Encyclopedia of Biophysics

Gordon C. K. Roberts Editor

With 1597 Figures and 131 Tables Editor Gordon C. K. Roberts Honorary Professor of Biochemistry Department of Biochemistry University of Leicester Leicester, UK

ISBN 978-3-642-16711-9 ISBN 978-3-642-16712-6 (eBook) ISBN 978-3-642-16713-3 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-16712-6 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London

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Preface

Perhaps the first issue in introducing an Encyclopaedia of Biophysics is the question “What is Biophysics?”. The answer to this has varied considerably over time and between different ‘biophysicists’, particularly depending on whether they have come to biophysics from physics or physiology. For the present purposes, we have adopted the definition given by the Nobel Prize-winning physiologist A. V. Hill (Science 124, 1233, 1956): Biophysics is “the study of biological function, organization, and structure by physical and physicochemical ideas and methods.” – to which one would now add methods of mathematical analysis and computer modelling. An important feature of Hill’s definition is that it includes both physical methods and physical ideas. The astonishing developments in physical methods over the last hundred years have made them ubiquitous in biological laboratories – and indeed in hospitals. However, to quote Hill again “the employment of physical instruments in a biological laboratory does not make one a biophysicist - otherwise any user of a microscope, a balance ..... or a pH meter would drop automatically into that class.” Beyond simply the use of physical methods, it is the combination of both physical and biological ideas, intuitions and experience that makes a Biophysicist. The application of physical methods in biology has a very long history. For example, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632 –1723) developed improved microscope lenses which allowed him to be the first to observe and describe single-celled organisms – the beginning of microbiology. The 18th century saw much speculation about ‘animal electricity’, culminating in the 1780s in Luigi Galvani’s famous experiments on the relation of electricity to muscle contraction. The middle of the 19th century saw what was probably the first explicitly biophysical programme of research, in which a group of physiologists (du Bois-Reymond, Ludwig, von Brucke,€ von Helmholtz) proclaimed their intention to ‘reduce physiology to physics and chemistry’. Of course the state of physics at the time was such as to make Biophysics a very premature venture, but this group did make important discoveries, notably in physiological optics and electrophysiology, using physical methods. An associate of this group, Adolf Fick – well-known for his law of diffusion – published what is probably the first biophysics text, Die Medizinische Physik (1856). In the 20th and 21st centuries there has been a dramatic flowering of Biophysics. The early part of 20th century saw the development of physical tools which are now familiar in biology – from X-ray diffraction (von Laue, Bragg) to the ultracentrifuge (Svedberg) and the electron microscope (Knoll & Ruska) – and this methodological development continues apace, notably with single-molecule techniques. The 1920s and 1930s saw the beginnings of physicochemical (Cohn, Edsall, Linderstrøm-Lang) and structural (Astbury, Bernal, Hodgkin, Perutz) studies of proteins. At the same

vii viii Preface time, the first Departments or Institutes of Biophysics began to be established. In Germany these were commonly focussed on the study of radiation effects on organisms, while in the USA they concentrated largely on physiology. Many of these later expanded into other areas of Biophysics, and many more Departments of Biophysics – and Biophysical Societies – were established in the USA, Europe and Israel in the 1940s and 1950s. The power of the Biophysical approach was demonstrated unequivocally in the 1950s with the determination of the first three- dimensional structure of a protein, the structure of DNA and the Hodgkin-Huxley model of the action potential in nerves. Over the last 50 years, Biophysics has continued to develop at an astonishing pace. Biophysicists study life at every level, from atoms and molecules to cells, organisms, and environments. Molecular and Cellular Biophysics: This is perhaps the predom- inant strand of modern biophysics. It includes, for example, structural, functional and simulation studies of macromolecules and macromolecular assemblies of ever- increasing complexity and imaging of cells at ever-increasing resolution. Applied Biophysics: The applications of biophysical methods are perhaps most notable in the area of medical imaging - including X-ray CAT scans, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and ultrasound scans. Therapeutic applications include radiation therapy of increasing sophistication and cardiac defibrillators. In addition to medical applications, there are now increasing and exciting applications in nanotechnology. Environmental Biophysics: For many years an important area of biophysics has been the study of the effects of ionising - and indeed non-ionising - radiation on organisms. Another key area of considerable current importance is the development of mathematical models of, e.g., heat and mass transfer at the level of organisms and ecosystems. This Encyclopedia is intended to provide a resource both for biophysicists inter- ested in approaches outside their immediate sub-discipline and for people coming to biophysics from either the physical or biological direction. The emphasis is very much on molecular and cellular biophysics, but some discussion of imaging and of nanotechnology is included. Just as there is overlap between chemistry and physics, so there is overlap between biophysics and biochemistry; our focus is of course on the techniques and uses of biophysics, but biochemical context is included where appropriate. The Encyclopedia consists of two kinds of entries, Systems and Techniques. • In the Systems sections, biophysical approaches to particular biological systems or problems – from protein structure to membranes, ion channels and receptors – are described. These sections, which have an emphasis on the integration of the different techniques, therefore provide an entry into Biophysics from the biological more than from the technique-oriented physics direction. • In the Techniques sections, each of the wide range of methods which fall under the heading of Biophysics are explained in detail, together with their strengths and the limitations of the information each provides. Experimental techniques covered range from diffraction, through a wide range of spectroscopic methods (X-ray, optical, EPR, NMR), kinetics, thermodynamics and hydrodynamics, to imaging (from electron microscopy to live cell imaging and MRI). The important and increasingly powerful computational, modelling and simulation approaches are also included. Each of the Sections includes concise introductions to the major concepts and methods, and outlines of more specific topics, in each case with links to a limited Preface ix

number of carefully selected key reviews and/or papers in the scientiﬁc literature. Extensive cross-referencing (hyperlinks in the online version) between different articles allows access to related topics in a user-friendly manner. The online version of the Encyclopedia is intended to develop continuously, both by the updating of existing entries and by the addition of new articles. In this way it will provide the resources to help both practising biophysicists and newcomers to the ﬁeld to keep pace with the continuing and exciting developments in Biophysics.

Leicester Gordon C. K. Roberts UK May 2012

Biography

Gordon C. K. Roberts Honorary Professor of Biochemistry Department of Biochemistry University of Leicester Henry Wellcome Building Leicester, LE1 9HN UK [email protected]

Gordon Roberts was a Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Leicester from 1986 to 2008; following his formal retirement in the latter year he has held the position of Honorary Professor. In Leicester he was the founding Director of the Leicester Biological NMR Centre - now the Henry Wellcome Laboratories of Structural Biology. He has also served as Chair of the Department of Biochemistry (2000–2004) and of the School of Biological Sciences (2004–2008). For over 40 years Gordon Roberts has used Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy to study the structure and dynamics of proteins and their interactions with ligands, combining NMR with kinetic, mutagenesis and other methods to relate structure to function. Systems studied most recently include the cytochrome P450 mono- oxygenase system, metallo-b-lactamases and the cytoskeletal protein talin. He has published over 250 refereed research papers and 40 reviews. Gordon Roberts has served on a wide range of committees concerned with funding, policy and conference organisation in the biochemical and biophysical sciences, both in the UK and internationally, and on editorial boards of seven journals. He is an elected Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences and of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance, an Honorary Member of the British Biophysical Society and a former member of the Council of the Biochemical Society. He is President of the International Union of Pure and Applied Biophysics.

Section Editors

Ulrike Alexiev Department of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Judith Armitage Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

xiii xiv Section Editors

Clive R. Bagshaw Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

Andreas Barth Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laborato- ries, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

Richard Cammack School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, King’s College London, London, UK Section Editors xv

Tony Cass Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK

Victor L. Davidson Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

Alberto Diaspro Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT) and Department of Physics, Universita` degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy xvi Section Editors

Alan R. Fersht MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK

Richard Garratt Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil

Graham George Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Section Editors xvii

Helmut Grubmuller€ Theoretical and Computational Biophysics Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen,€ Germany

Stephen E. Harding School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK

Peter Henderson Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK xviii Section Editors

Elizabeth Hounsell School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK

Mitsu Ikura Ontario Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, Univer- sity of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

John E. Ladbury Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Univer- sity of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Section Editors xix

Patrick J. Loria Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

Jacqueline M. Matthews School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

John S. Mitcheson Department of Cell Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK xx Section Editors

Peter C. E. Moody Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

Peter G. Morris School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK

Adrian Mulholland School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Section Editors xxi

Kuniaki Nagayama National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan

Neil J. Oldham School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK

Stanley J. Opella Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA xxii Section Editors

Christine Orengo Research Department of Structural & Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK

Andres Ramos Molecular Structure Division, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK

Dilson Rassier Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Section Editors xxiii

Alison Rodger Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

John M. Seddon Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, UK

Peter Stanﬁeld Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK xxiv Section Editors

Heinz-Jurgen€ Steinhoff Fachbereich Physik, Universit€at Osnabruck,€ Osnabruck,€ Germany

Anna Tramontano Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Nils G. Walter Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Section Editors xxv

Anthony Watts Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Table of Contents

SYSTEMS

Biomaterials & Biosensors Tony Cass Amperometric Biosensors Amyloid Protein Biomaterials Biofabrication Calcium Phosphate–Derived Biomaterials Carbon Nanotubes as Biomaterials Cell Sensing with Raman Spectroscopy Dendrimers for Drug Delivery Implantable Amperometric Biosensors Laser Processing of Biomaterials and Cells Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Nanoparticles for Drug and Gene Delivery Nanowire Biosensors Polymeric Heart Valves Polysaccharide Biomaterials Potentiometric Biosensors Protein Design for Biosensors Retinal Prosthesis Segmented Flow Microﬂuidics

Carbohydrates Elizabeth Hounsell Anomeric Effect in Sugars Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide, OPS, and Lipid A Bacterial Polysaccharide Structure and Biosynthesis Capillary Electrophoresis of Cell Metabolism Carbohydrate Antibiotics Carbohydrate Circular Dichroism Carbohydrate Enzymology Carbohydrate Molecular Dynamics: Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides, and Glycoconjugates Carbohydrate NMR Spectroscopy

xxvii xxviii Table of Contents

Carbohydrate Nomenclature Carbohydrate Surfactants Cellulose Glycan-to-Protein Linkages Glycoconjugates in Cell Function and Therapeutics (Glyco)Protein Folding Disorders Glycoproteins Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) Glycosphingolipids Glycosylated Natural Products Glycosylation in Metabolism Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Lectins Mucin Biophysics Pectin Biophysics Polysaccharides: Biophysical Properties Proteoglycans Synthetic Cell Biology (in the Context of Carbohydrates) Techniques Applied to Glycan Structure and Conformation X-Ray Diffraction and Crystallography of Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides

Electron Transfer Victor L. Davidson Bacterial Globins Bacterial Respiratory Chains Bacterial Respiratory Oxygen Reductases Chlorophylls and Light-Harvesting Complexes Coupled Electron Transfer Cupredoxins

Cytochrome b6 f Complex Cytochrome c Oxidase (Complex IV) Cytochromes Dynamic Docking Electron Hopping in Biomolecules Electron Transfer Cofactors Electron Transfer Flavoproteins Electron Transfer in Catalases and Catalase-Peroxidases Electron Transfer Proteins: Overview Electron Transfer Theory Electron Transfer Through Proteins Electron Transport in Facultative Anaerobes Electron Transport in Strict Anaerobes Flavins Gated Electron Transfer Glutathione Heme Peroxidases Table of Contents xxix

Hemes Iron–Sulfur Clusters Mitochondrial Electron Transport NADH-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase (Complex I) Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) Oxidative Stress Photosynthetic Electron Transport Photosystem I Photosystem II Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Pyranopterins Quinone Cofactors Reactive Oxygen Species Redox Potential Succinate Dehydrogenase (Complex II) Superoxide Dismutases Thioredoxins Ubiquinol-Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase (Complex III)

Ion Channels John S. Mitcheson and Peter Stanﬁeld Analysis of Macroscopic Currents Automated Patch Clamp: Advantages and Limitations Bioelectricity, Ionic Basis of Membrane Potentials and Propagation of Voltage Signals Calcium Activation of K+ Channels: RCK Domains CFTR, an Ion Channel Evolved from ABC Transporter CLC Channels and Transporters Computational Modeling of Neuronal Networks Cut-Open Oocyte Voltage-Clamp Technique Dynamic Clamp: Synthetic Conductances and Their Inﬂuence on Membrane Potential ENAC, Degenerins, ASICs, and Related Channels Fluorescence Techniques for Studying Ion Channel Gating: VCF, FRET, and LRET Gap Junction Proteins (Connexins, Pannexins, and Innexins) Gating of Potassium Channels by Cyclic Nucleotide Binding HCN Channels: Biophysics and Functional Relevance Ion Channel Regulation by G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Recent Advances with Optical Biosensors Ion Channels: New Tools to Track Cyclic Nucleotide Changes in Living Cells

KATP and Sulfonylurea Receptor Mechanosensitivity of Ion Channels Modeling the Heart N-Type Inactivation in Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels P2X Receptors for ATP: Molecular Properties and Functional Roles Patch-Clamp Recording of Single Channel Activity: Acquisition and Analysis Potassium Channel Selectivity and Gating at the Selectivity Filter: Structural Basis Potassium Channels: Their Physiological and Molecular Diversity xxx Table of Contents

Reconstitution of Ion Channels from Intracellular Membranes and Bacteria Not Amenable to Conventional Electrophysiological Techniques Voltage-Dependent Gating of K+ Channels: Structural Basis Voltage-Gated Sodium and Calcium Channels

Membrane Lipids John M. Seddon Alkanols – Effects on Lipid Bilayers Atomic Force Microscopy of Lipid Membranes Brewster Angle Microscopy and Imaging Ellipsometry Chemical Diversity of Lipids Chemistry of Glycosphingolipids Critical Fluctuations in Lipid Mixtures Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Pressure Perturbation Calorimetry (PPC), and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) of Lipid Bilayers Diffraction Methods for Studying Transmembrane Pore Formation and Membrane Fusion Electron Microscopy of Membrane Lipids Essential Fatty Acids Fatty Acids, Alkanols, and Diacylglycerols Fluorescence and FRET in Membranes Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy of Lipids Functional Droplet Interface Bilayers Functional Roles of Lipids in Membranes Glycerolipids: Chemistry Hierarchically Structured Lipid Systems Infrared Spectroscopy of Membrane Lipids Lipid Bilayer Asymmetry Lipid Bilayer Lateral Pressure Profile Lipid Domains Lipid Flip-Flop Lipid Lateral Diffusion Lipid Mesophases for Crystallizing Membrane Proteins Lipid Organization, Aggregation, and Self-assembly Lipid Protocells Lipid Signaling and Phosphatidylinositols Lipid Trafficking in Cells Lipidomics Lipids: Isolation and Purification Lipopolysaccharides: Physical Chemistry Membrane Fluidity Membrane Lipid Electrostatics Membranes: A Field-Theoretic Description Micropipette Manipulation of Lipid Bilayer Membranes Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Lipids Neutron Scattering of Membranes NMR of Lipids Phase Transitions and Phase Behavior of Lipids Table of Contents xxxi

Pressure Effects on Lipid Membranes Pressure Effects on Proteins Skin Lipids Sphingolipids and Gangliosides Supported Lipid Bilayers Thermodynamics of Lipid Interactions X-Ray Scattering of Lipid Membranes

Membrane Proteins Anthony Watts Membrane Protein Function Membrane Proteins: Structure and Organization

Motors: Myosin, Kinesin & Dynein Dilson Rassier ATP-Driven Mechanical Work Performed by Molecular Motors Dynein Family Classification Dynein Motility: Mechanism Kinesin Superfamily Classification Kinesin: Fundamental Properties and Structure Myosin Family Classification Myosin: Fundamental Properties and Structure Myosin Work and Motility: Mechanism Rotating Cross-Bridge Model Protein Dynamics Patrick J. Loria Computational Studies of Enzyme Motions Molecular Recognition: Lock-and-Key, Induced Fit, and Conformational Selection Multiple-Quantum NMR Spectroscopy: Detection of Slow Dynamics Protein Conformational Dynamics by Relaxation Dispersion Protein Dynamics and Allostery Protein Dynamics and Conformational Change from Site-Directed Spin Labeling and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Protein Dynamics Studied with 1D and 2D Infrared Spectroscopy Protein Dynamics: Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Studies Protein–Ligand Dynamics

Protein Folding Alan R. Fersht F Value Analysis Membrane Proteins: Folding and Stability Protein Folding: Molecular Dynamics Simulations Single-Molecule Spectroscopy Structurally Disordered Proteins xxxii Table of Contents

Protein-Nucleic Acid Interactions Andres Ramos Alternative Splicing Regulation: Structural and Biophysical Studies Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases Bacterial Repression: Lac and Trp Systems Chromatin Structure and Dynamics Core Splicing Machinery: Structural and Biophysical Studies DNA Repair and Recombination Double Stranded RNA and End-Recognition Domains Helicases Machinery of DNA Replication mRNA Degradation in Prokaryotes mRNA Localization Protein Synthesis: Translational Fidelity Push Through One-Way Valve Mechanism of Viral DNA Packaging Nanomotor RNA Polymerases and Transcription RNA-Binding Proteins – Catalytic Domains Single-Stranded RNA Recognition Domains Topoisomerases Transcriptional 30-End Processing Translation Initiation: A Eukaryotic Perspective Translocation on the Ribosome

Protein-Protein Interactions Jacqueline M. Matthews Amyloid Formation Amyloid Formation in Bacteria Amyloid Inhibitors Bcl-2 Inhibitors Coupled Folding and Binding Domain Swapping Double-Mutant Cycle Analysis Functional Amyloid Heteromeric Versus Homomeric Association of Protein Complexes Linear Motifs in Protein-Protein Interactions Macromolecular Crowding: Effects on Association Equilibria and Kinetics Mass Spectrometry: Mapping Large Stable Protein Complexes Mutagenic Scanning to Define Binding Hotspots Nutlins Plasticity at Protein–Protein Interaction Interfaces Post-Translational Modification of Histone Proteins Protein and Peptide Arrays Protein Complexes: Definitions of Obligate Versus Transitory (Strengths of Binding) Protein Phosphorylation Protein–Protein Interactions – Inhibition Protein–Protein Interactions – Interpreting Data from Large-Scale Screens Table of Contents xxxiii

Protein–Protein Interactions: Kinetics Regulation of Protein Surfaces Through Posttranslational Modiﬁcation Statistical Analysis and Prediction of Protein–Protein Interactions and Binding Sites Ubiquitination

Receptors Ulrike Alexiev Channelrhodopsin Chemotaxis Receptor Arrays Dynamics of BMP Receptor Signaling Dynamics of Helix 8 in GPCR Function G Protein–Coupled Receptor Activation Based on X-ray Structural Studies LOV Proteins: Photobiophysics Molecular Simulations of NGF Protein Phytochrome Structure Rhodopsin Activation Based on Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy Rhodopsin – Stability and Characterization of Unfolded Structures Rhodopsin: Stability and Structural Organization in Membranes Rhodopsins – Intramembrane Signaling by Hydrogen Bonding Sensory Rhodopsin I Sensory Rhodopsin II: Signal Development and Transduction Transient Grating Spectroscopy: Dynamics of Photoreceptors Type I Interferon Receptor

Rotary Motors Judith Armitage ATP Synthase Structure ATP Synthases from Archaea: Structure and Function ATPase: Overview Bacterial Flagellar Motor: Biochemical and Structural Studies Bacterial Flagellar Motor: Biophysical Studies Bacterial Flagellar Motor: Overview Electron Microscopy of Motor Structure and Possible Mechanisms

F1-ATPase: Fundamental Properties and Structure Flagellar Motor: Molecular Architecture In Situ Sodium-Driven Flagellar Motor: Structure and Mechanisms Vacuolar-Type ATPases in Animal and Plant Cells Transporters Peter Henderson FucP, the L-Fucose-H+ Membrane Transport Protein and Related Transporters Glutamate Transporter Family H+-Lactose Membrane Transport Protein, LacY Membrane Transport Proteins: The Five-Helix Inverted Repeat Superfamily Membrane Transport Proteins: The Nucleobase-Cation-Symport-1 Family xxxiv Table of Contents

Membrane Transport Proteins: The Proton-Dependent Oligopeptide Transporter Family Membrane Transport, Energetics and Overview Mhp1, the Na+-Hydantoin Membrane Transport Protein Mitochondrial Transport Protein Family Mitochondrial Transport Protein Family: Structure Mitochondrial Transporters: Molecular Mechanism Nucleobase-Cation-Symport-2 Family and the Uracil: Proton Symporter, UraA Sodium-Substrate Symporter Family Substrate Capture by ABC Transporters SWEET Glucoside Transporter Superfamily

TECHNIQUES

Circular Dichroism & Related Techniques Alison Rodger Circular Dichroism and Chirality Circular Dichroism Signals: Qualitative Description of Origins Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy of Biomacromolecules Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy: Units DNA-Ligand Circular Dichroism DNA-Ligand Flow Linear Dichroism Far UV Protein Circular Dichroism Linear Dichroism Linear Dichroism Spectra - Measurement Linear Dichroism Spectroscopy: Theory Near UV Protein CD Nucleic Acid Circular Dichroism Nucleic Acid Linear Dichroism Oriented Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy Polarized Light, Linear Dichroism, and Circular Dichroism Protein Circular Dichroism Analysis Protein Circular Dichroism Data Bank Protein Circular Dichroism: Theoretical Aspects Synchrotron Radiation Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy

Computational Studies of Enzyme Mechanisms Adrian Mulholland 4-Oxalocrotonate Tautomerase – Computational Studies Acetylcholinesterase: Computational Studies Beta-Lactamases: Computational Studies Biliverdin IX-Beta Reductase: Computational Studies Carboxypeptidase A – Computational Studies Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics Table of Contents xxxv

Chorismate Mutase – Computational Studies Citrate Synthase – Computational Studies Computational Enzymology Cyclooxygenase – Computational Studies Cysteine Dioxygenase – Computational Studies Cytochrome c Peroxidase – Computational Studies Cytochrome P450 – Computational Studies Differential Transition State Stabilization – Nonempirical Analysis Dihydrofolate Reductase – Computational Studies Drug Metabolism – Computational Studies of Mechanisms Empirical Valence Bond Methods Enzymatic Chlorination/Halogenation – Computational Studies Enzymatic Fluorination – Computational Studies Farnesyltransferase – Computational Studies Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase – Computational Studies Flavoenzyme Mechanisms: p-Hydroxybenzoate Hydroxylase and Phenol Hydroxylase – Computational Studies Glutathione S-Transferase – Computational Studies Glycoside Hydrolases – Computational Studies Hemagglutinin – Computational Studies Heme Dioxygenases – Computational Studies HIV Protease – Computational Studies HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase – Computational Studies on the Polymerase Active Site Inﬂuenza Neuraminidase – Computational Studies Insulin-Degrading Enzyme – Computational Studies Ketosteroid Isomerase – Computational Studies Lactate Dehydrogenase – Computational Studies Lysozyme – Computational Studies Manganese-Containing Arginase – Computational Studies Methylamine Dehydrogenase (MADH): Studies with Variational Transition State Theory (VTST) Nitric Oxide Synthase – Computational Studies ONIOM Peptide Synthesis on the Ribosome – Computational Studies Phosphatases – Computational Studies Phosphotriesterase – Computational Studies Protein Dynamics in Catalysis – Computational Studies Protein Lysine Methyltransferase – Computational Studies Protein Splicing – Computational Studies QM/MM Methods Quantum Chemical Cluster Approach to Modeling Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions Quantum Effects/Tunneling Ribonucleotide Reductase – Computational Studies Semiempirical Quantum Mechanical Methods Taurine/Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dioxygenase – Computational Studies Triosephosphate Isomerase – Computational Studies Zinc-Dependent Metalloenzymes – Computational Studies xxxvi Table of Contents

Diffraction Methods Peter C. E. Moody Electron Diffraction Macromolecular Crystallography: Crystal Preparation Macromolecular Crystallography: Future of FELs for Structural Biology Macromolecular Crystallography: Overview Macromolecular Neutron Diffraction Molecular Replacement X-ray Fiber Diffraction

Electron Microscopy Kuniaki Nagayama 3D Electron Microscopy Based on Cryo-Electron Tomography Electron Cryo-microscopy of Molecular Machines Electron Crystallography of 2D Crystals Electron Microscopy: Classical Sample Preparation Electron Microscopy: Cryo-Preparation Phase Contrast Electron Microscopy

Fluorescence Imaging Alberto Diaspro Confocal Laser Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy Fluorescence Photoactivation Localization Microscopy Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching Fluorescence Three-Dimensional Optical Imaging Gated Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy (g-STED) Ground State Depletion Imaging Individual Molecule Localization Techniques Optical Fluorescence Microscopy Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy (SHG) Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy (SPIM) Single Particle Tracking Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) Microscopy Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy Two-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Microscopy Two-Photon Excitation Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy

Fluorescence Spectroscopy Alberto Diaspro Flavin Mononucleotide-Binding Fluorescent Proteins Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching Table of Contents xxxvii

Fluorescence: General Aspects Individual Molecule Localization Techniques Photochromic Forster€ Energy Transfer

Kinetics Clive R. Bagshaw Continuous Flow Flash Photolysis Kinetic Isotope Effects Kinetics: Overview Kinetics: Relaxation Methods Kinetics: Simulation and Analysis Kinetics: Single-Molecule Techniques Law of Mass Action NMR Methods for Kinetic Analysis Order of Reaction Quenched-Flow Methods Solid-Phase Detection Techniques Steady-State Enzyme Kinetics Stopped-Flow Techniques Transient-State Kinetic Methods

Mass Spectrometry Neil J. Oldham Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry – Principles Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry: Biological Applications Mass Analysis Mass Spectrometry in Proteomics Mass Spectrometry of N-Linked Carbohydrates and Glycoproteins Mass Spectrometry: Application to Protein-Ligand Interactions Mass Spectrometry: Methods of Ionization (Applied to Biopolymers) Protein-Protein Interactions Studied by Mass Spectrometry

Metalloprotein EPR Richard Cammack DEER of Metalloproteins EPR and ENDOR of Radicals and Metalloproteins in Biological Systems EPR Spectroscopy: General Principles Pulsed ENDOR and ESEEM: Principles and Examples of Applications to Heme Proteins Pulsed EPR: Principles and Examples of Applications to Hemeproteins Simulation of Transition-Metal EPR Spectra Spin-Trapping: Theory and Applications xxxviii Table of Contents

Molecular Dynamics Simulation Helmut Grubmuller€ Fluxes Through Channels and Pores Markov Models of Molecular Kinetics Protein Folding Studied with Molecular Dynamics Simulation Reaction Paths and Rates

Molecular Shape & Hydrodynamics Stephen E. Harding Complement Factor H and Its Ligands: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Interactions and Modeling Composition-Gradient Multiangle Light Scattering Crystallohydrodynamics of IgG Dynamics of Colloids and Macromolecules Electro-optics and Macromolecular Hydrodynamics Electrophoretic Light Scattering Ellips and Covol HYDFIT and Related Packages for Linear Molecules HYDRO Suite of Computer Programs for Solution Properties of Rigid Macromolecules Hydrodynamic Modeling of Carbohydrate Polymers Hydrodynamics of Macromolecules: Conformation Zoning for General Macromolecules Hydrodynamics of Nucleic Acids: Modeling Overall Conformation and Dynamics Intrinsic Viscosity Multiangle Light Scattering from Separated Samples (MALS with SEC or FFF) Sedimentation Equilibrium Analytical Ultracentrifugation Sedimentation Velocity Analytical Ultracentrifugation Small Angle Neutron Scattering Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) Software Small Angle X-ray Scattering Small-Angle X-Ray Solution Scattering: Software Tools for Biological Structure Analysis Thermodynamics and Thermodynamic Nonideality US-SOMO: Methods for Construction and Hydration of Macromolecular Hydrodynamic Models

MRI & PET Imaging Peter G. Morris Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Methodology MRI and PET Imaging: Clinical Applications Positron Emission Tomography Methodology Table of Contents xxxix

Protein Structure Prediction & Modeling Anna Tramontano, Richard Garratt, Christine Orengo 3D Domain Swapping a-Helical Coiled Coils Alignment of Protein Sequences Alternative Splicing Domain Structure Classiﬁcations Homology Modeling of Protein Structures Membrane Protein Structure Modeling of Antibody Structures Modeling of RNA Molecules Oligomeric Proteins Post-Translational Modiﬁcations Protein Secondary Structure Prediction in 2012 Protein Structural Models – Evaluating Quality Protein Structure Comparison Methods Protein Structure Prediction and Structural Annotation of Proteomes Protein Structure: Potential Folds Proteins: Relationship Among Divergence of Sequence, Structure, and Function Structural Impact of SNPs

Single Molecule Methods Nils G. Walter Angular Optical Trapping Anti-Brownian Traps Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for Topography and Recognition Imaging at Single Molecule Level Atomic Force Spectroscopy DNA Curtains Dual-Beam Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy Dual-Beam Optical Tweezers Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy Fluorescence Imaging with One Nanometer Accuracy Fluorescence Labeling of Nucleic Acids Force-Fluorescence Spectroscopy Hidden Markov Modeling in Single-Molecule Biophysics High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Live-Cell Single-Molecule Imaging Magnetic Tweezers Microﬂuidics for Single Molecule Detection Nanodroplet Conﬁnement Optical Tweezers Phospholipid Bilayer Nanodiscs: Application to Single-Molecule Measurements xl Table of Contents

Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM) Single Fluorophore Blinking Single Fluorophore Photobleaching Single-Molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Single-Molecule High-Resolution Colocalization (SHREC) Single-Molecule High-Resolution Imaging with Photobleaching (SHRImP) Single-Molecule RNA FISH Single-Molecule Sequencing Single-Particle Tracking Site-Speciﬁc Protein Labeling for Single-Molecule Fluorescence Studies Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) Surface Passivation for Single Molecule Detection Surface-Tethered Lipid Vesicles Tethered Particle Microscopy Total Internal Reﬂection Fluorescence Microscopy for Single-Molecule Studies Worm-Like Chain (WLC) Model Zero-Mode Waveguides

Solid State NMR Stanley J. Opella J-Based NMR Correlation Spectroscopy of Biological Solids M2 Proton Channel from Inﬂuenza A: Example of Structural Sensitivity to Environment Magic Angle Spinning Solid-State NMR on Proteins Membrane Proteins in Phospholipid Bilayers: Structure Determination by Solid-State NMR Oriented-Sample NMR of Membrane Proteins: Sensitivity Enhancement and Spectroscopic Assignment Solid-State NMR Structural Studies of Outer Membrane Proteins Transmembrane Helix Orientation and Dynamics

Solution State NMR Mitsu Ikura Assignment of 19F Resonances in Protein Solution State NMR Studies BMRB Cell-Free Protein Production Chemical Shift Index CNS (Crystallography and NMR System) CPMG Cross Saturation/Transferred Cross Saturation (TCS) Cross-Correlated Relaxation Cryogenic NMR Probes CYANA Flow NMR Fragment Screen Table of Contents xli

H/D Exchange HADDOCK High-Pressure NMR Hyperﬁne Shifts In-Cell NMR INEPT J Coupling Linear Prediction in NMR Spectroscopy Maximum Entropy Reconstruction Metabolomics Multidimensional NMR Spectroscopy NMR in Drug Discovery – Introduction NMR Studies of Macromolecular Interactions – Introduction NMR-based Structural Proteomics Nuclear Overhauser Effect Nucleic Acid NMR – Introduction Paramagnetic Metalloproteins Protein NMR – Introduction Protein NMR Resonance Assignment Protein Segmental Labeling Pulsed Field Gradient NMR Relaxation Dispersion Residual Dipolar Coupling SAR by NMR Single Protein Production System in Escherichia coli SOFAST HMQC Sparse Sampling in NMR Spin Diffusion Stereo-Array Isotope Labeling (SAIL) Method Structural Genomics Structure Determination by NMR: Overview Total Correlation Spectroscopy (TOCSY) in NMR Protein Structure Determination Triple Resonance NMR TROSY XH/p Interactions ZZ-Exchange

Spin-label EPR Heinz-Jurgen€ Steinhoff Chemistry of Spin Labeling Interspin Distance Determination by EPR Simulation of Spin-Label EPR Spectra Spin Labeling of DNA and RNA Spin-Labeling EPR of Lipid Membranes Spin-Labeling EPR of Proteins: Dynamics and Water Accessibility of Spin-Label Side Chains xlii Table of Contents

Thermodynamics John E. Ladbury Thermodynamics of Biomolecular Interactions

UV/visible Absorption Spectroscopy Alison Rodger Absorbance Spectroscopy: Overview Absorbance Spectroscopy: Quality Assurance Absorbance Spectroscopy: Spectral Artifacts and Other Sources of Error Absorption Spectroscopy and Transition Polarizations: Pictorial Description Absorption Spectroscopy to Determine Macromolecule Structural Changes Absorption Spectroscopy to Probe Ligand Binding Absorption Spectroscopy: Practical Aspects Absorption Spectroscopy: Relationship of Transition Type to Molecular Structure Beer-Lambert Law Derivation Concentration Determination Using Beer-Lambert Law DNA-Ligand Circular Dichroism DNA-Ligand Flow Linear Dichroism Protein Concentration Determination Using Dyes and Beer-Lambert Law UV Absorbance Spectroscopy of Biological Macromolecules

Vibrational Spectroscopy Andreas Barth Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Biophysical Applications: Technical Aspects Infrared Spectroscopy of Cells, Tissues, and Bioﬂuids Infrared Spectroscopy of DNA Infrared Spectroscopy of Protein Dynamics: H/D Exchange Infrared Spectroscopy of Protein Dynamics: Ultrafast Kinetics Infrared Spectroscopy of Protein Folding, Misfolding and Aggregation Infrared Spectroscopy of Protein Structure Infrared Spectroscopy Using Synchrotron Radiation Infrared Spectroscopy: Data Analysis Isotope Edited Raman and Infrared Difference Spectroscopy Studies of Protein Structure Molecular Vibrations and Their Interaction with Electromagnetic Radiation Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Biological Molecules and Tissues Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy: Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) Optical Spectroscopy: Future Fourier Transform Spectroscopy Polarized Infrared Spectroscopy QM/MM Calculations of Vibrational Spectra Quantum Mechanical Simulations of Biopolymer Vibrational Spectra Raman Optical Activity Studies of Structure and Behavior of Biomolecules Raman Spectroscopic Instrumentation, Experimental Considerations Table of Contents xliii

Raman Spectroscopy and Microscopy of Cells and Tissues Reaction-Induced Infrared Difference Spectroscopy Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Protein–Cofactor Complexes Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy Surface Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Bioanalytics Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy in Electron Transfer Studies Terahertz Spectroscopy: Protein Dynamics Terahertz Spectroscopy: Solvation of Biomolecules Ultrafast Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy of Proteins Ultraviolet Resonance Raman (UVRR) Spectroscopy Studies of Structure and Dynamics of Proteins Vibrational Circular Dichroism of Biopolymers Vibrational Spectroscopy with Neutrons Vibrational Spectroscopy, A Short History of

X-ray Spectroscopy Graham George X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Metals in Biology X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging: Elemental and Chemical Speciation Mapping of Biological Systems

Contributors

Jennifer A. Dougan Centre for Molecular Nanometrology WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK

Aniella Abi-Gerges INSERM UMR–S–769, LabEx LERMIT, University of Paris-South, Chaˆtenay–Malabry, France

Jeff Abramson Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Jose´ P. Afonso The School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Kazuyuki Akasaka Institute of Advanced Technology, High Pressure Protein Research Center, Kinki University, Kinokawa, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan

Mikael Akke Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Anders N. Albertsen Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, FLinT Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Brett Alcott Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

Ulrike Alexiev Department of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

David Altman Department of Physics, Willamette University, Salem, OR, USA

Toshio Ando Department of Physics and Bio-AFM Frontier Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan

Daniel Appelt Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK

Michelle Arkin Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

Judith P. Armitage Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Ornjira Aruksakunwong Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rangsit University, Pathumtani, Thailand

xlv xlvi Contributors

Kenichi Ataka Department of Physics, Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Freie Universit€at Berlin, Berlin, Germany Daniel Axelrod Department of Physics and LSA Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Jose´ Fernando Ruggiero Bachega Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sa˜o Carlos-SP, Brazil David Baez-Nieto Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, Valparaiso University, Valparaı´so, Chile Stefan Bagby Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK Clive R. Bagshaw Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA Gurusamy Balakrishnan Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Stephen A. Baldwin Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Jocelyn M. Baldwin Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Katarzyna Bandyra Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Danas Baniulis Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Center for Agricul- ture and Forestry, Babtai, Lithuania Anja Baresic Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK Ravi P. Barnwal Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seatte, WA, USA Perdita E. Barran The School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Laurence Barron Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK Igor L. Barsukov School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Andreas Barth Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Arrhenius Laboratories, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Rosa Bartucci Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Rende (CS), Italy Mirko Baruscotti Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Depart- ment of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Contributors xlvii

Joseph J. Barycki Department of Biochemistry and Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA

Andrew Battle Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst (Sydney), NSW, Australia

Wolfgang P. Baumeister Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max-Planck- Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany

Hagan Bayley Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Burkhard Bechinger Institute of Chemistry, University of Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR7177, Strasbourg, France

Oliver Beckstein Structural Bioinformatics and Computational Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA William E. Bentley Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA David N. Beratan Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Terese Bergfors Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Simon Berne`che Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Monica Berry Bristol Eye Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Ivano Bertini Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy Paolo Bianchini Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Genoa, Italy Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy Eva Biegel Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

Julie S. Biteen Department of Chemistry 2533 Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Robert Bittman Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA

Ranieri Bizzarri The Biophysics Institute (IBF), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy

David Blair University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

Matthew Paul Blakeley Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, Isere, France xlviii Contributors

Scott C. Blanchard Tri–Institutional Program in Chemical Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA

Mario R. Blanco Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Robert E. Blankenship Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Rainer A. Bockmann€ Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg,€ Erlangen, Germany

Alexandre M. J. J. Bonvin Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands

Paula J. Booth School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Enrica Bordignon Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland

Olga Boudker Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

Chris Bowens Department of Biological Sciences, Wolf Hall, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA Anna Louise Bowman Center for Drug Discovery, The Bouve´ College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA

Kevin Braeckmans Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium Klaus Brandenburg Research Center Borstel, LG Biophysics, Borstel, Germany Ulrich Brandt Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Medical School, Cluster of Excel- lence Frankfurt “Macromolecular Complexes,” Center for Membrane Proteomics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Emre Brookes Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center in San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA Mostyn T. Brown Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Michael F. Brown Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Rachel Brown Pain & Sensory Disorders Research Unit, Pﬁzer Laboratories Sandwich UK, Sandwich, Kent, UK Gary W. Brudvig Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Florian Brueckner Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College, London, UK Contributors xlix

Axel T. Brunger Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology/HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Bernhard Brutscher Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy group, Institut de Biologie Structurale – J.-P. Ebel, Grenoble, France Maria Teresa Buenavista School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK Biocomputing, MRC Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK Diamond Light Source Ltd., Didcot, UK Georg Buldt€ Research Centre Julich,€ Institute of Complex Systems 5, Forschungszentrum Julich,€ Julich,€ Germany Research–Educational Centre Bionanophysics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Russia Per Bullough Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, University of Shefﬁeld, Shefﬁeld, UK Gaetano Burriesci Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cardiovascular Engineering & Medical Devices Group, University College London, London, UK Zachary F. Burton Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA Olwyn Byron School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK Robert H. Callender Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA Phil Callow Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble Cedex 9, France Alexander D. Cameron Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College, London, UK Richard Cammack Pharmaceutical Science Research Division, School of Biomed- ical and Health Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK Iain D. Campbell Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Colin J. Campbell EaStCHEM School of Chemistry & Division of Pathway Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Paolo Carloni Computational Biophysics, German Research School for Simulation Sciences, Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Julich,€ Julich,€ Germany Sandro Carrara Department of Electrical Engineering, E´ cole Polytechnique Fe´de´rale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland Andrew P. Carter Division of Structural Studies, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK l Contributors

Sabine Castano The Laboratory Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, Universite´ de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR5248, IPB, Pessac, France

William A. Catterall Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Gary Cecchini Molecular Biology, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

Francesca Cella Zanacchi Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Genoa, Italy Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

Nuno M. F. S. A. Cerqueira Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

Gregor Cevc The Advanced Treatments Institute, Gauting, Germany

Jijie Chai National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China

Anna Chailyan Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Stephen K. Chapman Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

Kandala V. R. Chary Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Funda- mental Research, Mumbai, India

Xiang Chen Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Li-Qing Chen Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, CA, USA

Zhan Chen Chemistry Department, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Ji-Xin Cheng Department of Chemistry, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineer- ing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

Wei Cheng Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Iva Chianella Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK

Salvatore Chiantia Dept. of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA

Seth Chitayat Department of Biochemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada

Wah Chiu National Center for Macromolecular Imaging, Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA Contributors li

Igor V. Chizhov Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany Kar Wai Chooi UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK Lilia A. Chtcheglova Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Institute for Biophysics, Linz, Austria Ewa Chudyk Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Preeti Chugha Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA L. Stirling Churchman Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Pietro Cicuta Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Davide Cirillo Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain Thomas Claessens Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, The Free University of Brussles, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Brussels, Belgium Adam E. Cohen Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA James L. Cole Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connect- icut, Storrs, CT, USA Charlotte E. Conn CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, Clayton South, VIC, Australia Simon D. Connell School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Maria R. Conte Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK Caroline Conus Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, The Free Uni- versity of Brussels, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Brussels, Belgium Paul F. Cook Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA Jennifer C. Copeland Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA Anthony Corfield Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Yvette May Coulson-Thomas Department of Biochemistry, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Saõ Paulo, Brazil Vivien Jane Coulson-Thomas Department of Biochemistry, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Saõ Paulo, Brazil lii Contributors

David Cowburn Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA Charles Cox Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK William A. Cramer Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, Department of Biolog- ical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Charles G. Cranﬁeld Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst (Sydney), NSW, Australia St Vincent’s Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Chandra Critchelow Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Roberta Croce Department of Physics and Astronomy, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Timothy A. Cross Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Molec- ular Biophysics and the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA La´szlo´ Csana´dy Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary Alison Cuff Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK Qiang Cui Department of Chemistry and Theoretical Chemistry Institute, Univer- sity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA Teresa L. Cvetkov Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA Guy Daculsi Faculty of Dental Surgery, INSERM, University of Nantes, Nantes, France Valerie Daggett Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Undurti N. Das UND Life Sciences, Shaker Heights, OH, USA School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, India Bibhuti B. Das Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Jyotishman Dasgupta Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Funda- mental Research, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Victor L. Davidson Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA Noel Wyn Davies Department of Cell Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK Benjamin G. Davis Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Contributors liii

Cristina De Castro Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Naples Federico II, University Campus of Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy

Hannah DeBerg Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA

Volker Deckert Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich–Schiller–University Jena, Jena, Germany Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena, Jena, Germany

Patrick Degenaar School of Electrical Electronic and Computer Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Frank Delaglio Software Science Consultant, North Potomac, MD, USA Nicolas J. Delalez Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Andrew J. deMello Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Hua Deng Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA

Ashok A. Deniz Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA

Christopher Dennison Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Allison Derenne Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, The Free University of Brussles, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Brussels, Belgium

Bernard Desbat The Laboratory of Chemistry & Biology of Membranes & Nanoobjects, Universite´ de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR5248, IPB, Pessac, France

Hendrik Deschout Laboratory of General Biochemistry & Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

Xavier Deupi Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland Condensed Matter Theory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Aristides G. Diamant Division of Structural Studies, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK

Alberto Diaspro Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Genoa, Italy Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy

Benjamin Dietzek Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich–Schiller–University Jena, Jena, Germany Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena, Jena, Germany liv Contributors

Dario DiFrancesco Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

M. van Dijk Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands

Rolf Diller Department of Physics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany

Bei Ding Chemistry Department, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Yi Ding Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA

Andrew J. Doig Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

William Dowhan Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School-Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Paul C. Driscoll Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK

David Dufour Structural Genomics Group, National Center for Genomic Analysis (CNAG), Barcelona, Spain

Memed Duman Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Institute for Biophysics, Linz, Austria

Paul Dumas SOLEIL Synchrotron, L’Orme des Merisiers BP48, Gif Sur Yvette Ce´dex, France

David Dunlap Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

Alexander R. Dunn Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Arpana Dutta Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Joyita Dutta Department of Biological Sciences, Wolf Hall, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

R. Brian Dyer Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

H. Jane Dyson Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA

Boris Dzikovski National Biomedical Center for Advanced ESR Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell Univer- sity, Ithaca, NY, USA

Andreas Ebner Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Institute for Biophysics, Linz, Austria

Stefan U. Egelhaaf Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Heinrich-Heine- University, Dusseldorf,€ Germany Contributors lv

Ron Elber Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA Johan Elf Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden David Eliezer Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA Jonathan J. Ellis School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Richard D. Elms The School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Yaeta Endo Cell-Free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan Andreas Engel Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA Martin Engelhard Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institut fur€ Molekulare Physiologie, Dortmund, Germany Richard M. Epand Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada Ertan Eryilmaz Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA Richard J. Evans Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK Iakes Ezkurdia Structural Biology and Biocomputing, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain Karim Fahmy Division of Biophysics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Inst. Radiochemistry, Dresden, Germany Chong Fang Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA Gail E. Fanucci Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Karen Faulds Centre for Molecular Nanometrology WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK Jianfeng Feng Centre for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China Department of Computer Science, Centre for Scientiﬁc Computing, Warwick University, Coventry, UK Mike Ferguson Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, The Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK Shelagh Ferguson-Miller Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA Pedro A. Fernandes Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Porto, Porto, Portugal lvi Contributors

Juilo M. Fernandez Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Heather E. Findlay School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Laura Finzi Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA Rodolphe Fischmeister INSERM UMR–S–769, LabEx LERMIT, University of Paris-South, Chaˆtenay–Malabry, France Stuart John Fisher Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, Isere, France University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Gabor Forgacs Department of Physics, Biology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Scott Forth Laboratory of Chemistry and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA Jack Freed National Biomedical Center for Advanced ESR Technology, Depart- ment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Alfred D. French US Department of Agriculture, Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, LA, USA Frank E. Frerman Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA Assaf Friedler Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jeru- salem, Israel Petra Fromme Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State Univer- sity, Tempe, AZ, USA Wolf B. Frommer Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, CA, USA Renee R. Frontiera Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Toyoshi Fujimoto Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Yugo Fukazawa Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Masamitsu Futai Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan Giovanni Gadda Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA David C. Gadsby Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA Silvia Galiani Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Genoa, Italy Giulio Gambarota GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Imaging Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK Contributors lvii

Jose´ Garcıá de la Torre Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Murcia, Spain Ine´s Garcıá-Rubio Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH-Zurich, Zurich,€ Switzerland Paul M. Gardner Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK Richard C. Garratt Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Saõ Carlos-SP, Brazil Michael A. Geeves School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK Kunihiko Gekko Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan Robert B. Gennis Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA Graham N. George Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Tarsis F. Gesteira Department of Biochemistry, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Saõ Paulo, Brazil Hossein Ghanbari Division of Surgery & Interventional Sciences, Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, University College London, London, UK Ranajeet Ghose Department of Chemistry, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA Stefano Gianni Foundation “Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci-Bolognetti” and Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Department of Biochemical Science ‘A. Rossi Fanelli’, University of Rome, Sapienza, Rome, Italy Brian R. Gibney Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College – The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA Leszek A. Gierusz School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, Warwick, UK Bernd Giese Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland Gianfranco Gilardi Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy Patrick von Glehn Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Paul Glover University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Alan Goddard Biomembrane Structure Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Lori S. Goldner Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA lviii Contributors

Erik Goormaghtigh Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, The Free University of Brussels, Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Brussels, Belgium Valentin Gordeliy Research–Educational Centre Bionanophysics, Moscow Insti- tute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudniy, Russia Laboratoiare de Proteines Membranaires, Institut de Biologie Structurale J.–P. Ebel, Grenoble, France Edurne Gorraitz Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA Duncan Graham Centre for Molecular Nanometrology WestCHEM, Depart- ment of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK Eric C. Greene Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA Christian Griesinger NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen,€ Germany Juergen Groll Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Wurzburg,€ Wurzburg,€ Germany Angela M. Gronenborn Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Bert L. de Groot Computational Biomolecular Dynamics Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Gottingen,€ Germany Ingo Grotjohann Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Herman J. Gruber Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Institute for Biophysics, Linz, Austria Lan Guan Department of Cell Physiology & Molecular Biophysics, Center of Membrane Protein Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA Anthony Guiseppi-Elie Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips, Clemson University Advanced Materials Center, Anderson, SC, USA Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Bioengineering, and Elec- trical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA Biotechnology Research Park, ABTECH Scientiﬁc, Inc., Richmond, VA, USA Peter Guntert€ Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Peixuan Guo Nanobiotechnology Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Contributors lix

Irina A. Guschina School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK Thomas Gutsmann Research Center Borstel, LG Biophysics, Borstel, Germany William Andrew Hallett GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Imaging Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK Steven Halouska Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA Peter Hamm Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich,€ Switzerland Supot Hannongbua Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Theodor W. Hansch€ Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany Ludwig–Maximilians–University of Munich, Munich, Germany Jeffrey C. Hansen Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA Mingming Hao Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA Gilad Haran Chemical Physics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Stephen E. Harding School of Biosciences, NCMH Laboratory, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK Parvez I. Haris Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK Benjamin Harke Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Genoa, Italy Jeffrey Harmer Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Thad Harroun Department of Physics, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada David John Harvey Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Oxford, UK John L. Harwood School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK S. Saif Hasan Hockmeyer Hall of Structural Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Karin Hauser Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany Martina Havenith Department of Physical Chemistry 2, Ruhr-Universit€at Bochum, Bochum, NRW, Germany Rachel Haywood RAFT, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, UK lx Contributors

Joachim Heberle Department of Physics, Experimental Molecular Biophysics, Freie Universit€at Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Frederick A. Heberle Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Labora- tory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA

Peter Hegemann Institute for Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Fabian Heinemann Biotec/Biophysics Research Group, Technische Universit€at Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Rainer Heintzmann Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich–Schiller–Universit€at Jena, Jena, Germany Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany

Peter J. F. Henderson Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Andreas Herrmann Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt-Universit€at zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany Peter Hildebrandt Institute for Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Russ Hille Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

Peter Hinterdorfer Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Institute for Biophysics, Linz, Austria

Nobutaka Hirokawa Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Molecular Structure and Dynamics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Jonathan Hirst School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Jeffrey C. Hoch University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA

Peter Hoenigschmid Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany Verena Hoerr Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada Martin Hof J. Heyrovsky´ Institute of Physical Chemistry of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Brian M. Hoffman Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Arun V. Holden Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Arne Holmgren Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Contributors lxi

Todd Holyoak Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA Michio Homma Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Jonathan T. S. Hopper Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Amnon Horovitz Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Sci- ence, Rehovot, Israel Derek Horton Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC, USA Ximiao Hou Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Elizabeth Hounsell School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK Milosˇ Hricovı´ni Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia Huey W. Huang Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA Bruno M. Humbel Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland Toshiko Ichiye Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA Ryota Iino Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Akifumi Ikehata National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan Fuyuhiko Inagaki Department of Structural Biology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan Masayori Inouye Department of Biochemistry, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA Joseph Irudayaraj Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Ehud Isacoff Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA Physical Bioscience Division and Material Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA Rieko Ishima Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Robert Ishmukhametov Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK lxii Contributors

Anabella Ivancich CNRS (UMR 8221) and CEA-Saclay, iBiTec-S, Laboratory of Hyperfrequencies, Metalloproteines and Systems of Spin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Ekaterina Ivanova Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

So Iwata Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Impe- rial College, London, UK

Scott M. Jackson Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Lily Y. Jan Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochem- istry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Robert W. Janes School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK Joe¨l Janin Yeast Structural Genomics, IBBMC, Universite´ Paris-Sud, Orsay, France Joseph T. Jarrett Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA Mariusz Jaskolski Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University and Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland Yalda Javadi Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Matthew Jenner School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Jesu´s Jime´nez-Barbero Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biolo´gicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain Alexander E. Johnson-Buck Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Alain M. Jonas Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (Bio- and Soft Matter), Universite´ Catholique de Louvain, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium

Robert C. Jones Fluidigm Corporation, South San Francisco, CA, USA

Terry Jones The PET Research Advisory Company, Wilmslow, Cheshire, UK

H. Ronald Kaback Departments of Physiology and Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Masatsune Kainosho Centre for Priority Areas, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan Structural Biology Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Contributors lxiii

Jason M. D. Kalapothakis School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK Juha Kammonen Ion Channel Pharmacology, Neusentis UK, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK Marc Willem van der Kamp Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Hideki Kandori Department of Frontier Materials, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan E. Karaca Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands Mikhail Kashlev Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA P. L. Kastritis Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands Masato Katahira Kyoto University, Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto, Japan Takayuki Kato Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan John Katsaras Canadian Neutron Beam Centre, National Research Council, Chalk River, ON, Canada Neutron Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Chen Katz Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Jamie L. Kear Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Timothy A. Keiderling Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Paul A. Keifer Agilent Technologies, Inc. (formerly Varian, Inc.), Santa Clara, CA, USA Sanaullah Khan Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK Himanshu Khandelia Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark HyeongJun Kim Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA Matt J. Kipper Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA Maria L. Kireeva Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA Anthony J. Kirkup Pain & Sensory Disorders Research Unit, Pﬁzer Laboratories Sandwich UK, Sandwich, Kent, UK lxiv Contributors

Julianne L. Kitevski-LeBlanc Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Ramazan Kizil Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey Biological Sciences & Bioengineering Program, International University Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Johann P. Klare Macromolecular Structure Group, Department of Physics, University of Osnabruck,€ Osnabruck,€ Germany Judith Klein-Seetharaman Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Anna Kloda Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Edda Kloppmann Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany Yuriy A. Knirel N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Bosˇtjan Kobe School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Roger E. Koeppe II Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA Seiji Kojima Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Thomas Kolter LiMES – Program Unit Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry, Universit€at Bonn, Bonn, Germany Wiktor Koz´min´ski Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Petr V. Konarev European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg, Germany Jonas Korlach Paciﬁc Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA Miroslav Koo´sˇ Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Centre of Excellence Glycomed, Bratislava, Slovakia Christian N. Kotanen Center for Bioelectronics, Biosensors and Biochips, Clemson University Advanced Materials Center, Anderson, SC, USA Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA Helena Kovacs NMR Applications, Bruker BioSpin AG, F€allanden, Switzerland Rumiana Koynova College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Institute of Biophysics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Soﬁa, Bulgaria Christoph Krafft Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany Contributors lxv

Norbert Kucˇerka Canadian Neutron Beam Centre, National Research Council, Chalk River, ON, Canada Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia Chandrashekhar V. Kulkarni Biological and Soft Systems, Cavendish Labora- tory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Edmund R. S. Kunji Mitochondrial Biology Unit, The Medical Research Council, Cambridge, UK

Isabel Kurth Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA

John E. Ladbury Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

Boris Lakard Institut UTINAM, Universite´ de Franche-Comte´, Besanc¸on, France Andrew N. Lane JG Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Clinical Trans- lational Research Building, Louisville, KY, USA

Peter Larsson Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

Ramon Latorre Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience, Valparaiso University, Valparaı´so, Chile Zeno Lavagnino Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Genoa, Italy

Robert V. Law Membrane Biophysics Platform, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK

Andrew L. Lee Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

Weontae Lee Department of Biochemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea

Eija Lehtomaki Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

Monica Leopoldini Department of Chemistry, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy

Arthur M. Lesk Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and The Huck Institute for Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

Sanford H. Leuba Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pitts- burgh, PA, USA Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA lxvi Contributors

Ruthven N. A. H. Lewis Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Keying Li Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK Xiaoming Li Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China Ioannis G. Lignos Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Goran€ Lindblom Department of Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, Umea˚ University, Umea˚, Sweden Jiqiang Ling Department ofMolecular Biophysics andBiochemistry,Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Eric Lingueglia Institute for Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis UMR7275, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France Clifford A. Lingwood Hospital for Sick Children, Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada Corinne Lionne CPBS, UMR5236 CNRS, Universities of Montpellier I and II, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France Dongsheng Liu Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA Chunjuan Liu Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Univer- sity of Oxford, Oxford, UK Jun Liu Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA Alessio Lodola Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Universita` degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy Peter C. Loewen Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada Erwin London Dept. of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA

Richard Lonsdale Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Xabier Lopez Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea and Donostia International Physics Center, Donostia-San Sebastian, Euskadi, Spain Aba Losi Department of Physics, University of Parma, Parma, Italy Luı´s M. S. Loura Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Chemistry of Coimbra, Pole of the Health Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Yi Lu Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA Contributors lxvii

Zhe Lu Department of Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Vladan Lucˇic´ Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany

Ben Luisi Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Patrik Lundstrom€ Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linkoping€ University, Linkoping,€ Sweden

Pikyee Ma Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Radek Macha´nˇ J. Heyrovsky´ Institute of Physical Chemistry of Academy of Sci- ences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czech Republic

Joel P. Mackay Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

Cait MacPhee SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Lok Hang Mak Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK

Alf Ma˚nsson School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden

Henry Mantsch Institute for Biodiagnostics, National Research Council of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

Lili Mao Department of Biochemistry, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA Francesca M. Marassi Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA Paolo Marcatili Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Tiziana Marino Department of Chemistry, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy Andrea Markelz Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY, USA John L. Markley Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA Nicholas M. Marshall Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA Derek Marsh Max-Planck-Institut fur€ biophysikalische Chemie, Gottingen,€ Germany lxviii Contributors

Boris Martinac Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst (Sydney), NSW, Australia St Vincent’s Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Andrew C. R. Martin Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, UK Marc A. Marti-Renom Structural Genomics Group, National Center for Genomic Analysis (CNAG), Barcelona, Spain Tsukasa Mashima Kyoto University, Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto, Japan Richard A. Mathies Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Jacqueline M. Matthews School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Paul M. Matthews GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Imaging Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK Frederick R. Maxﬁeld Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA Florian Mayer Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany James M. Mayer Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Alexander V. Mazin Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA Iain L. McConnell Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Airlie J. McCoy Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK Ronald N. McElhaney Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Liam James McGufﬁn School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK Lawrence P. McIntosh Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada Kirsty J. McLean Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Fraser McNeil-Watson Malvern Instruments Limited, Malvern, UK Contributors lxix

Thomas Meier Department of Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Bio- physics, Frankfurt/Main, Germany Jens-Christian Meiners Department of Physics and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Iris Meisen Institute for Hygiene, University of Munster,€ Munster,€ Germany Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Munster,€ Munster,€ Germany Giuseppe Melacini McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Adrien S. J. Melquiond Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands Dong Men State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China Anant K. Menon Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA Harukata Miki Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Molecular Structure and Dynamics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Anne-Frances Miller Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Lisa M. Miller National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Labora- tory, Upton, NY, USA Joshua N. Milstein Department of Physics and Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Tohru Minamino Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Fabio Minozzo Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Allen P. Minton Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Thomas Miramond Faculty of Dental Surgery, INSERM, University of Nantes, Nantes, France John Mitcheson Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK Anthony Mittermaier McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Tomoko Miyata Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

Martin Moeller DWI e.V. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chem- istry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany lxx Contributors

W. E. Moerner Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Antonio Molinaro Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Uni- versity of Naples Federico II, University Campus of Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy

Alfonso Mondrago´n Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Gael Moneron Unit of Dynamic Neuronal Imaging, Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France

Pierre-Alain Monnard Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, FLinT center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

Luca Monticelli INSERM, UMR–S665, Universite´ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite´, Paris, France Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France

Joa˜o Henrique Morais-Cabral Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

Marco Mor Dipartimento Farmaceutico, Universita` degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy

Michael Mormann Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Munster,€ Munster,€ Germany

Gordon A. Morris Chemical and Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersﬁeld, Huddersﬁeld, West Yorkshire, UK

Victor J. Morris Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, UK

Ryan Morris SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Detlef Moskau NMR Applications, Bruker BioSpin AG, F€allanden, Switzerland Ole G. Mouritsen Center for Biomembrane Physics, Department of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark

Andre´ Moura˜o Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen,€ Neuherberg, Germany Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department Chemie, TU Munchen,€ Garching, Germany

Francis Gabriel Moussy Brunel Institute for Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, West London, UK

Christopher G. Mowat EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

Maria Andrea Mroginski Institute for Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany Contributors lxxi

Joachim D. Mueller School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Leonard J. Mueller University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA Jon I. Mujika Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea and Donostia International Physics Center, Donostia-San Sebastian, Euskadi, Spain

Frans A. A. Mulder Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark

Volker Muller€ Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bioenergetics, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Barbara Mulloy Laboratory for Molecular Structure, National Institute for Biolog- ical Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, UK Andrew W. Munro Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Kazuyoshi Murata National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan Johannes Muthing€ Institute for Hygiene, University of Munster,€ Munster,€ Germany Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Munster,€ Munster,€ Germany Helena B. Nader Department of Biochemistry, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sa˜o Paulo, Brazil Kuniaki Nagayama National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan Keiichi Namba Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Ruodan Nan Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK Roger Narayan Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Abhinav Nath Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Dieter Naumann Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany Colin Nave Diamond Light Source, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK David Needham Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, USA Alexander A. Nevzorov Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA lxxii Contributors

Rexford Newbould GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Imaging Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

Giuseppe Nicastro Molecular Structure Division, MRC National Institute for Med- ical Research, London, UK

Colin G. Nichols Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and the Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

Dierk Niessing Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen-€ German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany

Lidia Nieto Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biolo´gicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain

Ryo Nitta Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Molecular Structure and Dynamics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Frank Noe´ Institute of Mathematics, FU Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Judith M. Nocek Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Anja Nohe Department of Biological Sciences, Wolf Hall, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Hiroyuki Noji Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Takeshi Nomura Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst (Sydney), NSW, Australia

Lars Norle´n Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Dermatology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Steven J. Norris Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Microbi- ology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA Cedric Notredame Centro de Regulacio Genomica, Comparative Bioinformatics, Universidad Pompeus Fabre, Barcelona, Spain Nadtanet Nunthaboot Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham, Thailand Joanne Oates Biomembrane Structure Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Michael E. O’Donnell Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA Kazuhiro Oiwa Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan Contributors lxxiii

Haruko Okamoto Department of Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, Japan Daichi Okuno Laboratory for Cell Dynamics Observation, Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN, Suita, Osaka, Japan Riccardo Olcese Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Brain Research Institute and Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA Neil J. Oldham School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Stanley J. Opella Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA Alan Van Orden Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA Christine Orengo Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK A´ lvaro Ortega Departamento de Quı´mica Fı´sica, Facultad de Quı´mica, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain Yukihiro Ozaki Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University Sanda, Sanda, Hyogo, Japan Georg Pabst Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria

Monica M. Palcic Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark

Krzysztof Palczewski Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

Vijay Pande Departments of Chemistry, Structural Biology, and Computer Science, and Program in Biophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Antonios Pantazis Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Molecular Medi- cine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Giacomo Parigi Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy

Anthony William Parker Central Laser Facility Research Complex at Harwell, Science & Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK

Stewart F. Parker ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon, UK

Michelangelo Parrilli Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Naples Federico II, University Campus of Monte S. Angelo, Naples, Italy lxxiv Contributors

Simon G. Patching Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Berit Smestad Paulsen School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chem- istry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Georges M. Pavlov Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

Gregory F. Payne Fischell Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Aviv Paz Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA

David S. Pearson School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK

Jeffrey W. Peng Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

Simon Pennell Division of Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Med- ical Research, London, UK

Serge Perez European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France

Stephen J. Perkins Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK

Konstantin Pervushin Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore Biozentrum of University Basel, Basel, Switzerland

Evgeny Petrov Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst (Sydney), NSW, Australia

Ingrid J. Pickering Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada

Nathalie Picque´ Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, Garching, Germany Ludwig–Maximilians–University of Munich, Munich, Germany Institut des Sciences Mole´culaires d’Orsay, CNRS, Orsay, France

Jacob Piehler Department of Biology, University of Osnabruck,€ Osnabruck,€ Lower Saxony, Germany

Adriana Pietropaolo Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Universita` Magna Graecia di Catanzaro Campus Universitario, Viale, Catanzaro, Italy

Sergey A. Piletsky Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK

Teresa J. T. Pinheiro School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, Warwick, UK Contributors lxxv

Michael Plevin Laboratoire de RMN, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France Denys Pogoryelov Department of Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Bio- physics, Frankfurt/Main, Germany Robert K. Poole Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Bert Poolman Department of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Wilson C. K. Poon SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Jurgen€ Popp Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich–Schiller–University Jena, Jena, Germany Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena, Jena, Germany Dietmar Porschke Max Planck Institut fur€ biophysikalische Chemie, AG Biomo- lecular Dynamics, Gottingen,€ Germany Vincent L. G. Postis Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Robert Powers Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA Manuel Prieto Centro de Quı´mica-Fı´sica Molecular and Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Tećnico, Lisbon, Portugal Rebecca Prime Ion Channel Pharmacology, Neusentis UK, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK Lawrence J. Prochaska Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA Robert Scott Prosser Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Tara Pukala School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia Marco Punta Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK Michael Pusch Istituto di Biofisica, CNR, Genoa, Italy Jian Qin Fluidigm Corporation, South San Francisco, CA, USA Susan Jane Quinn School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland Edwin Quinõnes Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA Benyamin Rahmani Division of Surgery & Interventional Sciences, Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, University College London, London, UK lxxvi Contributors

Arjun Raj University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Rakhi Rajan Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA Ramesh Ramakrishnan Fluidigm Corporation, South San Francisco, CA, USA Andres Ramos Molecular Structure Division, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK Maria Joa˜o Ramos Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Kara E. Ranaghan Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Christian Rankl Agilent Technologies Austria GmbH, Linz, Austria Dilson E. Rassier Departments of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Physics and Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada Emma L. Raven Department of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK Gunnar W. Reginsson Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK Jochen Reinstein Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany Elizabeth Rhoades Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Lars Ridder Molecular Design & Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, Oss, The Netherlands Netherlands eScience Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Lucy V. Roach The School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Gordon C. K. Roberts Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK Hugh P. C. Robinson Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Mattia Rocco Biopolymers and Proteomics Lab, AUO San Martino - IST, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy Daniel Barry Roche School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK Alison Rodger Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Marina V. Rodnina Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany Manfred Roessle European Molecular Biology Laboratory Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg, Germany Contributors lxxvii

Paul R. Rohde Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst (Sydney), NSW, Australia Matthew J. Rossi Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA Burkhard Rost Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany Arthur J. Rowe National Center for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK David Rueda Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA Thanyada Rungrotmongkol Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Bernhard Rupp Q.E.D. Life Science Discoveries, Inc., San Marcos, CA, USA Robert B. Russell Cell Networks, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany Nino Russo Department of Chemistry, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy Renae Ryan Discipline of Pharmacology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Sheila J. Sadeghi Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy Michael I. Sadowski Division of Mathematical Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK Harekrushna Sahoo Biotec/Biophysics Research Group, Technische Universit€at Dresden, Dresden, Germany Arash Sanamrad Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Mark P. S. Sansom Structural Bioinformatics and Computational Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Manuel J. Santander-Ortega Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK Michael Sattler Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen,€ Neuherberg, Germany Biomolecular NMR and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Department Chemie, TU Munchen,€ Garching, Germany Eliana Scemes Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA Andreas G. Schatzlein€ UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK Ruud M. Scheek Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands lxxviii Contributors

Gebhard F. X. Schertler Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Michael Schick Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Olav Schiemann Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK C. Schmitz Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands Gideon Schreiber Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Peter Schuck Laboratory of Cellular Imaging and Macromolecular Biophysics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, Bethesda, MD, USA Benjamin Schuler University of Zurich, Switzerland Chad Schwartz Nanobiotechnology Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Torsten Schwede Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Biozentrum University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Petra Schwille Biotec/Biophysics Research Group, Technische Universit€at Dresden, Dresden, Germany David J. Scott School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK John M. Seddon Membrane Biophysics Platform, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK Alexander M. Seifalian Division of Surgery & Interventional Sciences, Centre for Nanotechnology & Regenerative Medicine, University College London, London, UK Paul R. Selvin Center for the Physics of Living Cells, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA Hans Martin Senn WestCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK Louise Serpell School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex, UK Mark S. Shapiro Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA David J. Sharples Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Mark Shepherd Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Shefﬁeld, Shefﬁeld, UK School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK Contributors lxxix

Ichio Shimada Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Tatsuro Shimamura Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College, London, UK Hideyuki Shinzawa Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Masahiro Shirakawa Graduate school of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Ansgar B. Siemer Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine and University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Katie Simmons Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Jorg€ Simon Department of Biology, Technische Universit€at Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany Sivaraj Sivaramakrishnan Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA David R. Skoff Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA Shelby Skoog Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Spiros S. Skourtis Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus Mikhail N. Slipchenko Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Dieter Soll€ Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA Dirk-Jan Slotboom Department of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands Steven P. Smith Department of Biochemistry and Protein Function Discovery Facility, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada Kleitos Sokratous The School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Daniel Some Wyatt Technology Corporation, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Davide Sosso Carnegie Institution for Science, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, CA, USA Se´rgio Filipe Sousa Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Porto, Porto, Portugal lxxx Contributors

Thomas G. Spiro Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA David C. Spray Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA James A. Spudich Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

John L. Spudich Center for Membrane Biology, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA

Atul K. Srivastava Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India

Joerg Standfuss Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland

Peter Stanﬁeld School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

Edward Stevens Ion Channel Pharmacology, Neusentis UK, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK

Stefan Stoll Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA

Bradley M. Stone Department of Chemistry, San Jose State University, San Jose, CA, USA

Andrey V. Struts Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA Division of Medical Physics, St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia Sriram Subramaniam Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Wei Sun Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Margaret Sunde Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Jong Min Sung Departments of Biochemistry and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Shun’ichi Suzuki Ajinomoto Co. Inc., Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan

Dmitri I. Svergun European Molecular Biology Laboratory Hamburg Outstation, Hamburg, Germany

Heather J. Szerlong Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA

Edward Tan Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore Contributors lxxxi

Jilin Tang Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Institute for Biophysics, Linz, Austria Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chang Chun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun, China Kuo-Hsiang Tang Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA Ian A. Taylor Division of Molecular Structure, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK Boris Tenchov College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Institute of Biophysics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Soﬁa, Bulgaria Masahide Terazima Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Maya Thanou Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, London, UK Douglas D. Thomas Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA D. Peter Tieleman Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Biocomplexity and Informatics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Nico Tjandra Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Hidehito Tochio Graduate school of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Miroslav Tomschik Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA Marirosa Toscano Department of Chemistry, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy Christopher P. Toseland Institut fur€ Zellul€are Physiologie, Physiologisches Institut, Ludwig Maximilians Universit€at, Munich, Germany Clare-Louise Towse Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Anna Tramontano Department of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy Michael L. Tress Structural Biology and Biocomputing, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain Stephen W. Turner Paciﬁc Biosciences, Menlo Park, CA, USA Julio F. Turrens Department of Biomedical Sciences, Pat Capps Covey College of Allied Health Professions, University of South Alabama, AL, USA lxxxii Contributors

Arwen I. I. Tyler Membrane Biophysics Platform, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK Spyridon Tzamtzis Department of Mechanical Engineering, Cardiovascular Engineering & Medical Devices Group, University College London, London, UK Ijeoma F. Uchegbu UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK Eldon L. Ulrich Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA Cesare Usai Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Genoa, Italy Napolea˜o Fonseca Valadares Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sa˜o Carlos-SP, Brazil Alfonso Valencia Structural Biology and Biocomputing, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain Miguel A. Valvano Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada Bryan VanSchouwen McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Gabriele Varani Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seatte, WA, USA Lyubomir T. Vassilev Roche Research Center, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Nutley, NJ, USA Ilpo Vattulainen Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Madhvi J. Venkatesh Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA Salvador Ventura Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina and Departament de Bioquı´mica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain Dmitry Veprintsev Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Paola Vergani University College London, London, UK Cristiano Viappiani Department of Physics, University of Parma, Parma, Italy Giuseppe Vicidomini Department of Nanophysics, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Genoa, Italy

Gabriel Villar Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Contributors lxxxiii

Sam P. de Visser Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocenter and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Hans J. Vogel Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

S. J. de Vries Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands

B. A. Wallace Department of Crystallography, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK

Nils G. Walter Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Kylie J. Walters Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Michelle D. Wang Department of Physics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

KeWei Wang Department of Molecular & Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China Department of Neurobiology, Peking University School of Medicine, Beijing, China

Richard Ward Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK

Jeffrey J. Warren Department of Chemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

Anthony Watts Biomembrane Structure Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

L. Suzanne Weaver Fluidigm Corporation, South San Francisco, CA, USA

Martin R. Webb MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK

Hongping Wei State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China

Thomas Weidemann Biotec/Biophysics Research Group, Technische Universit€at Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Simone Weyand Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK Division of Molecular Biosciences, Membrane Protein Crystallography Group, Imperial College, London, UK

Michael J. Whitcombe Cranfield Health, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK

Lee Whitmore Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK lxxxiv Contributors

Linda Wildling Johannes Kepler University of Linz, Institute for Biophysics, Linz, Austria

Marc R. Wilkins Systems Biology Initiative, School of Biotechnology and Biomo- lecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Alan Williams Cardiff University School of Medicine, Wales Heart Research Institute, Cardiff, UK

Spencer John Williams School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia

Peter R. Wills Department of Physics, The University of Auckland, Auckland, NZ

Roland Winter Physical Chemistry – Biophysical Chemistry, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany

Wolfgang Wintermeyer Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max Planck Insti- tute of Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany

Donald J. Winzor Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

David Wishart Departments of Biological Sciences and Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

C. Wolf Applied Lipidomics Investigation, APLIPID Sarl, Laboratoire de Lipidomique, Faculte´ de Me´decine P et M Curie, UPMC, Paris, France

Sharla Wood Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA

Derek N. Woolfson School of Chemistry and School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, UK

Robert C. R. Wootton Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Paul Wormell School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia

Ernest M. Wright Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Albert M. Wu Glyco-Immunochemistry Research Lab, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan

Philip J. Wyatt Wyatt Technology Corporation, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Di Xia Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA

Eiki Yamashita Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan

Nieng Yan School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China Contributors lxxxv

Shi-Bing Yang Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Physiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Xiaojing Yang Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Yong Yao Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA Linda Yu Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA Chang-An Yu Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA Sami Yunus Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (Bio- and Soft Matter), Universite´ catholique de Louvain, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium Giuseppe Zaccai CNRS and Institut Laue Langevin, Grenoble, France Martin T. Zanni Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA Hui Zhang Nanobiotechnology Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA XueJuan Zhang Mathematical Department, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China Junjie Zhang Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Xian-En Zhang State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China Xiaowei Zhao Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA Rui Zhao Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Denver, USA Qinsi Zheng Tri-Institutional Program in Chemical Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA Volker Zickermann Molecular Bioenergetics Group, Medical School, Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt “Macromolecular Complexes,” Center for Membrane Proteo- mics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany Mathias Ziegler Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway Giovanni Zifarelli Istituto di Bioﬁsica, CNR, Genoa, Italy