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Early Trains Searching out Distinction Among His Had the "Ability to Improvise Laboratory Civil Engineering: Railways

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Early Trains Searching out Distinction Among His Had the 70 NATURE VOL. 233 SEPTEMBER 3 1971 that he would have no part in such an forced on him he packs a great deal of and the rest of his life was in a sense affair." The astonishing, inexplicable information and lively comment. He an anticlimax; it seems that he genuinely thing is that Oppenheimer later gave rightly stresses the importance of the hated fame and publicity, and regretted different accounts of the incident ; and early years of railway building, before his move from Wi.irzburg, where he had that in particular he gave an egregiously the locomotive appeared and during been happy, to Munich, where he was untruthful account to a security agent its primitive, fitful development. He not. After his three papers describing called Boris T. Pash, in whjch he refused pays proper attention to the track, the phenomena of the X-rays, he played to disclose Chevalier's name while say­ commenting with a severity that is well no important part in the practical devel­ ing that several other men were in­ justified on the treatment usually ac­ opment of the apparatus or in the volved~a cock-and-bull story that was corded to "these unglamorous lengths explanation of the phenomena; in this much more injurious to himself and of scrap iron" in museums, and taking he reminds one of Volta, who made his Chevalier than the truth, and which at trouble to explain the reasons that lay discovery at much the same age. It is his "trial" he allowed to be called "a behind the adoption of different forms clear from th1s biography that Rontgen's tissue of lies". It was an incredible of rail, sleeper, and ballast. His illus­ discovery, while unexpected, was in no thing to do ; and when asked why he trations and diagrams are a well inte­ sense an accident. He had been care­ did it, he replied: "Because I was an grated adjunct to his text. fully trained under A. E. E. Kundt to idiot." It did him critical harm. The book has some faults. Its pro­ make very accurate determinations of What could be the explanation? portions may be criticized here and physical quant_ities; first investigating Nobody among his friends or his there. Scotland receives on the whole the specific heats of gases, and then enemies has found a credible answer by scanty attention. Of more than a hun­ studying electromagnetism, and the looking at the character of Oppen­ dred structures mentioned in the physical properties of crystals. His heimer. Is it to be found, I propose, gazetteer at the end of the book, only academic position-he had held a chair by looking instead at the character of four lie north of the border. Perhaps at Giessen before being called to the incident? Is that kind of interroga­ more serious, more than four-fifths of W'i.irzburg to follow Kohlrausch-and tion liable to induce that kind of aber­ the text is devoted to the period before his reputation for sober accuracy en­ ration? Oppenheimer's egregious per­ 1865. That was indeed the heroic age sured that his preliminary paper on X­ formance vis-a-vis Colonel Pash was of railway building in this country, but rays was taken seriously. recorded through a hidden microphone notable work has been performed since, The study of cathode rays was an and it makes disturbing reading-be­ which is passed over here : for example, obvious field for investigation; mercury cause of the peculiar intimacy existing the extraordinary series of bridges, in pumps were available to give very low between interrogator and interrogated. Staffordshire blue brick, erected over pressures, and it seems that others had A fulsome, ingratiating duplicity on the the Midland Railway's line south of noticed fluorescence near cathode ray interrogator's side ; a fulsome, yielding Kettering in the 1880s and 1890s, where tubes and £ogging of photographic over-accord on the interrogated's­ the engineers were treating the bricks plates, but had not seriously investi­ "God bless you," he says at the end of in an almost plastic way that seems to gated the matter. In November and it. One wants to turn one's head away anticipate the handling of reinforced December 1895, Rontgen investigated ... But that would mean turning one's concrete in the twentieth century. And the X-rays in an extremely capable head away from a very serious matter, by way of a final critjcism it must be manner, proving that the effects could where security really on trial could well said that there are rather more small not be due to cathode rays, and taking be required to prove its case. The mistakes here than there ought to be: a number of X-ray photographs. He matter at issue is not the unnaturalness obvious misprints uncorrected, names submitted his preliminary paper on of the intimacy : it is the trustworthiness mis-spelt and places wrongly cited­ December 28, 1895; it was published of the sjtuation-its trustworthiness not Ashburton for Ashton, for example. It with a rapidity that moderns might to throw a man off balance, not to pro­ was not the North Midland Company envy, for the offprints were ready to be duce, while he is in it, almost a per­ that tried to reach· Manchester (page sent out on new year's day 1896. sonality change. Is the solution to the 117) ; nor was Tite the architect of the Rontgen was transformed from a man Oppenheimer enigma not that he was station at Shrewsbury (page ix). with a high reputation within his field an idiot, but that such interrogations These small blemishes can be rectified into a celebrity; and was in 1901 are liable to bring idiocies to a man's when the book goes jnto a second edi­ awarded the first Nobel Prize for lips? Really on trial, security is not tion. It deserves to be kept in print Physics. invulnerable. WILLIAM CoOPER for a long time as an excellent introduc­ Reading this sympathetic biogrl}phy, tion to its subject, which will not lose one feels that Rontgen had somehow its value. Mr Morgan is generous in got out of his depth; like Faraday, he Early Trains searching out distinction among his had the "ability to improvise laboratory Civil Engineering: Railways. By Bryan engineers and architects, whether in equipment, which enabled him to make Morgan. Pp. xvi+ 176+45 Photo­ pioneering forms and techniques or in observations that less skilled men were graphs. (Longman: London, April aesthetic sensibility, and he communi­ unable to do", but we find little evi­ 1971.) £2.96. cates his enthusiasm so attractively that dence that like Faraday he was a soli­ THE admirable series of studies of he will inspire his readers to follow him tary voyager in strange seas of thought. industrial archaeology edited by Mr. in the direction of inquiry he has laid His orderly life, with the spring and L. T. C. Rolt has now reached railways. down. His book achieves its purpose summer vacations spent in Italy and Wisely, he has decided that the subject very well indeed. JACK SIMMONS Switzerland, does not have that appear­ is too big to be comprehended in a ance of complete devotion to the single volume, such as the one he wrote struggle with the mysteries of nature himself on Navigable Waterways, and Rontgen Revealed which characterizes those few scientists that it must be treated in two. This of the first rank . Rontgen's example book is therefore complemented by The Life of Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen. can encourage us all, for he seems to another on mechanical engineering, By W. R. Niske. Pp. xi+355. (Uni­ have been a rather ordinary scientist written by M r J. H. Snell. versity of Arizona: Tucson and who made an extraordinary discovery; Mr Morgan's study is comprehensive, Arizona April 19, 1971.) $8.50. and this biography is valuable in bring­ clearly arranged, and most pleasantly WHEN in 1895 Rontgen made his great ing before us such a man and casting written. Within the modest limits en- discovery he was already fifty years old, light on his times. In spite of a ten- © 1971 Nature Publishing Group NATURE VOL. 233 SEPTEMBER 3 1971 71 dency to degenerate into travelogue, the the ways in which their work is utilized. From this mine of information for book is readable and interesting; we While Einstein signed the momentous teachers and lecturers, it would be encounter both the crusty and forbid­ letter to Roosevelt which helped launch impossible to summarize, or even give ding professor and the shy man at ease the American atomic effort, Born found a list of the demonstrations in these holidaying with his friends. We even the idea of nuclear weapons so distaste­ volumes, which together add up to 1,400 find him in 1888 complaining of the ful that he avoided personal involve­ pages. It is easier to say that from a declining number of students because ment and tried-unsuccessfully-to dis­ simple demonstration of shadow pro­ for scientists "the outlook is gloomy". suade one of his workers jn Edinburgh jection to solid state physics or the D. M. KNIGHT from joining the British effort: Klaus application of a laser, all are included. Fuchs. And when Born returned from On reading these books the com­ Britain to Germany after the Second plexity of some of the apparatus is a World War, Einstein noted that he was little worrying until it is realized that Illuminating Letters going back "to the land of the mass­ apart from the description of the murderers of our kinsmen".
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