Terminology Geol373  (mostly H, C, bits of S, N, 0)  Natural Gas What is Petroleum?  Condensate  Liquids Oil, Crude oil  , Tar  Solids - Insoluble in organic solvents Bitumen-Soluble

Units Natural Gas Liquid Volume:  Chains of 1 to 4  1 oil = 42 gallons =0.15 m3 (in Europe) Giant Oil field > 500 Million barrels (75 million m3)  CH4 - Gas Volume:  C2H6 -  Thousand cubic feet of gas (Mcf)  C3H8 -  Million cubic feet of gas (MMcf)  Billion cubic feet of gas (Bcf)  C4H10 –  Trillion cubic feet of gas (Tcf)  Plus sometimes non- : Flow rates • He, Ar, Kr, , N2, O2, CO2, H2, H2S  Barrels of oil per day (BOD)  Thousand cubic feet of gas per day (McfD)

Good Gas and Bad Gas

Good Bad  He  Radon- radioactive  Ar  H2S- poison, corrosive  CO2 (?)

Sources: He, Radon, Ar - radioactive decay of U, K

CO2 - thermal maturation of bitumen, Limestone breakdown, bacterial metabolism H2S – bacterial metabolism, breakdown of evaporates (salt) Isomer Natural Gas Equivalence  Paraffins () Methane 1 Barrel of Oil = 6000 Cubic Feet of Gas (approx)  Saturated Chains  (LNG) • Methane Ethane • Cool to -160oC, compress it  (LPG) • Propane (60%)+ Butane (40%) • Compressed 250:1 Propane

Comparison of Oil Oil and Gas-equivalent Price 160

At $3.0/Mcf, 140

6 Mcf= $18 120

100

80

60

PricePer Barrel or Mcf ($) 40

20

0 Jul-1995 Jul-2006 Jan-1990 Jan-2001 Jan-2012 Jun-1996 Jun-2007 Oct-1992 Oct-2003 Oct-2014 Sep-1993 Feb-2000 Sep-2004 Feb-2011 Apr-1998 Apr-2009 Dec-1990 Dec-2001 Dec-2012 Mar-1999 Mar-2010 Nov-1991 Aug-1994 Nov-2002 Aug-2005 Nov-2013 May-1997 May-2008

Oil Price (WTI) Natural Gas Welhead Price Natrual Gas Oil-Equivalent Price EIA data

Economics of Natural Gas Crude Oil  Abundant  Mix of hydrocarbons of different types  Cleanest of fossil • 30% Paraffins- Chains  Hard to : need a pipeline or LNG facility • 50 % Naphtenes- Single bond rings  Economics of natural gas are local, not global • 15 % Aromatics – Double bond rings • 5 % Asphaltics- Include impurities (N, S, O) Paraffins Naphetenes (Cycloparaffins) (Alkanes)  Rings with single bonds  Most common HC in crude oil (~40%)  C1 to C80 chains  Millions of possible branched chains  Usually liquids  C5 - Cyclopentane  C1-C4 Gases  C6 - Cyclohexane  C5-C14 Liquids  >C15 Solid

 Waxy  C5-C8 in : equivalent iso-octane/ ratio

Aromatics  Unsaturated rings Heavy Hydrocarbons Tar  Based on benzene  Medium length chains (C11-C18) • Thicker liquids  High octane rating •  Concentrate in heavy oil • Diesel  Long chains (C19- >40)  Carcinogenic • Viscous to solid Benzene • Motor oil • Tar  Asphaltics • Impurities- O, N, S • S 0.1 - 4% (sour oil) • Pollution and rain

Toluene Polycyclic Hydrocarbons

Average Crude 35 API distillery 250oF

Weight % 370oF  Paraffin 25% 500oF  Naphtene 50%  Aromatic 17% 680oF  Asphaltic 8%

980oF Cracking of Hydrocarbon Chains Shell Ethane Cracker in PA

Ten Chain

 Ethane to ethylene, , etc  Fibers, plastic containers, engine coolants, anti-freeze

API Gravity API Gravity

 Condensate >55o API Gravity= (141.5(ρoil/ρwater) -131.5  o o Crude > 31.1 ρ water , ρoil= density at 60 F  Intermediate 31.1o – 22.3o  Heavy 10o - 22.3o 10oAPI= Specific gravity of water  Extra Heavy <10o

Low API = High Density, high viscosity West Intermediate = 39.6 API High API = Low Density, low viscosity Brent Crude = 38 API

Typical Crude 35o API Crude Vol. % API Density Viscosity Reading for next time g/cm3 millipoise Gasoline 27% 60 0.74 6  (C5-C10) Subsurface Environment Kerosene 13% 50 0.78 20  Ch. 4 Selley (C11-C13)  Ecampus Quiz closes on Sunday at 9 PM Diesel (C14-C18) 12% 45 0.79 100

Heavy Gas Oil 10% (C19-C25) Lubricating Oil 20% 30 0.85 500 (C26-C40) Residuum 18% 10 1 >105 (>C40)