Biology S2 Final Exam Study Guide
Biology S2 Final Exam Study Guide
Cell Division (p. 151-162)
- How many chromosomes total are in each human somatic (body) cell? (p. 153)
- How many pairs of chromosomes are in each human gamete (sex) cell? (p. 153)
- What are autosomes? How many do we have? (152)
- What are sex chromosomes? How many do we have? (152)
- What is a karyotype and what can we tell just by looking at one? (153)
- Describe the difference between a haploid cell and a diploid cell. (153)
- Define Binary Fission. (154)
- In which stage of the cell cycle does a cell spend most of it’s time? (155)
- List the five stages of the cell cycle in order from first to last. (155)
- Describe what happens in each of the five stages of the cell cycle. (155)
- Draw a sketch of what happens in each phase of Mitosis. (156)
- In which phase of Mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell? (156)
- A typical human cell contains 46 chromosomes. After mitosis and cytokinesis, what do the two daughter cells look like compared to the parent cell? (157)
- The cell cycle has ______stages while Mitosis has ______. (156-157)
- Explain how cytokinesis is different in plant and animal cells. (157-158)
- Define Mitosis. (156)
- What is crossing-over? (162)
- Why is exchanging segments of DNA so important during crossing-over? (162)
- How do you figure out the number of cells produced after certain number of cell divisions? Using which formula?
- What are the final goals or outcomes of mitosis versus meiosis?
- Why does cancer happen?
- Sexual versus asexual reproduction? Which one increases diversity?
DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis (p. 196-239)
- Each organism has a unique combination of characteristics encoded in molecules of…(196)
- What is the primary function of DNA? (196)
- Describe the structure of DNA. (196)
- Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of …(197)
- Draw and label the three parts of a nucleotide. (197)
- The part of DNA for which it is named is the ______. (197)
- 37. Name the two scientists credited with discovering the structure of DNA. (196)
- What did Watson and Crick call the double stranded structure of DNA? (196)
- Describe Chargaff’s rule. (198)
- What are the base-pairing rules? (198)
- During DNA replication, what does DNA polymerase do? (200)
- During DNA replication, the original strand of DNA has the sequence CCTAGCT. What would the complementary strand of DNA be? (199)
- List the three types of RNA and their functions. (205)
- How is RNA different from DNA? (205)
- In RNA, Adenine base-pairs with ______. (205)
- Using the chart of codons on pg. 207, what would the sequence of amino acids be encoded by the following mRNA molecule: CUCAAGUGCUUC? (207)
- What would the DNA strand be made from the following mRNA strand CUCAAGUGCUUC? (206)
- What are the anticodons for the codons CUCAAGUGCUUC? (208)
- If the DNA sequence TACACACAAACGGGG undergoes a mutation that changes the last base of G to a T, what effect would this have on the organism?
- Why is the genetic code considered to be universal to all life on Earth? (207)
- During translation, a ribosome binds to…(208-209)
- In order for protein synthesis to occur, mRNA must migrate to the…(208-209)
- What is transcription? (206)
- Define codon. (207)
- What three things can an error in DNA replication cause? (202)
Genetics (p.173-180)
- Who was the “Father of Genetics”? (173)
- How did Mendel obtain his Parent “P” generation? (175)
- What is the probability that a homozygous dominant individual and a homozygous recessive individual will exhibit (have) the dominant phenotype? Show your work in a Punnett Square. (182)
- What are true-breeding plants? (175)
- What did Mendel call his original pure strain of pea plants? (175)
- The passing of traits from parent to offspring is called…(173
- A genetic trait that appears in every generation is called…(177)
- Mendel’s Law of ______states that the inheritance of one trait had no effect on the inheritance of the other. (177)
- Mendel’s Law of ______describes how traits can disappear and reappear in a certain pattern from generation to generation. (177)
- Mendel’s Law of ______states that alleles of a gene separate from each other during meiosis. (177)
- Describe the difference between genotype and phenotype. (180)
- Describe the difference between homozygous and heteroygous. (180)
- Draw a picture of homologous chromosomes that are heterozygous for a specific trait. (162)
- What are the differenttypes of mutations? When is a mutation considered harmful? (202, 239, 240)
- What do we call the exchange of segments of DNA between a set of homologous chromosomes? (162)
- Draw a picture of homologous chromosomes that are heterozygous for a specific trait. (162)
- What are two examples of: a) co-dominance, b) incomplete dominance, c) sex-linked traits,
d) multiple alleles, and e) polygenic traits? (237, 242-244)
- The trait for flower color is controlled by incomplete dominance. Show the cross of a red flower (RR) and a white flower (WW). List the genotype and phenotype percentages of the offspring.
- The trait for blood type is controlled by codominance. Show the cross of a mother that is heterozygous for blood type A (AO) and a father that is heterozygous for blood type B (BO). List the genotype and phenotype percentages of the offspring.
- The trait for cattle coat color is controlled by codominance. Show the cross of two roan (RW) cattle. List the genotype and phenotype percentages of the offspring
- The X and Y chromosomes are called the…(236)
- If females are XX then males are ______. (236)
- Which type of mutation happens when a piece of DNA breaks away from its chromosome and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome? (239)
- What is a mutation? (239)
- Can the effects of a mutation be helpful, harmful or neutral? Explain. (202)
- What is an X-Linked (Sex-Linked) trait? (237)
- Who is more commonly affected by X-Linked traits, males or females? Why? (237)
- Since the allele for colorblindness is located on the X chromosome, it is said to be a ______-linked trait. (237)
- What are the effects of chemicals and radiation on DNA?
- Consider a cross between a homozygous white-eyed female Drosophila and a red-eyed male Drosophila. What proportion of the female offspring would be expected to be white-eyed? What proportion of the male offspring would be expected to be white-eyed? Create an X-linked Punnett Square to show your work. (237)
Evolution and Natural Selection (p. 297 – 330)
- List a few examples of fossils. (302)
- Darwin drew his ideas for his theory from observations of organisms on the ______islands. (297)
- Define adaptation. (300)
- What was the major idea that Darwin presented in his book The Origin of the Species? (299)
- Define Natural Selection. (1100)
- Natural Selection could NOT occur without…(300)
- Struggle to Survive is part of Natural Selection. Describe what Struggle to Survive means. (300)
- The similarity of homologous structures means that we share a common ______. (305)
- Homologous structures in organisms provide evidence that…(305). Give examples.
- What is a vestigial structure? (306) Give two examples.
- What are analogous structures? (p. 305)
- The beak of a bird and the beak of a giant squid evolved independently and serve the same function. Which type of structures are these? (305)
- List the 5 types of evidence for evolution. (302 – 306)
- Does Natural Selection act on genotypes or phenotypes? (300)
- What is artificial selection? (p. 310)
- What is a phylogeny tree? Explain. (p. 307)
- Define gene flow. (321)
- Why does speciation occur as a result of geographic isolation? (327)
- What is genetic variation? (300)
- What type of speciation occurs when new species arise as a result of geographic isolation? (328)
- How is reproductive isolation different from geographic isolation? (328)
- What is cytochrome C? (see wksht)
- Draw a graph that depicts stabilizing selection. Explain what stabilizing selection is (325wksht)
- Which variation of peppered moth was selected during the industrial revolution? Why? (seewksht.)
- How do antibiotics develop resistance to bacteria? (see blog)