES,BY OOUNTY 1979 Volatile Organic Canpounds Particulates Sulfur Dioxide Nltr~n Oxides end Hicrocerbons Carbon Monoxide Area Point Area Point Area Point Area Point Area Point County Sources Sources Sources Sources Sources Sources Sources Sources Sources Souroes State Total 553,662 222,263 0,247 731,157 334,896 290,035 560,734 114,695 2,416,683 130,670 Alamance 7,718 868 818 ',428 5,890 266 11,748 3 45,688 21 Alexander 2,150 633 173 128. 1,150 32 1,634 535 6,800 2 Alleghany 2,168 63 611 924 3,931 Anson 2,537 201- 183 -2 1,618 16- 2, 700 92- 10,909 -4 Ashe 5,022 422 127 9 I, 127 74 I, 713 231 7,535 12 Avery 1,785 78 89 83 799 50 197 ! 8 4,116 7 Beaufort 5,334 1,079 Xl7 21,236 2,731 I, 145 4,277 23 19,654 5I Bertie 2,927 1,688 144 316 1,598 312 2,107 63 11,434 101 Bladen 3,565 135 191 551 1,935 99 2,731 184 12,777 8 Brunswick 3,293 913 284 16,616 2,818 3,418 3,285 29,359 16,967 10,845 Buncombe 15,826 4,523 I,Ol5 101,654 8,073 34,108 17,219 536 66,409 2,245 Burke 5,906 568 4!5 1,528 4,066 671 6,335 1,486 27,446 109 Cabarrus 6,136 765 581 2,638 4, 775 1,126 8,704 998 45,995 94 Caldwell . 6,070 3,850 581 :J33 3,408 435 4,897 5,600 19,740 69 Camden 707 J 47 - 517 - 825 - 4,021 - Carteret 1,949 8 270 81 2,269 16 5,080 - 20,446 2 Caswell 2,438 899 124 I, 160 1,516 - 8, 4:JJ Catawba 7,537 19,814 1,345 75,338- 7,829 33,800- 13,934 J,OI6 -«>,662 1,932- Chatham 4,994 9,679 349 12,208 2,464 5,352 3,999 756 15,675 889 Cherokee 3,332 50 104 I 1,050 6 1,750 I 7,010 I Chow an 747 54 93 326 795 54 1,405 227 6,347 4 Clay 2,096 71 1,200 2,076 17,224 Cleveland 6,160 l55- 945 -«>6- 4,0-,c) 929- 6,461 - 15,717 <46- Colunt.us 5,840 I ,·406 351 7,735 3,216 2,082 4,170 412- 20,162 12,427 Craven 6,501 3,358 :JJ9 6,706 3,677 2,614 6,682 1,0-«J 32,514 7,085 Cunt.er land 17,810 586 1,120 2,927 9,493 681 17,624 834 90,631 74 Currituck 1,100 159 700 1,200 2 1,400 4,900 Dare 605 5 104 240- 932 71 3,926 -2 14,035 12- Davidson 10,207 355 756 998 6,301 629 10,328 2,470 44,355 144 Davie 2,233 428 149 66 1,259 31 5,206 181 8,938 5 Duplin 4,789 105 273 763 2,949 154 3,668 41 18,942 Durham 10,624 836 778 800 6,398 194 12,903 103 58,610 "15 EdQ~JCombe 3,302 3,041 491 407 4,010 81 4,720 I, :567 21,017 17 forsyth 17,838 528 2,173 5,837 16,754 2,152 24,192 21,408 95,712 186 frank lin 2,850 - 181 - 1,771 - 3,165 83 13,286 - Gaston 10,171 7,566 1,145 62,730 8,842 29,610 15,598 687 61,159 1,789 4,277 Gates 1,298 69 - 729 740 - Graham 842 44- Jj 60- 364 19- 479 -3 2,231 4 Granville 5,457 78 206 720 2,277 1,028 4,013 515 19,515 188 Greene 1,329 11 87 - 998 - 1,330 - 7,063 - Gull ford 33,493 2,702 2,769 3,330 20,142 989 31,063 14,057 1.»,198 495 Halifax 5,044 1,306 315 9,556 2,903 2,485 5,316 329. 25,552 10,410 Harnett 5,575 143 306 765 3,268 169 4,489 5 24,530 14 Haywood 4,414 682 285 9,768 2,528 4, 703 5,531 49 17,166 0,964 Henderson 6,842 ,X)8 J70 2 3,040 28 5,703 3 21,248 7 Hertford 2,085 885 152 216 1,410 2,615 2,278 54 11,197 Ill Hoke 897 , 122 193 979 54 1,834 - 6,977 3 Hyde 828 148 95 814 J,074 11,064 - lrttdell 10,157 2,169 729 916- 4,958 665- 9,541 1,025- J7,946· 114 Jackson 4,694 . 99 153 5 2,007 3,203 6 18,948 6 I "' _,_Jonor l_ty_ ___ ...... ··,,,, .. • I. 9~ 2.-- ..-::.1 .i. .. .,936 81 ): - .... ' -i; ·- ,602 - - Lenoir 32,597 CJI l58 2,979 2,828 1,094 4,52) 22,470 - 17) 3,292 157 II ,732 27, 714 2,126 e Lincoln. 2,892 115 Hd)owel I 2,545 185 179 1,042 1,690 »2 2,698 2» 12,728 44 Macon 3,282 16 263 2,016 ),091 15,300 • Madison ),444 I 160 14 1,16' 7 1,442 2 7,027 2 Hartin ),52) 3,738 93 18,647 86) 7,719 I,O» 1,093 5,528 12,789 Mecklenburg 20,607 3,3» l,,Ol l,6ll 24,745 au )6,601 ,,707 156,662 1,758 Mitchell ·1,591 124 106 52 780 745 520 4,161 I Montgomery 1,949 lS5 190 l5 1,465 31 3,339 9,172 23 Moore 4,418 97 265 71 2,464 "«i 4,295 . 60 18,219 9 Nasi'! 5,322 559 594 1,203 4,373 J23 8,567 309" ,J5,371 » Hew Hanover- 4,042 4,675 1,080 lS,483 5,411 ll,l57 10,379 8,344 «>,872 855 10,632 0 Northa~ton 2,193 232 144 627 1,607 280 1,999 150 Onslow 6,007 » 485 e 4,326 10 7,447 J5,360 Orange 6,169 90 3lS 1,194 2,929 615 4,846 57 28,470 Peowllco 995 91 77) 1,635 6,3')6 " Pesquotank 1,508 02 166 140 1,2~ 211 2,4]6 .!B 11,882 «> Pender 2,248 130 1,628 2,232 12,4112 rerqulraans 1,004 21 76 755 1,065 5,249 59] 1,923 Person 4,221 15,859 195 73,710 1,533 34,504 2,968 "· 446 Pitt 8,053 l90 423 1,580 3,970 312 6,656 » J7,l56 26 Polk 1,917 J7 82 34 703 56 970 4,441 I Randolph II, 786 83 627 64 ,,,.., 31 9,203 J77 27.791 Rlchmond 2,983 21 485 .lJ 2,663 8 4,786 17,374 80 Robeson 9,120 452 621 6,434 5,365 2,634 8,985 631 41,534 154 Roc\lngl\11111 10,0'}2 34,193 586 7,270 4,726 3,)90 8,993 251 ]6,'}41 199 R01t11n 7,590 J,548 698 10,791 5,126 4,909 9,062 IJIJ »,959 272 Ruther-ford 6,778 2,994 )JI J7,872 2,930 14,013 4,912 ~2 21,356 787 2J,Ol6 II S~son 5,988 101 705 l,321 136 4,839 95 Scotland 1,780 272 171 585 1,663 191 J,J85 2,458 12,465 22 ~ Stanly 3,915 1,288 '"'321 2,307 2,745 .lJ5 ),764 DO 11,428 11,436 10,278 3,504 Stokes 4,908 :!1,17~ 186 146,468 1,627 63,072 2,1» 1,052 Sur-ry 8,047 i,2il5 ,21 1,41) 3,908 445 6,3lJ 154 23,729 66 Swain 988 . 182 532 8.38 3,290 Transylvania 2,181 116 807 935 201 1,968 3 6,691 12 Tyrrell 674 3 "70 627 1,1 » 4,752 Union 6,003 896" ,4 182 4,126 72 6,294 784 23,997 7 Vance 2,452 267 280 66 2,193 l,91l 50 16,660 I Wilke 25,5«> 214 1,8» 265 16,875 119 26,854 891 144,690 699 " 1,584 8,294 Warr-en 2, 761 108 '· 183 Washington 1,494 930 622 26 l,l87 173 2,501 l6 7,466 J5 Watauga 4,10 47 176 585 1,509 140 2,268 " II,OH 9 Wayne 6,682 29,890 564 2\,769 5,475 6,828 9,922 144 J7, 706 1,619 9,765 1,081 415 1,074 3,589 327 3,732 189 17,403 41 Wilkes I II II son 4,374 202 5)1} 86 4,449 18 8,416 16 »,285 10 189 18 1,718 4 2,171 11,255 I Yadkln 3,292 2 Yancey 1,831 " 95 102 771 19 . 1,023 5,368 SOURCEr North Carolina Depart1111nt of Natural Resourms and C~lty Development, Division of Environmental Hanagemnt. ~ en • Ref 9 Ronald H. Levine., M.D., MP .H. STATE HEALTH DIRECTOR DIVISION OF HEALTH SERVICES WESTERN REGIONAL OFFICE Building 3 February 24, 1982 Black Mountain, N.C. 28711 (704) 669-3349 ·- TO: 0. W. Strickland, Head Solid & ~z~ste Mgt. FROM: C. Rick ~ District Sanitarian Western Regional Office DATE OF INSPECTION: February 17, 1982 SUBJECT: ISS Inspection of: Willard Lead Products Co., Inc. 101 New Bern Street Charlotte, NC PH: 704/523-1230 .· EPA ID 0NCD00315165l Contact: Mike Schroeder, Plt. Supt. Roger Holman, Plt. Official An interim status inspection of this facility was conducted by Rick Doby, Sr. and .Julian Fescue, III, Division of Health Services, on February 17, 1982. Willard Lead Company buys waste lead, mainly battery plates, and remelts it to form ingots and a few specialty items such as lead sailboat rudders. Our conversation witn plant officials and the inspection indicates that apparently Willard Lead does not generate or transport any hazardous waste. Lead dust is generated from the company's furnace where a dust collection system . and bag bouse is;:-used to capture the dust. Plant officials indicate that the . dust is valuable lead and is returned back to the furnace and remelted with a mixture of battery plates. The company al~o sweeps lead .dust off the floor and returns it to the furnace. · During this inspection, Willard Lead was storing lead dust 1.n 55-gallon drums that will be fed slowly into the furnace. The rate at which lead dust is fed into the furnace depends directly on the lead market. At this point in time, more lead dust is being stored due to the deflated economy. Plant officials assured us that this never became a waste and would be using the ·dust more rapidly when the monomy improved. Willard Lead also has a closed concrete holding tank for containing cooling water. This tank also receives surface drainage from all paved areas around the plant and holds a non-discharge permit nt.mi>er. Lead dust is picked ·up in the · surface drainage and deposited into.the tank which has a center partition. Settling occurs in the 1st half of the partition and water spills ·over into the 2nd half of the tank. A pump sends this water to the ingot cooling system and is retu~ed back to the tank. There is no sewage discharge and settled STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA Jomes B Hunt, Jr/DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES Soroh T. Morrow. M.D .• MPH GOVERNOR SECRETARY 0~ W. Strickland Ref 9. RE: WUlard Lead Page 2 lead. dust in the tank is cleaned out randomly by hand shoveling into a container for transporting to the furnace. The only true waste at Willard Lead Company is office and container trash according to our inspection. Willard Lead will ask to be removed ·from the list of hazardous waste gen erators. CRD/dgh . .· • Ref 10 .··ti'tJI• Q DMSION OF HEALTH SERVICES WESTERN REGIONAL OFFICE Building 3 Black Mountain, N.C. 28711 SEP 30 1992 (704) 669-3349 MEMORANDUM TO: o. W. Strickland, Head Solid & Hazardous Waste Management Branch FROM: C. Rick Doby, Sr. District Sanitarian DATE: September 15, 1982 SUBJECT: Second Annual ISS Inspection of: Willard Lead Products Co., Inc 101 New Bern St. - Location ·Charlotte, NC 28203 P. 0. Box 11833 - mailing Charlotte, NC 28220 EPA ID No. NCD003151651 Inspection date: September 9, 1982 Contact: Charles Willard An inspection of this facility by Mr. Larry Fox and I indicates that the company's lead smelter has been shut down since June, 1982 due to present lead ~rket conditions; therefore, lead dust is not being generated. As reported to you in·my memo of FebrUary 17, 1982, lead dust. generated from lead s~elting. is collected in a bag house and automatically augered back to the smelter. This operation capttir~s and reclaims what would otherwise be waste lead dust. Mr. Willard indicated that" lead dust will continue to be reclaimed when the smelter is back in use. Willard Lead will begin its battery recovery when the market ~es it profitable. Sulfuric acid will be generated as it is removed from the~ batteries and will be sold as a raw product according to Mr. Willard. ,~ slg OCT 1 1m Jomel 6 Hunt, Jr j Soroh T Morrow, MD. MPH U.a.Tr:: f'\~ "--f'\PTiol f"AP(")ttt.JA n~PAI:'TMI=NT (")I= loiiiMAN I:!Ft;.(")IJP("~C, ' Ref 11 December 20, 1985 TO: File FROM: Jack Butler SUBJECT: Telephone conversation with Richard Doby, NC DHR/DHS, [(704) 788-4449] about Hartsoe Brothers (NC Dl08702606) and Wi1lard Smelting Co. (NC D003151651). Mr Doby reported that he had heard of Hartsoe Brothers, however he had never visited the site and did not think they were a RCRA site. The Xanapolia phone book gives 2 addresses for this company: 2513 Linda Avenue, and 401 Centerview Avenue. To reach Centerview; exit I-85 at the Kanapolis/Concord exit. Go on US 29 to Centerview Street which ±s just before a K-Mart on US 29. Turn left onto Centerview. Mr. Doby reported that Willard Smelting is a large smelter in Charlotte. To reach W111ard Smelting, exit I-77 onto the East/West Blvd. Go east to South Blvd. Turn right (south) and go approximately 1 or 2 miles to Newbern. Turn right onto Newbern. Willard Smelting is behind Wachovia Bank on Newbern. Mr. Doby did not think Willard Smelting would have any waste because they receive the batteries already broken and dry. They also have baghou·se dust collectors to return lead dust to the system. Willard Smelting forms keels for sailboats from the lead. ~B/tb/0214b I .e l • Ref 12 20 August 1986 TO: File FROM: Stan Atwood ,.,.LeA.... RE: W~llard Industries I called Lee Norman (901) 784-3014, Industrial Health and Safety Consultants, for permission to use Willard's workstation air monitoring data and employee blood lead summary in my report. He gave his permission to use these data and will confirm it in a letter. He said he would also send me results from air monitoring at the property boundaries and results from the last stack test in 1975. The highest value he remembered ever recording at the property lines was 0. 5 ug/m3 with a mean of 0. 3 ug/m3. The standard is 1.5 ug/m3. The smelter was permitted for 25 tons lead emissions annually but they averaged about 3 tons annually. I also asked Mr. Norman about the on-site well, scrap lead storage, and how long the property had been paved. The well is no longer used but it has not been filled in. Lead dross from the refining kettles, flue dust, and filtrate from wastewater treatment is sold as scrap metal to a broker who sells it to a smelter. They now have a warehouse for storage of scrap metal. They used to collect 300 drums then notify the broker; they now notify when they have about one truck load of drums. According to Mr. Norman, the site has been paved at least since 1971 when he started working for Willard. SA/tb/0210b · • SUBPART z-oCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL 379 CONTROL ftDieiDaDa IIDd &.oeDaDa .,.. C111111J11C1DJ7 - lldmU!Ic ~ ~ Ul&t dleot X· CJl When respirators are used to supo Ill c:llronle o.nenlc&l IIOIIoDIDIIIDd .,.. - ft71111Dd -=m C7t0101111bo1114 be aaed to- plement ~eerlnc and work pra.etke ~~~tot ..u- uiiCI'eeDizlc ..._for l1mc- for control.l to compl;r with the PEL and IDbalatiDD of lnOrlaDie U'eelllc - =---~~r:::;::·:sc_IUCII.r:: .all the requirements of Par&CT'&Ph (f)· JIOUDda 11 u.e 11101t CIOIIIIDGD- ot dl.-. ..._.,...., be pert_.s enr7 a m=u.. have been met. employee exposure, for lc PDt.anlnlln the IDdUitr1al ~ 'nlll .. -an Wbo .,.. u ,_,.. at ... or Olclo!r the PIIJ11011t of determlnlnr whether amdlUCID II dl9lcled Ill.., Ull'ee .,u.. bued or baft worbd 1n the recul&&ed ara tor 10 -the employer bu C'OIIlplled with the • .tcnllmd ~ or _.. JIU'L ~ u. ..._ - .., be PEL. ma:r be c:onsldered to be at the Jl'ln& Ptlue: n. 'll'lll'ter -~a~m fll -lemelll.u7, u ma:r be adftD~ .., le\"el provided b:r the protection facUir ~~-appetite,&-~ ~ ~ ~ tbe ceot procedans. PUr~ of the resplrr.t.or for those periods the· -the atom&ch.·~- Uld-dlanbeL- -·- ... c:bol&J:leoem!ler x...,. Uld eoald ~ be obtalne4 qt.o1odll lll.J- ClOIIldIIDd be -·-·-• _,....,... r Is worn. Those pe rl-.o-...... ma:r a- Pbue: 'nle worur ~ f11 atUJDed Ill Karch IIDd September. PadlttiM be &Yer&red with eXIlO$\Il't levels ~til. a ~ lll&&e of u.e fOI' ~ ~ ~ 111..up. durtnr periods wheu respirators are BIIIClOIII m~ of the -.lai7DZ. Uld Uaa lhoaJd be radiiT aftlla!lle u weD u not "I.-om to determine the emplo;ree'a ~ s-aai'L Cor7ra. ._,_ Uld d..t Pb7ldl:lam. ..uw-. ndlo~ .,._ d&ll7 TWA elCJ)OSUI'e. llllld &l'&cheobniDcll ma:r -· Perf- Ulaloctata Uld lnml~ .., prot1dl 1025(d)(4). 380 GENERAL INDUSTRY STANDARDS n:praaowioc or the QliOS1Ift ror each c:mpiO)'tlt fSl Emplov« ftOfi!ICCltlon. til Within eni· bl die workplace wtticll II ClqiOitdto lad. 5 •·orklnc da,-s alter the J'ft'f:lpt of It"\' (li) Mnsunmcnu of eltbomc lad mac!t U1 ·ll)onltorlnr resu!ta. the employer lha!l • a; die ~ 12 months _,. be used to ..wry notify each employee .In writlnc of the ~-·10.., • Ia _, ..... ~~ Kl tills nquitcmmu II t.bc sam pUna lllld &DaJytia1 result& which represent that empiOJ· ____ ...... ~ ased to 111M t.bc _,...Arl' aDd _. ee:a txDOS\Ire. __, "( -·___ PI I 111 fidcace lc9ds or~ (d){9) or lllls tcaioo. n· .._ __.,_ PI I bl ($) N*ltN tntHal fktermfnotlon. 1025(d)(4} ·...... -· .~ : j,·~. ':'" • • . • .• • l' . # . • ·~ ..4 .... ~_.,.. ~· .. ~ ·. ~~', .· ,...,•._.T:-~~-~ ~• '. *.:__ • 1 .._ • \." ...... ,. , : • ·' • ., ...... • • .. ~ : ~. ; ; ~ • • - # • • ...... , • "' ,' • " • • "' ~ • • : SUBPART Z-OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL 381 CONTROL miulble exposure limit, ud interim Ser:retar7 and Ule D~recWr. and ahaU alrecied t:ml)lo:ree Is locate¢ and lewis if applicable. toleiT br means of be &Yallable at U:le worblte for u&mJ· 1025(f}(2) 382 GENERAL INDUSTRY STANDARDS CB> This respirator will provide ade (W> Pace ahlelds. vented conies. or (I) HnWrt« /odliiiG.,., pt'« ! . 1025(1)(2) 392 GENERAL INDUSTRY STANDARDS S1 choice dlreetly partldpate In the tupply hnardov.a productl to their solely to reduce the worker'a blood kaJ Durlnalhe ftrtl yea medic:aiiiUtftlllaDce pros:ram. u)'0'11 emplayerw. or other person~. Some level. that willtenmlly be conaldered your blood lead level were diuatilfied wilh an exa:nlnatlon 1tates have lawa.llldudln3 worker propbyta .. ti.c: chelation. The 111e of a a bon you m1111t be~ by a ph)'lldan cboHD by your compensation lawt. that dilallow a hospital and a ph)'lldan does not mean exposure where ,.Our employer, you could ~elect a te<:Oncl worbr wbo leama of a Job-related lhat prophylactic chelation It not belq wit.'lout a ~lor~ ph)'lldan to conduct an lndepe~~dent health Impairment to aue.. unleaa the perlonned. Routine chelation to prevent Of above. U JGG are tt analyal.a. The two doctors would worker tuet within a abort period of Increased or reduce current blood lead attempt to retolve any dl.flerencet or time after 1eamitla o! the Impairment. lt>vels Ia UD.acceptable whatever the opi.n.lon. and teleet a third pbytldan to (Th1a period of time may be a matter of tettins- resolve any tll'lll dispute. Th1a multiple montbt or :fUIS.I lui attorney can be The 1tandard aUows the v~te of physldan review mechanbm. howe'ftl'. colllulted about tbete potalbilltin.lt '"lhenpeuue• or •dtaanosuc• d!etetlon ,.,..., ... ,.1_ h.. been temporarily delayed by the abould be strelted that OSHA It iD ao If adminlttered under the wpervislon of --·'---·...... _ Court of Appeala. ,.. a retult.teneraliY way tr)'ID& to either encoorase or aliW\Sed ph)'lidan lft a dinlc:altettlna your employer will cboose the ph)'llc:ian c!iSCOUJ'I88 dalma or lawaufta. However, with thorough and eppropri,.te mP.c!ic:al who eonducta medic:alllll'ft!lla.nce Iince rnvlit of tha atandard'1 medlc:al monltorirJ&. Thmpeuti.c: chelation Wider the lead atandard-unln• )'0'11 wrnllance FOJIUI cu •lsnlficantly responds to nvere lead poisonina where and your employer can asree on the afiect thelqlll remedia of a worbr there are marked II)'Diptoms. Diagnostic cbolce of a pbytldan or phytldua. You maraliO be" who baa acquired a Job-reltted c!iseate chelation lovolvO!d Jiving a patle.nt a exposure eYa& If )'01. Some companla and lllllon1 han or lmpl.irment.lt It proper for OSHA to dose or tbe drug then collecting all urine .,. below theN ait1 qrHdllladvance. for example, to ue make )'0'11 aware of th1a. e"ereted for aome period of time as au medic:al determinati: cetta1D Independent medlc:al . The medic:aliiUtftilla.nce lection or aid to the diqnoslt orleed poisoning. you tempon.ri}J' nee- laboratoria or panels of ph)'lidanl. the atand&rd aiiO contains pnMIIODI (n uses where the examining luly of thete azruaementt.,. · dealina with chelation. Cbelati011it the uposurepbyaldan -~ wbo It lm; acceptable10 Joq u reqvJred medical physician cLetermines that cht>l11tlon It ua of c:ertalll dNp {admlnlltered iD pill appropr!"te. you must be notifie.S In employers medical; tliiVeillance It made anllablt to form or I.Djected Into the body) to reduce or tbia fact ncb &al writtencpllllor wotbra. the amount of lesd abtorbed lll body writing before treatment. 'J'bia wiU Inform you or a your reJJIOftl or oth< Toe atand&rd recpirel your employer timleL Experienc:e accumulated by the meuurn.J'OIIIl'emp and potentlaU:r JwmfuJ treatmenL and allow to pnmde c:ertallllnformatioa to 1 medlc:al edentific COIDIDUDitla hal )'OUio obtain a aecond opiDion. Implement the pbysi phyaldan to aid lll h!l or her larae1:r c:cmlitmed the ellectivenesa of recolllllleDdation. 1! axamlllatiOG of you. ThiJ lnformatiOG ·thi• type of therapy for the treatment of this manner. JOU 111~ lnduda (t) the 1tand&rd ancllit "ert anere lead pol•onlns- 011 the other when the doc:tor me appendlcet. (%) a description of your haad.lt ba• also been establlabed that for you to do so. dutia a1 they relate to lead e.xpo1ure. there can be a lema Jltt of extremely rx. MedictJI hmorol Prrtt«:t.ion The etallllard doe. (3) your e:xponre ltMIL (4) a cletcripUon harmful aide eiJectlaaliOCiated with the Pcrograph (k} inltiuctiolll dealing of penoW protectlft equipment )'0'11 pe of cbelatina eaents. The medical Elcceuift lead ab10rptlon aub~s employer_. do .... wear, (5] prior blood lead lent mwts. community haa balanced the edv111taau you to lnc:ftued risk of dlteasa. Medlcal -'ter. Yoar fob as· ud (6) prior written medlcal opblloa. and disadvantaaes raultltl& &om the removlll pnteet!OD (MJU') It a means or removallla matter coneemlfta you that the employer hu. ue of chela tins qentllD varioua prolectlna )'0'11 when. for whatever employes' ad your 1 After a medlcal examination or cimlmllancet end h11 ateblltbed reasons. other methods. auc:h aa work out Cllllllltenl con~ultallon the ph)'lidan mu~t prepare when the v.ae of these qenlt It eng.ineaille coutrola. work practices. . procedlllft for lob t a written report which mv.al contain (1) acceptable. The 1tandard lncludea these and respizatora. have failed to provide removaliDIIIt be ec the ph)'lldan'a opllllonae to whether ecceplecllilllitatiolll clue to a bisUirr or the prolec:tioa you need. t.IRP I.Dvolvea manner CODIIIstent \ :rou have any medical condition wb1c:b abuse of chelation thmpy by some lead the temproary I'IIIIOYal of a worker from coDectln ber;alnl~ placet you at lncreued risk of material companies. The most widelyllled bit or be replar Job to a plar;e or employer Ia &~Yen ~ Impairment to health from IX;IOIUI'I to chelatinaatleDit are calcium disodium tianlfiCIIDtly lower apoiiiJ'I without illlplement tl:mpon lead. (%) any l'eCOIIIIIIended special EDTA. (Ca Na, EDTA). Calcium cny loss al earnlnp. MDiorlty, or other u 110 attempt It au protectin meUIIrel to be ptO'Iided to Disodium Verte111te (Venenate). and d emplo)'UIIIlt riahtt or beDeflts. The exilti.Da qreemt'Dl! you. (3) any blood lead level penldllamlne (peneilltmlne or purpose of thia proaram Ia to eeue rtiDOVIid -ur b determinat:lona. and (4] any Cupcamlne). rurlher &elld abaorptfaa and allow your ftto lUI employer'• ~ Umitation 011 yourueof The standard prohibits "ltrophylactic · body to Da!UraD:r excrete lead which Ntlafin the atande retpltators. Th1a lett elemat m111t chelation• of any employee by any baa previously been abeorbed. In 111011 cuea. er. IJiclude a d rtcmfllation of whether )'0'11 person the employer retai111. supervltet Tempot1U')' medical removal eaa reault transfer~ e: can wear a powered air purl.fyins or controla. ""Prophylactic chelatlon·lt from an elevated blood laed leveL or a joba With aaflident respirator (PAPR) If you .,. fcnmd the routine use of cbeletltl& or almilarly medical opinion. Up to elahteen months Altematively. a we unable to wear a neptlve preAurt acting dl'llp to prnent elevated blood or protection It provided as • result or reduced 10 that tht respirator. tenia In workers who are eilher f-or I'IIIIOYIL Tba VIII averqe expoaure i Tha medic:alltlll'ftlllance JII'OF8!D or oa:u,.tlcmally exposed to lead. or tha rn.wloriiJ' of I'IIIIOYed workers. however, abe may be temper lhe lead 1tandard may at 10111« point lD vse of these drugs to routinely lower ,.,m retana to their former Job• lana other altamative b • time eerve to notify certam worker~ that blood lead levelt topredalgna!ed before thit elshleen mallth period ID all of tbetui: they have acquired a diHue or other concentrationt believed to be '11fe'.lt explrea. Tba ttandard C011talna •pedal mv.at be pnmded c advme medlcal condition 11 a mult of abould be emphasised that wh:re an provial001 to deal with the remonl-f.e.. you occupational lead UJIOIW'II. U thlt It employer taket a worker who haa 110 extreordinu)' but poaalble ease where a the nme aemings. true. these worbn mlabt havelepl aympto1111 of lead polsoDlng and hal longte1'111l worker'• blood lead level doea n,hta and bellefiu ri&hta to c:ampeDUtioD from public: clleletloa carried out by a phytidan not edequtely dec:liP durina •lshtean U you had 110t bee' . qelldee, their emplayert. firma that (either bWde or outllcle of a hospital} monthe of I'IIIIOYaL · . · · tncluda- tbar 1025 Appendix B SUBPART z-oCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL 393 CONTROL r .IQ the worker'a blood lead During the first year of the 1tandard. if norrnel job you may not be returned to note1het In all c:ua where t'eiiiOYel I .U Stntrally be CO"-Idered your blood lead Ieveii• eo p.J/tOOS or untU your blood lead level declines to at It required. reaplntOI"' cannot be Used c.... chelation. The uae or. a bon you muet ba remoYed from any lent 60 1'1/tOOS. lbeae c:l'lteria for aa a IUbttitute. Resptretore may be used and • ph)'lltlan does not mean expoture where your air lead le¥el removal end return Will c:hanc• before removal becamn necetAry, but lnrlactic c:helel!oa It aot belt~~ wit.iout a reaplntor would be tOO f&8/m 1 ec:cordina to the fotlowina achedwe: not as an alternative 'o a tn.nsfer to a ' .oaline chelalicm to prevent or above. U you are remDVed from vn11r low exposure job, or o elay-ofrwtth f nducel:llrm\t blood lead MRPbenefita. u r::ctpteble whet~ the --~ ___ ....,.. --..., .... X EmplDTN In/ormation ond Uldard allowalhe UJe of Tl'oini~h(IJ " • or •dltJ'Iosllc• chelation '· .... ~~~-- ,., ,._ ... Your employer Is required to provide ! -ed under the lupervialon or --· ~~~-- --I.---· ····::======,.__.. __ _.,..._ ,., __ ··-···-«1. an Information and lrlininl JlfOBI1lm lor : t)'Wiclan In 1 dinicel aetllna all emplo)'HJ expoeed to lead ebove the 1liiiJh end appropri~tte medical -- 1clion level or who may 1ufter akill or 'll- nent~ulic: chelation eye Jnilti!OD from lead. Thia Pl"ff88"UU ... MYerelead polson!Dg where must Inform theae employeee or the lied tymptoms. Diagnostic: apeclfic huatds aesocfated With their 10lvl!d living a paiJenta You mey also be removed from II Includes overtime. lhlft dUferenlfiiJ. work environment. protective meaaurew If lneeilti¥es. and other c:ompeautlou you expoeure even your blood lead levela wblc:h CIO be taken. the cianaer or Jetd '·~ Jnra then collect~na aU urine are below theae c:l'lteria If a would have earned If you had not been far aome period of tUne as 111 fiDel to their bodiet (indudinB !heir IMdieal detennlnellonlodicates that removed. Dui"'DJ the period of remOftl ! dlesnoais of lead polaonm,. reproductive Jfltelllt). and their rfshta you temporlrily need reduced lead you must alto be provided with under tbe 1ttodanl. In addition your ' mete the exam~ expoeure for medical reaacma. U the appropriate foUow-up medical employer mutt make readily avalltble 1tennlnes that cheLition Is pbysldeo who IJ lmplemenliDB your turvelllance.lf you were removed to all employees. lndudina those -tie. you must be notified Ill emplayel"' medical programlll&kes a becaute your blood lead level wet too exposed below tbe action leveL a c:opy final written opinion you DIUit be pnmded with a ,f thia fact before IUdl recamm811dlna hiah. of the 11tndud and Ita ap~ndic:e1 and '' ·Thb WID lll!orm J'OV of a your removal or other special protectln monthly blood teaL U a medleal opinion muet dlatribute to eU employees any ltnlllullrtatment. az~d allow meaiUrtl. your employer mutt call-ltd your remonl. you mUll be materiel• provided to the employer by · D a MCOZid opiAioD. lmplemeat the pb)'lldan'l pi'OYided medicalteeta or euatlnatfont the Occupational Safety end Health believe~ be rec:ommeadatio11. U you are removed ill that the doctor to AdmJIIillrltiOD (OSHA). thl1 manner, you may onl7 ba returned appropriate. U you do not partidpallln Your employer Is required to complete thil follow up medicaliiUVtUitnce. you when the doctor Indicate• that lilt ttfe lhia traiAlns program for all employees for you to do ao. may loae yourellaibllity for MRP by AUSUII 28. 1m. After lhia date. ..U The atandtrd cloet not pe lpfldfic benefita. \\'hen you are medically eligible to new employees must be lrllned prior to inltruct!OQJ dealii!B with what an Initial aulgnment to areae whete there employer m111t do with 1 removed relurn to your former fob, your employer muet return you to your •farmer job il 1 possibility of expoaure over the wurker. Your Job llligM~t~~t UJIOil acliooleveL nmoval!J a metter for you. your atatu.• Tbl1 me&DS that you are entitled to the poeillon, wqe1. benefita. etc:. you Thll training prosrem mUJI aiJo be employer end your anion (II any) to provided at lea1t annually therufter. work out conllsteot with txiallng would have had U you had not been procedurea for Job asalgometlta. Elich removed. U you would 1till be In your X/. Signs-l'rucgraph (m} removal mutt be accompiiJhed ill a old job If no removal hal! ;x:curred that The 1tendud requires that tbe IJ where you go back. Unot. you are . ~~~tnner comlatent with exit tina foUowtna waJ:Dins sign be posted in collective barsalnfna relationahipa. Your telurned conelateot with whatfVtr job work areas whete the exposure to lud emplayer It given brold diac:reUOD to aulamoeot di&Cfttion your employer would have had II no removal had exceeds the PEL: implemeat temporary rtmOYalJ 10 loft8 a1no attempt II made to override ocozmd. MRPonly seeb to melntaill WARNING your riahta. not expend them or dimln!Jh u:.AD WORK AREA ex1Jtiq qreemeatJ. Simllarly, a them. . . removed worter II provided DO rfsht to U you are removed ander MRP end NO SMOKING OR EATING nto an employer'• choice which you are alto ellBible for worker tttiafies the stedenl. 11Ua requirement, however, baa baa campeoaal!ou or other compeontlon for stayed b)' the Court of Appeala. Ill moat c:uea. empiOYtl"' wflllikely lost wqea, your employer'a MRP cran.rer removed employees to other benefita obll;alloa IJ reduced b)' the XL&cotdi«p~roph(n} fobt with auftldeatly low lead expo111re. amount that you actually receive from Your employer lJ required to keep aU Altematlnly. a worker' a holll"'mtf ba these other 1oun:es. ThiJ It abo true If recorda of expoaure monitortng for redlad 10 that the tine -fsbted )'011 obtain other employment durin~ the altboroe lud. Tbeae recorda mutt •venae exposure le nduc:ed. or he or ltme yoia are laid ofi with MRP beneliJe. mdwie the ume az~d job c:lualflc:atiaa lhe lllty be temporlrily laid off II DO The tttodtrd alto CO¥el"' cltutllout of employee• meuured. detaUa of the other altemtl!¥e IJ feuiblt. where eo employer voluntDn1y removes umplina and en~lytic teehnlquea. the Ill all of theae situation. MRP benefita a worker from expoaure to lead due to resulta of thle Mmplina, end the IJPe of lll1llt be pnmded durina the period of the efiec:ta of lead ou the employee'• l'elp!rii!OIJ protec:tiou belna wom b)' the removai-U.. you continue to rec:etve medical condition. e¥ea tlwqh the per1011 ttmpled. Your employer IJ alto the same eamlnp. eeniority. and other etudtrd dOI!I not require removaL In required to keep all ftCOI'ds of biological rilht• and benenta you would ha¥e had these aJtuaUODJ MRP beneftll must aliD 1110111torinaand medical exam\naticm U you had not been removed. Ella1ap be provided 11 thouah the alt.Ddatd reswtl. nae.e mutt Include the lllmet of llldudea more than juat your ban waae: required removaL F'uWly,ll b Important the employen. the ph)'lldan'a written • 1025 ·Appendix B SUBPART Z-OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL 395 CONTROL T,._,., : uc!t of lime rangin,!from ! ·e provided !or cliffcnot to implement tht$t ~:ontro!J. _,..,_...., .., . .Ut which ia based en ____ ...... : · ~UJtry consi.!eralions b ""-- '· IIIR "" '· "" ••• -·· ' : 1. Untilthe4e controls are ,_ _,_ ·- ·- ·- t irators must be uud to ,_..__ toO liOD liOD lllll 100 til .o JAJ!m' expos~~~e limit. ._ .... liOD 100 ... -10 .. ___ tOO IC:O 10 10 -.--__ lllll tGO 100 10 10 .... - 100 10 10 __ - -10 10 10 10 10 ·~-- - ' d abo provides for a - - - •loaical monitortna and -~ __...... , ...... - ~ ...... ,__...... _.._~ ...... _...... _...... ,...... 10,..,-.• ~illance for aU employees In~ Is or lnorJ•nlr: lead r ··on level of 301'8/m• --- ~ than 30 days per yeer. L Ml!dicttl~arveillance ond rnani1Drin6 tiltlt during the p~ U month• removed from any ,...ork baving'tlny ! of thla donmenl is ta ~uiremtmu for worun expo•l!d kl Indicated a blood lead level at or tbovt llil(hl hour TWA exposure to lead ·or 30 medir:alturwillance inorganic lead 40 N/100 g. Alao. an examination is to 1'8/m •or more whenever either of the of t.'le for lno,.anic ata~rd Under the oc:r:upatlontl health be given to aU "mployees prior to their followift8 c:irc:llmstanca apply; (1) a ' oroYide further Information auignment to an area In wblch tlrbome blood lead level of 60 g or n ~ardl.ng the atandard for Jnorsanlc lead. a prosra.~~~ ,..noo or biological monltorllli and medic:al lead concentrations reac:ll or exceed the ~aler is obtained and confirmed by a nd nalualioll of workers action leveL In addition. a medical flanlc: leacl. IUI'YeUlance b ta t.e made avaUtble ta ,ecttnd follow-up blood lead level · aU employees expottcf to lead above the e'<~m.inadon must be provided at tool! pl!rfor.ned within two wuks after the provides a delaUed 1 by ec:tlon level of 30 n/m TWA for mon~ u possible after notification an ••mployer receives the results of the first or the monltofing pt'OC:edun~ emplo~·ee that the employee bat tqulred fnquenc:y of than 30 dafl each year. Tbia prosram 1>11)()(2 sampling teat. or (ZJ the average of cootbb of periodic blood aaotplina and developed tf3ns or IYU!Ptoms COIMionl)' tne prtvJOUJ three blood lead , el(J)Cted wori:ers. associated wilh lead intoxication. that medlc:al.Va!uatlon ta be performecs one detenrunalions or the average of all medical n~moval the employee deain~~ medical advice lc:bedule wblcb b defmed by prmoua blood letd determinatioN conducted ~.t't."';. ~ ~mme:nded ~arding lead exposure and the ability pn~vioa till I!CIJ:Ioyee to a ueund labotatol')' reaulta. worker complaint. or ta procreate a healthy child. or that the dufing the JDontbt. ft;~n. and notification and CODc:emJ. and the clinical Uftllment of m:ployn baa demonstrated difficulty In ..-hic:hever encompasses the lonaest llme ftqnirements of the the eltllnininA physldan. period. equals or exceeds 50 flg/100 a. !~rea thing durtna a n~~plretor fitting test unlen the laat blood aample Indica lea a aausioo of tne Under thia prosram. the blood lead or dlllina n~~pirator ue. AlJ examination - ,.,r ftSpirator ue and level of aU employees who are expoaed blood lead level at or below 40 ~/100 a iJ aiM~ to be made available to eac:h In wbic:ll the em!Moyee need not be >onitori!lland OSH..\'a to lead above the action level or 30 n/m employee removed from exposure to case 'O()!I)iaclic n~movtd. Medical ftmOtral ilto C:OIItlnue chelation It to be determined at le11t tvel')' ail!. lead due to a risk of sustalnlns material u included 1:1 chtt 5ec:ticm. months. The frequenCJ la Increased to until two conser:uti"e I!Jood lead leveb unpairment to health. or.otberwiae are 40 p.g/100 1 or lua. every two monthl for employees wbolt limited or apecially protected pursuant -r:uaaea the toxic: effeets last blood lead level wu between 40 UJ medica I rec:cmuntndationa. maol!eataU0111 of lead p.&/100 awhole blood and the level DlllUI& the lint two JUra that tha nd effec:tl of lead requirina employee medical n~movalto ultilllate ftmOval criteria are bein8 e!IZ)'matlc pathways 1o be disr:ussed below. For employees who Results of biological monitofing or the phued in. the ftllll"D aiteria htve been he adwnc effects on . recommendallona of an examining 1Ift n~moved from expoaure to lead due set to tsaure th•t a woR:er'a blood lead ' female reproductive ta an elevated blood lead. a new blood physician may nec:euitate n~moval of"' level baa tulnbntlally de!:lined dufing :J on the fetua 1Ift also lead level must be meas~~~ed monthly. A e:nployee from further letd exposure the period of n~movat. From March 1. pursuant to the atandard"s medical z:inc: protoporphyrin (ZPP) meu~~~ement 1979 to March 1. l;IIO.Ihe blood lead b atrongly recommended on eaclt removal protection (1-fR..,l prosram. The level requlrina employee medical ocr:aalon that a blood lead level ob~c:t of the MRP program u to provide temovallt 80 1'1/100 J. Workers found meaaurement It made. ZPP monltorina Is temporai'Y medlccl ftmoval to workers to have a conf.trmed bJuod lead at this one or tevmal requiremmb or the either with tubstantlally elevated blood level or areater need only be removed atandard that hu been temporarily lead levels or othenr.ise at risk of from work havina a daily a hour TWA abyed by pencllng Utigatlon over the sustaining material health Impairment t' 1025 Appeuclix C 396 GENERAL INDUSTRY STANDARDS SUBPAJ Bettlnninl Marth L 1981. r on a "'rorbr'a bbocllead I to 40 ...:too, a' whole bl ~ put of the ltaDd.arC •• required to DOtlfy ill w: emplo)'H whose bfood lc ncee.:!s 40 Jl.l/100 1- ID a such employee il to be in standaTd requires media MRP benefits. dlscuued employee's blood lead le • hove defiDe4lirrlits. In addition to the abov Je,·el aiteria, temporary · may also take place-aa a medical determillatioos r l't-C(Iromendations. Wr!Ut oplnioos must be p!'epan examination pld'J1I&Jlt to the examining p~cian mf'dicaJ Fmding. detenni• OJ'inlon that the employr condition which places I incrt!ned risk of -teri< impairment from expcm~ the ernpll))'ee unm be re expoaure to lead at oral .. level, AltematiftlJ.If th ph)'SI't:ian m:ollllllllldJ 1 ! prot~-ror le..a.. - of a powered a raplrator) or -.n on an employee'• expos the employer mal impl< recommendatloaa. Reco may be more alrfzlaent l provislona or lhe atandE. t~tallll:Wia pbyaicic. th broad Dexlblli!J IQ. ta.Uo protec:tive proudmes tc individual emploJeea, T extend. to the evahaatlc manqement ofpregnan male and female worb: Plannina to raiN chUc:!n history, phyalcal examlr laboratory studies. the f recommend spedrJ prot or medical remonl for • wbo Ia prqnant ar who . conceive a child when. 1 ·pbyaicirn'aludsmeot. c expoaun to lead at the , would poae a ailnlfican or the employee to bla c status. or the removal o protecUona or limitatlor 1025 Appmdiz C 398 GENERAL INDUSTRY STANDARDS maha contact with the •kin. exposure monitoring. medical workers. male or female. who intend to unacceptable alftta to brealhfnBID some turveillance. and medical removal for parent in the near futurt should bt> the developmt workers with underlyins eac:h employee. Exposure monitoring maintained below 30 J£tt/l00 1!110 test for lead e• cardiopulmonary Impairment, dlffieulty and medicalaurveillanee records must minimize adverse rerrodueti\·e health Wbilethes\ ID providing adequate fit. the tendency be bpt for 40 years or the duration of effects to tbe pan!nts and developi"R is subject to d· for rnpfnllors to create additional employment plus 20 years. whlc:hever Is fetus. The adverse effects or ll'lld on position that t lonaer. while medical removal recorda reproduction are beinsr actively are early st•F• hazard~ by Interfering with Yi1ion. whic:h may ev hearing. and mobility. and the must be maintained for the duration of researched and OSHA encoural!« the physician to remain abreast of ncent clinical symp: dimculllea of auurtn11 the maltlmum employment. All records required under Whether or::: efTec:tivenetl of a complicated work the nud.anl muu be made a•·ailabl< upon developments In the area to br.st ~tdvisP practice program Involving re•plrators. pregnant workers or workPr$ pldnninf! to the laleJ st; request to the Assistant Secretary or distuption of Retpirators do. however, terve 1 unful to conceive c:hildnm. Labor for Oc:c:upational Safety and over a workir fanc:tlon whe~ engineering and work Health and the Di~ctor of the National practice controls are Inadequate by Institute for Occupational Safety and be aznateria1 providing 1upplementary,lnlerim. or H~alth. Employers must also make The spectrum of health effects caused abort-term protection. provided they •~ environmental and biological monitoring by lead exposure can be subdivided into One ofthf properly •elected for the environment In and medical ~moval ~cords available fn·e developmental &taJi!P.S: normaL which the employee will be working. induced lnh! to affected employees and to former physiological changes of uncertain heme IJ1lthf proJ!i!rly fitted to the employee. - e~r.ployees or their authorized employ~ sll!'lincance. pathophysiological maintained and cleaned periodically, representatives. Employees or their ,.·hichcanb changes. overt symptor:~s {morltid1ty). assodatedv and worn by the employee when spP.cl!ically designated n!presentatives and mortality. Within this process there symptomslr required. have aceeu to their enti~ medical surveillance records. are no sharp distinctions. but rather a andtachyez continuum or effe!:IS. Do~:nd .. ncs Studies ha\' between categories overiKp due to the ulowuSC wtdc \':tria lion of individual rt'ronses ,.;th a defir. In Its rmalstandard on occupational In addition. the standard requires that and exposures in the working althousb me ;' expo1ure to Inorganic lead. OSHA bas the employer Inform all workers p 1025 Appendix C SUBPART Z- OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL· 399 CONTROL , ~or female. "·ho intend to I nur futurP should bt! the development of the ZPP screemng cardiorespiratory arresL and death aodom!nal pain. constipation. :L -flow 30 l'l!iliJO !llo .test fer lead exposure. within ~R hours • t-~~lipalion. dlarrheL anorexia. nausea adverse rcprod~cti,·e health While the si~ificance of these effects While there is disasreement about and vomitlng. I..Pad colic rarely develops th~ parents and devP.lopinjl is subject to debate. it is OSHA's what exposure levels are needed to :.t blood lead levels below 80 1'8/100 1- ·. 1erse effects Of le11d on position that these enzyme disturbances produce the earliest symptoms. most • are being activelv are early stages of a disease process e"perts agree that symptoms defulitely c 1d OSHA encoura~;es the which may eventually result in the can occur at blood lead levels of 60 ,.g/ 4. &nal. RenaJ toxicity represents one to remain abreast of recent clinical symptoms of lead poisonmg. 100 g whole blood and therefore of the most serious health effects of lead eata in the area to best11dvisP Whether or not the effects do prog~I'SS recommend a -lD l'g/100 8 maximum. poisonlns. In the early stages or disease Y--kers or workf!rs pldnninj! -to the later stages of clinical disease. The central nervous system effecta nuclear inclusion bodies can frequently •·· bildren. disruption of these ell%)'llle processes frequently are not reversible following be Identified In proximal renal tubular over a working lifetime is considered to discontinued expos\!1'1! or chelation cella. Renal function remains normal be a material impairment of heallh. t.'lerapy and when improvement does a,.,d the changes in this stage are occur. it ;s almost alwa)'s only partial. p:obably reversible. With more ·c:trwn of health effects c:ausP.d advanced disease there Is progrusive <""•lll"e can be subdivided into c tentalsta,l!s: nol'l:lal. One of the e\·entual results of lead· interstitial fibrosis and Impaired renal induced Inhibition of enzymes in the The peripheral neuropathy resulting f~:nction. Eventually extensive changps of uncertain from lead exposure chara.:terislically c... ,athophysiological heme synthesis pathway Is anemia lr.terstitlal fibrosis ensues with sclerotic which can be asymptomatic If mild but !.•wolves only motor function w1th l!lomeruli and dilated and atrophied >~ert l)'mptoms (morbid ty). 1 associated with a wide amy of minimal sensory damage and baa a proximal tubule~ all represent end staae htv. Within this proeess there symptoms including dizziness. fatigue. marked predilection for the extensor kidney disease. Azotemia can be ·' Jislinctions. but rather 1 and tachycardia when more severe. muscles of the most acti,·e extremity. progrnslve. eventually !?Suiting in Frank ' effects. Bocndanes Studies have indicated that lead levels The peripheral neuropathy can occur c!'l!mia necessitating dialysis. Thera Ia • . gories overlap due to L"e as low as SO l'g/&00 g can be associated with vaf)·ing degrees cf se\·erity. The occasionally associated h)'J'ertension •lion ~r indi\id~all?$pcnses "ith a definite decreased hemoglobin. earliest and mildest form which can be and hyperuricemia with .or without RQUl. "res m the wor.. ing detected in workers with blood lead 1 although most cases oflead·induced -suA·• cie\'e~opment t-! lhP anemia. as well as shortened red..cell le,·~ls liS low .ts SO 1'8/100 g is · focusrdon survival limes. occur at lead levels manifested by •lowing of motur nerve Early lddney disease Is difficult to i 'l,!tcal cho1ng~s as \vc!l as exceeding 80 1'8/100 g. Inhibited conduction velocity chen without detect. The urinalysis is normal in eariJ ·s di~ease. or hemoglobin synthesir Is more common clinicalaymptcms. With progression of lead nephropathy and the blood W"el In chronic cases whereas shortened the neuropathy there ls development of nitrosen and serum creatinine increasa erythrocyte life span Is more common in painless extensor.muscle weakness only when two-thirds of kidney function acute cases. usually Involving the extensor muscles Is lost. Meuurement or creatinine of the fingers and hand in the most clearance can often detect eailier active upper extremity. followed In disease u can other method a or In lead-Induced anemias. there is senre t~~ses by wrist drop or. much Jess mealllftmmt or sJomerular filtration usually a reticulocytosis along with the co~r.monly. foot drop. rate. An abnormal Ca·EDTA presence of basophilic stlpplins. and mobilization test baa been used to rlnRed sideroi:llasta. althou11h none of the differentiate between lead-Induced and abo\'1'! are patilo~omonic for lead· other nephropathies. but this proc:ed11111 induced anemia. In addition to slowing of nerve ls not widely accepted. A form or conduction. electrom)·ographicalatudies Fanccnl ayndrome with amlnoaddurla. In pattents with blood lead levels glyc:osurla. and hypetphosphaturla greater than SO l'g/100 g h11ve · 2. Neurological Effects. Inorganic letod indicatlns leYere InJury to the proximal de:no::strated a cccrease in the number renal tubUles ll occuionally seen In has been found to have toxtc effects on acting motor 1:11it potentials. an o' children. both the central and peripheral nef\-ous i:;cre&n in tJ-.e d:t1'lllicn or motor unit systems. The earliest stages of lead· ::'"tenuols. and spontaneous induced centrr.l nervous system efiects ?aL"oiogicalactivity inch:ding S. Reproductive effects. Exposvre to flflt manifest themselves in the form of i:briilatiollS and (asciculationa. Whether behavioral disturi:lances and central lr.ad can have serious effects on these effects occur atlevei.J of 40 ,.g/100 reproductfye function ln both I!IBies and nervous system iymptoms Including :. IS unc!t"termir.ed. irritability. restlessness, Insomnia 11nd females. In male worlcers expoaed to lead there can be a decrease ln tl!X11Bl ~·me.ICITOC",.Im:.Si' ~~ other sleep disturbances. fatigue, vertigo. headache, pccr memory. tremor. drive. Impotence. decreased ability to ¥tlov.· L:..,.,~ :.: ..h! ;t!• ~:". \\thlle the peri;~lieralceuropathles tall c!t:prt:ssion. and apathy. With more prod'lce healthy sperm. and 1terllity. ~ t!TOCht-lat.Jsr lea~::.. !o ,,:-.:'laloruslly be reversed with therapy. Malformed 1perm {teratospermia), severe exposure. symptoms can p~ess ·~ l!rV'Jlro::\'tP. •·i!din such recovery 11 notasslll"ed decreased number or sperm hiO<-cl to drowsiness. stupor. hailucinauons. p:.:hcut.. rly in the more severe •>'fin (~'~.PI in t~,. whi~!: dele:rium. convulsions and coma. ;n" to ZJnc to )"iG!d r 1 ~c r..;"Jropathies and often Improvement Ia {hypospermla], and sperm with 1 n. At a biood l~ 1025 Appe~~cllx C 400 GENERAL INDUSTRY STANDARDS Women expand to lead lllaJ' frequentJy been noted I:D occupatlonaDy lisling of aU prnlout employmeot with experience memtrual ditlllrbancea exposl!lllndivldual1 although It 11 ln!ormaliuo 011 work proceaaea, io t!or iocludina dy1menorrbea, menorrbqla difficult to es1e11 whether thl1 II due to expoture to fumea or du1t.lcnowu ~· atreiflth In and amenorrhea. Followm, exposure to lead'a ad vena effects on the lcidney or If exposures to Itad or other toxic ha; !tad. women have a higher frequency of some other mechanism IJ Involved. aubstancea. respiratory protectlon und. in slit. difficu 1terility, premature birtht, apontaneoua Vascular and eleetrocardiogarphic and pnvloua medical ll!n'eWance teizUl'eL mlacarria11e1. and ttlUbittha. change• have been detected but have thould all be Included io the worke:'a not been well characterized. Lead 11 record. Where expoSlll'll to lead Ia Hematologi Germ ceU. can be affected by lead thought to Impair thyroid function and auspected. lnformatlon collcel'llina on- aboormal blo and cause seoetlc damage io the ega or interfere with the pltuiluy-adranal axis the·Job penonal hygiene, amoldng or Reproducti •perm ceU. before cooceptlon and retull but again these effects have not Mr.n ealina habit1ln work areu. laundry apouse when In failure to Implant. mlacarriaaa. well defin'ed. procedures. and use of any proteotlve infertillty.lm; atillblrth. or birth de!ecu. clothing or respiratory protectloo abnon:1&1 me mlac;arriages. Ill Medical EvaluatirJII equipment abould be noted. A complete work history Is easentialln the medical . birth defects. JnlaniJ of moth en with lead polsonlna enlualion of a worker with auspected have a higher mort&l.lty durfna the lint Tbe most importilnt principle In lead toidelty, especially when lonaterm year and au!Ter from lowered birth Musculo-sl enluating a worker !or any elfeciJ 1uch 11 aeurotoxidty and palas. weighiJ. alower arowth. and oervoua ocr.upalional disea1e including lead eystem di10rdera. nephrotoxicity are considered. Tbephyaic pnisC?nl"ll Ia a high Index of suspicion on empbuizeU the part of the ex~ mining physicinn. A5 patrolntesti discussed In Section 2. lead can aff,.ct the medica) history Ia aiiO o} fundamental Importance and ahould ayatems. Th• Lead can r.u• lhlousb the placental numerous org3n systems and produce a presnre she barrier aod ead levels Ia the mother'a wide array or sign• and 1yn1ptoms. most include a li•tlng of aU put and eurreot blood are comparable to conceotralfoDJ· medical conditfo111. current medicatlo111 oral cnacosa II of whkh are non-specific and 1ubtle in clwaclerist. of lead In the umbilical cord at birth. nature at least In the early stages of including proprietary drug lolake, I Transplacental passage becomea previous 1urgeriea and ho1pilalizaUoDJ, lead liDe 011 disease. Unless teriou• concern for lead uoted.howe detectable at12-14 weeki of satation loxidty is present. many of the early. allergin. amoldng hiltory, alcohol and lncraaaea untll blr!h. cons~~~~~ptlon. and a1IO DOIHICCUpatfooal DOtbeprese clue• to diagno1i' may euUy be po;..iaa if •. ovetlouked. lead exposure• aucb •• hobbiaa (hunting. riflery). Alao mown childhood practiced. Thera II little direct data oa damaae exposure• should be eUdted. Ally to the fetu1 from expoaure to lead but It ThP cruclalinilialstep In the medical previous history of hematological. 'J'bepresE Ia smeraily auumed that the !etua and evaluation Ia recognizing that a worker'• neurologicaL gutrointeatlnal, renaL uamlnatio: newborn would be at lent a1 employment cao result In exposure to psycbologleaL I)'DecolosieaL senetlc. or whlchlfae, "IUICeptfble to oeurol~caJ damap u lead. Tht~ worker will frequeotly be able raprvdacUve problemt abould be willa • tach: .young chUdreo. Blood ead Ieveii of 50- apeci6c:ally noted. lo define exposure• to lead and lead napac:ted. ' eo l's/too aiD children C8D caute l:Ont.aining materials but often will not loa should significant oeurobehavlorallmpairmenta volunteer thi1 informalloo unleu poteotlal bl and there Ia evidence of hyperactivity at A careful and ;rctete rev!- of apt-dfically asked. Ia other allualiuna ayale- mutt be ormed to aa~e~a pstrointes~ hlood Ieveii aalow •• z:tjs/100 I· the worker may not know of any both fta)gnlzed complaloiJ and aubtle Given the overall body literature e"pOIWeiiO lead but the IUspicion concerolng the advene health eff'ecta of or slowly acquired aymptoms which the Acamplt might be raised on the part of the worbtmight nolapprec:illte •• beina lead In children. OSHA feels that the physiciiln becau1e of the lndU:IItry or shoald IDcl blood lead level I:D childrao should be aignificanL Tbe review olaymptoma atallllnal. occupation of the worker. Potential ahould iDclude the following: maintained below 30 1'1/100 1 with a oec:upalionalexpoaure to lead and Ita ·behnioral C:pulatloo meao of 15 1'1/100 J. Blood cumpounda occur Ill atleut UO diat:arbanc• ad Ieveii In tha fetuaand newbom occ:upalioDJ,Includloglead ameltlng. th• Ceaeral-welghtlou. fatlgue, enluation balludD.ati Ulcewiae ahould not exceed 30 l'a/100 J. m~anufacture of lead atorage batterie1, decreued appetite. the manufacture of lead plgmeoiJ and Caltaudcc examined I Because oflead'a abWty to pa11 producta containlnl pigmeniJ, aolder Hnd. Eyes. Earl. Noae. Throat manufacture, ahlpbulldJns and ahlp for tremor. throaah theJ:lacental bamer and alao (HEENI)-headacbea, vbual peripheral . repair, auto maoulacturlna. Contlruction. dilturhulcea or decraated vilualaculty, because of I demODJirated advene and paintfaa, Careful aer. effecta of le~d ~uctlveluoctloo heari:ll defidiJ or tiDDI~I&mentatfon testloila, lo both the mal• female u well u of the oral muCOII, or me c taate Ill mouth. partfcularl: . the rilk or geaetic damap or lead on Once the pouibllity for lead exposure ofallexm ID.portancc both the crvum an= OSHA I• rai11d. the !ocua C8D thea be directed Cardio-pulmo~-chortneaa of recommeoda a 30 100 111Wdm11111 toward eUdtina lnformaUoo from the perminlble blood lead level lo both breath. cough. cheat painl, palpltaliolll. medical hiato~phyalcaJ exaDi. and or orthapneL Cranial· malea and femalta who wish to bear finall)' from Ia ratory data to evaluate belnclud~ chlldreo. the worker for poleotial !tad toxicity. Clltrvlotatfnal-aauseL Yomltfna, heartb.rn, abdomiDal pain, CODitipaUon · ordlanheL 'l1ae abc! I. Otherimdcef/«:1&. Debate and Include au - andabdor research continua 011 the effecta or lead A complete and detailed work history Nearologlo-lnitabWty,IDIOmnla. on the hliiiiiD body. HyperteDJlon haa Ia important io the loltial evaluallon. A orpnome; wealalesa (faUaue). dlzzlne11. lou of abdom!n.a: 1025 Appendix C SUBPART Z- OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL 401 CONTROL ' s;···d o~ aU previoua employment with ~ormation on work proceaaea, memory, conl'uslon. hallucinations, Cardiova~cular examinalion1hould might be performed. •posutt to fwnea or duat.la!own Incoordination. ataxia. decreased evaluate posaible early aignJ of An electrocardiogram and chest x-ray 'I .ure• to lead or other toxic atre!llth In bands or feet. disturbances congestive heart failure. Plllmonary may be obtained 11 deemed appropriate. Jl an~1, resplratmy Protection und. in raiL difficully in cllmbina ataln. or 1tatus ahould be addressed particularly ~ 1 re\'IOUIDJedicaJ tuneUlance aeizures. if respirator protection is contemplated. Sophisticated and hi ably specialized 'ould aU be included ID the wud:er'a telliDJ ahould not be done routinely and ~-Where expo.ure to lead Ia Hematologic-pallor, easy fatigability, As part of the medical evaluation. the where Indicated should be under the s-• "'ed. tDformalion COncem!na on· abnormal blood losa, melena. lead atandard requires the foUowina direction of a speclallat. e b peraonal hygime,.1111okina or Reproductive (male and female and laboratory 1tudles: r h.bitJ tD work areu.laundrf apouse where relevantJ-history of ~ .. and UJa ol aey profea(jve Infertility. Impotence. lou or libido. Jt!Una or respiratory JI'VtectiOD abnormal menaltual periods. histol')' of 1. Blood lead level W. Laboratory Evaluation uJDrnent ahould noted. A COI!Iplete m11carriages, atillbirtha.-or children with Z. Hemoalobln and hematoail be determinations. hd cell Indices, and Jo listory l• nsenlialm the medical birth defects. The blood lead level at preaeot ;, ;~n Of I Worker With IUJpected examJnalion or the periphe.ral blood remains the lingle most important lfttlo . tmear to evaluate red blood cell monitor lead exposure and Ia the tetl '' JXJdty, eapedaUy 'IVbenlona term Musculo-shletal-a!UJcle and folnt morphology used In the medlcalaurveUiance ects auch uneurotolddty and pains. :~hrotoxldty.,., =a&ldered. 3. Blood urea nitrogen program Wider the lead alandard to The physical examination ahould 4. Serum creatinine sulde employee medical removaL The emphasize the neurological, 5. Roulille urinalysia with mlcroacoplc ZPP which has aeveral advantarea over , !lleCilc:a'J hla!orJ ia abo Ot aastrointestlnal. and cardiovascular examination. the blood lead level II. due to the .'--'ental lmportJnc:e and ahDuld ayatema. The worlter'a weigbtaod blood · a. A zinc protoporphyrin level (Tbll pendinr Uligalion. not required under :ude 1 liltfttJ ol all Pill and current pretsure should be recorded and the requirement Ia currently not in effect the atandard. Because or Ita relatively lical COnditionJ, CIU'I'ent medica tiona oral mucosa checked for pigmentation due to the pending litigation. bulla recent development and the lack of ' l8 proprietary dn!a Intake, characteristic of a poulble Blll1onian or recommended oonetheleuJ. extensive data concemlng ltJ ., • 1111'1erfll and bcilpitalizatlona. lead line on the gingiva. It abould be laterpretatlon. the ZPP currently r I. IIZIOidllg hlatory, alcohol noted. however. that the lead line may remains an ancUiary teaL ~liiDption. and abo ~tlonal not be preaenl even Ia aeverr lead In addition to the above. the phyaldan l ~ lllehaa bobblea pOisonlna If aood oral h:YJienc Is Ia authorized to order any further 1-r. rillery). Abo laacnwu childhood practiced. laboratol')'·or other teslsl which be or abe Thi• aection wiU iilscuas the blood be An)' deems necessal')' In accordance with · lead level and ZPP In detaU and wW ~ a ahould elidted, outline their relative advanlaJII uc1 , ' • hit tory of hematological, tound medical practice. The evaluation The presence of p11Uor on akin must also Include pregnancy teallna or dlsadvanta.pa. Other blood teslsl ~L 811lroln!estinaJ; renaL examination may Indicate an anemia. currently avallable to evaluate lead ~ 8YIIecol08ici.L aenetlc:. or laboratory evaluation or male fertility If ~UCiive proble1111 abould be which llaevere might abo be auociated requested fir the employee. exposure will also ~reviewed. .t. ally DOled. with a tachycardia. If an anemia b ~n~~pected. an active aearch for blood The blood lead level Ia a Index Additional testa which probably aood loaa 1hould be undertaken tDcludinB are of current or recent lead absorption careful and completa nmew o1 potentilll blood lou through the not warranted on a routine basil but :.ma m1111 be performed to may be appropriate 'IVbeo blood lead 'IVben there Ia bO anemia pra.ent IDd 111111 llllrolnteatinallracL when the wod:er has DOl taken any recoan1zed complaiDtt aad ~n~blle and ZPP Ieveii are equivocal Include delta amlnoleYUllnlc add and chela Una ageotJ. However, blood lead ) rICQuimll)'lllptolnJ 'IVbich the levels along with urinary lead levels do DOiappreci.ata 11 beiDa A completeneurologicalexamlnatiOD coproporphyrin concentrationala the :( llisht not necessarily indicate the total body ~ ...... 3l. The review or l)'mplomJ abould Include an adequate mental urine. and dark·Deld illumination for Id llldllde the followm,: ataiUJ evaluation lnclud.lna a aearcb for detection or basophUic stippling In red burden of lead and are not adequete behavioral and paychological blood cells. measures of past exposure. One ruacm diaturbance1. memory !eating. for this Ia that lead haa a hlah afrlllity ~ "-"lsht loaa. fatJaue. evaluation for lrritabillty,inJomnla. ~ rf appetite. haUuc!nationa. and mental cloudi.DJ. If an auemla Ia detected further 1tudies Including a careful examination for bone and ap to~ or t!ie body'a Calland coordination abould be total lead Ia deposited there. A Yel)' elWilined alona with cloae obaem~tion of the peripheral amear. reticulocyte Jd. E,ea. Em. NDie. 11uoat count. 1t0ol for occult blood. aerum Iron. Important component of the total lead ~•dacha. yiaua] for tremor. A de!JIIed evaluatiOD of body burden b lead tD toft tlaaue (liver, peripheral nerve function Including total iron bllidlna capadty, bilirubin. ~ en or decreased YlaualacuJ~ and, If appropriate. vitamin BU and kidney, and brain). Thla fraction of the ~ elidtl or UMituJ, pfpentali~ · careful 1ensory and motor function lead body burden, the blologicaUy ac:tlft testing Ia warranted. StreliJ(h llltfna folate may be of value In aHemptfna to 1--IIIIIICOU. or metaWc late ill identify the caUJe of the IJIIIDia. lead. Ia bOt entirely reflected b)' blood partlc:uJarJy of extensor muscle lfDUptl lead lenla alnce It Ia a function of the or aU extremJtie1la of fundamental dynamksofleadab~tion. Importance. U a peripheral neuropathy Ia distribution. clepo~ltlon tD boxltiDd ~n~spected. nerve conductlon atudi11 are Creola! nerve evaluation ahoUid also warranted both for diqno1la and u a excretion. FoDowina diiCOntmllltiOa of be Included In the routine examination. buis to monitor any therapy. exposure to lead. the IXCIII body burden Ia only alowly mobillzed from If renal diaeue Ia qu111ioned. a Z4 bone and other relatively •table body The abdominal examination should hour urine collection for creatinine atores and excreted. Conaeqoently, a · Include auscultation for boweiJound• clearance, protein. and electrolytes may blsh blood lead level may only represent and abdominal brultJ and palpation for be Indicated. Elevated arlc add leveJa recent bea\'f expo•ure ro lead Without a Ollanomegaly, maaaes. and diff111e may result from lead-Induced mill. signl.licant total body excess and abdomlnaltenderoe11. disease and a aerum arlc add level liltewlae a low blood lead level dOll nc:it 1025 AppeDdbt c Ref 14 ; \,.. ' Casarett and Doull' s 1_,0XICOLOGY The Basic Science of PoisonS SECO·ND ED·ITI·ON :: ·. ... . .·~- Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. · N~w York Collier Macmillan Canada, Inc. Toronto Collier Macmillan Publishers London • Ref 14 418 TOXIC AGENTS urinary excretion is dominant, as compared to. Epidemiologic studies suggest that only moder.: other routes. Approximate contributions to ately elevated lead exposure in infants and youn1 daily lead excretion in adults arc as follows: children (PbB = 40 to 80) may cause deficits u reflected in psychometric performance tests and .r- in certain neurologic tests (Bornschein et at.. pg Pb EXCREI'ED 1919). llOUTE OF EXCRETION PEilDAY %· The toxic c1fects or alkyl lead compounds on Urine 36 76 the central nervous system are more of a psycbit Gastrointestinal secretions 8 16 nature, compared to inorganic lead. Halluana. Epithelial structures and sweat 4 8 tions, delusions. and excitement arc the most common effects. These progress to delirium in Rabinowitz a tzL. tm. fatal cases. There have been numerous studies utDizinc On the other band, from nutritional balance experimental animal models regarding the effects studies it appears that in infants gastrointestinal of inorganic lead on the central nervous system. excretion or lead is somewhat greater than urin These studies have mainly been concerned with ary excretion. The pattern of excretion observed possible effects or lead on certain performance in experimental animals resembles that in human tasks that might reflect effects on cognitive infants. The mechanism of urinary lead excretion function Oearning and memory) or sensorimotor is not fully known. but the most likely process is · function in the infant animal exposed to lead~ glomerular filtration with variable degrees of early in life or in utero. These studies have not as tubular reabsorption, depending on the filtered ·yet yicJded any conclusive, consistent informa load (Vander eta!•• 1911). tion, but they do tend to confirm observations in children, suggesting subtle effects not aa:oJD Biologie Ejfeeu • prolonge panied by overt signs of lead poisoning. disease • Many organs and systems are adversely affect· The mechanism whereby functional disturb sctcrosis ed by lead. Some effects have been observed in ances of the central nervous system occur is OCCUISm · both man and experimental animals. Others have poorly understood. Some investigators have shine wl: ~·been obserVed only in experimental animals. The studied effects of lead on the action or neuro term ind Implications of effects reported only in animal transmitters using isolated peripheral nerve toreaalf studies often are not known because relevant preparations. Both cholinergic and adrenergic propcss' human studies have not been conducted. The synaptic evoked transmitter release is inhibited from Qtl four major target organs and systems are by lead. This effect is inhibited by calcium wasobst the central nervous system, the peripheral nerves. (Kostial and Vouk, 1957; Manalis and Cooper, . in early the kidney, and the hematopoietic sjstcm. In all 1973; Cooper and Steinberg, 1977). The signifi. than c1s fotir cases the effects have been observed in man cance of these observations in regard to the brain traCed t( and have been studied extensively. is highly uncertain at this time. 1958). j · Central NerYous System. There arc numerous . Peripheral Nervous System. The older litera that the reports of a severe, often fatal condition com ture cites" the frequent occurrence of lead palsy .tc:rmina~ monly referred to as lead encephalopathy, among workers in the lead trades. The major incident occurring as a result of chronic or subc:hronic manifestation of lead palsy is· weakness or the ingthat exposure to high doses or inorganic lead. The extensor muscles. Sensory_ disturbances also Anothe: major features are dullness. restlessness. irrita occur, e.g.• hyperaesthesia and analgesia. This disease' bility, headaches, muscular tremor, ataxia. and peripbctal neuropathy bas been studied in some due to 1 Joss of memory. These signs and symptoms may detail experimentally. The anatomic: lesion is conditi( progress to convulsions, coma, and death. A high characterized by segmental demyelination and by ingdue incidence or residual damage is seen, including axonal degeneration. Functionally, nerve con patiom epilepsy. hydrocephalus, and idiocy. These duction velocity is slowed, even in the absence of Mast sequelae IJfC similar to those seen following palsy. an effect seen in both children and adults beenot infectious or traumatic injury to the brain. The even with no discernible impairment of myo cxcepti pathogenic mechanism leading to these effects is neural function (Seppiliinen et al., 1915; Feld· experir. not well understood. Although varying degrees of man et al., 1913). . · l'alal t· cerebral vascular damage are common in fatal Kidney. Two distinct types of renal effect . . exposu cases, along with demyelination and axonal have been observed.in man. In the first type. the. matter damage in neurons, these are not constant effects are manifestations of damage to the _expostJ .findings. proximal tubules. Tubular reabsorption of glu of cere A major concern today is subtle behavioral cose, amino acids, and phosphate is de~. Reo effects, particularly in children. at levels of ex These effects arc readily reversible with chelation multip posure below those causing encephalopathy. therapy. The other type ofrenal effect occurs with most· • Ref 14 METALS 419 MITOCHONDRION Ferrochelatase I FeJ • + ""'Protoporphyrin IX Aminolevulinic acid (AlAI Pb FeJ • Corproporphyrinogen Ill Porphobilinogen CYTOSOL Figure 17-3. Effcets of lead on heme metabolism. prolonged high lead exposure. It is a progressive known that anemia is one of the early manifesta disease characterized by interstitial fibrosis, tions of lead poisoning. It results from reduction sclerosis of vessels, and glomerular atrophy. It or the lifespan of circulating erythrocytes as wdl occurs mainly among heavy consumers of moon as from inhibition of synthesis of hemoglobin. shine whiskey and in workers with high. long The shortened lifespan of erythrocytes is in term industrial exposure. Death may ensue due Constant. occurring only in some cases or lead to renal failure. A dramatic example of the slow, induced anemia. Erythrocytes exposed to lead in progressive nature of this condition was reported fJitro show increased osmotic resistance but also from Queensland. Australia. As early as 1897 it show increased mechanical rragility.ln addition, was observed that deaths from chronic nephritis it has been shown in oiao that. even in moderate in early adulthood were much more common lead exposure, erythrocyte Na-K-ATPase is than elsewhere. This excessive death rate was somewhat inhibited, suggesting a Joss of c:d1 traced to childhood lead poisoning (Henderson. membrane integrity. This may account for the 1958). The most remarkable aspect of this was, shortened lifespan orerythrocytes that sometimes _that the clinical disease occurred many years after occurs. termination of the exposure. No comparable The actions of lead on the synthesis of hemo incidents have been reported elsewhere, suggest globin arc complex. Various effects arc seen at ing that unknown ancillary factors were involved. different levels or exposure. For example, in some Another interesting feature of this "Queensland cases" or poisoning globin synthesis is impaired. disease" was the occurrence of gout. presumably It seems more likely, however, that effects on due to reduced renal excretion of uric acid. This heme synthesis are or greater importance than condition is occasionally reported in lead poison effects on globin synthesis, since they occur even ing due to moonshine whiskey, but not in occu at exposure levels below those which result in pational lead poisoning. anemia. At low le\'els of exposure these effects Most of the toxic effects seen in man have also result in ·a marginal decrement or hemoglobin been observed in experimental animals. There arc concentration. At stnt lower levels of exposure, exceptions. Gout has never been reported in some biochemical effects arc seen, even in the · experimental lead poisonins.: on the other hand. absence or reduced hemoglobin. In order to renal tumors arc 9bserved with prolonged lead understand the interplay or these effects, it is exposure in rats and inice but not in man. As a necessary first to understand some major features ' i ~ ~ . matter of fact, excess deaths in industrial lead or heme synthesis. These are sUmmarized in . exposure have been shown only for the categories Figure 17-3. The process of heme synthesis f : of cerebrovascular disease and chronic nephritis. begins in the mitochondrion with the formation Hematopoiesis and Heme Synthesis. The of 5-aminolewlinic acid (ALA), a process re multiple effects oflead on organs and systems arc quiring · the enzyme 5-aminolevulinic acid syn I most vividly apparent here. It has long been thetase {ALAS). A series of additional steps then t •• I \ .: !:· I "' ·~' I ! _1 Ref 14 420 TOXIC AO.ENTS takes place, first in the cytoplasm, then again in this summary view is admittedly not totally the mitochondrion, beginning with the con satisfactory. The most puzzling aspect is "'llrith densation of two molecules of ALA to f'orm a regard to inhibition of ALAD. This seems to pyrrole ring, porphobilinogen, and ending with occur at levels of lead exposure considerably the insertion of iron into the tetrapyrrole, proto below those involving elevation of its substrate porphyrin IX. The rate-limiting step in the heme ALA in plasma or urine. The concept of" reserve biosynthetic pathway is the rate of ALA forma enzyme" usually is invoked to explain this. tion, which, in tum, is depend~t on the rate of A discussion or the effects oflead on heme syn. synthesis of the enzyme ALAS.·,.be end product, thesis would not be complete without calling heme, regulates ALAS synthesis by negative attention to the fact that hemoglobin is only one feedback inhibition. When heme concentration of many hemoproteins essential to normal body falls, compensatory derepression of' ALAS syn function. Others include the cytochromes cyto thesis occurs, with a consequent increase in chrome c oxidase and hydroperoxidascs, aU or ALAS-generated ALA synthesis. The several which are part of the electron transfer S)'Stcms biochemical effects oflead depicted at the bottom requiring heme. The effect oflead on these heme of' Figure 17-3 are best explained by its known proteins is poorly understood. il!.bibitory effects on the incorporation of iron Other Effects. The toxicologic effects ortead into protoporphyrin IX. This is either due to "its are not limited to the systems discussed above. direct inhibition of the enzyme ferrochelatase or Thus, lead has long been known to cause colic in to its interference with the entry or iron into the cases of poisoning. The mechanism is not under mitochondrion. Both mechanisms arc com stood. Lead also causes chromosomal abe:rations patible with the rise in erythrocytic protoporphy and, perhaps, abnormal sperm morphology in rin that occurs at a level of lead exposure below man. The significance or these effects is at Present the level associated with reduced circulating uncertain. hemoglobin. The consequent reduction in heme concentration probably triggers the derepression Dose-Ejfect tuUI Dose-Response RelatiDIUAlps of ALAS, which in tum may explain the rise in The concentration or lead in the blood (PbB) clos urinary ALA and coproporphyrin. effects that is the best indicator of the dose in the body.Its at~ occur only at a level ortead exposure greater than relationship to effect can be estimated iftwo con mu is necessary to inhibit conversion of protopor ditions c:an be satisfied. First, the effect must be occ phyrin IX to hem~ The evidence in support of quantifiable and, second, the time at which the cfrt sat Log scales 1&t pg/100ml .Lead in Blood S)'I 100 eff· sp< Pl: cu re in of al dl $) ~o~mol PBG/h per 1. RBC ALA·D Activity rc Fapre 17-c. Smoothed average blood el lead concentrations and ALAD activities ll plotted against time in semiloprithmic · d ·. scales. ALAD activities in the control ); group arc presented to1etbcr with the f ALAD curve of the exposed subjects. and the blood lead concentrations in one control subject are presented together with the blood lead curve of the exposed subjects. Shadowed area indicates the · standard deviation. (From Tola, S.; Hcmbera, S.; Asp, S.; and Nikkanen, J.: Parameters indicative or absorption and biological 0 20 effect in new lead exposure: A prospective . Time (days) study. Br.J.Ind. Med., 30:134-41,1973.) ..; Ref 14 METALS 421 100"' 40 70 5 80 ALAU 10 0 10 30 so 70 pg/100 ml PbS Figure 17-5. Dose-response relationships for effects ortead on heme intermediates. The ordinate represents pereent respondents for the various effects. · Effects: FEP = Concentration of erythrocytic porphyrin concentration. expressed as p.g/dl packed c:dls. ALAD = Aminolevulinic acid dehydrase activity in blood, expressed as % inhibition. ALAU = Coneentration of aminolevul.inic acid in urine, expressed as mgfl. (From Zielhuis, R. L.: Dose-response relationships for inorganic lead. Int. Arch. Occup. Hml~A, 35:1-18, 19-35, 1975.) dose is measured must correspond to the time headache. Further, the wide spectrum of mani at which the effect occun. Alternatively, the dose festations of illness among cases makes it ex must not change during the lag period between tremely difficult to compare responses to various oc:currencc of effect and actual measurement or regimens. ,In adults and children both, the major effect. These conditions are rather difficult to specific therapeutic objective is removal of lead satisfy. As a matter or fact, it can only be done from the body using chelating agents. In adults satisfactorily with regard to lead effects on heme the mosf widely accepted procedure is intra synthesis. A good example or bow dose and venous infusion of the calcium salt or disodium effect change together was provided in a pro ethylenediamine tetraacctate (CaEDTA),l to 2 g spective study of newly hired lead workers. As per day, for 4 to 5 consecutive days.. The lead PbB rose, ALAD activity fell more or less con chelate formed by exchange of Ca for Pb is currently (Fig. 17-4). As would be expected, the excreted promptly in the urine. Curiously, the response of the workers varied both as to the PbB major source oflead mobilized in this manner is in the work environment and as to the magnitude · . the bones (Hammond, 1971). or ALAD inhibition. The interindividual va.ri ·ne treatment of lead poisoning in children abUity in response is expressed in the form of also entails a course of CaEDTA tbaapy, either dose-response curves. For lead effects on heme alone or in combination with dimercaptopropan synthesis, estimates can be made or the percent ol (BAL). Combined therapy has bec:nfound to be respondents. This is illustrated for the major . more effective than therapy with either drug effects or lead on heme synthesis that have been alone (Cbisolm.1970). under discussion (Fig. 17-S). The elaboration of dose-response curves is useful only if the particu MERCURY lar effect (e.g., FEP > 80) bas some health signi- llltroduction ficance. . It is .. the hottest, the coldest, a true beater. a Treatmellt of Lead Poisoning wicked murderer, a precious medicine, and a It is extremely difficult to evaluate the benefits deadly poison, a friend that can ftatter and lie." of therapeutic regimens for the treatment oflead [Woodall, J.: The Surgeon•s ].{ate or MililllT7. & Domestic Surgel")'. London, 1639, p. 256]• poisoning, or other metallic: poisons for that . matter. To begin with, the incidence of frank There has always been an aura of magic sur .- poisoning and the corresponding amount of rounding mercury. Even the name. shared by a . '. clinical experience is low compared to many other . - . . '·- ... diseases, e.g., hypertension or· the common • Quoted rrom Cioldwater, 1971. 1 .. ; -~--~~- ~: ·h7f0"~~E$~~~'""'~~~~ .~:. · ·~.·~;.- .. IN I t:tiNAIIUI~f\L Lf\CV\Jn vrnvt; \lt;l'4t;VI'\ Ref 15 ENCYCLOB4EDIA. OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH THIRD (REVISED) EDITION ANDSAFBY Technical editor: Dr. Luigi Parmeggiani VOLUME2 L-Z • Lead. alloys and inorganic compounds f Ref 15 Lead, alloys and inorganic compounds radiations. It is used for metallising to provide protective coatings. in the manufacture of storage batteries and as Lead (Pb) a heat treatment bath in wire drawing. Lead is present in w. 207.2 a variety of alloys and its compounds are prepared and .gr. 11.3 used in large quantities in many industries • • .p. · 327 ·c Lead alloys b.p. 1 525 ·c slightly soluble in water in the presence of nitrates. ammonium Other metals such as antimony. arsenic. tin and bismuth salts and carbon dioxide; the calcium carbonates in hard may be added to lead to improve its mechanical or water form a deposit on exposed lead thus preventing chemical properties. and lead itself may be added to solution alloys such as brass. bronze and steel, to obtain certain a blue-grey metal which tarnishes in moist air; it is very soft and desirable characteristics. · malleable, and is easily cast. moulded and extruded. TWA OSHA 0.05 mg/m~ Lead compounds TLVACGIH 0.15 mg/m~ Space is not availai.Ae to describe the very large number STEL ACGIH 0.45 mg/m~ of organic and inorganic lead compounds encountered MAC USSR 0.01 mg/m~ in industry. However. the common inorganic com pounds include lead monoxide (PbO). lead dioxide (PbO:z), lead tetroxide (Pb30A). lead sesquioxide ~=urther information is provided in LEAD CONTROL IN THE (Pb:z03).lead carbonate. lead sulphate. lead chromates WORKING ENVIRONMENT. lead arsenate. lead chloride. lead silicate and lead azide· Sources. Lead ores are found in many parts of the world. The organic compounds of industrial importance include The richest ore is galena (lead sulphide) and this is the tetramethyllead. tetraethyllead. lead acetate. lead main commercial source of lead. Other lead ores include · phthalate. lead salicylate. lead stearate. lead palmitate. cerussite (carbonate). anglesite (sulphate). corcoite lead oleate. and lead naphthenate. (chromate). wulfenite (molybdate). pyromorphite For certain lead compounds of particular importance (phosphate). mutlockite (chloride). vanadinite (van see the separate articles: LEAD ARSENATE; LEAD, ALKYL adate).·ln many cases the lead ores may also contain COMPOUNDS; EXPLOSIVES INDUSTRY (lead azide). other toxic metals. Uses. ·About 40% of lead is used as a metal. 25% in alloys Production. Lead minerals are separated from gangue and 35% in chemical compounds. lead oxides are used and other materials in the ore by dry crushing. wet in the plates of electric batteries and accumulators (PbO grinding (to produce a slurry), Qravity classification and and Pb 3 0~). as compounding agents in rubber manu flotation. The liberated lead mmerals are smelted by a facture (PbO). as paint ingredients (Pb3 0 4 ) and as three-stage process of charge preparation (blending, constituents of glazes. enamels and glass. __ crmdi!ioning. Ate.). blast sintering and blast furnace Lead salts form the basis of many paints and pigments: reduction. The blast-furnace bullion is then refined by lead carbonate and lead sulphate are used as white the removal of copper. tin. arsenic. antimony. zinc. silver pigments and the lead chromates provide chrome and bismuth. yellow. chrome orange. chrome red and chrome green. Lead arsenate is an insecticide. lead sulphate is used in .Uses. Metallic lead is used in the form of sheeting or rubber compounding. lead acetate has important uses in pipes where pliability and resistance to corrosion are the chemical industry,lead naphthenate is an extensively required such as in chemical plant and the building used dryer and tetraethyllead is an antiknock additive for industry: it is used also for cable sheathing. as an gasoline. ingredient in solder. and as a filler in the automobile industry. It is a valuable shielding material for ionising HAZARDS ZPP The prime hazard of lead is its toxicity. Clinical lead 2' poisoning has always been one of the most important pglg.Hb occupational diseases. Medico-technical prevention has 21 • • resulted in a considerable decrease in notified cases and • also in less serious clinical manifestations. However. in • • the past decade it has become evident that adverse 7~ neurophysiological effects on the nervous system • • • resulting in minor brain dysfunction and in impaired 15 • • motor conduction velocity in peripheral nerves. already . • occur at exposcre levels hitherto regarded as acceptable .. Moreover. the potential adverse effects on offspring of . 12 • • ,~ • pregnant workers has led to separate recommendations ••• for acceptability of exposure of female workers of fertile • :-· • • age. 9 • • • ~ .. • : •.. . • • Occupational exposure. Industrial consumption of lead 6 • • ... • • is increasing and traditional consumers . are being • • • •: I • I ·supplemented by new users such as the plastics industry. ... ' '.. . • Hazardo.us exposure to lead. therefore. occurs in many • ' .. occupatrons. -3 . (. . c· •••• PbB .: ,.. . In lead mining a considerable proportion of lead • pg!IOOml 0 • absorption occurs through the alimentary tract and 0 10 20 30 '0 50 60 70 60 90 consequently the extent of the hazard in this industry depends. to some extent. on the solubility of ores being Figure 1. Exposure-response relationship in a secondary lead worked. The lead sulphide (PbS) in galena is insoluble smelter. and absorption from the lung is limited: however. in the 1200 • Ref 15 Lead alloys and inorganic compounds stomach. some lead sulphitie may be converted to smoking during work (pollution of tobacco: polluted slightly ·soluble lead chloride which may then be fingers while smoking). poor personal hygiene may absorbed in moderate quantities. considerably increase total exposure mainly by the oral In lead smelting the main hazards are the lead dust route. This is one of the reasons why the correlation produced during crushing and dry grinding operations. between the concentration of lead in workroom air and ..A and lead fume and lead oxide encountered in sintering. lead in blood levels often is very poor, certainly on an ..., blast-furnace reduction and refining. individual basis. Lead sheet and pipe are used principally for the Lead absorbed by the pulmonary bloodstream is construction of equipment for storing and handling transported to various organs and tissues. More than sulphuric acid. The use of lead for water and town gas 90% of the lead in tl)e blood will be held by the pipes is limited nowadays. If lead is worked at erythrocytes but lead has a preference for the bone and temperatures below 500 ·c. as in soldering. the risk of accumulates in bone tissue. Regular ingestion of about fume exposure is minimal: however. in lead welding. 0.6 mg of lead per day constituted the borderline of lead higher flame temperatures are used and the danger is exposure that may be expE'rienced without apparent higher. The spray coating of metals with molten lead is increase in the body burden c e lead. Excretion takes place dangerous since it gives rise to dust and fume at high both in urine and faeces. Lead in faeces is derived mainly temperatures. Cable sheathing is believed to involve little from non-absorbed lead: lead in urine therefore provides · or no risk. a much better measure of absorption. The lead content in The demolition of steel structures such a·s bridges and faeces may be used as a criterion for malingering since a ships that have been painted with lead-based paints faeces lead concentration of 4 mg/1 00 g. 4 weeks after frequently gives rise to cases of lead poisoning. hazardous lead exposure. may be regarded as proof of Other activities in which lead exposure may occur are wilful ingestion. Blood-lead and urine-lead values . dealt with in the articles: AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY; BAT provide a direct and reliable quantitative indication of TERIES AND ACCUMULATORS; GLASS INDUSTRY; PAINTS. lead exposure but only indirect evidence of lead effect. LACQUERS AND VARNISHES; P.AINTING AND VARNISHING: Lead passes the placenta and is also excreted by breast POTTERY INDUSTRY; PRINTING. PUBLISHING AND ALLIED IN· milk. This may lead to exposure of the fetus in utero and DUSTRIES; WIREWORKS. of the suckling infant Absorption. Inorganic lead compounds enter into the Pharmacotoxic effects. Inorganic lead causes contrac body primarily by inhalation and ingestion; penetration tion of the peripheral vascular system and affects the of the skin is a factor only in the case of organic blood and blood-forming tissues (bone marrow). The compounds. ··normal.. cases of lead poisoning in industry always Gastric hydrochloric acid may promote intestinal include haemopoietic effects; these occur very early. absorption but most ingested lead is excreted in the before the appearance of symptoms or signs and. faeces. Secondary ingestion may occur if lead trapped in therefore. are important for diagnosis. Lead shortens the the upper respiratory tract is subsequently swallowed; life of erythrocytes and impairs haemoglobin synthesis. this is particularly the case with larger particles. The activity of the enzyme ~-aminolaevulinic acid (8- The main route of entry in industry is the respiratory ALA dehydratase is reduced. resulting in increased 6- tract. A certain amount may be absorbed in the air ALA in blood and urine: in addition there is a further passages. but the main portion is taken up by the disturbance in porphyrin metabolism. particularly in the pulmonary bloodstream. The degree of absorption uptake of Fe++ in protoporphyrin IX. As a consequence. depends on the proportion of the dust accounted for by increased lead absorption results in: particles less than 5 pm in size and the exposed worker's (a) decreased activity of ~-ALA dehydratase; respiratory minute volume. Increased workload therefore results in higher lead absorption. Although the respirat (b) increased 6-ALA in serum and urine; ory tract is the main route of entry. poor work hygiene. (c) increased protoporphyrin (PP) in erythrocytes: (d) in.creased coproporphyrin (mainly ether- ;c, ·zpp .extractable coproporphyrin Ill in urine); pglg.Hb (e) decreased content of haemoglobin; 21 (f) decreased number of erythrocytes and shortened life span; 18" · (g) increased number of reticulocytes (young eryth rocytes): 15 (h) increased number of basophil punctated eryth rocytes (manifestation of degenerated regehera tion); · 12 (i) increase of Fe in serum. 9 • Occupational history. and haemopoietic changes are the prime elements in diagnosis. In particular. the haemopoietic changes are apparent before the signs and 6 symptoms and they also provide quantitative informa· • · tion on exposure intensity. Removal from exposure 3 results in the disappearance of haemopoietic effects. - .: PbS However. the disappearance is relatively slow and !. ~ • • pgi'KXJml haemopoietic examination will still be of a diagnostic 0 +---~--~------~--~--~~~--~ value even several weeks after termination of exposure. o w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ro ~ ~ Signs and symptoms. Lead poisoning displays a great Figure 2. Exposure-response.rel_ationship in a cable factory. variety of signs and symptoms. almost none of them 1201 • Lead alloys and inorganic compounds Ref 15 typical. Full:blown poisoning has become 1elatively A slight hypertension due to vascular contractions is i unusual. Most of the signs and symptoms range between frequently found in cases of acute lead poisoning such as .. impaired physiological functioning of organ systems. colic. This is a completely reversible change m blood impaired subjective health. and definite diseases of pressure. A permanent hypertension associated with derate. and sometimes serious. rarely fatal character. arteriosclerosis of blood vessels and renal sclerosis may he chief early symptoms are a fall-off in physical ultimately occur after long-term. intense exposure tness. fatigue. sleep disturbance. headache. aching accompanied by various acute poisonings. Recently a bones and muscles. digestive symptoms. particularly few studies indicated impairment of renal function. obstipation (not diarrhoea). stomach pains and de evidenced by increased levels of uric acid in the blood. ' creased appetite. If the level of sickness absence due to gastrointestinal disorders in a lead processing industry is Exposure-effect/response relationships higher than that due to respiratory disease. the possibility One should distinguish between biological indicators of of excessive lead absorption amongst workers should be exposure and health effects. suspected. Lead absorbed through the lungs and the grstroimes The above-mentioned early symptoms are non tinal tract is at first taken up into the blood. an,J from this specific. and can be considered only as signs of it is distributed to various organs. and partly excreted. It poisoning if working conditions and laboratory inves is deposited to a large extent in the bone compacta. from tigations also point to increased lead absorption. These which it is hardly released. The lead in blood level (PbB symptoms are reversible and a complete recovery is in J.lg/1 00 ml) is the best indicator of total exposure. In possible. By means of interviews of exposed groups of non-occupationally exposed adults the individual PbB workers in recent years an increased prevalence of a levels usually do not exceed 25-30 J.lg/1 00 mi. and are variety of non-specific symptoms have been observed: normally 15-25 J.lg/1 00 mi. Pb in urine levels (PbU) fatigue. disturbed sleep. forgetfulness. alienation and normally do not exceed 65 JlQ/1. Increased occupational restlessness. exposure increases the PbB (and PbU) levels. but PbB The subjective symptoms may th! accompanied and does not continue to increase with continuing exposure: even preceded by non-specific objective signs. either after 3-6 months the PbB levels can be used as an observed in medical examination. or only to be measured indicator of total exposure over the last 2·3 months on a group basis by sophisticated psychophysiological (work. food. beverages. etc.). With increasing intensitY and neurophysiological tests. As objective signs. of exposure the equilibrium level of PbB increases. and observed in medical examination. can be mentioned: health effects may occur: more effects and more serious pallorofthe skin (vasoconstriction); Burton or"blue"line effects at higher PbB levels. The PbB level as such does which consists of a deposit of dark blue-grey PbS in the not indicate the health status. but it predicts the health gums about 1 mm from the margin (not in edentulous risk. i.e. the probability that certain effects will exist or gums); in marked prolonged exposure a decrease in the will occur in the future if exposure goes on. The PbB level strength of the hand-grip. The lead line only indicates P.rovides a better indicator of exposure (and of health increased absorption. and should not be regarded as an risk) than the PbU level. because the concentration in eifea &-suuh. iL u::~u~iiy oc.:uurs when dental hygiene is urine depends upon diuresis and specific gravity; poor. Increased gum pigmentation in non-White subjects moreover. samples of urine easily become contaminated. should not be mistaken for a lead line. With sophisticated In the last decade measurement of the PbB level has tests non-specific impairment of. for example. visual become the indicator of choice to assess exposure and motorfunction (eye-hand co-ordination. visual reaction health risk. However. it should be emphasised that the time). impaired intellectual functions. and decreased analysis requires high-level analytical techniques: it can motor conduction velocity have been demonstrated. only be carried out in well equipped laboratories and by If a worker with the above-mentioned symptoms well trained personnel. remains exposed to undue amounts of lead. the disease The no-adverse-response levels (i.e. the effect men· · may progress to greater severity, manifesting itself in the tioned will very probably not occur if exposure does not gastrointestinal tract and in the peripheral and central exceed the given PbB levels) in adults can be sum· ·I- nervous system. Most important is lead colic. very marised as follows (adapted from WHO. 19n and WHO. intense periodical abdominal cramps. associated with 1980) (the figures refer to exposure level: PbB in J.lg/ severe obstipation. and possibly with sickness and 100 ml): vomiting. If further lead intake is prevented. symptoms decrease of ~-ALA-0 in erythrocytes 5-10 regress and prognosis is favourable. Many cases are increase of protoporphyrin in erythrocytes 25-30 wrongly diagnosed as surgical disease. particularly (males): 20-25 (females) appendicitis. Colic occurs particularly in the first 2 years increase of ALA or coproporphyrin in urine 35-45 of exposure; drinking bouts and sports activities during (males): 30-40 (females) weekends may precipitate an attack due to mobilisation decrease of Hb 60-80 of lead from accumulations. . · A typical disease of the peripheral nervous system is peripheral nervous system lead paralysis. especially in the most active muscles. - decreased motor conduction velocity 40-50 including paralysis of the radial nerve with "wrist drop". - paralysis> 80 The afferent nerves are not affected: there is no loss of central nervous system sensation and no pain. Paralysis usually occurs after many years of increased lead absorption. often preceded minor.brain dysfunction > 50 by one or more colics. Recovery is slow. and not always - encephalopathia > 80 complete. The disease is now rather unusual due to non-specific symptoms > 50 . roved standards of industrial hygiene. - brain dysfunction in fetus and infant > 30 • very serious manifestation is encephalopathy ' severe headache. convulsions as in epilepsy. coma. kidney ! delirium. possibly death. Fortunately it has become very - impaired function > 60 i rare. Workers who recover from lead-induced disorders of the peripheral or central nervous system should not be chromosomal anomalies> 30-40 re-exposed to lead. A more detailed panorama of lead effects at various PbB l 7202 • Lead alloys and in organ Ref 15 ds levels Will be found in LEAD CONTROL IN THE WORKING · nf the mother and in cord blood is aboutthe same. but the ENVIRONMENT. Adult females (and also fetus and infant) fetus has a higher health risk than the mother. In the older respond with disturbed haemsynthesis (evidenced by literature an increased abortion risk has been reported. increased protoporphyrin (PP) for free erythrocytepor- Nowadays the risk of impaired development .of the in (FEP) orzincprotoporphyrin (ZPP)) at lower PbS central nervous system is decisive for the acceptable s than adult males. Disregarding the early effect on exposure of the mother (see LEAD CONTROL IN THE l -0 as not significant for health, it can be concluded WORKING ENVIRONMENT). that effects on organ functions will not occur if PP (FEP. Pre-existent disease is a factor which increases ZPP) levels in erythrocytes (or whole blood) do not susceptibility. Infectious diseases, such as influenza. increase or only slightly increase. may mobilise deposited lead. Nervous system disorders. At an individual PbS of 70 J.lg/1 00 ml in males there is gastrointestinal affections and anaemia probably in an increased risk of: marked increase of PP (FEP. ZPP): crease the risk of poisoning. Chronic bronchitis may in some individuals maybe slight decrease of Hb; increase local resorption in the respiratory tract and functional impairment of central and peripheral nervous disturb the normal clearing mechanism of the ciliated system: non-specific symptoms: impaired kidney func epithelium. Mental attitude and intelligence determine tion; maybe chromosomal anomalies; but hardly any risk personal hygiene. For this reason alcoholics provide a of clinically manifest disease. high-risk group. Respiration by mouth instead of by The PbS levels given should not be regarded as an nose. and nail-biting. increase lead uptake. · absolute yardstick: the sequence over time (increase. In addition to the above-mentioned predispositions. decrease. stable) is more important than a single value. mainly determining the capacity to deal with lead. one The evaluation of the health status requires a full medical should take into account certain personal influences on examination. and measurement of at least PbB. Hb and lead uptake: personal hygiene. use of respirators. FEP or ZPP. smoking in the working quarters. eating habits. and the Increase of PP (FEP) occurs in overexposure to lead, wearing of dirty clothes outside working hours. in iron-deficiency and in some rare diseases of the · Another important factor is the level of energy porphyrogenic system; increased ZPP occurs in Pb expenditure: the product of concentration in air and of overexposure and in Fe deficiency. Because increase of respiratory minute volume determines lead uptake. The FEP (ZPP) is the first early health-relevant effect of lead. effect of working overtime is to increase exposure time and because prevention of marked increase of FEP/ZPP and reduce recovery time. also prevents the development of serious effects. the The above-mentioned examples give some indication evaluation of the health risk of lead-exposed workers of the possibilities of increased lead burden. many of should make full use of these parameters. In recent years which are associated with the individual characteristics an automated ZPP-haematofluorimeter has been de of the worker. For this reason the evaluation of these veloped. which presents the ZPP level within 5 seconds; possibilities involves the personal examination of each this measurement can be carried out by technicians after worker and the operations he has to perform. a simple training; f'!'lOreover. only a few drops of blood are Industrial lead exposure in former jobs may consider needed. ably increase the risk of poisoning: pre-employment · Figure 1 presents an example of an exposure (PbB) examination should always take this into account. response (ZPP) relationship in a group of workers from Exposure time. This is much more complicated than a secondary smelter: figure 2 presents an example from official personnel records indicate. Only time analysis in a group of subjects in a cable factory. The second figure the workplace can yield relevant data. The worker may shows that only one worker with PbS of 45 JJg/1 00 ml move around the department or the factory: a job with had an increased ZPP; figure 1. with PbS levels up to frequent changes in posture (turning. bending) results in about 90 JJg/1 00 ml shows that ZPP is increased in the exposure to a great range of concentrations. A represen large majority of workers; however. at PbS < 40 JJQ/ tative measure of lead intake is almost impossible to 100 mi. ZPP > 3 JJQ/g Hb hardly occurs. If in subjects obtain without the use of a personal sampler applied for who have not been previously exposed to lead. and with many hours and for many days. . a pre-employment level of ZPP E; 2 J.lg/g Hb. ZPP during Haber·s law (.E = KCT). in which K (Haber·s constant) employment does not exceed 3 JJg/g Hb. then there is is an index of toxicity. is not valid for lead poisoning: the hardly any risk of increase of PbS > 40 J.lg/1 00 mi. effect ·(E) is not directly dependent on the product of Therefore. frequent monitoring of total exposure by concentration in air (C) and exposure time {T). In means of ZPP-measurement can greatly contribute to workers exposed for more than about 6 months the preveotion of overexposure in previously non-exposed biological parameters are much more dependent on C · workers. In a cross-sectional study in already long-term than on T. because lead is a cumulative poison, i.e. the exposed subjects. PbS has to be measured, except when body burden reaches a certain level mainly determined ZPP does not exceed or hardly exceeds 3 JJg/g Hb in all by daily uptake. · subjects. · · · The introduction of ZPP-measurement in the medical Panicle size. Since the most important route of leaCf surveillance of workers has made evaluation of health absorption is by the lungs. the particle size of industrial risk much easier than in previous years when one relied lead dust is of considerable significance and this on the much more sophisticated measurement of ALA depends on the nature of the operation giving rise to the U. FEP or PP. However. in the case of markedly increased dust. Fine dust of respirable panicle size is produced by ZPP levels. measu~ment of PbS has still to take place. processes such as the pulverising and blending of lead The old-time periodical measurement of basophilpunc colours. the abrasive working of lead-based fillers in tated erythrocytes has become obsolete. automobile bodies and the dry rubbing-down of lead paint. The exhaust gases of gasoline engines yield lead .~nal factors. Lead poisoning arises from the body's chloride and lead bromide particles of 1 J.lm diameter. The i~acity to cope with an increased absorption of lead larger particles. however, may be ingested and be and many conditions influence both the biological absorbed via the stomach. A more informative picture of capacity and the rate of absorption. the hazard associated with a sample of lead dust might be In young subjects (already in utero) the health risk is given by including a size distribution as well as a total higher than in adults. At term t~e flbB level in the blood lead determination. But this information is probably I 1203 • T""'re important for the 'research investigator than for the grinding in oil) where lead colours including lead · • i l :j hygienist. · · chromates are being made and manipulated. This ·Ref 15 requirement ap~·lies to other lead compounds as well as 5h!ubi/iry. Some a·uthors attach great importance to the those used for pigments. Proper enclosure and exhaust ype of lead compound. since the solubility of different should be provided for every lead melting pot where the :l npounds in water and biological fluids varies temperature of the lead is raised above 550 ·c. whether :: t • rably. This is a consideration that has to be > --with caution, however. Hydrochloric acid in the the process is that of smelting or use of the lead. Further. ;toZh and carbonic acid in the lungs may convert no skimmings of dross from the molten lead should be removed from the exhaust except in suitable covered rl oluble compounds into soluble products. Neverthe receptacles. . E' ;, the introduction of insoluble, fritted lead Workers who are exposed to lead in any of its forms Jlnysilicates as glazes in the pottery industry has greatly should wear personal protective equipment. which ·educed the risk of lead poisoning. · should be washed or renewed at least once a week. 'n general. except where favourable properties have Protective clothing made of certain man-made fibres :· m clearly established. as in the case of polysilicate~. all :t:ad compounds should be regarded as potentially retains much less dustthan cotton overalls and should be :"lazardous. used where the conditions of work render it possible; turn-ups. pleats and pockets in which lead dust may ~· nallic lead. Unless it is in the form of.fine dust. contact collect should be avoided. / :h metallic lead at normal temperatures does not gi~e Cloakroom accommodation should be provided for ·ise to a considerable health hazard. If metallic lead 1s this personal protective. equipment with ~parate ~c :1eated to 550 ·c. however. lead vapour will be evolved commodation for clothmg taken off dunng workmg 3 :1 will become oxidised. This is a condition that is liable hours. Washing accommodation. including bat~ing t ::>e present in metal refining. the melting of bronze ~nd accommodation with warm water. should ~ prov1ded :::>rass. the spraying of metallic lead, lead burnmg, and used. Time should be allowed for wash1ng before :::hemical plant plumbing, ship breaking. and the eating. Arrangem·ents should be made to prohibit ~ating : rning, cutting and welding of steel structures coated and smoking in the vicinity of lead processes and suitable " th paints containing lead tetroxide. messrooms should be provided. • It is essential that the rooms and the plant assoc1ated f'1.FETY AND HEALTH MEASURES with lead processes should be kept clean by continuous cleaning either by a wet proce~ or by vacuum clea~ers. 1 e object of precautions is first t? P.reven~ the inhalation Where. in spite of these precaution~. work!!rs may st11l be of lead and secondly to prevent 1ts 1ngest1on. exposed to lead. respiratory protec::ttve. equ1pment sh.o~ld These objects are most effectively achieved by the be provided and properly masntamed. Supervts1on c ::>stitution of a less toxic substance for the lead should ensure that this equipment is maintained in a ' .mpound. The use of lead polysilicates in the potteries clean and efficient condition and that it is used when necessary (see LEAD CONTROL IN THE WORIONG ENVIRON· has already been mentione~. !he avoida~ce C?f lead ~ carbonate paints for the pamtmg of the mtenors of MENT). I ~ lldin.os.has_orovedverv effective in re~ucing painters' c Medical prevention. Periodic mediurse of mixing. In preparation for repamtmg, old lead- correlation between the lead in air and in blood levels. linted surfaces are rubbed down by a wet_Proc~ss and one cannot rely on the lead in air levels alone. although not by a dry one to prevent dust from becom11')g a1rborne. I it is true that with decreasing lead in air levels the PbB · There are still however. a very large number of levels on a group basis. but not necessarily in all j.. ·ocesses in which lead material is necessarily present in individual workers. will also decrease. : . · dusty condition. This dust must be prevented !ro'!' e g the air of an occupied workr~om. _Th1s IS ZIELHUIS. R. L ac• ed by conducting the dusty op~rat.1ons m. c.on- ttions of enclosure and exhaust vent1lat1on. Eff1c1ent "Lead". Hernberg. S. OccupatiOflBI medicine: principles ~nd 1 chaust draught sh'!uld be pr_ovi?ed at .hoppers. chutes. practical applications. Zenz. C. (ed.). (Chicago. Year Book mixers. crushers. s1eves. gnndmg m1lls (even when Medical Publishers. 1 975}. lstA.cJ·,~~A 1 ~. HMAI,..\c.. •" -\-o,GGo\o~y Df lV\e+-4(S .. 'Fri~C,:Jt JJor-J'oc.rJ I Uo""k. (eels). A,..d'IC2rJA,..,t -· .e..J·~r • . . Appendix D Site Inspection Form • POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE SITE INSPECnON REPORT PART 1· SITE LOCAnON AND INSPECTION tNFORMAnON _UNKNOWN Toxicol ist NC DHR/DHS (gl~ 733-2801 . ) ( ·,3 15ADORESS Willard Industries 1 Prod. New Bern St., ·charlotte <704) 523-1230 r • POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE _l._._u~••riCA noN SITE INSPECTION REPORT I01;~TEIO~OO~li1 t&EPA PART 3-DESCRIPTION OF HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS AND INCIDENTS IL_ N.&7&Annm: ..unwo Hun~ AND II~ 01 0 A.GROUNDWATERCONTAMINATION 02 0 OBSERVED !DATE: . ) 0 POTENTIAL 0 ALI.EGED 03 POPULATION POTENTIALLY AFFECTED: 04 NARRATlVE DESCRIPTION - 01 0 B. SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION 02 0 OBSERVEDIDATE: ) 0 POTENTlAI. 0 ALl.EGED 03 POPULATION POTENTIALLY AFFECTED: 04 NARRAT1VE DESCRIPTION , - 01 ~gu~o.::b~MINA~'"'' OF AIR - 02 0 OBSERVEDIDATE: ) ~POTENTIAL 0 AJ.LEGED 03 POTE~7ALLy AFFECTED: 04 NARRATlVE DESCRIPTION Secondary le~d smelter operated· for 40+ years~-- 01 0 D. FIREIEXPLOSIVE CONDITIONS 02 0 OBSERVED !DATE: ) 0 POTENTIAl. 0 AJ.LEGED 03 POPULATION POTENTIALLY AFFECTED: 04 NARRATIVE.. DESCRIPTION -· I 01 0 E. DIRECT CONTACT 02 0 OBSERVED !DATE: ) 0 POTENTIAl. 0 AI.LEGED 03 POPULAT10N POTENTIALLY AFFECTED: 04 NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION I 01: ~CONTAMINATIOrc OF SOIL 02 0 OBSERVED IDA TE: ) I( POTENTIAL 0 AU.EGED ~3 POTENTJAL.LY AFFECTED: .. ,.._) .. 04 NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION Soil now covered with asphalt or concrete. 01 OG.ORINKINGWATERCONTAMINATION 02 0 OBSERVED !DATE: ) 0 POTENTIAL OAUBlED 03 POPULATION POTENTIALLY AFFECTED: 04 NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION 01 ~-H. WORKER EXPOSURE/INJURY 02 0 OBSERVED !DATE: ) I(POTENTW. ... 0 ALLEGED 03 WORKERS POTENTIALLY AFFECTEDllpprnx. 90 04 NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION ' - '· - Exposure to airborne lead at work s~ations. Air lead levels and employee blood lead levels are monitored. 01 0 I. POPULATION EXPOSUREnNJURY 02 0 OBSERVED (DATE: J 0 POTENTW... 0 AlLEGED 03 POPULATION POTENTIAU. Y AFFECTED: 04 NARRATIVE DESCRIPTlON EPA FORM 2070·1317·1111 • POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE ~~~''"'~AnON r-~J\ SITE INSPECTION REPORT ID;;~"TEIQ~~3151651 "'"' PART 5 • WATER, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA -II. DRINKING WATER SUPPLY T'VPC: OF DRINKING SUPPLY 02STATUS 03 DISTANCE TO SITE IC'IK*-_...,.I SURFACE WELL ENDANGERED AFFECTED MONITORED )MMUNrrv "-X B.D A.O B.O c.o A. 12 (ml) )fli-COMMUNrrv -· C.D D.O D.O E.O F.O B. 'mil Ill. GROUNDWATER GROUNDWATER USE IN VICINITY tCIIeclt -1 0 A.. ONLY SOURCE FOR DRINKING 0 B. DRINKING 0 C. COMMERCIAL.INDUS"miAL.IRRIGATlON )(D. NOTUSED,lNJSEABLE (OIIw-•-1 (l..nncl_,_..,.._l ,_ __., __1 ~M~O~IN~~~~TlON 0 >2 • -0~ POPULAT10N SERVED BY GROUND WATER 03 DISTANCE TO NEAREST DRINKJNQ WATER WEU. (ml) DEFniTOGROUNDWATER 05 DIRECTION OF GROUNDWATER FLOW 011 '!C_..~!.'. !~..: 01 POTENT1AL YIELD 08 SOLE SOURCE ACU1FER OF AQUIFER )(ves ONO AJ2nrox 1 20 (It) West v: uA • ·20 ttt\ ,(gpd) ~ o.!SCRIPTIONOFWELLSI~-.CIIIIMII.---·----.,.1 None available. ~.AEA 11 A.AEA ~YES COMMENTS DYES COMMENTS Oi-10 Site is paved. ONO S~~~-~CEWATER :l1 SURFACE WATER USE to.«-1 0 A. RESERVOIR, RECREATION 0 B. IRRIGATION, ECONOMICALLY 0 C. COMMERCIAL. INDUSTRIAL NOT CURRENTLY USED ~IN: 0 (ml) - .. 0 (ml) -- 0 (ml) :'· •l.!MOGRAPHIC AND ,_, -·II l •• -··-·•"nON •or -' ":'OT!•L i>OPUI.ATlON WITHIN 02 DISTANCE TO NEAREST POPULATION '- JNE 11) MILE OF SITE TWO 12) MILES OF SITE THREE (3) MILES OF SITE A._7~00 B. 28.300 c. fZJ1fZOQ 0 'mil ...., ()#"£~ NO. Of P£IISONS NO.OfPE~ - ·---- ~UMBER OF BUILDINGS WITHIN TWO 121 MILES OF SITE 04 DISTANCETONEARESTOFF-srTEBUIUII«l lOO's 0.01 (ml) . - "'>(."I.">UU..',"riONWITHINVICINITYOFSITEt __.,.,._.,_.,__,_ __,., ...... o .• ltllll...... __,.., __ Site is located in an industrial park near downtown Charlotte. Almost all the ..area -~~hin a 3 mile radius is located in the city limits. '· e . ' . .. ·-•••-- l2070-13--- 17·811 • POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE SITE INSPECTION REPORT PART 5 ·WATER, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA (Cit« SIT£ SLOPE DIRECTION OF srTE SLOPE ~AVERAGE SLOPE <-3 (In) ______% South M 10 0 SITE IS ON BARRIER ISLAND. COASTAL HIGH HAZARD AREA. RIVERINE FLOOOWAV SITE IS IN YEAR FLOODPLAIN 1 1 DISTANCE TO WETLANDS 15 •CN-J ______(ml) I ESTUARINE OTHER A. (rnl) B. (ml) ENDANGERED SPECIES: ·I 13 LAND USE IN VICINITY. DISTANCE TO: RESIDENTIAl. AREAS; NATIONAUSTATE PARKS, AGNCULTURALLANDS COMMERCIAUINOUSTRIAL FORESTS, OR WJLOUFE RESERVES PRIME N3 LMID AG LAND fml) ,ml) A. ____,.~~0'---- (ml) B. _.._,;0~·:.::1:...... - (ml) c. ______o._...;...>5 ___ 114 OF SITE IN 1ite is elevated above mos_t of the surrounding topography and slopes south-southwest. ~e site elevation is about 90 feet higher than the nearest permanent stream channels. IAll runoff is collected and treated on-site then released to the Charlotte sewer system. Geology and Ground Water in the Charlotte.Area, NC, Bulletin #63, 1952. .. 1 •• Clay et al. 1975. NC Atlas. 4~USGS Water Resources Investigations. Basic Elements of Ground-Water Hydrology with ~eference to Conditions in NC. 1980. D RCLA Unit 7-9-86. • POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE SITE INSPECTION REPORT PART 7 ·OWNER INFORMATION 10 STREET ADDRESS 1"-0. ...._ fiFD '· eiC.I 12CITY 08 NAME 02 D+B NUMBER 08NAME 10 STREET ADORESSr,..O. ~.fiFO,, e«cJ CITY 12 CITY 08NAME 05CITY 1. CERCLA Unit files, Raleigh, NC. EPA FORM 2070-13(7-1111 • POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE SITE INSPECTION REPORT PART 9 ·GENERATOR/TRANSPORTER INFORMATION OS CITY 1-3 ~~------~~~~~~-----+~~------~~~~=:~----~ ADDRESS (P.O...... ffFD,. elc.J (P.O.-.ffFD,.elc.l t (P.o.-.ttFtU.elc.l (P.O. ...._ liFO'· eiCJ • POTENTIAL HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE L auc.ru ar-lCA T10N SITE INSPECTION REPORT l 0~;"TEI~o~=l Y-rA PART 10 ·PAST RESPONSE ACTIVITIES _I 'AST ~ ,A .... .,,,,,...;~ ! 01 0_ R. BARRIER WAUS CONSTRUCTED 02DATE 03AGENCY . o.c DESCRIPl10N -· ! 01 0 S. CAPPING/COVERING 02DATE 03AGENCY t O.C DESCRIPllON 01 0 T. BULK TANKAGE REPAIRED 02DATE 03AGENCY -I O.C DESCRIPTION 01 0 U.GROUTCURTAINCONSTRUCTED 02DATE 03AGENCY O.C DESCRIPTION I • 01 0 V. BOTTOM SEALED 020ATE 03AGENCY O.C DESCRIPTION I " 01 0 W. GAS CONTROL 02DATE 03AGENCY l O.C DESCRIPTION ! 01 0 X. FIRE CONTROL 02DATE 03AGENCY O.C DESCRIPTlON. Ot 0 Y. LEACHATE TREATMENT 02DATE 03AGENCY O.C DESCRIPTION ·; - 1 0 Z. AREA EVACUATED 02DATE 03AGENCY O.C DESCRIPTlON - 01 0 1. ACCESS TO SITE RESTRICTED 02DATE 03AGENCY o.c OESCRIPTlON . 01 0 2. POPU~TION RELOCATED 02DATE 03AI3EHCY O.C DESCRIPTION • - 01 0 3. OTHER REMEDIAL ACTMTlES 020ATE 03AGENCY o.c DESCAIPTlON i - I .. .I . nt. ~niiAI'!S::~ OF INFORMATIOh rOle ······--··--·-·' I e .PAFORM 2070.13(7·81) • Appendix E Site Safety Plan • S1TE SAFhTI PLAN A. GENERAL INFORMATION Site Name liillard Smelting Site Number NC D003151651 Location 101 New bern Street Date 7/1/86 c.harlotte NC . Purpose of Visit __ __...;PA X SI ---Other Proposed Date of inspection _....;7~/..;..9.._/8.::;.;tt:;....------Date of Briefing 7/7/86 ___ High ~riority Ranking --- Low X .fviedium Site Investigation Team l:'ersonnel kesponsibilities Jac~ :Hutler sampling Stan Atwood sampling harry Sutton observer PLAN PREPAAATION: Prepared By ~Ma..;;.;..;;;..,t.--;=w..;;.;..;;.,;;..;;...._-+~.;.._-+-L------io..;...... - Approved By------ B. SITE/WASTE OiARACTERISTICS Waste Type(s) X Liquid X Solid __Sludge ---Gas Characteristics X Corrosive Ignitable Radioactive ---Volatile X Toxic keactive Other List Known or Suspected Hazards (physical,chemical biological or radioactive) on Site and·their toxicological effects. Also, if known, list chemical amounts HAZAIW l:iFFhCT(S) Lead Phl. • OS Lig/m no immediate symptoms sulturic acid corrosive bun1s eyes and skin eye, nose and throat irritant ------TLV= 1 rng/m • e Facility Description: Size_?.;....----- Buildings _ ____;?;...... ______Disposal Methods Being Investigated surface disposal and contamination Unusual Features on Site (dike integrity, power lines, terrain etc.): site is on both sides of New Bern Street ~story of the Site: Site has been used for lead smelting and lead fabrication since 1939. Before 1939 history unknown. Site owners report no batteries have never been broken on site. Also owners report that all lead dust that settles on paved portions of the site is reclaimed. C. HAZARD EVALUATION The primary hazard at this site is possible lead exposure. The chance of inhalation of dust with lead contamination is possible although not likely. Contamination of clothing with lead has a greater possibility of occurring. Tyvek suits, rubber boots or boot covers and PVC gloves will be worn when sampling this site. D. WORK PLAN INSlRUCfiON Map or Sketch Attached? No Perimeter Identified? "'lN_o....;... __ Command ¥ost Identified? ~o Zones of Contamination Identified? No ~ersonal Protective Equipment Level of Protection __...;A __....;;B ___c X D Modifications wear tyvek, boots and gloves when sampling the site. tt------~--- • Surveillance Equipment: f HNu Detector Tubes and Pumps • ___. hxplosimeter 02 Meter I TLD (Radiation Monitor) liecontamination Procedures Level A Segregated equipment drop, boot cover and glove wash, boot I --- cover and glove rinse, tape removal, suit and hard hat removal, SCBA backpack removal, inner glove wash, inner glove removal, inner clothing removal, field wash, redress Level B Segregated equipment drop, boot cover and glove wash,boot --- cover and glove rinse, tape removal. boot cover removal outer glove removal, suit/safety removal, SCBA backpack removal, inner glove wash, inner glove rinse, facepiece removal, inner glove removal, inner clothing removal, field wash, redress. Level C Segregated equipment drop, boot cover and glove wash, boot --- cover and glove rinse, tape removal, boot cover removal, outer glove removal,suit/safety boot wash, suit/safety boot rinse (Canister or Mask Change), safety boot removal, splash suit removal, inner glove wash, inner glove rinse, facepiece removal, inner glove removal, inner clothing removal. field wash redress. Ie ___x_ Level D Segregated equipment drop. boot and glove wash, boot and glove rinse. I Modifications leave trash in dumpster on site Work Schedule/ Limitations surface and subsurface soil and well that is on site. rMERGENCY PRECAUTIONS Acute Exposure Symptoms First Aid eye irrigate immediately skin soap &water wash immediately inhalation ·fresh air &artificial resp. .ngestion medical attention • I Hospital (Address and Phone Number) Mercy Hospital (704) 379-5827 ~ 2001 Vail Ave., Charlotte, NC 28207 Emergency Transportation Systems (Phone Numbers) I Fire use 911 Ambulance use 911 Rescue Squad ---=u;:;;;s..;:;.e....;9;;..:1;.;:;1;.....______.. Emergency Route to Hospital get back on South Blvd. going north, get on US 74 &27 going west, take a right onto Park Drive - veer left onto 5th Avenue. After Caswell Rd. hospital will be on the left. PREVAILING Wfu\lliFR CONDITIONS AND FORECAST ------ EQUIPMENT CHECKLIST Air purifying respirator X First Aid Kit Cartridges for respirator X 3 gal. Distilled H20 3M 8710 Respirator X Personal Protective \e- 02 Indicator Clothing Detector Tube &Pump X Boots or Boot Covers --=x~- Eye Wash Unit X Coveralls ( tyvek) H Nu X Eye Protection --- pH Meter Hard Hat --- Explosimeter X Decontamination Radioactive Monitor }mterials. --- Poison Control Center - State Coordinator Duke University Medical Center Telephone: 1-800-672-1697 Box 3024 Durham, NC , 27710 ASHEVILLE Western NC Poison HENDERSONVILLE Margaret R. Pardee 704-255-4490 Control Center 704-693-6522 ~~orial Hospital Memorial Mission Hosp. hxt. 555, 55~ Fleming St. , 28739 509 Biltmore Ave. 28801 CHARLO TIE Mercy Hospital HICKORY Catawba Mem. Hosp. 704-379-5827 2001 Vail Ave, 28207 704-322-6649 Fairgrove Chur. Rd 28601 DUR!Wf Duke Univ Medical Center JACKSONVILLE Onslow Mem. Hospital ~-800-67:-1697 Box 3007, 27710 919-577-2555 Western Blvd. 28540 GREENSBORO Moses Cone Hospital WilMINGTON New Hanover Mem. Hospital 919-379-4105 1200 N. Elm St, 27420 919-343-7046 2131 S. 17th St, 28401 1-800-722-2222 • ' ' ~ ., .• ' . 'f ~' ' '•· '" -~ -t' 'if··::.;~· .. ' ,,. ~··- ,-,1__ _ _ ------~· f I, KEY I, . :I j ·.:.r I o I -hl .- ~:. = NEW CURB ------' --., ;;-· -- r'"I II WALL . ~~~1 ' -~------\_-,. i -~ - CURB I I ... ' I l.i WALL • I ' I I a :::o STORM Df~AIN I - - I • OUTFALL I CD I i I I D GRASS I; . I / I ,\ '\I ' I' · .. ·. . It \1 STONE/SOIL MIXWRt '. ' '• • r ·r, ~.;_;· ~ ' I I\ ___ ,.. ~'-'ll"""' :X.~Wtr'"~. E] • I · ~ I I El3 I MUNICIP~L EVORM I SEWER iNL I ... ( FENCE . ·-, \ i -j -t BA'LROAD \._..- I / \ DRAINAGE AREA BOUNDARY '•' SAM PLE ·L OCATION L_A•___ - ··. ' " ' /.~~~~ -.- ~-.--... _. . ;_·_ur. ___ .. __ -~- . . .,• .·· Q.i)-;=;. •. / ' } .· ... >•-.•. ···,., ~I ':.2. .., ~- '' ;.::m~G Y· ... ' ,. COOU"lG TOWER .... ·- __ ., __·. .... , .. _ ' ·(~: i~~i ,;_··;;r,-?~ ~ r~,, . ,. -· 0 TO NCDEHNR JJ.U\WI'\IG !fLf:: ..... - ·rv i. A ·~ 1 \'" !\/' , --- I-~;.,. IN CMAAGt .,,~,A~D .'"\"USTRIES ../·~·- , ~y Sl-IM O>LE ~ ~ ·-- 1..- . ' t~p "'!'-" SIT E P~'\ w. , LOCATIONS -· Chano. -· . . rr·o· 1 _ ...·· '1...~ 2 -: -~.---r -~- -~-- .. - ·-- _..,. SCA!..[ REV. .,... ,\1. --· ::~==-=-1-____;----=~- ! 7 /'1/94 , .. -40' ff'( . CH~<' -- 0 :·) ------c c ' " ' t ' ' ' [ r - ' '' r _, t /\ ( ( ,, i IJ ' orure lftDftUonng. cu am- Ucla of the aualiiiPbml 1a - Uld 11 ...,. ~ trestmmt llen1teL IlL m For the purposes of pancrr.pb ::~~~ ~ = IPR Doc. Tl-tUTO Piled W-TI: lL110 am] Cdl. employee eXl>Oilln Is that ezPO- powre..,o.nenlc&Jd'llat.lltlnlellaaa.- [51910.1018 added at 43 F.R. ===~C:t-:~:~~:C,~eemploY· ~~erc~c,::;e:: of 19624 1 May 5 1 1978; generally CUI With the exception of"monltor· ~Dfi*1Pben.l-'tlll.lnltlallyot !i!ffective August 1 1978.]. tnr under Pl.nCT'&Ph CdX31. the em· b&Ddl and feet. wi:Jcb 11 ~ _,., · 1 ployer ah&l1 collect full shift (for at ·lnmoruenft--~-. flllt.JIZS 1.-4. leut 'f conUnuou. bourll persooaJ ~ am miiiCI.. affected .,.. muai::r u. ~-o_ • . samples lnclu~ at leut one sample • at.aiiOn IIDd u. perobel. 111 OD1J' the ~ation: parts of standara stayed- ror each shift for each Job c:laaUica- ...- _.. - wiD pua~n~a or oaar see foreword. 'lion In each work area. m'IIICJ .. Of the tee& or ot u.e-m.. CWI Pull shift personal samples shall Clelafbandaoccar. (a)~ Clnd llPJ~ltcclttan. Ul This ~ representative of the monitored Unr otamue b'OIIl dll'DDic o.nenJeaJ !:do ltCtlon applies to all occupational u· -me II .uD debeled. IU>d u JOe\ the qua- J)OSUI'e to lead. except as provided 1n ·~::oyee"• rerutar. daiJJ" exposure to ::..11~~ ~ c: a: panrrapb CaX21. (2) /nftflll cfetnmfnAlion. Each em- U>e III70CU'IIIum baft been repone~~ bued t2J 'l1lla HCtlon doea110t apply to the ployer who hu a workplace or work • mo CIWI.-. 'l'bae fiDCliiiiS. 110wen:r. conatructiou IDdatry or to. agricultural operation covered by this lltandr.rd .,.. - 1ar1e17 dlll:olmted Uld the mo operatioDI cavered b)' 211 CfR Put 2112& sball determine U an:r exployee ma:r __..,.. UCI1bed to eledlol7te dl.ulro (S 1910.1025(a) (2) amended be exposed to lead at or above the &u.:. ~ 'II'Wlu-nwuan 1zl!>a,. action leveL . 15UDDOfUIIdllctrtoxideiiDdother~ at 44 F.R. 50338 0 August 3 ac o.nenJc&J - - DOt. lift rile to ~ c I Bcz.ru 0/ faftllll cfefermfft4ltan. m .1ac1ca1 mcse.- or Jllltii"'OCCIIIIolla. AfteDic 28 0 1979 .] The emplo:rer.shall monitor emplo;ree - br.ft a ~t eUect-the boDe (b) Dcflnfttou. MAc:Uon level" means rxposures and ah&l1 t.R lnltlal deter· man-. wtth cllltartlaDcel of both _ .. _ -'th _ _, mlnatlons on the empfo;ree eltPDSIIrt polellaUidlll7el-'-. -·-- emp1 o:ree eltPC)SUJ'e, w• out re,.~w t.o monltorlnc results and an:r of the lol· the uae of respirators. to an airborne lov.inr. relevant c:onslder&llons: concentration of lead of 30 micro- CAl An:r lnformaucm. observations. ITiolDI per eublc meter of air C30 IJC/ or calculations whlcb would Indicate" m'> r.verared over an 8-hour period. MMslatant Secretar:r" means lhe M- emplo~ee exposure to lead; alst&nt Becretar:r of X.bor for Oc:eupa· (B) MJ previous IIICUIIftiiiCII of airt1on1c .. tlonal Safet:r and Health U.S. Depart· :r,-. k:a4;a~~dmeuumncmsofairtlonlclcad111811ciD ment or X.bor. or deslrn~e. . . llhc precedift& JCU U tbc IIUIIPiiAI a~~d aaal)olica1 "Director" means the Director Ns· mcthocb URd meet die acaney aDd coafidallz tlonal Institute for Occupationa:" levels of puqrapb (d)(9) of Ibis ICCiioa; ad Safety and Health CNJOSHI. u.s. De· CCI Any employee complaints of part.ment of Health. Education. and symptoms v;hleh ma:r be attributable Welfare. or deslrnee. to exposure to lrad.. "Lead" means metallic lead. alllnor· CUI Monltorlnc for the lnftlal deteT• pnlc lead compounds. and orranlc mlnatlon may be Umlted to a ~ lad -ps.. Excluded from this definl· .entatlve ample of the exposed em Lion are all other orrr.nlc lead co~n· ployees who the employer reuonabl:r l'Quncls. belle\'es are exposed to the rreatrst CCI .Pcrmlufbfe t:JIC)6ure Umft cPELL airborne coneeniZr.tlons or ll"lld In thf' CU The emplo:rer shall assure that no· ~:orkplaee • • employee 1.1 expelled to lead at concen· fw) McuuraDCDt of llirborDc lead made Ia 111e· I trr.tlons crer.ter Uwl fUt;r mlcrocrams precedift& 12 IIIDIIW 1111'1 be used 10 satisf"J' lbe .I,. per eublc meter of air CliO pC/m'l anr· l'lq1lircmCDIIOmonilorandcrpuqrapb(d)(3)(i)' r.s an I· tbc sampliq IUid ..W,ucal BICibods 8patum 0111 be ooDeded bJ' aer!*)J ~ aced over hour period. U ued- C21 U an employee Is exposed to lead tbc &calriC)' IUid CODradax:c lcYds of~ ..... JaiMIIl dur1Dc tbe mecllca1 exam or 117 - t for more than II hours In an:r •-ork Cd)(9) of Ibis ICClion. - e&n7 IIICin>Jq -h at boiDe. Sputum .. IDd1xed .,. &raniOrsl lnhii&Uoll clay, the permissible exposure limit. u (4) l'oJitl~ lllitW *'-iMrlott erlll wn.J of 1o11 ~ aoluUoo or elcht per OeDt a time welchted averr.re CTWAI for ...... uoriltJ. (i) Wbcrc a dclcrmilwion - Cl paocmtl -UJD cblorlde In water. AlleP that daJ', shall be reduced r.ccordlnr to ducted UDder parqrapbs (d)(2) IUid (d)()) of Ibis ""lA lnhallnl u .,,. u three .., n... llreathl the the follov.inr formula: sectioa &bow$ tbe pouibilir)' of ey -ployee eD .U~Ject uouaiJ7 J'leldlloll adeQuate IJIIUI.um. aaioD tbc .... .AD 8PUUml abOUid be ooDeclal cl1rectiJ' Into Maximum ~rmbllble.llmllllft ~1/ aposure at or above lbe leolcl.. J IJI.I:t7 penlalt (10 perotllt) alcoboL m•l -•oo.ho~~n worked ID the da7. -p~oya lllall condua ~orilla wllidl il