Covery Laboratory Scale Designed for Your Space and Needs

CERN Courier September 2013 Your Solution for Helium Recovery Laboratory scale designed for your space and needs. News

L h C u P G r a d E Liquid Helium Plants Over 115 units shipped worldwide since 2007 US high-fi eld quadrupole magnet passes test

Helium Recovery System The US LHC Accelerator Program resulting in a loss of the superconducting (LARP) has successfully tested a powerful state – that is, a quench. Over 25 units shipped worldwide since 2011 superconducting quadrupole magnet To address these challenges, LARP has that will play a key role in developing a adopted a mechanical support structure All Cryomech Liquid Helium Plants Include: new beam-focusing system for the LHc. that is based on a thick aluminum shell, This advanced system – with other major pre-tensioned at room temperature using  Pulse Tube Cryocooler Technology- designed for high upgrades to be implemented over the next water-pressurized bladders and interference reliability with long mean times between maintenance decade – will allow the LHC to deliver a keys. This design concept – developed luminosity up to 10 times higher than in the at Berkeley under the US Department of  Models available with liquefaction rates of 15L/Day, original design. Energy’s General Accelerator Development Dubbed HQ02a, the latest in LARP’s series programme – was compared with the 22L/Day, 40L/Day and 60L/Day of high-fi eld quadrupole magnets is wound traditional collar-based clamping system  Liqueﬁ es helium supplied by cryostat boil-off, recovery with cables of the brittle but high-performance used in Fermilab's Tevatron and all of the niobium-tin superconductor (nb3Sn). Like all subsequent high-energy accelerators and systems or gas cylinders LHc magnets, HQ02a is designed to operate scaled up to 4 m in length in the LARP in superﬂ uid helium at temperatures that are long “racetrack” and long quadrupoles.  Digital touch screen user interface which includes: close to absolute zero. However, it has a larger The HQ models further refi ned this Remote Monitoring & Control beam aperture than the current focusing mechanical design approach, in particular by  magnets – 120 mm in diameter compared incorporating full coil alignment.  Digital Level Indicator to 70 mm – and the magnetic fi eld in the The success of these tests not only superconducting coils reaches 12 T – 50% The new Nb 3Sn HQ02a quadrupole has a establishes high-performance niobium tin  System Diagnostics higher than the current 8 T. The corresponding larger aperture and is designed to operate at as a powerful superconductor for use in fi eld gradient – the rate of increase of fi eld a higher magnetic fi eld than previous fi nal- accelerator magnets, it also marks a shift  Less than 24 hours between start up and liquid strength over the aperture – is 170 T/m. In a focusing magnets. (Image: Berkeley Lab.) from R&D to development of the LARP helium production recent test at Fermilab, HQ02a achieved all of magnets that will be installed for the LHc its challenging objectives. currently used in the LHc and in all previous luminosity upgrade. One of LARP’s primary goals is to support superconducting magnets for particle ● LARP is a collaboration involving CERN’s plan to replace the quadrupole accelerators. Berkeley, Brookhaven, Fermilab and SLAC, Complete Helium Recovery System magnets in the interaction regions in about Modern niobium-tin can operate at a working in close partnership with CERN. It 10 years from now as part of the High higher magnetic fi eld and with a wider is now led by Giorgio Apollinari (see p57). Atmospheric Recovery Bag LHe Gas Bag @ 1 atm Extraction Luminosity LHC project (CERN Courier temperature margin than niobium-titanium. January/February 2013 p28). Not only However, it is brittle and sensitive to strain From User must the magnets produce a stronger fi eld, – critical factors where intense electrical Sommaire en français Cryostat Complete Cryomech Helium they will also require a larger temperature currents and strong magnetic fi elds Test réussi pour un aimant quadripolaire à 5 Supply He > 99.99% Recovery System Includes: margin and have to cope with the intense create enormous forces as the magnets champ élevé américain Helium radiation, which comes hand in hand with are energized. Large forces can damage Recovery the fragile conductor or cause sudden La première longue exploitation du LHC 5 Compressor  Atmospheric Recovery Bag the planned increase in the rate of energetic collisions. These requirements go beyond displacements of the superconducting ALICE se rend à Stockholm et Birmingham 6  Helium Recovery Compressor the capabilities of the niobium-titanium coils, releasing energy as heat and possibly Gas Cylinders Liquid Helium Plant Conférence EPS-HEP2013 : des jours 7 (LHeP)  Manifold for cylinder storage heureux pour la physique

LN2 Trap The LHC’s fi rst long run  Helium Purifi er T2K observe la transformation νμ → νe 8 I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS From the fi rst 3.5 TeV collisions in March 2010 to the start of the avec certitude  Liquid Helium Plant cerncourier fi rst long shutdown in March 2013, the LHC went through three years of V OLUME 5 3 N UMBER 7 S EPTEMBER 2 0 1 3 GERDA : nouvelles limites à la double 8 Helium Purifi er improving performance. This led in 2012 to the discovery of a Higgs désintégration bêta sans neutrino boson, which made headlines around the world and brought many accolades to CERN, including the 2013 EPS-HEPP prize (p7). This issue takes a look Désintégrations baryoniques non 9 Cryomech also provides Helium Reliquefiers for use with individual cryostats. behind the scenes at what underpinned the successful operation of the LHC charmées des mésons B during this fi rst long run. With thanks to Theresa Harrison, Warwick University, Behind the scenes Surprenantes études de la multiplicité 10 at the LHC for her editorial work with the authors of these articles. Thanks also to Jesse L’incroyable légèreté de … l'électronique 13 ANNIVERSARY MAGNETS DETECTOR Karjalainen, IOP Publishing, for his work on the design of what will be his last The discovery of Success for neutral currents US high-fi eld DEVELOPMENT 40 years ago quadrupole A look at the p53 p5 AIDA project p49 issue of CERN Courier as he heads for pastures new after six years. Les sursauts radio rapides signalent-ils la 14 formation des trous noirs ?

113 Falso Drive, Syracuse, New York, 13211 USA • Ph. 315-455-2555 Fax. 315-455-2544 www.cryomech.com [email protected] 5

Untitled-4 1 19/07/2013 14:46 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 7 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier September 2013 CERN Courier September 2013 News News

C O N F E r E N C E ALICE goes to Stockholm EPS-HEP2013: these are good and Birmingham times for physics Stockholm, with its many stretches of water, islands The ALICE collaboration had and old town, provided an a signifi cant presence at two ALICE |Δη| > 0.8 (near side only) attractive setting for the 2013 p-Pb √s = 5.02 TeV recent major conferences, the NN international europhysics 0.2 (0–20%) – (60–100%) 2013 European Physical Society Conference on High-Energy Physics, conference on High-energy h π EPS-HEP2013 on 18–24 July. Hosted by Physics (EPSHEP 2013), in Stockholm K p the KTH (Royal Institute of Technology) (p7), and the 14th Topical Conference on and Stockholm University, the conference Strangeness in Heavy Flavour Production 0.1 centres on a busy programme of parallel and (2PC, sub)

in Heavy-Ion Collisions – Strangeness v plenary sessions. in Quark Matter 2013 (SQM2013) – that Like particle physics itself, EPS-HEP Left: Paris Sphicas, chair of the international organizing committee, centre, with the took place on 22–27 July at Birmingham has a global reach, with people attending winners of the 2013 EPS-HEPP prize, left to right, Peter Jenni, Tejinder Virdee, Dave university in the uK. from Asia and the Americas, as well as Charlton and Joe Incandela. (Image credit: Abha Eli Phoboo.) Right: François Englert and The many contributed talks and plenary 0 from Europe. This year there were some Peter Higgs, on either side of CERN’s director-general, Rolf Heuer, at the press conference. 1 presentations, in particular at SQM2013, 0 2 3 4 750 participants, including many young (Image credit: Terry Pritchard.) p (GeV/c) highlighted new results from the proton–lead T people who presented results in both (pPb) data recorded in early 2013. While this The remaining second fourier coeffi cient, parallel and poster sessions. As many as on ultrarelativistic heavy ions, which also developments in the context of the update of run was initially intended to provide control v2, of the Δφ two particle correlations at 440 speakers and more than 100 presenters featured presentions of measurements the European Strategy for Particle Physics. data sets, several unexpected, and currently large Δη as a function of p T for π (red of posters brought news from a host of from the relativistic Heavy-ion collider An important highlight of the conference unexplained, results have been observed. triangles) K (green stars), p (blue cirlces), experiments around the world, ranging from at Brookhaven. First results from the was the awarding of the European Physical Most intriguingly, both the spectra of and charged particles (black squares) in those at particle accelerators and colliders to proton–lead run at the LHC are yielding Society High Energy and Particle Physics identifi ed particles and charged-hadron 0–20% centrality pPb collisions after others deep underground and in space. surprises, including some intriguing Prize to the ATLAS and CMS collaborations correlations in high-multiplicity pPb events subtraction of the correlations measured in Coming just one year after the similarities with fi ndings in lead–lead “for the discovery of a Higgs boson, as reveal signals suggestive of collective fl ow, the 60–10% centrality class. (ALICE announcement of the discovery of a new collisions (p9). predicted by the Brout-englert-Higgs which are similar to those observed in collaboration 2013 arXiv :1307.3237 boson at CERN’s LHC, the conference Beyond the Standard Model, the mechanism”, and to Michel Della Negra, heavy-ion collisions, as the fi gure shows. [nucl-ex], submitted for publication.) provided a showcase for the latest results worldwide search for dark matter has Peter Jenni and Tejinder Virdee, “for their These mass-dependent phenomena do not from the ATLAS and CMS experiments, as progressed with experiments that are pioneering and outstanding leadership arise trivially in either the colour glass of the QGP are so high that the heavy, well as from Fermilab’s Tevatron. Together, becoming increasingly precise, gaining roles in the making of the ATLAS and condensate or in the gluon saturation charm quarks thermalize with the QGP they confi rm the new particle as a Higgs a factor of 10 in sensitivity every two CMS experiments”. François Englert framework that describes the initial state before hadronization. Interestingly, the J/ψ boson, compatible with the Standard Model, years. There are also improved results and Peter Higgs were there in person to of the colliding nuclei at the relevant small results reveal much less suppression than and are making progress in pinning down from experiments at the intensity frontier, present the prizes and to take part in a press values of Bjorken-x. at Brookhaven’s Relativistic Heavy-Ion its properties. other measurements from in the study of neutrinos and in particle conference together with the prizewinners. Also in pPb collisions, ALICE’s Collider, suggesting that signifi cant the LHC and the Tevatron continue to test astrophysics. Highlights here included the Spokespersons Dave Charlton and Joe measurements of minimum-bias spectra for late-stage regeneration of these quarkonia the Standard Model, as in the search for T2K collaboration’s updated measurement Incandela accepted the prizes on behalf of a variety of hadronic species and jets, reveal states occurs as a result of the initial copious rare decay modes. The CMS and LHCb with improved background rejection, ATLAS and CMS, respectively. no strong deviations from the expectations production of charm quarks in the heavy-ion collaborations presented results on the which now indicates electron-neutrino Wrapping up the conference in a summary of the scaled number of nucleon–nucleon collisions at the LHc. decay Bs → μμ, two years after the cDF appearance at a signifi cance of σ7 (p8). Other talk, Sergio Bertolucci, CERN’s director (binary) collisions. This confi rms that the Last, the high-precision soft physics results collaboration reported a fi rst measurement, news included results from the GERDA for research and computing, noted that striking suppressions observed so far for from the PbPb data underscored the potential in slight tension with the Standard Model, at experiment, which sets a new lower limit it had brought together many beautiful all fi nal-state hadrons in lead–lead (PbPb) signifi cance of a hadronic re-scattering phase EPS-HEP2011 in Grenoble (CERN Courier on the half-life for neutrinoless double-beta experimental results for comparison with collisions are a specifi c feature of quark and/ at the end of the produced medium’s evolution September 2011 p11). CMS and LHCb now decay of 2.1 × 1025 years. precise theoretical predictions. “These are or gluon energy loss via interactions with the at the LHC. This phase has not previously observe this decay at more than 4σ, with a Other sessions looked to the continuing lucky times for physics,” he concluded, quark–gluon plasma (QGP). been considered important when predicting branching fraction that is in good agreement health of the fi eld, with presentations of with experiments and theory providing an Presentations also covered updates signatures of the QGP, but it must now be with the Standard Model, therefore closing a studies on novel ideas for future particle “unprecedented convergence of the extremes on both soft (low pT) and hard (high accounted for to model accurately the full potential window on new physics (p19). accelerators and detection techniques. of scales around a common set of questions”. ● pT and heavy fl avour) probes of PbPb dynamics of a heavy-ion collision at the LHc. All four of the large LHc collaborations These topics also featured in the special For details on all the talks see http:// collisions. Higher precision results on There was lively debate at both – ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb – session for the european committee for eps-hep2013.eu. A longer report will appear nuclear-modifi cation factors and elliptic conferences about the possible presented results in the dedicated sessions Future Accelerators, which looked at future in a future edition of the CERN Courier. fl ow – including measurements on heavy interpretations of all of these interesting quarks – as a function of the event centrality new results, continuing well after the talks Les physiciens des particules du monde entier sont invités à apporter leurs CERN Courier welcomes contributions from the international gave the most detailed picture to date of were over. Future studies were proposed that contributions aux CERN Courier, en français ou en anglais. Les articles retenus particle-physics community. These can be written in English or French, partonic interactions with the QGP. The should help to unravel the origin of these seront publiés dans la langue d’origine. Si vous souhaitez proposer un article, and will be published in the same language. If you have a suggestion for measurements of D mesons also indicate intriguing phenomena observed in both pPb faites part de vos suggestions à la rédaction à l’adresse cern [email protected]. an article, please send proposals to the editor at [email protected]. that the initial density and temperature and PbPb collisions.

6 7 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 7 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier September 2013 CERN Courier September 2013 News News

in Heavy-Ion Collisions – Strangeness v plenary sessions. in Quark Matter 2013 (SQM2013) – that Like particle physics itself, EPS-HEP Left: Paris Sphicas, chair of the international organizing committee, centre, with the took place on 22–27 July at Birmingham has a global reach, with people attending winners of the 2013 EPS-HEPP prize, left to right, Peter Jenni, Tejinder Virdee, Dave university in the uK. from Asia and the Americas, as well as Charlton and Joe Incandela. (Image credit: Abha Eli Phoboo.) Right: François Englert and The many contributed talks and plenary 0 from Europe. This year there were some Peter Higgs, on either side of CERN’s director-general, Rolf Heuer, at the press conference. 1 presentations, in particular at SQM2013, 0 2 3 4 750 participants, including many young (Image credit: Terry Pritchard.) p (GeV/c) highlighted new results from the proton–lead T people who presented results in both (pPb) data recorded in early 2013. While this The remaining second fourier coeffi cient, parallel and poster sessions. As many as on ultrarelativistic heavy ions, which also developments in the context of the update of run was initially intended to provide control v2, of the Δφ two particle correlations at 440 speakers and more than 100 presenters featured presentions of measurements the European Strategy for Particle Physics. data sets, several unexpected, and currently large Δη as a function of p T for π (red of posters brought news from a host of from the relativistic Heavy-ion collider An important highlight of the conference unexplained, results have been observed. triangles) K (green stars), p (blue cirlces), experiments around the world, ranging from at Brookhaven. First results from the was the awarding of the European Physical Most intriguingly, both the spectra of and charged particles (black squares) in those at particle accelerators and colliders to proton–lead run at the LHC are yielding Society High Energy and Particle Physics identifi ed particles and charged-hadron 0–20% centrality pPb collisions after others deep underground and in space. surprises, including some intriguing Prize to the ATLAS and CMS collaborations correlations in high-multiplicity pPb events subtraction of the correlations measured in Coming just one year after the similarities with fi ndings in lead–lead “for the discovery of a Higgs boson, as reveal signals suggestive of collective fl ow, the 60–10% centrality class. (ALICE announcement of the discovery of a new collisions (p9). predicted by the Brout-englert-Higgs which are similar to those observed in collaboration 2013 arXiv :1307.3237 boson at CERN’s LHC, the conference Beyond the Standard Model, the mechanism”, and to Michel Della Negra, heavy-ion collisions, as the fi gure shows. [nucl-ex], submitted for publication.) provided a showcase for the latest results worldwide search for dark matter has Peter Jenni and Tejinder Virdee, “for their These mass-dependent phenomena do not from the ATLAS and CMS experiments, as progressed with experiments that are pioneering and outstanding leadership arise trivially in either the colour glass of the QGP are so high that the heavy, well as from Fermilab’s Tevatron. Together, becoming increasingly precise, gaining roles in the making of the ATLAS and condensate or in the gluon saturation charm quarks thermalize with the QGP they confi rm the new particle as a Higgs a factor of 10 in sensitivity every two CMS experiments”. François Englert framework that describes the initial state before hadronization. Interestingly, the J/ψ boson, compatible with the Standard Model, years. There are also improved results and Peter Higgs were there in person to of the colliding nuclei at the relevant small results reveal much less suppression than and are making progress in pinning down from experiments at the intensity frontier, present the prizes and to take part in a press values of Bjorken-x. at Brookhaven’s Relativistic Heavy-Ion its properties. other measurements from in the study of neutrinos and in particle conference together with the prizewinners. Also in pPb collisions, ALICE’s Collider, suggesting that signifi cant the LHC and the Tevatron continue to test astrophysics. Highlights here included the Spokespersons Dave Charlton and Joe measurements of minimum-bias spectra for late-stage regeneration of these quarkonia the Standard Model, as in the search for T2K collaboration’s updated measurement Incandela accepted the prizes on behalf of a variety of hadronic species and jets, reveal states occurs as a result of the initial copious rare decay modes. The CMS and LHCb with improved background rejection, ATLAS and CMS, respectively. no strong deviations from the expectations production of charm quarks in the heavy-ion collaborations presented results on the which now indicates electron-neutrino Wrapping up the conference in a summary of the scaled number of nucleon–nucleon collisions at the LHc. decay Bs → μμ, two years after the cDF appearance at a signifi cance of σ7 (p8). Other talk, Sergio Bertolucci, CERN’s director (binary) collisions. This confi rms that the Last, the high-precision soft physics results collaboration reported a fi rst measurement, news included results from the GERDA for research and computing, noted that striking suppressions observed so far for from the PbPb data underscored the potential in slight tension with the Standard Model, at experiment, which sets a new lower limit it had brought together many beautiful all fi nal-state hadrons in lead–lead (PbPb) signifi cance of a hadronic re-scattering phase EPS-HEP2011 in Grenoble (CERN Courier on the half-life for neutrinoless double-beta experimental results for comparison with collisions are a specifi c feature of quark and/ at the end of the produced medium’s evolution September 2011 p11). CMS and LHCb now decay of 2.1 × 1025 years. precise theoretical predictions. “These are or gluon energy loss via interactions with the at the LHC. This phase has not previously observe this decay at more than 4σ, with a Other sessions looked to the continuing lucky times for physics,” he concluded, quark–gluon plasma (QGP). been considered important when predicting branching fraction that is in good agreement health of the fi eld, with presentations of with experiments and theory providing an Presentations also covered updates signatures of the QGP, but it must now be with the Standard Model, therefore closing a studies on novel ideas for future particle “unprecedented convergence of the extremes on both soft (low pT) and hard (high accounted for to model accurately the full potential window on new physics (p19). accelerators and detection techniques. of scales around a common set of questions”. ● pT and heavy fl avour) probes of PbPb dynamics of a heavy-ion collision at the LHc. All four of the large LHc collaborations These topics also featured in the special For details on all the talks see http:// collisions. Higher precision results on There was lively debate at both – ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb – session for the european committee for eps-hep2013.eu. A longer report will appear nuclear-modifi cation factors and elliptic conferences about the possible presented results in the dedicated sessions Future Accelerators, which looked at future in a future edition of the CERN Courier. fl ow – including measurements on heavy interpretations of all of these interesting quarks – as a function of the event centrality new results, continuing well after the talks Les physiciens des particules du monde entier sont invités à apporter leurs CERN Courier welcomes contributions from the international gave the most detailed picture to date of were over. Future studies were proposed that contributions aux CERN Courier, en français ou en anglais. Les articles retenus particle-physics community. These can be written in English or French, partonic interactions with the QGP. The should help to unravel the origin of these seront publiés dans la langue d’origine. Si vous souhaitez proposer un article, and will be published in the same language. If you have a suggestion for measurements of D mesons also indicate intriguing phenomena observed in both pPb faites part de vos suggestions à la rédaction à l’adresse [email protected]. an article, please send proposals to the editor at [email protected]. that the initial density and temperature and PbPb collisions.

6 7 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 7 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier September 2013 CERN Courier September 2013 News News Instruments L h C P h y s i C s for Advanced T2K observes νμ→νe defi nitively Charmless baryonic B decays Science

The international T2K The fi rst candidateν e event observed in The LHCb collaboration ) ) 2 80 2 20 collaboration chose the Super-Kamiokande after recovery from the has made the fi rst LHCb 10 GeV/ c EPSHEP2013 meeting in earthquake on the east coast of Japan in sightings of the decay of Gas Analysis GeV/ c weights/ 60 0 Stockholm as the forum 2011. The detector has recorded a ring of B mesons into two baryons (0.01 QGA to announce its defi nitive light, attributed to Cherenkov radiation containing no charm quarks. While the 1.45 1.50 1.55 40 2 observation of the transformation of associated with the fast electron produced in collaboration has previously reported on mKp (GeV/c ) muon-neutrinos to electron-neutrinos, the reaction νe + n → p + e. (Image credit: multibody baryonic B decays, these are its 20 νμ→ν e. T2K collaboration.) fi rst results on the rare two-body charmless candidates/(0.01 0 in 2011, the collaboration announced the modes and will help to address open 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 fi rst signs of this process – at the time a new questions concerning baryon formation in ± 2 mppK (GeV/c ) Quantitative Gas Analyser type of neutrino oscillation (CERN Courier in announcing the discovery, the B decays. September 2011 p6). Now with 3.5 times collaboration paid tribute to the unyielding Baryonic decays of B mesons were Fig. 1. Invariant mass distribution of pp–K+ more data, T2K has fi rmly established the and tireless effort by the J-PARC staff and studied extensively by the BaBar and candidates in the p–K+ mass window between Thin Film Analysis 2 transformation at a 7.5σ signifi cance level. management to deliver high-quality beam Belle experiments at SLAc and KeK, 1.44 and 1.585 GeV/c after full selection. TPD Workstation – – + In the T2K experiment, a νμ beam is to T2K after the devastating earthquake in respectively. The measured branching The inset shows the Λ (1520)→p K produced in the Japan Proton Accelerator eastern Japan in March 2011. The earthquake fractions are typically in the range resonance near threshold (B-signal Research Complex (J-PARC) in Tokai on the caused severe damage to the accelerator 10 –6–10 –4, with charmless modes at the weighted p–K+ invariant mass distribution). east coast of Japan. The beam – monitored observation of this type of neutrino complex and abruptly halted the data-taking low end of this range and those with

by a near detector in Tokai – is aimed at oscillation opens the way to new studies of run of the T2K experiment. charm having larger branching fractions. data

● ) LCHb fit the Super-Kamiokande detector, which charge-parity (CP) violation in neutrinos, The T2K experiment was constructed and Decays with double-charm fi nal states 2 0 8 B →pp 0 Temperature Programmed Desorption –3 Bs →pp lies underground in Kamioka near the which may be linked to the domination of is operated by an international collaboration, have branching fractions up to 10 in combinatorial background MeV/ c west coast, 295 km away. Analysis of the matter over antimatter in the present-day which currently consists of more than some cases, which is a surprisingly large 6 data from Super-Kamiokande reveals that universe. The T2K collaboration expects to 400 physicists from 59 institutions in value. The channel B+ → pp–K+ was the fi rst 4 Surface Analysis there are more ν collect 10 times more data in the near future, 11 countries: Canada, France, Germany, e (a total of 28 events) than charmless baryonic B-meson decay mode SIMS Workstation would be expected (4.6 events) without the including data with an antineutrino beam for Italy, Japan, Poland, Russia, Switzerland, to be seen, in 2002 (Belle collaboration 2

transformation process. studies of CP violation. Spain, uK and the uS. 2002). Soon after, Belle struck gold again candidates/(20 with the fi rst observation of a two-body 0 0 – 5100 5200 5300 5400 baryonic B decay, B → Λcp, which 2 mpp (MeV/c ) manifestly has charm (Belle collaboration GERDA sets new limits on 2003). However, there were no signs of Fig. 2. Invariant mass distribution of pp– Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry charmless two-body baryonic decays of candidates after full selection. The fi t result B mesons until now. (blue line) is superposed with each fi t model neutrinoless double beta decay The suppression of low-multiplicity component. Plasma Diagnostics compared with higher-multiplicity decay EQP The GERDA collaboration possible if the neutrino is its own antiparticle. until recently, the signal region was modes is a striking feature of B decays constitutes the fi rst observation of a has obtained new strong limits In GERDA germanium crystals are both blinded and the researchers focused on the to baryons that is not replicated by their two-body charmless baryonic B decay, – for neutrinoless double beta source and detector. 76Ge has an abundance optimization of the data analysis procedures. two-body and three-body decays to B+ → pΛ(1520). decay, which tests if neutrinos of about 8% in natural germanium and The experiment has now completed its fi rst mesons. It is also a key to the theoretical Figure 2 shows a fi t from a related are their own antiparticles. its fraction was therefore enriched more phase, with 21 kg years of accumulated data. understanding of the dynamics behind these analysis, searching for B → pp– decay (LHcb The GERDA (GERmanium Detector than 10-fold before the special detector The analysis, in which all calibrations and types of decays. collaboration 2013b). An excess of B0 → pp– Array) experiment, which is operated at the crystals were grown. To help to minimize cuts had been defi ned before the data in the The LHCb collaboration used the 1.0 fb–1 candidates with respect to background Mass and Energy Ion Analyser underground INFN Laboratori Nazionali the backgrounds from environmental signal region were processed, revealed no data sample collected in 2011 to study expectations is observed with a statistical del Gran Sasso, is looking for double beta radioactivity, the GERDA detector crystals signal of neutrinoless double beta decay in the proton–antiproton spectra with or signifi cance of 3.3σ, giving a measurement decay processes in the germanium isotope and the surrounding detector parts have 76Ge, which leads to the world's best lower without an extra light meson – a pion or a of the branching fraction for 76 25 0 – +0.71 –8 Ge, both with and without the emission of been carefully selected and processed. in limit for the half-life of 2.1 × 10 years. kaon. Figure 1 shows the invariant mass B → pp = (1.47–0.53) × 10 . No signifi cant 76 – + – + 0 – neutrinos. For Ge, normal beta decay is addition, the detectors are located in the combined with information from other distribution of ppK candidates in the pK signal is observed for Bs → pp but the current energetically forbidden, but the simultaneous centre of a huge vessel fi lled with extremely experiments, this result rules out an earlier mass window 1.44–1.585 GeV/c2, where a analysis improves the previous bound on the conversion of two neutrons with the emission clean liquid argon, lined by ultrapure claim for a signal by others. B+ → pp–K+ signal is visible. The inset shows branching fraction by three orders of of two neutrinos is possible. This has been copper, which in turn is surrounded by a The next steps for GERDA will be to the p–K+ invariant mass distribution near the magnitude. for further details of Hiden Analytical measured by GERDA with unprecedented 10-m diameter tank fi lled with high purity add new detectors, effectively doubling threshold for B-signal candidates weighted products contact: × 21 76 + → – + ● Further reading precision with a half-life of about 2 10 water. Last, but not least, it is all located the amount of Ge. Data taking will then to remove the non-B ppK decay www.HidenAnalytical.com years, making it one of the rarest decays underground below 1400 m of rock. The continue in a second phase after some further background. Belle collaboration 2002 PRL 88 181803. – ever observed. However, if neutrinos are combination of all of these techniques has improvements are implemented to achieve The analysis reveals a clear Λ(1520) Belle collaboration 2003 PRL 90 121802. [email protected] Majorana particles, neutrinoless double beta made it possible to reduce the background to even stronger background suppression. resonance, with the branching fraction for LHCb collaboration 2013a +44(0)1925 445225 – decay should also occur, at an even lower unprecedented levels. ● GERDA is a European collaboration the decay chain B+→ pΛ(1520) → pp–K+ LHCb-PAPER-2013-031 arXiv:1307.6165 rate. in this case, the antineutrino from one Data taking started in autumn 2011 using with scientists from 19 research institutes measured to be close to 4 × 10 –7 (LHcb [hep-ex]. beta decay is absorbed as a neutrino by the eight detectors if 2 kg each. Subsequently, or universities in Germany, Italy, Russia, collaboration 2013a). With a statistical LHCb collaboration 2013b LHCb-PAPER-2013- second beta-decaying neutron, which is fi ve additional detectors were commissioned. Switzerland, Poland and Belgium. signifi cance exceeding 5σ, the result 038, arXiv:1308.0961 [hep-ex].

8 9 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 7 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier September 2013 CERN Courier September 2013 News News Instruments L h C P h y s i C s for Advanced T2K observes νμ→νe defi nitively Charmless baryonic B decays Science

by a near detector in Tokai – is aimed at oscillation opens the way to new studies of run of the T2K experiment. charm having larger branching fractions. data

8 9 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 7 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier September 2013 Advertising feature News Surprising studies in multiplicity Lake Shore: Supporting CERN LHC and Other Scientiﬁc Endeavors Supporting advanced research since 1968, Lake One of the key ways of looking 0.9 104 Shore is a leading innovator in measurement and into what happens when ALICE, charged particles blast-wave | | < 0.3, 0.15 < p < 10.0 GeV/c d y ) η T T control solutions for materials characterization high-energy hadrons collide 102

is to measure the relationship 0.8 ] under extreme temperature and magnetic ﬁeld N /(d p + –

–2 2 1 π +π (100x) between the number, or + – conditions. Lake Shore serves an international K + K (10x) ) d T

multiplicity, of particles produced and their p –2 0.7 10 base of research customers at leading university,

momentum transverse to the direction of [(GeV/ c ) p+p (1x) government, aerospace, and commercial research 10–4 the colliding beams. The results cast light 1/(2 π 0 KS (0.1x) ev institutions and is supported by a global network on processes ranging from the interactions 0.6 10–6 event class 5–10% 1/ N p-Pb √sNN = 5.02 TeV Λ + Λ (0.01x) of sales and service facilities. of individual partons (quarks and gluons) pp √s = 7 TeV

p-Pb s = 5.02 TeV to the collective motion of hot, dense 0.5 √ NN 02 864 Engineers and scientists at research facilities like Pb-Pb √sNN = 2.76 TeV matter containing hundreds of partons. The p (GeV/c) T CERN and NASA face unique challenges in using ALice experiment is investigating effects 0 20 40 60 80 100 ± ± 0 – – sensors. Will the sensors survive radiation and across the range of possibilities, using data Nch Fig. 2. π , K , KS, p, p, Λ and Λ spectra in collected with proton–proton (pp), proton– pPb collisions at √sNN = 5. 0 2 TeV c o m p a re d excessive vibration and, if sent into space, will they Cernox Sensors for Extreme Environments sensors; as well as systems, such as probe stations, 〈〉 lead (pPb) and lead–lead collisions (PbPb) Fig. 1. Average transverse momentum pT with a blast-wave parameterization. withstand the launch and be able to operate contin- Lake Shore originally developed the Cernox line for Hall effect systems, and VSM/AGM systems. These in the LHC – and the results are showing versus charged-particle multiplicity N in ch uously and reliably for years? possible use in the Superconducting Super Collider are helping scientists to explore the electronic and some surprises. pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions for |η| < 0.3. multiplicity (ALICE collaboration 2013b). magnetic properties of next-generation materials. A correlation between the average The boxes represent the systematic The measurements show that the identifi ed Then there’s the matter of temperature measure- (SSC) project. Later, the line found use in other transverse momentum 〈p 〉 and the charged uncertainties. The statistical errors are particle spectra become progressively harder ment performance, particularly at the very low end scientific endeavors, including the CERN LHC T Scientists Helping Scientists particle multiplicity nch was fi rst observed negligible. with multiplicity, just as in PbPb collisions, of the scale. Cryogenic thermometry is particularly Particle Accelerator. In fact, more than 10,000 at CERN’s Spp–S collider and has since been where the hardening is more pronounced Cernox sensors are used in the accelerator for Supporting scientists around the globe is the driving – challenging because the thermal, magnetic and measured in pp(p) collisions over a range collisions (shown in fi gure 1 for N ch around for particles of higher mass. in heavy-ion electrical interactions can heavily influence the monitoring the temperature of the superconducting force behind research and product development at of centre-of-mass energies, culminating 10 or larger) is thus usually attributed to collisions, this mass ordering is interpreted accuracy of the readings. These interactions are magnets. Their design allows for low magnetic Lake Shore. The company is proud to provide the recently at the LHC. The strong correlation as a sign of a collective radial expansion of c o l l e c t i v e fl o w . field-induced errors. technology behind some of the most robust and observed led to a change in paradigm in Now, the fi rst measurements by ALICE the system. To check if such an idea describes subtle and often difficult to identify. groundbreaking science today. the modelling of such collisions, with the of two-particle correlations in the the observations, a blast-wave parameteriz Because of these unique cryogenic and magnetic proposal of mechanisms that go beyond intermediary system of pPb collisions ation can be used. This assumes a locally challenges, Lake Shore has developed high-reliability When customers work with Lake Shore, they are independent parton–parton collisions. have sparked an intense debate about the thermalized medium that undergoes a More than 10,000 Lake Shore dealing with a company that is run by scientists and in pp collisions, one way to understand role of initial- and fi nal-state effects. The collective expansion in a common velocity equipment to measure and regulate the extremely low temperatures used in many scientific processes. engineers for the purpose of advancing the work of the production of high multiplicities is pPb data on 〈pT〉 indeed exhibit features fi eld, followed by an instantaneous common Cernox sensors are in use in the through multiple parton interactions, of both pp and PbPb collisions, at low and freeze-out. scientists in many research fields. The company offers a number of high-quality but the incoherent superposition of such high multiplicities, respectively. However, As fi gure 2 shows, the blast-wave fi t CERN LHC Particle Accelerator. cryogenic sensors to meet various thermometry Lake Shore scientists are continually developing interactions would lead to the same 〈pT〉 the saturation trend of 〈pT〉 versus nch is describes the spectra well at low pT, where TM new products in support of efforts by researchers to for different values of multiplicity. The less pronounced in pPb collisions than in hydrodynamics-like behaviour should needs, including its popular Cernox sensors. push toward absolute zero. observation of a strong correlation thus PbPb and at high multiplicities leads to a dominate. The description fails at higher Because of their stability and performance, Cernox The company has also provided hundreds of 〈〉 led to the introduction, within the models much higher value of pT than in PbPb. Is momenta, however, where the non-thermal sensors are well-suited for use in particle accelera- flight-qualified temperature sensors for the NASA With technical service and sales teams located of the PYTHIA event simulator, of colour this nevertheless a fi ngerprint of collective components should contribute signifi cantly. tors and space satellites. These thin-film resistance James Webb Space Telescope, and its sensors are internationally, Lake Shore is actively engaged with reconnections between hadronizing effects in pPb collisions? Predictions that But are QGP-like interpretations such sensors offer significant advantages over compara- strings. in this mechanism, which can incorporate collective effects within the as this one unique in describing these used in the Mars Curiosity rover. Lake Shore has physics researchers in institutions around the world. ble bulk or thick-film resistance sensors, and their be interpreted as a collective fi nal-state hadron interaction model EPOS describe measurements? The colour-recombination been working with NASA to develop a standard This interaction spurs continual innovation of its effect, strings from independent parton the data well, but alternative explanations, mechanism present in PYTHIA, discussed smaller package size makes them useful in a testing procedure for aerospace-qualified cryogen- product offering, advancements that will, in turn, interactions do not independently produce based on initial-state effects (gluon above, leads qualitatively to similar features broader range of experimental mounting schemes. ic sensors, a procedure that may one day lead to enable researchers to explore new phenomena for hadrons, but fuse before hadronization. saturation), have also been put forward to those observed in the data. Cernox sensors also have been proven very stable standardization for sensors that meet the high new insight into cryogenic measurement and This leads to fewer, but more energetic, and are being tested by these data (ALice The presence of fl ow and of a QGP in over repeated thermal cycling and under extended reliability requirements of the aerospace community materials characterization. hadrons. other models that employ similar collaboration 2013 a). high multiplicity pPb collisions is thus not exposure to ionizing radiation. mechanisms of collective behaviour also other recent measurements of particle ruled out, but since other non-QGP effects and other mission-critical applications. Lake Shore sensors are also in use in cold fusion experiments describe the data. production in proton–nucleus collisions could mimic collective phenomena, further To learn more about Lake Shore, its support of the In PbPb collisions, high-multiplicity have shown unexpected behaviour that is investigation is needed. nevertheless, these at government research facilities. events are the result of a superposition of reminiscent of quark–gluon plasma (QGP) results are certainly a crucial step towards international research community, and new tempera- In addition to its line of Cernox sensors, the company (single) parton interactions taking place signatures. But what could cause such a better comprehension not only of pPb ture sensors and instruments, visit www.lakeshore.com. in a large number of nucleon–nucleon behaviour and is a QGP the only possible collisions but also of high-energy collisions offers germanium and ruthenium oxide sensors, collisions. in this case, substantial explanation? To answer this in more detail, involving nuclei in general. silicon and GaAIAs diodes, as well as other specialty rescattering of constituents is thought it is important to separate particle species, types of sensors (for use in environments from to lead to a redistribution of the particle as collective phenomena should follow an ● Further reading <20 mK to over 1500 K) with NIST-traceable spectrum, with most particles being part of ordering in mass. To this end, ALICE has ALICE collaboration 2013a arXiv:1307.1094 calibrations. Its temperature solutions also include [nucl-ex]. a locally thermalized medium that exhibits measured the transverse-momentum spectra controllers, monitors, transmitters, DC current collective, hydrodynamic-type, behaviour. of identifi ed particles in pPb collisions at ALICE collaboration 2013b arXiv:1307.6796 sources, and cryogenic accessories. Additionally, The moderate increase of 〈p 〉 seen in PbPb √s = 5.02 TeV and their dependence on [nucl-ex]. T nn the company offers magnetic product solutions, including gaussmeters, Hall probes, and Hall magnetic 614.891.2243 | www.lakeshore.com 10 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 7 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier September 2013 Advertising feature News Surprising studies in multiplicity Lake Shore: Supporting CERN LHC and Other Scientific Endeavors Supporting advanced research since 1968, Lake One of the key ways of looking 0.9 104 Shore is a leading innovator in measurement and into what happens when ALICE, charged particles blast-wave | | < 0.3, 0.15 < p < 10.0 GeV/c d y ) η T T control solutions for materials characterization high-energy hadrons collide 102

is to measure the relationship 0.8 ] under extreme temperature and magnetic ﬁeld N /(d p + –

–2 2 1 π +π (100x) between the number, or + – conditions. Lake Shore serves an international K + K (10x) ) d T

multiplicity, of particles produced and their p –2 0.7 10 base of research customers at leading university,

p-Pb s = 5.02 TeV to the collective motion of hot, dense 0.5 √ NN 02 864 Engineers and scientists at research facilities like Pb-Pb √sNN = 2.76 TeV matter containing hundreds of partons. The p (GeV/c) T CERN and NASA face unique challenges in using ALice experiment is investigating effects 0 20 40 60 80 100 ± ± 0 – – sensors. Will the sensors survive radiation and across the range of possibilities, using data Nch Fig. 2. π , K , KS, p, p, Λ and Λ spectra in collected with proton–proton (pp), proton– pPb collisions at √sNN = 5. 0 2 TeV c o m p a re d excessive vibration and, if sent into space, will they Cernox Sensors for Extreme Environments sensors; as well as systems, such as probe stations, 〈〉 lead (pPb) and lead–lead collisions (PbPb) Fig. 1. Average transverse momentum pT with a blast-wave parameterization. withstand the launch and be able to operate contin- Lake Shore originally developed the Cernox line for Hall effect systems, and VSM/AGM systems. These in the LHC – and the results are showing versus charged-particle multiplicity N in ch uously and reliably for years? possible use in the Superconducting Super Collider are helping scientists to explore the electronic and some surprises. pp, pPb, and PbPb collisions for |η| < 0.3. multiplicity (ALICE collaboration 2013b). magnetic properties of next-generation materials. A correlation between the average The boxes represent the systematic The measurements show that the identifi ed Then there’s the matter of temperature measure- (SSC) project. Later, the line found use in other transverse momentum 〈p 〉 and the charged uncertainties. The statistical errors are particle spectra become progressively harder ment performance, particularly at the very low end scientific endeavors, including the CERN LHC T Scientists Helping Scientists particle multiplicity nch was fi rst observed negligible. with multiplicity, just as in PbPb collisions, of the scale. Cryogenic thermometry is particularly Particle Accelerator. In fact, more than 10,000 at CERN’s Spp–S collider and has since been where the hardening is more pronounced Cernox sensors are used in the accelerator for Supporting scientists around the globe is the driving – challenging because the thermal, magnetic and measured in pp(p) collisions over a range collisions (shown in fi gure 1 for N ch around for particles of higher mass. in heavy-ion electrical interactions can heavily influence the monitoring the temperature of the superconducting force behind research and product development at of centre-of-mass energies, culminating 10 or larger) is thus usually attributed to collisions, this mass ordering is interpreted accuracy of the readings. These interactions are magnets. Their design allows for low magnetic Lake Shore. The company is proud to provide the recently at the LHC. The strong correlation as a sign of a collective radial expansion of c o l l e c t i v e fl o w . field-induced errors. technology behind some of the most robust and observed led to a change in paradigm in Now, the fi rst measurements by ALICE the system. To check if such an idea describes subtle and often difficult to identify. groundbreaking science today. the modelling of such collisions, with the of two-particle correlations in the the observations, a blast-wave parameteriz Because of these unique cryogenic and magnetic proposal of mechanisms that go beyond intermediary system of pPb collisions ation can be used. This assumes a locally challenges, Lake Shore has developed high-reliability When customers work with Lake Shore, they are independent parton–parton collisions. have sparked an intense debate about the thermalized medium that undergoes a More than 10,000 Lake Shore dealing with a company that is run by scientists and in pp collisions, one way to understand role of initial- and fi nal-state effects. The collective expansion in a common velocity equipment to measure and regulate the extremely low temperatures used in many scientific processes. engineers for the purpose of advancing the work of the production of high multiplicities is pPb data on 〈pT〉 indeed exhibit features fi eld, followed by an instantaneous common Cernox sensors are in use in the through multiple parton interactions, of both pp and PbPb collisions, at low and freeze-out. scientists in many research fields. The company offers a number of high-quality but the incoherent superposition of such high multiplicities, respectively. However, As fi gure 2 shows, the blast-wave fi t CERN LHC Particle Accelerator. cryogenic sensors to meet various thermometry Lake Shore scientists are continually developing interactions would lead to the same 〈pT〉 the saturation trend of 〈pT〉 versus nch is describes the spectra well at low pT, where TM new products in support of efforts by researchers to for different values of multiplicity. The less pronounced in pPb collisions than in hydrodynamics-like behaviour should needs, including its popular Cernox sensors. push toward absolute zero. observation of a strong correlation thus PbPb and at high multiplicities leads to a dominate. The description fails at higher Because of their stability and performance, Cernox The company has also provided hundreds of 〈〉 led to the introduction, within the models much higher value of pT than in PbPb. Is momenta, however, where the non-thermal sensors are well-suited for use in particle accelera- flight-qualified temperature sensors for the NASA With technical service and sales teams located of the PYTHIA event simulator, of colour this nevertheless a fi ngerprint of collective components should contribute signifi cantly. tors and space satellites. These thin-film resistance James Webb Space Telescope, and its sensors are internationally, Lake Shore is actively engaged with reconnections between hadronizing effects in pPb collisions? Predictions that But are QGP-like interpretations such sensors offer significant advantages over compara- strings. in this mechanism, which can incorporate collective effects within the as this one unique in describing these used in the Mars Curiosity rover. Lake Shore has physics researchers in institutions around the world. ble bulk or thick-film resistance sensors, and their be interpreted as a collective fi nal-state hadron interaction model EPOS describe measurements? The colour-recombination been working with NASA to develop a standard This interaction spurs continual innovation of its effect, strings from independent parton the data well, but alternative explanations, mechanism present in PYTHIA, discussed smaller package size makes them useful in a testing procedure for aerospace-qualified cryogen- product offering, advancements that will, in turn, interactions do not independently produce based on initial-state effects (gluon above, leads qualitatively to similar features broader range of experimental mounting schemes. ic sensors, a procedure that may one day lead to enable researchers to explore new phenomena for hadrons, but fuse before hadronization. saturation), have also been put forward to those observed in the data. Cernox sensors also have been proven very stable standardization for sensors that meet the high new insight into cryogenic measurement and This leads to fewer, but more energetic, and are being tested by these data (ALice The presence of fl ow and of a QGP in over repeated thermal cycling and under extended reliability requirements of the aerospace community materials characterization. hadrons. other models that employ similar collaboration 2013 a). high multiplicity pPb collisions is thus not exposure to ionizing radiation. mechanisms of collective behaviour also other recent measurements of particle ruled out, but since other non-QGP effects and other mission-critical applications. Lake Shore sensors are also in use in cold fusion experiments describe the data. production in proton–nucleus collisions could mimic collective phenomena, further To learn more about Lake Shore, its support of the In PbPb collisions, high-multiplicity have shown unexpected behaviour that is investigation is needed. nevertheless, these at government research facilities. events are the result of a superposition of reminiscent of quark–gluon plasma (QGP) results are certainly a crucial step towards international research community, and new tempera- In addition to its line of Cernox sensors, the company (single) parton interactions taking place signatures. But what could cause such a better comprehension not only of pPb ture sensors and instruments, visit www.lakeshore.com. in a large number of nucleon–nucleon behaviour and is a QGP the only possible collisions but also of high-energy collisions offers germanium and ruthenium oxide sensors, collisions. in this case, substantial explanation? To answer this in more detail, involving nuclei in general. silicon and GaAIAs diodes, as well as other specialty rescattering of constituents is thought it is important to separate particle species, types of sensors (for use in environments from to lead to a redistribution of the particle as collective phenomena should follow an ● Further reading <20 mK to over 1500 K) with NIST-traceable spectrum, with most particles being part of ordering in mass. To this end, ALICE has ALICE collaboration 2013a arXiv:1307.1094 calibrations. Its temperature solutions also include [nucl-ex]. a locally thermalized medium that exhibits measured the transverse-momentum spectra controllers, monitors, transmitters, DC current collective, hydrodynamic-type, behaviour. of identifi ed particles in pPb collisions at ALICE collaboration 2013b arXiv:1307.6796 sources, and cryogenic accessories. Additionally, The moderate increase of 〈p 〉 seen in PbPb √s = 5.02 TeV and their dependence on [nucl-ex]. T nn the company offers magnetic product solutions, including gaussmeters, Hall probes, and Hall magnetic 614.891.2243 | www.lakeshore.com 10 cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 7 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 3 CERN Courier September 2013 Sciencewatch Unprecedented speed, resolution C OMPILED BY J OHN S WAIN , N ORTHEASTERN U NIVERSITY and channel density. The incredible lightness of … electronics

Electronics has just become much lighter. The electronics sheets fl oat to the ground Researchers at the University of Tokyo more slowly than a feather and are therefore and Johannes Kepler University (JKU) in virtually unbreakable. (Image credit: JKU.) Linz have demonstrated a new fabrication technique based on organic transistors which are more than 10 times thinner again supported by 1-μm-thick polymer foils that and more ﬂ exible than any other solar cell of are some 10 times thinner than plastic food any technology to date. A third paper, this wrap. They weigh just 3 g/m2 – the paper time in Nature Photonics, reports on work weight of this page 65 g/m2 – and can be on highly ﬂ exible and stretchable red and repeatedly bent to radii of 5 μm. They can orange polymer light-emitting diodes, which be stretched by 230% and crumpled up like the authors write constitute “an important a sheet of paper without being damaged. step towards integration with malleable The approach is low cost and in their Nature materials like textiles and artifi cial skin”. paper, the authors speculate that these “imperceptible” electronic foils may soon ● Further reading become as common as plastic wrap is today. M Kaltenbrunner et al. 2013 Nature 499 458. The list of applications includes M Kaltenbrunner et al. 2013 Nature Communications matrix-addressed tactile-sensor foils for and organic solar cells. in a second paper, in 3 ; doi:10.1038/ncomms1772. health care and monitoring, thin-fi lm heaters, Nature Communications, the researchers M A White et al. 2013 Nature Photonics ; doi:10.1038/ temperature and infrared sensors, displays report on their ultrathin organic solar cells, nphoton.2013.188.

Weird water argon gas in a copper container held at the triple point and use measurements Giant viruses Water confi ned to scales of around 20 Å has of the speed of sound (which depends on different transport and thermodynamics temperature) to obtain kB. The new value Viruses are usually –23 Agilent M9703A 12-bit High-Speed Digitizer properties. it now also turns out that even the is kB = 1. 38 0 65156 (98) × 10 J/K, with thought of as tiny compared with Standard Interleaving option (INT) ground state of electrons is weird. George a relative standard uncertainty of just reiter of the university of Houston in 0.71 parts per million. eukaryotes, both Channel 8 channels 4 channels Texas and colleagues used X-ray Compton in size and in the ● amount of DNA they Sampling 1.6 GS/s (with SR2) or 3.2 GS/s (with SR2) or scattering to show that the electronic Further reading Pandoraviruses Rate 1 GS/s (with SR1) 2 GS/s (with SR1) structure of nanoconfi ned water in hydrated M de Podesta et al. 2013 Metrologia 50 354. contain. Giant DNA have a bigger Nafi on (a plastic) is not only different viruses, such as the genome, atypical Bandwidth DC to 2 GHz (with F10) or DC to 1 GHz (with F10) or from that of regular water but also cannot Perfect mirror Mimivirus with 1.18 shape and different DC to 650 MHz (with F05) DC to 650 MHz (with F05) be explained by conventional ab initio million base pairs, genes from calculations. Cells must make use of water in It is common knowledge that any mirror have been known for megaviruses (inset). The Agilent AXIe high-speed digitizer provides the ideal solution a distinct quantum state from bulk water, so absorbs some of the light incident on it – but a decade but now (Image credit: IGS for advanced experiments in hydrodynamics, plasma fusion, and this is likely to have important implications this “rule” turns out to have an exception. Jean-Michel Claverie CNRS-AMU/ particle physics. With this module you can build a large number of for biology, as well as being of intrinsic Chia Wei Hsu of Massachusetts Institute of and Chantal Abergel Chantal Abergel.) synchronous acquisition channels with unprecedented measurement interest in physics. Technology and colleagues have shown that a of Aix-Marseilles patterned dielectric, which acts as a photonic University and colleagues have found two new fidelity in the smallest footprint. Advanced IP design, state-of-the- ● Further reading crystal, can exhibit a perfect cancellation record-breakers. art technology, and on-board real-time data processing are combined G F Reiter et al. 2013 Phys. Rev. Letts. 111 036803. between light waves both inside and outside The new viruses have at least 2.5 and to achieve outstanding performance. it, leading to perfect refl ection. This happens 1.9 megabases, one from off the coast only for a specifi c frequency and angle, of Chile and the other from a freshwater Scan QR code or Measuring kB but can be used to trap light indefi nitely, pond near Melbourne. They are neither visit http://goo. Discover how to simplify your high-speed A new method to determine Boltzmann’s bouncing between photonic crystals. morphologically nor genomically similar to any gl/PwjgC to see multichannel acquisition system constant, kB, could lead to a new defi nition of The researchers not only predict this, previously known virus families and appear the AXIe digitizer www.agilent.com/find/PhysicsAXIe the kelvin. At present, the kelvin is defi ned in they also demonstrate it experimentally to be members of a new genus, which the video demo terms of the temperature of water at its triple with silicon nitride patterned with holes, researchers called Pandoravirus to refl ect the point – where liquid, solid and vapour phases submerged in a liquid and mounted on a “surprises expected from their future study”. co-exist. Now, Michael de Podesta of the silicon-dioxide substrate. The liquid matches Their difference is so great that they may © Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2012. Photos courtesy of CERN. © Copyright CERN. National Physical Laboratory in Teddington the index of refraction of the substrate and represent a fourth primitive cell lineage distinct in the uK has made a new determination refl ection can be 100%. from bacteria, archea and eukarya. of kB, in terms of which the kelvin can be re-defi ned. ● Further reading ● Further reading The idea is to take a known volume of C W Hsu et al. 2013 Nature 499 188. N Philippe et al. 2013 Science 341 281.

M9703A-Ad-WW-Jun12.indd 1 6/26/12 9:19 AM cerncourier www. V o l u m e 5 3 N u m b e r 7 S e p t e m b e r 2 0 1 3