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Synchrotron Radiation and Future Colliders Kévin André, February 3Rd 2021 Synchrotron radiation and future colliders Kévin André, February 3rd 2021 For the materials : B. Holzer, the different CDRs, ATLAS & CMS websites as well as JUAS/CAS courses. Mendeleïev (1869) and Standard Model (1950+) Nucleosynthesis within stars, hydrogen and helium fusion up to iron, neutron and proton captures as well De Broglie : as neutron star fusions to complete the chart 2 StandardModel Integrated luminosity = Cumulative The Higgs discovery number of potential collisions Integrated luminosity Higgs cross section R = L Σ = 26.1015 x 10.10-12 ≅ 260 000 potential Higgs out of 2.6 billion million collisions In reality less than 500 Higgs R = L Σ = 150.1015 x 40.10-12 ≅ 6 000 000 potential Higgs out of 15 billion million collisions 3 The Higgs boson mass has been determined by ATLAS : The Higgs discovery mH = 124.97 ± 0.24 GeV and CMS : mH = 125.35 ± 0.15 GeV Both detectors have different elements and electronics so that the accuracy of the results depends on their finite statistical and systematic precisions. 4 Luminosity and statistics In order to double the statistics one needs four times the running time or luminosity. f0.nb represent the collision frequency : number of bunches x revolution frequency Ip1,2 represent the current in beam 1 & 2 σx σy represent the horizontal and vertical beam size at collision In LHC : σ = 17 mm, I = 584 mA, f0.nb = 11.245 x 2808 ℒ = 1.1034 cm-2.s-1 5 Luminosity and statistics LHC √s - c.o.m Int. Luminosity Run 1 (2011 - 2012) 7 - 8 TeV 26 fb-1 Run 2 (2015 - 2018) 13 TeV 150 fb-1 Run 3 (2021 - 2024) 14 TeV 300 fb-1 HL-LHC (2027 - ...) 14 TeV 3000 fb-1 HE-LHC (High Energy) 33 TeV 300 (3000) fb-1 Future Circular Collider 80 - 100 TeV 3 - 100 ab-1 There are other particles and physics processes than the Higgs boson; the physics beyond the standard model (BSM), the dark matter & dark energy, the supersymmetry, signs of extra space-time dimensions, etc.. 6 Dark matter ? Velocity curve of a typical disc galaxy More mass on the edge of the galaxy : Dark matter ? A predicted B observed Andrew Liddle, An introduction to modern cosmology 7 Considered future energy frontier colliders Circular Colliders : ● Future Circular Collider, electron positron : FCC - ee, 90 - 350 GeV c.o.m ● Future Circular Collider, hadron hadron : FCC - hh, 100 TeV c.o.m Linear colliders : ● International Linear Collider, electron positron : ILC - 500 GeV c.o.m in Japan ● Compact Linear Collider, electron positron, 0.38 - 3 TeV c.o.m at CERN Others : ● Plasma acceleration ● Muon collider, multi-TeV c.o.m ● Large Hadron electron Collider, lepton hadron, TeV c.o.m 8 Future colliders landscape lepton collider : FCCee, CepC; ILC, CLIC lepton-hadron collider : EIC, LHeC hadron collider : SppC, FCChh 9 Future colliders timescale 10 Circular colliders - LHC upgrade In order to get a higher luminosity with the existing LHC e.g. HL-LHC : Reduction of the beam size at interaction point with a stronger focusing. Higher gradients and larger aperture are required → new superconducting technology with Nb3Sn 11 Circular colliders - LHC upgrade In order to get a higher luminosity from the existing LHC e.g. HL-LHC : ● Geometrical loss factor due to the crossing angle between the beams to avoid parasitic interactions. F = 0.891 for LHC however F=0.31 for HL-LHC F The objective is to recover the head-on collisions with Crab cavities (transversely deflecting cavities). 12 Circular colliders - LHC upgrade In order to get a higher luminosity from the existing LHC e.g. HL-LHC : ● Need to reduce the beam size at interaction (stronger focusing) ➢ Higher gradients and larger aperture → new technology with Nb3Sn with 13 T peak field ➢ Achromatic Telescopic Squeeze (ATS) : new optics → focus the beam in the neighboring sectors ● Geometrical loss factor due to the crossing angle between the beams ➢ Crab cavities to compensate the crossing angle ● Increase the number of proton per bunch ➢ LHC Injector Upgrade (LIU): Linac 4 commissioning and the upgrade of the injectors will allow to reach 2.2 1011 protons per bunch or 1.12 A. 13 Considered future energy frontier colliders Circular Colliders : ● Future Circular Collider, electron positron : FCC - ee, 90 - 350 GeV c.o.m ● Future Circular Collider, hadron hadron : FCC - hh, 100 TeV c.o.m Linear colliders : ● International Linear Collider, electron positron : ILC - 500 GeV c.o.m in Japan ● Compact Linear Collider, electron positron, 0.38 - 3 TeV c.o.m at CERN Others : ● Plasma acceleration ● Muon collider, multi-TeV c.o.m ● Large Hadron electron Collider, lepton hadron, TeV c.o.m 14 Hadron collisions or Lepton collisions Hadron collisions : frontier of physics Lepton collisions : precision physics Discovery machine : large discovery Elementary particle collision : process range known Not all nucleon energy available for Well defined c.o.m energy collisions Background limited Huge background Polarization possible 15 Higher energy hadron machine : FCC hh Increase the ring circumference and use stronger magnets Maximum beam energy in a storage ring ? Lorentz force : Centrifugal force : 16 Higher energy hadron machine : FCC hh Increase the ring circumference and use stronger magnets Maximum beam energy in a storage ring ? Collider B E 2 π ⍴ ratio of C SPS 2.0 T 450 GeV 4.7 km 68 % LHC 8.3 T 7 TeV 17.7 km 65 % FCC hh 16.0 T 50 TeV 65.5 km 65 % 17 Higher energy hadron machine : FCC hh High field magnets. NbTi is a ductile superconducting material that is convenient when building magnets however Current vs Field at 4.2 K most of the other materials including Nb3Sn foressen for HL-LHC are brittle. 18 source : JUAS Feb 2013 Higher energy hadron machine : FCC hh Pile up effect = Mean number of interaction per bunch crossing. It requires an improved triggering and it’s challenging for the particle reconstruction. Use of levelling for the luminosity. LHC pile up = 40 HL-LHC pile up = 204 FCC hh pile up ⋝ 1000 19 Higher energy hadron machine : FCC hh Technologistical, logistical and geographical challenge for such a large facility. The ring requires: water & air ventilation, helium cooling for cryogenics, power supply (580 MW), access shafts, etc.. 20 Machine protection and safety Energy stored in one beam of LHC is 362 MJ → melt 0.5 ton of copper. Energy stored in the magnet system of LHC is 10 GJ. In a superconducting machine a quench can happen and destroy a magnet. 21 Machine protection and safety Energy stored in one beam of LHC is 362 MJ → melt 0.5 ton of copper. Energy stored in the magnet system of LHC is 10 GJ. Need to be able to dump the beam in less than three turns ~0.27 ms in case of ultra-fast failure or in the milliseconds otherwise. The dump is a 8m long graphite block 22 Higher energy lepton machine : FCC ee Limitations ? ● Synchrotron radiation emissions ● Radio Frequency power 23 Beam acceleration in LHC unit LHC Synchrotron radiation keV 7 losses / turn RF frequency MHz 400 RF voltage MV 16 Energy gain/turn keV 485 In LHC : Injection energy of 450 GeV Acceleration up to 7 TeV in about 20 min that is roughly 500 keV per turn with 8 RF cavities. Point 4 of the LHC tunnel, source CERN website About 14 million turns.. 24 Synchrotron radiation - I Charged particles in a circular accelerator emit photons and therefore lose energy. Source Wille book 25 Synchrotron radiation - II Photon mass attenuation coefficient Normalised power distribution with the photon energy from NIST Half of the power is radiated by photons with less 26 than the critical energy, the other half above. Synchrotron radiation - III 2 effects compete : 1. Emission of radiation in region with dispersion, like in a dipole, that increases the emittance. 2. The emission of photon decreases the electron momentum and the cavity restores longitudinal momentum Based on equilibrium 27 Synchrotron radiation - IV In addition to the energy loss, synchrotron radiation increases the beam emittance. Therefore the beam size at collision. To cope with this issue, flat beams at collision are used such that in the plane of synchrotron beta function [km] radiation emissions (horizontal) the beam size is larger while in the vertical plane very strong focusing is required in order to get a ratio of 1 or more orders of magnitudes. longitudinal distance [m] CLIC ILC FCCee HL-LHC FCChh Beam size H/V 40/1 nm 474/6 nm 38.2 µm / 68 nm 7.1 µm 3.5 µm 28 Synchrotron radiation, come back to FCC ee Maximum beam energy of 182.5 GeV and beam current of 6 mA. Such that a energy loss per turn is 9.8 GeV per beam (5% of the beam energy!), And in power it adds up to 50 MW per beam ! A cavity can replenish around 20 MeV therefore a total of 500 cavities are needed that corresponds to 2 km of straight section filled with cavities to compensate the losses. 29 FCC ee and synchrotron radiation losses compensation unit LHC Synchrotron radiation keV 7 losses / turn RF frequency MHz 400 RF voltage MV 16 Energy gain/turn keV 485 There is an obvious limit for the lepton circular collider due to the synchrotron radiation, a solution could be to use linear collider. 30 FCC ee top-up injection 31 sources : http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/eefact2018/papers/tupab01.pdf, https://accelconf.web.cern.ch/eefact2016/papers/tut2h1.pdf FCCee vs. CepC 32 FCC ee, arc lattice and magnets In the arc a periodic cell is around 50 m, with 2900 dipoles of about 50 mT magnetic field with twin apertures.
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