Properties of Matrices and Inner and Outer

Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science Lecture 10: Algebraic Properties of Matrices; Transpose; Inner and

Frank Keller

School of Informatics University of Edinburgh [email protected]

February 23, 2010

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 1 Properties of Matrices Transpose and Trace Inner and Outer Product

1 Properties of Matrices and Multiplication Zero and Mid-lecture Problem

2 Transpose and Trace Definition Properties

3 Inner and Outer Product

Reading: Anton and Busby, Ch. 3.2

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 2 Addition and Properties of Matrices Transpose and Trace Zero and Identity Matrix Inner and Outer Product Mid-lecture Problem Addition and Scalar Multiplication

Matrix addition and scalar multiplication obey the laws familiar from the arithmetic with real . Theorem: Properties of Addition and Scalar Multiplication If a and b are scalars, and if the sizes of the matrices A, B, and C are such that the operations can be performed, then: A + B = B + A (cummutative law for addition) A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C (associative law for addition) (ab)A = a(bA) (a + b)A = aA + bA (a − b)A = aA − bA a(A + B) = aA + aB a(A − B) = aA − aB

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 3 Addition and Scalar Multiplication Properties of Matrices Matrix Multiplication Transpose and Trace Zero and Identity Matrix Inner and Outer Product Mid-lecture Problem Matrix Multiplication

However, matrix multiplication is not cummutative, i.e., in general AB 6= BA. There are three possible reasons for this: AB is defined, but BA is not (e.g., A is 2 × 3, B is 3 × 4); AB and BA are both defined, but differ in size (e.g., A is 2 × 3, B is 3 × 2); AB and BA are both defined and of the same size, but they are different.

Example −1 0 1 2 Assume A = B = then 2 3 3 0 −1 −2  3 6 AB = BA = 11 4 −3 0

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 4 Addition and Scalar Multiplication Properties of Matrices Matrix Multiplication Transpose and Trace Zero and Identity Matrix Inner and Outer Product Mid-lecture Problem Matrix Multiplication

While the cummutative law is not valid for matrix multiplication, many properties of multiplication of real numbers carry over. Theorem: Properties of Matrix Multiplication If a is a scalar, and if the sizes of the matrices A, B, and C are such that the operations can be performed, then:

A(BC) = (AB)C (associative law for multiplication) A(B + C) = AB + AC (left distributive law) (B + C)A = BA + CA (right distributive law) A(B − C) = AB − AC (B − C)A = BA − CA a(BC) = (aB)C = B(aC)

Therefore, we can write A + B + C and ABC without parentheses.

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 5 Addition and Scalar Multiplication Properties of Matrices Matrix Multiplication Transpose and Trace Zero and Identity Matrix Inner and Outer Product Mid-lecture Problem

A matrix whose entries are all zero is called a zero matrix. It is denoted as 0 or 0n×m if the matter. Examples 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   [0] 0 0   0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   0

The zero matrix 0 plays a role in matrix that is similar to that of 0 in the algebra of real numbers. But again, not all properties carry over.

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 6 Addition and Scalar Multiplication Properties of Matrices Matrix Multiplication Transpose and Trace Zero and Identity Matrix Inner and Outer Product Mid-lecture Problem Zero Matrix

Theorem: Properties of 0 If c is a scalar, and if the sizes of the matrices are such that the operations can be performed, then: A + 0 = 0 + A = A A − 0 = A A − A = A + (−A) = 0 0A = 0 if cA = 0 then c = 0 or A = 0

However, the cancellation law of real numbers does not hold for matrices: if ab = ac and a 6= 0, then not in general b = c.

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 7 Addition and Scalar Multiplication Properties of Matrices Matrix Multiplication Transpose and Trace Zero and Identity Matrix Inner and Outer Product Mid-lecture Problem Zero Matrix

Example 0 1 1 1 2 5 Assume A = B = C = . 0 2 3 4 3 4 3 4 It holds that AB = AC = . 6 8 So even though A 6= 0, we can’t conclude that B = C.

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 8 Addition and Scalar Multiplication Properties of Matrices Matrix Multiplication Transpose and Trace Zero and Identity Matrix Inner and Outer Product Mid-lecture Problem Mid-lecture Problem

We saw that if cA = 0 then c = 0 or A = 0. Does this extend to the matrix matrix product? In other words, can we conclude that if CA = 0 then C = 0 or A = 0? Example 0 1 Assume C = . 0 2 Can you come up with an A 6= 0 so that CA = 0?

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 9 Addition and Scalar Multiplication Properties of Matrices Matrix Multiplication Transpose and Trace Zero and Identity Matrix Inner and Outer Product Mid-lecture Problem Identity Matrix

A matrix with ones on the main and zeros everywhere else is an identity matrix. It is denoted as I or In to indicate the size Examples 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 [1] 0 1 0   0 1   0 0 1 0 0 0 1   0 0 0 1

The identity matrix I plays a role in matrix algebra similar to that of 1 in the algebra of real numbers, where a · 1 = 1 · a = a.

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 10 Addition and Scalar Multiplication Properties of Matrices Matrix Multiplication Transpose and Trace Zero and Identity Matrix Inner and Outer Product Mid-lecture Problem Identity Matrix

Multiplying an matrix with I will leave that matrix unchanged. Theorem: Identity

If A is an n × m matrix, then AIm = A and InA = A.

Examples 1 0 0 a a a  a a a  AI = 11 12 13 0 1 0 = 11 12 13 = A 3 a a a   a a a 21 22 23 0 0 1 21 22 23       1 0 a11 a12 a13 a11 a12 a13 I2A = = = A 0 1 a21 a22 a23 a21 a22 a23

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 11 Addition and Scalar Multiplication Properties of Matrices Matrix Multiplication Transpose and Trace Zero and Identity Matrix Inner and Outer Product Mid-lecture Problem Example: Representing Images

Assume we use matrices to represent greyscale images. If we multiply an with I then it remains unchanged:

255I = AI =

Recall that 0 is black, and 255 is white.

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 12 Properties of Matrices Definition Transpose and Trace Properties Inner and Outer Product Definition of the Transpose

Definition: Transpose If A is an m × n matrix, then the transpose of A, denoted by AT , is defined to be the n × m matrix that is obtained by making the T rows of A into columns: (A)ij = (A )ji .

Examples     a11 a12 a13 a14 2 3   A = a21 a22 a23 a24 B = 1 4 C = 1 3 −5 D = [4] a31 a32 a33 a34 5 6 a a a  11 21 31  1  a a a 2 1 5 AT =  12 22 32 BT = C T = 3 DT = [4] a a a  3 4 6    13 23 33 −5 a14 a24 a34

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 13 Properties of Matrices Definition Transpose and Trace Properties Inner and Outer Product Definition of the Trace

If A is a , we can obtain AT by interchanging the entries that are symmetrically positions about the main diagonal: −1 2 4  −1 3 5  A =  3 7 0  AT =  2 7 8  5 8 −6 4 0 −6

Definition: Trace If A is a square matrix, then the trace of A, denoted by tr(A), is defined to be the sum of the entries on the main diagonal of A.

tr(A) = tr(AT ) = −1 + 7 + (−6) = 0

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 14 Properties of Matrices Definition Transpose and Trace Properties Inner and Outer Product Properties of the Transpose

Theorem: Properties of the Transpose If the sizes of the matrices are such that the stated operations can be performed, then: (AT )T = A (A + B)T = AT + BT (A − B)T = AT − BT (kA)T = kAT (AB)T = BT AT

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 15 Properties of Matrices Definition Transpose and Trace Properties Inner and Outer Product Properties of the Trace

Theorem: Transpose and Au · v = u · AT v u · Av = AT u · v

Theorem: Properties of the Trace If A and B are square matrices of the same size, then: tr(AT ) = tr(A) tr(cA) = c tr(A) tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B) tr(A − B) = tr(A) − tr(B) tr(AB) = tr(BA)

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 16 Properties of Matrices Definition Transpose and Trace Properties Inner and Outer Product Example: Representing Images

We can transpose a matrix representing an image:

AT = (AT )T =

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 17 Properties of Matrices Transpose and Trace Inner and Outer Product Inner and Outer Product

Definition: Inner and Outer Product If u and v are column vectors with the same size, then uT v is the inner product of u and v; if u and v are column vectors of any size, then uvT is the outer product of u and v.

Theorem: Properties of Inner and Outer Product uT v = tr(uvT ) uT v = u · v = v · u = vT u tr(uvT ) = tr(vuT ) = u · v

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 18 Properties of Matrices Transpose and Trace Inner and Outer Product Inner and Outer Product

Examples −1 2 2 u = v = uT v = −1 3 = −1 · 2 + 3 · 5 = [13] = 13 3 5 5 −1 −1 · 2 −1 · 5 −2 −5 uvT = 2 5 = = 3 3 · 2 3 · 5 6 15

  v1 v2 uT v = u u ··· u    = [u v + u v + ··· + u v ] = u · v 1 2 n  .  1 1 2 2 n n  .    vn   u1 u1v1 u1v2 ··· u1vn u2 u2v1 u2v2 ··· u2vn uvT =   v v ··· v  =    .  1 2 n  . . .   .   . . .  un unv1 unv2 ··· unvn

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 19 Properties of Matrices Transpose and Trace Inner and Outer Product Summary

Matrix addition and scalar multiplication are cummutative, associative, and distributive; matrix multiplication is associative and distributive, but not cummutative: AB 6= BA; the zero matrix 0 consists of only zeros, the identity matrix I consists of ones on the diagonal and zeros everywhere else; T T transpose A :(A)ij = (A )ji ; trace tr(A): sum of the entries on the main diagonal; the trace and the transpose are distributive; inner product: uT v; outer product: uvT .

Frank Keller Computational Foundations of Cognitive Science 20