Physics 323 Lecture Notes Part I: Optics
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Glossary Physics (I-Introduction)
1 Glossary Physics (I-introduction) - Efficiency: The percent of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output; = work done / energy used [-]. = eta In machines: The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input (<=100%); in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into heat: work(input) = work(output), =100%. Energy: The property of a system that enables it to do work. Conservation o. E.: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque; an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity - not accelerating. Mechanical E.: The state of an object or system of objects for which any impressed forces cancels to zero and no acceleration occurs. Dynamic E.: Object is moving without experiencing acceleration. Static E.: Object is at rest.F Force: The influence that can cause an object to be accelerated or retarded; is always in the direction of the net force, hence a vector quantity; the four elementary forces are: Electromagnetic F.: Is an attraction or repulsion G, gravit. const.6.672E-11[Nm2/kg2] between electric charges: d, distance [m] 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (q1q2/d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] m,M, mass [kg] Gravitational F.: Is a mutual attraction between all masses: q, charge [As] [C] 2 2 2 2 F = GmM/d [Nm /kg kg 1/m ] = [N] 0, dielectric constant Strong F.: (nuclear force) Acts within the nuclei of atoms: 8.854E-12 [C2/Nm2] [F/m] 2 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (e /d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] , 3.14 [-] Weak F.: Manifests itself in special reactions among elementary e, 1.60210 E-19 [As] [C] particles, such as the reaction that occur in radioactive decay. -
Multiphysics Modeling, Sensitivity Analysis, and Optical Performance Optimization for Optical Laser Head in Additive Manufacturing
applied sciences Article Multiphysics Modeling, Sensitivity Analysis, and Optical Performance Optimization for Optical Laser Head in Additive Manufacturing Jiaping Yang 1, Xiling Yao 1,* , Yuxin Cai 1,2 and Guijun Bi 1,* 1 Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 73 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637662, Singapore; [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (Y.C.) 2 School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore * Correspondence: [email protected] (X.Y.); [email protected] (G.B.) Abstract: Optical laser head is a key component used to shape the laser beam and to deliver higher power laser irradiation onto workpieces for material processing. A focused laser beam size and optical intensity need to be controlled to avoid decreasing beam quality and loss of intensity in laser material processing. This paper reports the multiphysics modeling of an in-house developed laser head for laser-aided additive manufacturing (LAAM) applications. The design of computer experiments (DoCE) combined with the response surface model was used as an efficient design approach to optimize the optical performance of a high power LAAM head. A coupled structural- thermal-optical-performance (STOP) model was developed to evaluate the influence of thermal effects on the optical performance. A number of experiments with different laser powers, laser beam focal plane positions, and environmental settings were designed and simulated using the STOP model for sensitivity analysis. The response models of the optical performance were constructed using DoCE and regression analysis. Based on the response models, optimal design settings were predicted and validated with the simulations. -
Molecular Materials for Nonlinear Optics
RICHARD S. POTEMBER, ROBERT C. HOFFMAN, KAREN A. STETYICK, ROBERT A. MURPHY, and KENNETH R. SPECK MOLECULAR MATERIALS FOR NONLINEAR OPTICS An overview of our recent advances in the investigation of molecular materials for nonlinear optical applications is presented. Applications of these materials include optically bistable devices, optical limiters, and harmonic generators. INTRODUCTION of potentially important optical qualities and capabilities Organic molecular materials are a class of materials such as optical bistability, optical threshold switching, in which the organic molecules retain their geometry and photoconductivity, harmonic generation, optical para physical properties when crystallization takes place. metric oscillation, and electro-optic modulation. A sam Changes occur in the physical properties of individual ple of various applications for several optical materials molecules during crystallization, but they are small com is shown in Table 1. pared with those that occur in ionic or metallic solids. The optical effects so far observed in many organic The energies binding the individual molecules together materials result from the interaction of light with bulk in organic solids are also relatively small, making organic materials such as solutions, single crystals, polycrystal molecular solids mere aggregations of molecules held to line fIlms, and amorphous compositions. In these materi gether by weak intermolecular (van der Waals) forces . als, each molecule in the solid responds identically, so The crystalline structure of most organic molecular solids that the response of the bulk material is the sum of the is more complex than that of most metals or inorganic responses of the individual molecules. That effect sug solids; 1 the asymmetry of most organic molecules makes gests that it may be possible to store and process optical the intermolecular forces highly anisotropic. -
Lab 11: the Compound Microscope
OPTI 202L - Geometrical and Instrumental Optics Lab 9-1 LAB 9: THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE The microscope is a widely used optical instrument. In its simplest form, it consists of two lenses Fig. 9.1. An objective forms a real inverted image of an object, which is a finite distance in front of the lens. This image in turn becomes the object for the ocular, or eyepiece. The eyepiece forms the final image which is virtual, and magnified. The overall magnification is the product of the individual magnifications of the objective and the eyepiece. Figure 9.1. Images in a compound microscope. To illustrate the concept, use a 38 mm focal length lens (KPX079) as the objective, and a 50 mm focal length lens (KBX052) as the eyepiece. Set them up on the optical rail and adjust them until you see an inverted and magnified image of an illuminated object. Note the intermediate real image by inserting a piece of paper between the lenses. Q1 ● Can you demonstrate the final image by holding a piece of paper behind the eyepiece? Why or why not? The eyepiece functions as a magnifying glass, or simple magnifier. In effect, your eye looks into the eyepiece, and in turn the eyepiece looks into the optical system--be it a compound microscope, a spotting scope, telescope, or binocular. In all cases, the eyepiece doesn't view an actual object, but rather some intermediate image formed by the "front" part of the optical system. With telescopes, this intermediate image may be real or virtual. With the compound microscope, this intermediate image is real, formed by the objective lens. -
25 Geometric Optics
CHAPTER 25 | GEOMETRIC OPTICS 887 25 GEOMETRIC OPTICS Figure 25.1 Image seen as a result of reflection of light on a plane smooth surface. (credit: NASA Goddard Photo and Video, via Flickr) Learning Objectives 25.1. The Ray Aspect of Light • List the ways by which light travels from a source to another location. 25.2. The Law of Reflection • Explain reflection of light from polished and rough surfaces. 25.3. The Law of Refraction • Determine the index of refraction, given the speed of light in a medium. 25.4. Total Internal Reflection • Explain the phenomenon of total internal reflection. • Describe the workings and uses of fiber optics. • Analyze the reason for the sparkle of diamonds. 25.5. Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms • Explain the phenomenon of dispersion and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. 25.6. Image Formation by Lenses • List the rules for ray tracking for thin lenses. • Illustrate the formation of images using the technique of ray tracking. • Determine power of a lens given the focal length. 25.7. Image Formation by Mirrors • Illustrate image formation in a flat mirror. • Explain with ray diagrams the formation of an image using spherical mirrors. • Determine focal length and magnification given radius of curvature, distance of object and image. Introduction to Geometric Optics Geometric Optics Light from this page or screen is formed into an image by the lens of your eye, much as the lens of the camera that made this photograph. Mirrors, like lenses, can also form images that in turn are captured by your eye. 888 CHAPTER 25 | GEOMETRIC OPTICS Our lives are filled with light. -
Antireflective Coatings
materials Review Antireflective Coatings: Conventional Stacking Layers and Ultrathin Plasmonic Metasurfaces, A Mini-Review Mehdi Keshavarz Hedayati 1,* and Mady Elbahri 1,2,3,* 1 Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24143, Germany 2 Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht 21502, Germany 3 Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, Aalto 00076, Finland * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.K.H.); mady.elbahri@aalto.fi (M.E.); Tel.: +49-431-880-6148 (M.K.H.); +49-431-880-6230 (M.E.) Academic Editor: Lioz Etgar Received: 2 May 2016; Accepted: 15 June 2016; Published: 21 June 2016 Abstract: Reduction of unwanted light reflection from a surface of a substance is very essential for improvement of the performance of optical and photonic devices. Antireflective coatings (ARCs) made of single or stacking layers of dielectrics, nano/microstructures or a mixture of both are the conventional design geometry for suppression of reflection. Recent progress in theoretical nanophotonics and nanofabrication has enabled more flexibility in design and fabrication of miniaturized coatings which has in turn advanced the field of ARCs considerably. In particular, the emergence of plasmonic and metasurfaces allows for the realization of broadband and angular-insensitive ARC coatings at an order of magnitude thinner than the operational wavelengths. In this review, a short overview of the development of ARCs, with particular attention paid to the state-of-the-art plasmonic- and metasurface-based antireflective surfaces, is presented. Keywords: antireflective coating; plasmonic metasurface; absorbing antireflective coating; antireflection 1. -
Fiber Optics Standard Dictionary
FIBER OPTICS STANDARD DICTIONARY THIRD EDITION JOIN US ON THE INTERNET WWW: http://www.thomson.com EMAIL: [email protected] thomson.com is the on-line portal for the products, services and resources available from International Thomson Publishing (ITP). This Internet kiosk gives users immediate access to more than 34 ITP publishers and over 20,000 products. Through thomson.com Internet users can search catalogs, examine subject-specific resource centers and subscribe to electronic discussion lists. You can purchase ITP products from your local bookseller, or directly through thomson.com. Visit Chapman & Hall's Internet Resource Center for information on our new publications, links to useful sites on the World Wide Web and an opportunity to join our e-mail mailing list. Point your browser to: bttp:/Iwww.cbapball.com or http://www.thomson.com/chaphaWelecteng.html for Electrical Engineering A service of I ® JI FIBER OPTICS STANDARD DICTIONARY THIRD EDITION MARTIN H. WEIK SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.v. JOIN US ON THE INTERNET WWW: http://www.thomson.com EMAIL: [email protected] thomson.com is the on-line portal for the products, services and resources available from International Thomson Publishing (ITP). This Internet kiosk gives users immediate access to more than 34 ITP publishers and over 20,000 products. Through thomson.com Internet users can search catalogs, examine subject specific resource centers and subscribe to electronic discussion lists. You can purchase ITP products from your local bookseller, or directly through thomson.com. Cover Design: Said Sayrafiezadeh, Emdash Inc. Copyright © 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hali in 1997 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 3rd edition 1997 Ali rights reserved. -
Fiber Optic Communications
FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak Optical Fibers Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the size of a human hair. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and used to transmit signals over long distances. EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak Fiber Optic Data Transmission Systems Fiber optic data transmission systems send information over fiber by turning electronic signals into light. Light refers to more than the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is near to what is visible to the human eye. The electromagnetic spectrum is composed of visible and near -infrared light like that transmitted by fiber, and all other wavelengths used to transmit signals such as AM and FM radio and television. The electromagnetic spectrum. Only a very small part of it is perceived by the human eye as light. EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak Fiber Optics Transmission Low Attenuation Very High Bandwidth (THz) Small Size and Low Weight No Electromagnetic Interference Low Security Risk Elements of Optical Transmission Electrical-to-optical Transducers Optical Media Optical-to-electrical Transducers Digital Signal Processing, repeaters and clock recovery. EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission Prof. Murat Torlak Types of Optical Fiber Multi Mode : (a) Step-index – Core and Cladding material has uniform but different refractive index. (b) Graded Index – Core material has variable index as a function of the radial distance from the center. Single Mode – The core diameter is almost equal to the wave length of the emitted light so that it propagates along a single path. -
COATING TRACES Coating
Backgrounder COATING TRACES Coating HIGH REFLECTION COATING TRACES ND:YAG/ND:YLF ..........................................................................................................T-26 TUNABLE LASER MIRRORS .........................................................................................T-28 Coating Traces MISCELLANEOUS MIRRORS ........................................................................................T-30 ANTI-REFLECTION COATING TRACES ANTI-REFLECTIVE OVERVIEW ....................................................................................T-31 0 DEGREE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE ............................................................................T-33 Material Properties 45 DEGREE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE ..........................................................................T-36 CUBES AND POLARIZING COMPONENTS TRACES .........................................................T-38 Optical Specifications cvilaseroptics.com T-25 HIGH REFLECTION COATING TRACES: Y1-Y4, HM AT 0 DEGREE INCIDENCE Optical Coatings and Materials Traces Y1 - 1064nm - 0 DEGREES Y2 - 532nm - 0 DEGREES Y3 - 355nm - 0 DEGREES Y4 - 266nm - 0 DEGREES HM - 1064/532nm - 0 DEGREES P-POL: UNP: - - - - - S-POL: 0°: - - - - - - T-26 cvilaseroptics.com Backgrounder Coating HIGH REFLECTION COATING TRACES: Y1-Y4, HM, YH, AT 45 DEGREE INCIDENCE Y1 - 1064nm - 45 DEGREES Y2 - 532nm - 45 DEGREES Coating Traces Material Properties Y3 - 355nm - 45 DEGREES Y4 - 266nm - 45 DEGREES Optical Specifications HM - 1064/532nm - 45 DEGREES YH - 1064/633nm - 45 DEGREES -
Antireflection Coatings for High Power Fiber Laser Optics Authors: Gherorghe Honciuc, Emiliano Ioffe, Jurgen Kolbe, Ophir Optics Group, MKS Instruments Inc
Antireflection Coatings for High Power Fiber Laser Optics Authors: Gherorghe Honciuc, Emiliano Ioffe, Jurgen Kolbe, Ophir Optics Group, MKS Instruments Inc. INTRODUCTION Finally, a long service life of the optics is important for the High-power kilowatt-level fiber lasers (wavelength in spec- user in order to minimize downtime of the laser machine. tral range 1.0 – 1.1µm) are used in important applications This can be achieved only if absorption of the AR coatings in macro material processing, particularly for cutting and is very low. welding metal sheets. In these applications, optics (lenses, In this paper, we review the materials, coating technolo- protective windows) are needed to work properly at corre- gies and measurement techniques used at Ophir Optics spondingly high laser power and power density levels. For for high-performance low absorption fiber laser optics these optics, absorption losses are of crucial importance: manufacturing. absorption of laser radiation leads to increased tempera- ture and a correspondingly higher refractive index of the RAW MATERIAL optics. This changes the properties of the transmitted la- There are two material categories regarding the ser beam and can therefore impair the performance of the absorption of fused silica: manufacturing process. In addition, temperature increase • (a) Fused silica with absorption greater than 1 ppm/cm, can cause internal mechanical stress and eventually dam- e. g. Corning 7980 age the optics. To avoid this, optics with lowest possible • (b) Fused silica with absorption less than 1 ppm/cm, [1] absorption losses must be used. e. g. Suprasil 3001 . The most common raw material for these optics is fused Due to the high cost of material of category (b), it should silica which is available with sufficiently low absorption. -
Chapter 19/ Optical Properties
Chapter 19 /Optical Properties The four notched and transpar- ent rods shown in this photograph demonstrate the phenomenon of photoelasticity. When elastically deformed, the optical properties (e.g., index of refraction) of a photoelastic specimen become anisotropic. Using a special optical system and polarized light, the stress distribution within the speci- men may be deduced from inter- ference fringes that are produced. These fringes within the four photoelastic specimens shown in the photograph indicate how the stress concentration and distribu- tion change with notch geometry for an axial tensile stress. (Photo- graph courtesy of Measurements Group, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina.) Why Study the Optical Properties of Materials? When materials are exposed to electromagnetic radia- materials, we note that the performance of optical tion, it is sometimes important to be able to predict fibers is increased by introducing a gradual variation and alter their responses. This is possible when we are of the index of refraction (i.e., a graded index) at the familiar with their optical properties, and understand outer surface of the fiber. This is accomplished by the mechanisms responsible for their optical behaviors. the addition of specific impurities in controlled For example, in Section 19.14 on optical fiber concentrations. 766 Learning Objectives After careful study of this chapter you should be able to do the following: 1. Compute the energy of a photon given its fre- 5. Describe the mechanism of photon absorption quency and the value of Planck’s constant. for (a) high-purity insulators and semiconduc- 2. Briefly describe electronic polarization that re- tors, and (b) insulators and semiconductors that sults from electromagnetic radiation-atomic in- contain electrically active defects. -
Optical Calibration System of NIPR for Aurora and Airglow Observations 1
1 Optical calibration system of NIPR for aurora and airglow observations 2 3 Y. Ogawa1,2,3, A. Kadokura1,2,3, and M. K. Ejiri1,2 4 5 1 National Institute of Polar Research, Japan 6 2 The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Japan 7 3 Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, 8 Japan 9 10 11 Abstract 12 13 Calibration of optical instruments is important for accurate measurement of the absolute emission intensity 14 of aurora and airglow. The National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR), Japan, has been operating a facility 15 for the optical calibration which consists of three independent calibration systems to share it with 16 collaborating researchers. This paper introduces an outline of the facility and specifications of each system, 17 calibration procedures, and examples of calibration results. With this facility, we can obtain the calibration 18 data for the absolute sensitivity of optical instruments with an accuracy of about 2% within the wavelength 19 range between 420 and 1050 nm. In addition, it is possible to obtain wavelength characteristics of optical 20 filters and detectors used for aurora and airglow observations. Current facility, upgraded in 2012 has been 21 used by many researchers to calibrate their various optical instruments. 22 23 24 1. Background 25 26 Aurora and airglow phenomena have been studied for a long time. Since their emission intensity is often 27 very weak, it is important that instruments for their observations should have enough sensitivity even for 28 such a weak emission, and they should be calibrated to assure their sensitivity before the observations.