Biology Final Study Guide, Semester 2 2013
Biology Final Study Guide, Semester 2 – 2013
- Know the stages of the cell cycle and what happens at each stage.
- Know that the rates of cell division in eukaryotes vary greatly within an organism from each type of cell.
- What limits the maximum size of a cell?
- What does the process of mitosis and cytokinesis produce?
- What is cytokinesis?
- What stage does the process of organizing and condensing DNA into its compact form?
- The group of proteins that organizes and condenses long strands of DNA into tight coils.
- Know the phases of mitosis and what happens at each stage.
- Know the difference between sex cells and somatic cells.
- Know the difference between haploid cells and diploid cells.
- Know that there are 46 chromosomes in the human genome and 23 chromosomes in a human sex cell/germ cell/gamete.
- What does a person receive from their parents genetically? EX: chromosomes
- Know the process of meiosis.
- Know what happens to the sex cells at fertilization.
- Know what homologous chromosomes are.
- Know the difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
- What does an egg contribute to the embryo that a sperm does not contribute?
- Know the difference between a genotypeand phenotype.
- Know that Mendel determined individual traits are inherited as discrete units. Be able to give an example of this.
- What made Mendel so successful in genetic research?
- Mendel concluded that there are two copies of each gene. In sexual reproduction who gives you each of the two copies (alleles)?
- Know the difference between genotype and phenotype.
- What is a genome?
- Be able to compare Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
- Be able to compare Dominant vs. Recessive
- What is a Punnett square? How does it work? What do the boxes inside represent?
- Know probability and Punnett squares.
- Be able to compare a Monohybrid cross vs. dihybrid cross
- Know that when Mendel worked with dihybrid crosses he concluded that different traits are inherited separately.
- Know the process of crossing over.
- Know what a linked gene is.
- Know the difference between autosomal chromosomes vs. sex chromosomes
- Know what a carrier is.
- Know what sex-linked genes are.
- Are sex-linked recessive genes expressed the same in males and females? Why or why not?
- Be able to compare Incomplete dominance vs. codominance. Be able to give an example of each.
- What is a polygenic traits? Know that many traits are polygenic.
- Sex linked disorders vs. autosomal disorders
- What is a pedigree chart?
- Know nucleotide base pairs. A, C, T, G (know they are named for the nitrogen-containing base)
- Which bases pair up?
- Know the complementary base sequences DNA to DNA or DNA to RNA
- What is a double helix? Who discovered the double helix?
- What holds base pairs together on the double helix? What kind of bond?
- Know the process of replication, transcription and translation. What do these processed create? How?
- Know the central dogma of molecular biology.
- What is the main function of DNA polymerase?
- What happens directly after a DNA molecule is unzipped?
- What does it mean when we say that DNA replication is semiconservative?
- When replicating DNA how are errors detected and fixed?
- What is the main function of tRNA?
- What happens after RNA polymerase recognizes the transcription start site of a gene?
- What is a codon?
- How many amino acids are used to make up all of the proteins in the human body?
- Where does translation occur?
- When do most mutations take place?
- Know the different kinds of mutations. Silent, Frameshift, Point mutation
- What are some examples of a mutagen (something that can cause a mutation to occur?)
- Know what a restriction enzyme is and how it is used.
- Know what sticky ends are.
- Know how/why gel electrophoresis is used.
- Know what a clone is and an example.
- Know these terms: recombinant DNA, genetic engineering, transgenic
- Know individual vs. population vs. community
- What is a species?
- Know the theories of uniformitarianism vs. catastrophism vs. gradualism
- What is evolution?
- Know adaptation vs. variation
- Know natural selection vs. artificial selection vs. descent with modification vs. fitness
- What is suggested by the similarity of early embryos of different species of vertebrates?
- Know gene pool, allele frequency, gene flow, hybridization, recombination, genetic drift, sexual selection, founder affect, bottleneck effect
- Know disruptive selection vs. stabilizing selection vs. directional selection
- What is the measure of how commonly a particular allele occurs in a population? (Answer: Allele Frequency)
- The normal shuffling of alleles during meiosis results in this….
- Know intrasexual selection vs. intersexual selection
- Know speciation: temporal vs. behavioral vs. geographic