Fantoli-00FM_Layout 1 1/19/12 2:34 PM Page iii THE CASE OF Galileo A Closed Question? ANNIBALE FANTOLI Translated by George V. Coyne, S.J. University of Notre Dame Press Notre Dame, Indiana © 2012 University of Notre Dame Fantoli-00FM_Layout 1 1/19/12 2:34 PM Page ix The reason I feel especially privileged to present this work of Annibale Fantoli is found in the fact that it responds in my opinion in an exem- plary way to the wish of John Paul II in his 1979 address on the occa- sion of the centenary of the birth of Albert Einstein, when he spoke of desiring to establish a commission to restudy the Galileo Affair: I hope that theologians, scholars, and historians, animated by a spirit of sincere collaboration, will study the Galileo case more deeply and in a loyal recognition of wrongs from whatsoever side they came, will dispel the mistrust that still opposes in many minds a fruitful concord between science and faith, between the Church and the world. Fantoli is already well known among Galileo scholars for his ex- tensive volume, originally in Italian: Galileo: For Copernicanism and for the Church. That book is already in its third edition in English and has been translated into Russian, Polish, French, Portuguese, Spanish, and Japa - nese. In fact, the revisions appearing in the third English edition of 2003, many of them quite significant, inspired Fantoli to prepare this new publication, which offers to the general educated public, who are not necessarily Galileo scholars, a clear updated synthesis of the many com- plex cultural factors that have shaped the history of the Galileo Affair. It is one of the best presentations available to the general public. Fan- toli has the rare talent of combining a profound respect for the Church ix © 2012 University of Notre Dame Fantoli-00FM_Layout 1 1/19/12 2:34 PM Page x x ! Presentation with an equally deep respect for historical truth; and he does that with- out assuming an apologetic posture. This talent of his is particularly evident in the final part of this vol- ume where he describes the history following the condemnation of Galileo up to our own times. It is the history of a Church that contin- ues to bear the heavy burden of the Galileo Affair because of its con- stant preoccupation with saving its good name, while unwilling to ac- cept, without shadowy compromise and veiled formulations, its own responsibility in the affair. We have the good fortune to live in times when the dialogue among science, philosophy, and theology is heartily encouraged. Galileo did not have that good fortune. He had to battle from more than one trench. With the passage of time he has been proved correct. After having been defeated temporarily, he has triumphed, as history has subsequently confirmed, on his own merits on all fronts. It is a tribute to Fantoli to have shown clearly the special significance of this posthumous triumph of Galileo by dramatically showing that, in fact, it was precisely the lack of true dialogue that led to the tragic errors that caused such great suffer- ing to Galileo and so much damage to the Church. Fantoli’s work makes a significant contribution to this much sought after dialogue by teaching us that only humility and a sense of freedom can create in the human spirit the propensity to recognize the truth from whatever side it comes, an essential condition to avoiding future cases such as that of Galileo. George V. Coyne, S.J., Director, Vatican Observatory Castel Gandolfo, Rome, September 2005 © 2012 University of Notre Dame Fantoli-00FM_Layout 1 1/19/12 2:34 PM Page xi After the publication of my work Galileo: Per il Copernicanesimo e per la Chiesa, published by the Vatican Observatory in 1993, friends suggested that I prepare a shorter version of it, aimed at a wider, nonspecialized public. In the following years, however, I was busy with the transla- tions of the book into several languages, among which the English ver- sion, Galileo: For Copernicanism and for the Church, appeared in 1994, with a third edition in 2003. It was only towards the end of this period that I was able to prepare a shorter version, which appeared in Italian with the title Il caso Galileo (2003) and is now presented in its English translation. This work follows in its main lines the text of the above-mentioned third English edition, except for the first part, which has been com- pletely restructured. The very numerous and long notes have been elimi - nated, and the most important incorporated in the text in an abridged form. Further improvements have been introduced, taking into ac- count the third Italian edition of my original book, which appeared in March 2010. All this will help, I hope, to give to the cultivated reader a better understanding of the complex philosophical, theological, and scientific factors that played such a decisive role in the origin and in the following development of the Copernican issue, with Galileo’s drama at its center. Furthermore, it will show how difficult was the long road that brought the Catholic Church to a final admission (even though a very cautious and not fully satisfactory one) of its responsibility for the whole Galileo Affair. xi © 2012 University of Notre Dame Fantoli-00FM_Layout 1 1/19/12 2:34 PM Page xii xii ! Preface I wish to express here all my gratitude to Father George V. Coyne, S.J., who while still director of the Vatican Observatory, wrote the Pre - sentation of the book on the occasion of its first publication in Italian, and was subsequently able to find the time to translate this work into English, as he had already done on the occasion of all my previous works. I am also extremely grateful to Professor Wilbur Applebaum and to Naomi Polansky for their very generous, patient, and accurate review of the English text, and the many precious suggestions they have made concerning it. Last, but not least, my thanks go also to the Univer- sity of Notre Dame Press, for the decision to publish this book, a deci- sion that highly honors me. Finally, let me add a brief note about citations in the text. I did not want to overburden readers of this volume with the scholarly appara- tus present in my other, fully annotated volume on Galileo. Thus refer- ences in this volume use a short form providing basic author and title information; fuller information for those sources can be found in the bibliography. Except where noted otherwise in the citations, transla- tions from documents contemporary to Galileo have been made by Father Coyne. Victoria, British Columbia, December 2010 © 2012 University of Notre Dame Fantoli-00prologue_Layout 1 1/16/12 12:48 PM Page 1 Prologue It is June 22, 1633, in the morning. In a hall of the convent of Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Rome’s historical center, an accused man, on his knees before seven cardinals and officials of the Congregation of the Holy Office as witnesses to the proceedings, listens to the decree of condemnation: We, Gasparo Borgia [et al.] . , by the grace of God, Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, and especially commissioned by the Holy Apostolic See as Inquisitors-General against heretical depravity in all of Christendom . say, pronounce, sentence, and declare that you, the above-mentioned Galileo, because of the things deduced in the trial and confessed by you as above, have rendered yourself ac- cording to this Holy Office vehemently suspected of heresy, namely of having held and believed a doctrine which is false and contrary to the divine and Holy Scripture: that the sun is the center of the world and does not move from east to west, and the earth moves and is not the center of the world, and that one may hold and de- fend as probable an opinion after it has been declared and defined contrary to Holy Scripture. Consequently you have incurred all the censures and penalties imposed and promulgated by the sacred 1 © 2012 University of Notre Dame Fantoli-00prologue_Layout 1 1/16/12 12:48 PM Page 2 2 ! The Case of Galileo canons and all particular and general laws against such delinquents. We are willing to absolve you from them provided that first, with a sincere heart and unfeigned faith, in front of us you abjure, curse, and detest the above-mentioned errors and heresies, and every other error and heresy contrary to the Catholic and Apostolic Church, in the manner and form we will prescribe to you. Furthermore, so that this serious and pernicious error and transgression of yours does not remain completely unpunished, and so that you will be more cautious in the future and an example for others to abstain from similar crimes, we order that the book Dialogue by Galileo Galilei be prohibited by public edict. We condemn you to formal imprisonment in this Holy Office at our pleasure. As a salutary penance we impose on you to recite the seven penitential Psalms once a week for the next three years. And we reserve the authority to moderate, change, or condone wholly or in part the above-mentioned penalties and penances. (Galileo, Opere, 19:402– 6; trans. Finocchiaro, Galileo Affair, 289– 91) After the reading of the sentence, Galileo had no option but to obey. Still kneeling down he read the formula of abjuration that had been presented to him: I, Galileo, son of the late Vincenzio Galilei of Florence, seventy years of age, arraigned personally for judgment, kneeling before you Most Eminent and Most Reverend Cardinals Inquisitors- General against heretical depravity in all of Christendom, having be- fore my eyes and touching with my hands the Holy Gospels, swear that I have always believed, I believe now, and with God’s help I will believe in the future all that the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church holds, preaches, and teaches.