Groups of Microorganisms with Examples
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Chapter 10: Classification of Microorganisms
Chapter 10: Classification of Microorganisms 1. The Taxonomic Hierarchy 2. Methods of Identification 1. The Taxonomic Hierarchy Phylogenetic Tree of the 3 Domains Taxonomic Hierarchy • 8 successive taxa are used to classify each species: Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus **species can also contain different strains** Species Scientific Nomenclature To avoid confusion, every type of organism must be referred to in a consistent way. The current system of nomenclature (naming) has been in use since the 18th century: • every type of organism is referred by its genus name followed by its specific epithet (i.e., species name) Homo sapiens (H. sapiens) Escherichia coli (E. coli) • name should be in italics and only the genus is capitalized which can also be abbreviated • names are Latin (or “Latinized” Greek) with the genus being a noun and the specific epithet an adjective **strain info can be listed after the specific epithet (e.g., E. coli DH5α)** 2. Methods of Identification Biochemical Testing In addition to morphological (i.e., appearance under the microscope) and differential staining characteristics, microorganisms can also be identified by their biochemical “signatures”: • the nutrient requirements and metabolic “by-products” of of a particular microorganism • different growth media can be used to test the physiological characteristics of a microorganism • e.g., medium with lactose only as energy source • e.g., medium that reveals H2S production **appearance on test medium reveals + or – result!** Commercial devices for rapid Identification Perform multiple tests simultaneously Enterotube II Such devices involve the simultaneous inoculation of various test media: • ~24 hrs later the panel of results reveals ID of organism! Use of Dichotomous Keys Series of “yes/no” biochemical tests to ID organism. -
Revised Glossary for AQA GCSE Biology Student Book
Biology Glossary amino acids small molecules from which proteins are A built abiotic factor physical or non-living conditions amylase a digestive enzyme (carbohydrase) that that affect the distribution of a population in an breaks down starch ecosystem, such as light, temperature, soil pH anaerobic respiration respiration without using absorption the process by which soluble products oxygen of digestion move into the blood from the small intestine antibacterial chemicals chemicals produced by plants as a defence mechanism; the amount abstinence method of contraception whereby the produced will increase if the plant is under attack couple refrains from intercourse, particularly when an egg might be in the oviduct antibiotic e.g. penicillin; medicines that work inside the body to kill bacterial pathogens accommodation ability of the eyes to change focus antibody protein normally present in the body acid rain rain water which is made more acidic by or produced in response to an antigen, which it pollutant gases neutralises, thus producing an immune response active site the place on an enzyme where the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) an increasing substrate molecule binds problem in the twenty-first century whereby active transport in active transport, cells use energy bacteria have evolved to develop resistance against to transport substances through cell membranes antibiotics due to their overuse against a concentration gradient antiretroviral drugs drugs used to treat HIV adaptation features that organisms have to help infections; they -
Marine Microorganisms: Evolution and Solution to Pollution Fu L Li1, Wang B1,2
COMMENTARY Marine microorganisms: Evolution and solution to pollution Fu L Li1, Wang B1,2 Li FL, Wang B. Marine microorganisms: Evolution and solution to pollution. J Mar Microbiol. 2018;2(1):4-5. nce ocean nurtured life, now she needs our care. Marine microorganism will be an opportunity to further understand ourselves and to seek for new Ois the host of ocean in all ages. We should learn from them humbly. methods of fighting old infections. Marine microorganism is tightly bond with human during the history of evolution and nowadays’ environment pollution. Along with industrial revolution, our marine ecosystem suffered serious pollutions. Microplastics are tiny plastic particles (<5 mm) (Figure 1B), Although the topic is still in debate, life is probably originated from which poison marine lives. Because these microplastics are very hard to be submarine in hydrothermal vent systems (1). In the journey of evolution, our degraded, it is predicted that there will be more microplastics than fish in biosphere was completely dominated by microbes for a very long time (Figure ocean by the year 2050 (7). Since marine sediments are considered as the sink 1A). Human being evolves with those microorganisms. Consequently, of microplastics and marine microbes are key dwellers of marine sediments, the influences of microorganisms can be found in all aspects of human more attention should be paid on the interactions between microplastics biology. More than 65% of our genes originated with bacteria, archaea, and and marine microbes. Actually, a call for this has been published in 2011 unicellular eukaryotes, including those genes responsible for host-microbe (8). -
Human Anatomy (Biology 2) Lecture Notes Updated July 2017 Instructor
Human Anatomy (Biology 2) Lecture Notes Updated July 2017 Instructor: Rebecca Bailey 1 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation • Terms - Anatomy: the study of body structure and relationships among structures - Physiology: the study of body function • Levels of Organization - Chemical level 1. atoms and molecules - Cells 1. the basic unit of all living things - Tissues 1. cells join together to perform a particular function - Organs 1. tissues join together to perform a particular function - Organ system 1. organs join together to perform a particular function - Organismal 1. the whole body • Organ Systems • Anatomical Position • Regional Names - Axial region 1. head 2. neck 3. trunk a. thorax b. abdomen c. pelvis d. perineum - Appendicular region 1. limbs • Directional Terms - Superior (above) vs. Inferior (below) - Anterior (toward the front) vs. Posterior (toward the back)(Dorsal vs. Ventral) - Medial (toward the midline) vs. Lateral (away from the midline) - Intermediate (between a more medial and a more lateral structure) - Proximal (closer to the point of origin) vs. Distal (farther from the point of origin) - Superficial (toward the surface) vs. Deep (away from the surface) • Planes and Sections divide the body or organ - Frontal or coronal 1. divides into anterior/posterior 2 - Sagittal 1. divides into right and left halves 2. includes midsagittal and parasagittal - Transverse or cross-sectional 1. divides into superior/inferior • Body Cavities - Dorsal 1. cranial cavity 2. vertebral cavity - Ventral 1. lined with serous membrane 2. viscera (organs) covered by serous membrane 3. thoracic cavity a. two pleural cavities contain the lungs b. pericardial cavity contains heart c. the cavities are defined by serous membrane d. -
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Food & Function View Article Online PAPER View Journal | View Issue Chia seed mucilage – a vegan thickener: isolation, tailoring viscoelasticity and rehydration Cite this: Food Funct., 2019, 10, 4854 Linda Brütsch, Fiona J. Stringer, Simon Kuster, Erich J. Windhab and Peter Fischer * Chia seeds and their mucilage gels provide a nutritionally and functionally promising ingredient for the food and pharmaceutical industry. Application and utilization of the gel remain limited due to the tightly adhesion of the mucilage to the seeds, which affects the organoleptic properties, control of concen- tration and structuring possibilities. To exploit the full potential of chia mucilage gels as a functional ingre- dient calls for separation and purification of the gel. Herein, the gel was extracted by centrifugation and characterized rheologically and microscopically to link the viscoelastic properties to the structural pro- perties. Subsequently, the gel was dried employing three different methods for facilitated storage and prolonged shelf life. The dried gels were readily soluble and its viscoelastic properties were fully regener- Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. ated upon rehydration demonstrating its potential to envisage industrial applications. The viscoelastic chia mucilage demonstrated shear-thinning behavior with complete relaxation upon stress removal. The gel’s Received 26th January 2018, elasticity was enhanced with increasing mucilage concentration resulting in a highly tunable system. The Accepted 13th July 2019 extractable and rehydratable functional chia gel is a viable candidate as additive for the development of DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00173a products requiring specific viscoelastic properties. Addition of the gel enhances the nutritional profile rsc.li/food-function without interfering with the organoleptic properties. -
Mucilage Problem in the Semi-Enclosed Seas: Recent Outbreak in the Sea of Marmara
ISSN: 2148-9173 Vol: Issue:4 December 2021 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI(QYLURQPHQWDQG*HRLQIRUPDWLFV ,-(*(2 LVDQLQWHUQDWLRQDO PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\SHHUUHYLHZHGRSHQDFFHVVMRXUQDO Mucilage Problem in the Semi-Enclosed Seas: Recent Outbreak in the Sea of Marmara Başak SAVUN-HEKİMOĞLU, Cem GAZİOĞLU &KLHILQ(GLWRU 3URI'U&HP*D]LR÷OX &R(GLWRUV 3URI'U'XUVXQ=DIHUùHNHU3URI'UùLQDVL.D\D 3URI'U$\úHJO7DQÕNDQG$VVLVW3URI'U9RONDQ'HPLU (GLWRULDO&RPPLWWHH December $VVRc3URI'U$EGXOODK$NVX 75 $VVLW3URI'U8÷XU$OJDQFÕ 75 3URI'U%HGUL$OSDU 75 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aslı Aslan (US), 3URI'U/HYHQW%DW 75 3URI'U3DXO%DWHV 8. øUúDG%D\ÕUKDQ 75 3URI'U%OHQW %D\UDP 75 3URI'U/XLV0%RWDQD (6 3URI'U1XUD\dD÷ODU 75 3URI'U6XNDQWD'DVK ,1 'U6RRILD7 (OLDV 8. 3URI'U$(YUHQ(UJLQDO 75 $VVRF3URI'U&QH\W(UHQR÷OX 75 'U'LHWHU)ULWVFK '( 3URI 'UdL÷GHP*|NVHO 75 3URI'U/HQD+DORXQRYD &= 3URI'U0DQLN.DOXEDUPH ,1 'U+DNDQ.D\D 75 $VVLVW3URI'U6HUNDQ.NUHU 75 $VVRF3URI'U0DJHG0DUJKDQ\ 0< 3URI'U0LFKDHO0HDGRZV =$ 3URI 'U 1HEL\H 0XVDR÷OX 75 3URI 'U 0DVDIXPL 1DNDJDZD -3 3URI 'U +DVDQ g]GHPLU 75 3URI 'U &KU\VV\3RWVLRX *5 3URI'U(URO6DUÕ 75 3URI'U0DULD3DUDGLVR ,7 3URI'U3HWURV3DWLDV *5 3URI'U (OLI6HUWHO 75 3URI'U1NHW6LYUL 75 3URI'U)VXQ%DOÕNùDQOÕ 75 3URI'U8÷XUùDQOÕ 75 'X\JXhONHU 75 3URI'U6H\IHWWLQ7Dú 75 $VVRF3URI'UgPHU6XDW7DúNÕQ TR Assist. Prof. Dr. Tuba Ünsal (TR), Dr. Manousos Valyrakis (UK), 'UøQHVH9DUQD /9 'U3HWUD9LVVHU 1/ 3URI'U6HOPDhQO 75 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Oral Yağcı (TR), 3URI'U0XUDW<DNDU 75 Assoc. Prof. Dr. İ. Noyan Yılmaz (AU); $VVLW3URI'U6LEHO=HNL 75 $EVWUDFWLQJ DQG ,QGH[LQJ 75 ',=,1 '2$- ,QGH[ &RSHUQLFXV 2$-, 6FLHQWLILF ,QGH[LQJ 6HUYLFHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 6FLHQWLILF ,QGH[LQJ-RXUQDO)DFWRU*RRJOH6FKRODU8OULFK V3HULRGLFDOV'LUHFWRU\:RUOG&DW'5-,5HVHDUFK%LE62%,$' International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 8(4): 402-413 (2021) Review Article Mucilage Problem in the Semi-Enclosed Seas: Recent Outbreak in the Sea of Marmara Başak Savun-Hekimoğlu* , Cem Gazioğlu Institute of Marine Sciences and Management, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey * Corresponding author: B. -
Mucilage in Yellow Mustard (Brassica Hirta) Seeds
Food Structure Volume 5 Number 1 Article 17 1986 Mucilage in Yellow Mustard (Brassica Hirta) Seeds I. R. Siddiqui S. H. Yiu J. D. Jones M. Kalab Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/foodmicrostructure Part of the Food Science Commons Recommended Citation Siddiqui, I. R.; Yiu, S. H.; Jones, J. D.; and Kalab, M. (1986) "Mucilage in Yellow Mustard (Brassica Hirta) Seeds," Food Structure: Vol. 5 : No. 1 , Article 17. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/foodmicrostructure/vol5/iss1/17 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Food Structure by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FOOD MICROSTRUCTURE, Vol. 5 (1986), pp. 157-162 0730-54 19/86$ I. 00 •. OS SEM, Inc., AMF O'Hare (Chicago), IL 60666- 0507 U.S.A . MUCILAGE IN YELLOW MUSTARD (BRASSICA H I RT A) SEEDS I. R. Siddiqui. S. H. V!u, J . 0. Jones, and M. Kal.ib Food Resea r ch Cen tre, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Ottawa, On tario, Canada KlA OC6 Introduction Release of mucJ !age fr011 yellow JDUstard (Brass lea Seeds of the genus Brass i ca arc known to contain hirta, also IOlown as Sinapis alba) seed coats (hulls) varying a.ounts of •ucilage. The 110cf I age Is of particu was studied by optical and scanning electron •icroscopy. lar Importance in -.!stard seeds because it contributes Mi crographs were obtained of the aucilage which had to the consistency of prepared lllllstard (Weber et a l. -
Lokiarchaeota: Biologists Discover 'Missing Link' Microorganism
Home About Us News Archive Copyright Privacy Policy Contact Us Newsletter RSS HOME ASTRONOMY SPACE EXPLORATION ARCHAEOLOGY PALEONTOLOGY BIOLOGY PHYSICS Lokiarchaeota: Biologists Discover ‘Missing Link’ Microorganism May 7, 2015 by Sci-News.com « PREVIOUS Published in A team of biologists, co-led by Dr Lionel Guy and Dr Thijs J. G. Ettema from Biology Uppsala University in Sweden, has discovered a new group of Tagged as microorganisms that represents an intermediate form in-between the Archaea simple cells of bacteria and the complex cell types of eukaryotes. Bacteria Eukaryote Lokiarchaeota Follow Like 16k Share Tweet 12 Like 58 41 You Might Like Bottlenose Dolphins Form Highly Complex Networks of Friends Rorqual Whales This false-color image shows a cell of thermophilic methanogenic archaea. Image credit: University of Have Unique California Museum of Paleontology. Stretchy Nerves In 1977, biochemist Dr Carl Woese and his colleagues at the University of Illinois described an entirely new group of organisms, the Archaea (originally found in extreme environments, such as hydrothermal vents and terrestrial hot springs). The scientists were studying relationships among the prokaryotes using DNA Extinction of sequences, and found that Archaea have distinct molecular characteristics World’s Largest separating them from bacteria as well as from eukaryotes. They proposed that Herbivores May Lead to Empty life can be divided into three domains: Eukaryota, Eubacteria, and Landscapes, Say Archaebacteria. Researchers Despite that archaeal cells were simple and small like bacteria, scientists found that Archaea were more closely related to organisms with complex cell types, a group collectively known as ‘eukaryotes.’ This observation has puzzled Sichuan Bush biologists for years. -
Do Hosts and Their Microbes Evolve As a Unit? NEWS FEATURE a Group of Evolutionary Biologists Sees Evidence for a Hologenome Whereas Others Dismiss It Entirely
NEWS FEATURE Do hosts and their microbes evolve as a unit? NEWS FEATURE A group of evolutionary biologists sees evidence for a hologenome whereas others dismiss it entirely. One thing’s certain: the debate remains heated. Jyoti Madhusoodanan, Science Writer Tilapias like their baths balmy. These tropical fish function as an evolutionary unit—the answer might are happiest in warm pools. But they can be made be both. to adapt to tanks as cold as 12 °C, where they ex- This unit, dubbed the holobiont, carries what some press a set of genes different from their warm-water- have termed a hologenome, meaning the genetic dwelling counterparts. Their gut microbes turn out information encoded by both a host and its microbes. to be different as well—and it may be that these The hologenome theory suggests that evolutionary unique microbes play a part in helping fish cope pressure acts on holobionts, not hosts or microbes with frigid surroundings, according to the results of alone, and so the two should be considered a single a recent study (1). unit of selection. But which is actually responsiblefortheadaptation— Studies of fish, wasps, corals, and several other achangeintheanimal’s gene expression, or a change in animals provide evidence to support the provocative its microbiome? According to one theory of evolution— idea that creatures and their microbial inhabitants are which proposes that hosts and their resident microbes linked as holobionts through evolutionary time. Some Various research groups have suggested in multiple articles that wasps, aphids, tilapia, and coral (clockwise, top left to bottom left) are among the creatures that exhibit the hallmarks of a hologenome. -
Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World Through Hands-On Investigation
City University of New York (CUNY) CUNY Academic Works Open Educational Resources Queensborough Community College 2016 Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World Through Hands-On Investigation Joan Petersen CUNY Queensborough Community College Susan McLaughlin CUNY Queensborough Community College How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! More information about this work at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu/qb_oers/16 Discover additional works at: https://academicworks.cuny.edu This work is made publicly available by the City University of New York (CUNY). Contact: [email protected] Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World through Hands-On Investigation By Dr. Susan McLaughlin & Dr. Joan Petersen Queensborough Community College Laboratory Exercises in Microbiology: Discovering the Unseen World through Hands-On Investigation Table of Contents Preface………………………………………………………………………………………i Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………..ii Microbiology Lab Safety Instructions…………………………………………………...... iii Lab 1. Introduction to Microscopy and Diversity of Cell Types……………………......... 1 Lab 2. Introduction to Aseptic Techniques and Growth Media………………………...... 19 Lab 3. Preparation of Bacterial Smears and Introduction to Staining…………………...... 37 Lab 4. Acid fast and Endospore Staining……………………………………………......... 49 Lab 5. Metabolic Activities of Bacteria…………………………………………….…....... 59 Lab 6. Dichotomous Keys……………………………………………………………......... 77 Lab 7. The Effect of Physical Factors on Microbial Growth……………………………... 85 Lab 8. Chemical Control of Microbial Growth—Disinfectants and Antibiotics…………. 99 Lab 9. The Microbiology of Milk and Food………………………………………………. 111 Lab 10. The Eukaryotes………………………………………………………………........ 123 Lab 11. Clinical Microbiology I; Anaerobic pathogens; Vectors of Infectious Disease….. 141 Lab 12. Clinical Microbiology II—Immunology and the Biolog System………………… 153 Lab 13. Putting it all Together: Case Studies in Microbiology…………………………… 163 Appendix I. -
Insights Into the Ph-Dependent, Extracellular Sucrose Utilization and Concomitant Levan Formation by Gluconobacter Albidus TMW 2.1191
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (2020) 113:863–873 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-020-01397-3 (0123456789().,-volV)( 0123456789().,-volV) ORIGINAL PAPER Insights into the pH-dependent, extracellular sucrose utilization and concomitant levan formation by Gluconobacter albidus TMW 2.1191 Frank Jakob . Clara Gebrande . Regina M. Bichler . Rudi F. Vogel Received: 18 December 2019 / Accepted: 20 February 2020 / Published online: 4 March 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020 Abstract Many bacteria and archaea produce the The glucose release and formation of high molecular polydisperse fructose polymer levan from sucrose weight levans ([ 3.5 kDa) from 0.1 M initial sucrose upon biofilm formation via extracellular levansucrases was comparable between pH * 4.3–5.7 using equal (EC 2.4.1.10). We have investigated levansucrase- amounts of released levansucrase. Hence, this type of release and -activities as well as molecular size of the levansucrase appears to be structurally adapted to levan formed by the acetic acid bacterium Glu- changes in the extracellular pH and to exhibit a similar conobacter albidus TMW 2.1191 at varying environ- total activity over a wide acidic pH range, while it mental pH conditions to obtain insight in the produced higher amounts of larger levan molecules at ecological role of its constitutively expressed levan- higher production pH and sucrose concentrations. sucrase and the produced levan. A buffer system was These findings indicate the physiological adaptation of established enabling the recovery of levansucrase- G. albidus TMW 2.1191 to efficient colonisation of containing supernatants from preincubated cell sus- sucrose-rich habitats via released levansucrases pensions at pH 4.3–pH 5.7. -
Biology: Syllabus Instructor: Mr. Shannon Contact Information Steve Shannon Room 85 School Phone: (402) 443-4332 Ext
Biology: Syllabus Instructor: Mr. Shannon Contact Information Steve Shannon Room 85 School Phone: (402) 443-4332 Ext. 3224 Email: [email protected] General Course Description This course begins with a consideration of the living condition and discussion of the unique properties of living organisms that set life apart from the non-living. It continues with molecular and cellular biology, from which it moves logically into reproduction and genetics. An understanding of genetics gives meaning to organized variation, evolution and methods of scientific classification units dealing with microbiology and plant and animal phylum. This course is designed for the college-bound student. Students should expect a demanding daily homework load as well as projects, quizzes, tests, and laboratory write-ups. A high level of understanding in problem solving and the scientific methods is necessary for success in this course. Daily Class Materials Needed *Student Planner *Modern Biology textbook *3 Ring Binder/Folder *Notebook *Pen/Pencil *Calculator Daily Requirements: All students will be required to keep a 3-Ring Binder with all their classroom materials in the binder. This binder will hold the student’s Vocabulary Word List, Notes, Classroom Assignments and Activities, Labs, Quizzes, and Reviews. This notebook will be graded at the end of every chapter. General Routines and Procedures 1. BE ON TIME AND PREPARED FOR LEARNING *Respect for Others (Teachers, Students, and Community) -Ways to Show Respect to Others: 1. Make good eye contact when communicating with others 2. BE ON TIME! Punctuality is vital in today’s world. Virtually any job you may have will require you to be on time and ready to work.