The Hagler Institute for Advanced Studies and The Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering Celebrating Applied , Featuring Stephen Chu The Rudder Forum Texas A&M University January 19, 2018

Prof. is the William R. Kenan, Jr., Professor of Physics and Professor of Molecular & Cellular Physiology at . He has published over 280 papers in atomic and , , biology, batteries and other energy technologies. He holds 14 patents, and an additional 6 patent applications have been filed in the past 2 years.

Dr. Chu was the 12th U.S. Secretary of Energy from January 2009 until the end of April 2013. As the first scientist to hold a Cabinet position and the longest serving Energy Secretary, he recruited outstanding scientists and engineers into the Department of Energy. He began several initiatives including ARPA‐E (Advanced Research Projects Agency – Energy), the Energy Innovation Hubs and was personally tasked by President Obama to assist BP in stopping the Deepwater Horizon oil leak.

Prior to his cabinet post, he was director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory where he was active in the pursuit of alternative and technologies and Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford University where he helped launch Bio‐X a multi‐disciplinary institute combining the physical and biological sciences with and engineering. Previously he was head of the Quantum Electronics Research Department at AT&T Bell Laboratories.

Dr. Chu is the co‐recipient of the for Physics (1997) for his contributions to cooling and atom trapping and has received numerous other awards. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the , and is a foreign member of the Royal Society, the Royal Academy of Engineering, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Korean Academy of Sciences and Technology. He received an A.B. degree in , a B.S. degree in physics from the , and a Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, as well as 31 honorary degrees.

9:30 AM Presentation: Science and Technology Challenges in Mitigating Risks

In order to keep the global increase in temperature well below 2 degrees C above pre‐industrial levels, deep decarbonization of the world energy supply will be required. The technical challenges and potential solutions will be discussed, including novel approaches we are exploring for the hydrolysis of water and the reduction of carbon dioxide.

4:10 PM Presentation: Nanotechnology Applications in Biological Imaging, Air Filtration

Our current applications nanotechnology to biological and biomedical imaging will be discussed. If time permits, optical microscopy studies of the super‐cooling of sulfur in lithium ion‐sulfur batteries will be included.

The Hagler Institute for Advanced Studies and The Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering Celebrating Applied Physics, Featuring Stephen Chu The Rudder Forum, Texas A&M University January 19, 2018

9:00 AM Coffee/Light Breakfast Rudder Exhibition Hall 2 9:20 AM Welcome John Junkins (HIAS Director) and Marlan Scully (IQSE Director) 9:30 AM Science and Technology Challenges in Mitigating Climate Change Risks Steven Chu, Stanford University

10:30 AM Affordable Isotope Production at the Pointsman Foundation Mark Raizen, University of Texas 11:00 AM H atoms in solid H2: To BEC or not to BEC , TAMU 11:30 AM Lunch 12:30 PM Dynamical Control of the Resonant Interaction: Towards new x‐ray sources Olga Kocharovskaya, TAMU 1:00 PM TERS in biology and electrochemistry Dmitry Kurouski, TAMU 1:30 PM Biosensing with Nanodiamonds and Other Nonbleaching Particles Philip Hemmer, TAMU 2:00 PM Laser Thermogenetic Stimulation and Quantum Thermometry of Single Neurons Aleksei Zheltikov, TAMU 2:30 PM Break, Rudder Exhibition Hall 2 3:00 PM Applying Molecular Coherence to Biophotonics Alexei Sokolov, TAMU 3:30 PM Whispering‐gallery‐mode Microresonators and Their Applications Lan Yang, Washington University, St. Louis 4:00 PM Welcome and Comments on Bio‐Physical Engineering Michael K. Young, President, TAMU 4:10 PM Nanotechnology Applications in Biological Imaging, Air Filtration Steven Chu, Stanford University Prof. Mark G. Raizen received his undergraduate degree in mathematics with honors from Tel‐Aviv University in 1980. He continued his graduate education at The University of Texas at Austin, under the guidance of (, 1979) and Jeff Kimble (California Institute of Technology). Raizen completed his Ph.D. in 1989. He then was awarded a National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder where he worked with Dr. David Wineland (Nobel Prize in Physics, 2012). Dr. Raizen returned to The University of Texas at Austin as an Assistant Professor of Physics in 1991. Dr. Raizen is now a tenured Full Professor of Physics at The University of Texas at Austin, and holds the Sid W. Richardson Foundation Regents Chair in Physics. He also holds a joint appointment as Professor of Medicine at the Dell Pediatric Research Institute. He is the recipient of the I. I. Rabi Prize (1999), the Prize (2002), and the Lamb Medal (2008), and a research award from the W.M. Keck Foundation (2015). Dr. Raizen is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and the Optical Society of America. Dr. Raizen directs an experimental research program, and in recent years developed general methods for cooling almost any atom in the periodic table near the absolute zero of temperature. Beyond basic physics, these same methods will transform the way that isotopes are separated, providing crucial isotopes for humanity.

10:30 AM Presentation: Affordable Isotope Production at the Pointsman Foundation

Isotopes of the elements offer great promise in medicine, basic science, and industry, but widespread use has been held back by their extreme cost. We have developed a new and efficient method for isotope separation, as an unexpected offshoot of basic physics research. The application of this work towards affordable isotope production is being pursued at the Pointsman Foundation, a non‐profit entity with the mission of bringing advances in the physical sciences to benefit humanity.

Prof. David M. Lee was born in Rye, N.Y. USA on January 20, 1931. He attended (Physics B.A., 1952), University of Connecticut (Physics M.S., 1955), and (Physics Ph.D., 1959). He served in the U.S. Army 1952‐1954. In early 1959, he joined the Physics Department at where he remained until 2009, when he joined the Department of Physics and Astronomy and the IQSE at Texas A&M University. Throughout his career, he has been active in low temperature physics. Along with his graduate student Douglas D. Osheroff and Cornell colleague Robert C. Richardson, he was awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of in ‐3.

11:00 AM Presentation: H atoms in solid H2: To BEC or not to BEC

Electron spin resonance experiments at temperatures between 1.5 K and 0.09 K in a magnetic field of 4.6 Tesla in thin films (of order 0.1 microns) containing atomic and molecular hydrogen have been performed . The electron spins of the H atoms are already highly polarized in this temperature and field range. Evidence is provided to show that a phase separation occurs into phases with high and low concentrations of H atoms, respectively. The high atom concentration phase shows large nuclear polarizations (far in excess of that by the Boltzmann distribution) possibly attributable to strong Bose‐ Einstein correlations. If the H atom concentration is high enough, this might lead to a liquid phase which may therefore exhibit superfluid behavior or a topologically ordered phase such as that discussed by Kosterlitz and Thouless.

Prof. Olga A. Kocharovskaya’s research is focused on Quantum, Coherent and Nonlinear Optics, Quantum Information Science, Attosecond Physics and X‐ray Optics. She has made pioneering and seminal contributions in Electromagnetically Induced Transparency, Lasing Without Inversion and Coherent Control of the Nuclear Transitions. Before joining the Physics Department at TAMU in 1998, she held the Leading Scientist position at the Institute of Applied Physics at the Russian Academy of Sciences and held an adjunct Independent Researcher position at the Free University of Brussels. She is a Fellow of both the American Physical Society and the Optical Society of America. She has received the Distinguished Scientist Award of the Texas A&M University Chapter of Sigma Xi, University Distinguished Professor Award, Association of Former Students and Texas A&M University Distinguished Achievement Award in Research, as well as the Award for achievements in laser science and quantum electronics and the Outstanding Young Professor of the Russian Federation Award of the Russian Academy of Science.

12:30 PM Presentation: Dynamical Control of the Resonant Interaction: Towards new x‐ray sources

The possibilities to dynamically control an interaction of high‐frequency radiation with a resonant medium (atomic and nuclear transitions in gases, plasmas or solids) by variation in time and in space of the parameters of such interaction under the action of the sufficiently strong far‐off‐resonant low‐ frequency field will be discussed. Recent advantage on the way to coherent intense attosecond sources in the soft ‐ ray range and suggest two paths towards intense coherent sub‐femtosecond pulses in the soft x‐ray range, namely: (i) time‐compression of ps radiation of the x‐ray plasma without essential loss of the energy; (ii) amplification of the high‐harmonic radiation, will be reviewed. It will be shown that both paths can be implemented using essentially the same technique, namely, modulation of the resonantly absorbing/amplifying medium by a moderately strong IR/optical field. Finally, the application of such dynamical control for spectral enhancement of the XFELs radiation, manipulation of the waveforms of the individual hard x‐ray photons, new techniques of quantum atomic‐optical and x‐ rays‐nuclear memories will be discussed.

Prof. Dmitry Kurouski is a professor in the Department of and Biophysics. He received his Ph.D. from SUNY in Albany where he investigated protein aggregation and amyloid fibril formation using deep UV resonance (DUVRR), surface (SERS) and tip (TERS) enhanced Raman . Current research interests include investigations into the structural organization of amyloid oligomers and mechanisms and dynamics of electrochemical and electrocatalysis processes at nanoscale.

1:00 PM Presentation: TERS in biology and electrochemistry (Kurouski’s)

Tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is a unique label‐free spectroscopic technique that allows for imaging an analyzed specimen with a sub‐nanometer spatial resolution. This is due to 1) extremely high confinement of an electromagnetic field at the apex of the scanning probe and 2) precise positioning of the scanning probe at the surface of the analyzed specimen. Most of chemical groups have unique vibrational bands in Raman spectra. Therefore, in the obtained TERS image a particular chemical structure, as well as a co‐localization of such structures, can be clearly visualized. This makes TERS highly desirable for biological applications. For instance, TERS can be used to probe protein secondary structure and amino acid composition of amyloid fibrils and reveal cytochrome c oxidation in mitochondria. The scanning probe can easily be withdrawn from the analyzed surface after spectral acquisition, which makes this analytic technique minimally invasive. Therefore, TERS is the ideal candidate for detection and identification of dyes and colorants directly in the artwork. Finally, TERS is capable of monitoring electrochemical and catalytic reactions at the nanoscale. Specifically, TERS allows to measure rates of electrochemical reactions at various surface defects, such as adatoms, step‐edges and vacancies. These facts highlight the growth of TERS as a powerful analytical technique with far reaching practical implications.

Prof. Philip Hemmer received his B.S. in physics from the University of Dayton, and his Ph.D. in physics from MIT. He worked many years as a for the Air Force Research Laboratory at Hanscom Air Force Base, MA. Since 2002, he has been with the Electrical & Computer Engineering Department at Texas A&M University. His current research interests include especially with nitrogen‐vacancy diamond, subwavelength imaging, quantum computing in solids, plasmon‐based nano‐optics, slow and stopped light, and ultrasound imaging.

1:30 PM Presentation: Biosensing with Nanodiamonds and Other Nonbleaching Particles

New opportunities for bio‐sensing with ultra‐small non‐bleaching fluorescent tags will be discussed. In contrast to the usual dye molecules and colloidal quantum dots, these particles have very low toxicity. Nanodiamonds in particular have unique opportunities for magnetic field sensing. In addition, new color centers are continually being found that have narrowband emission throughout the optical to near infrared bands, and are therefore suitable for multi‐color microscopy. Rare earth doped phosphor nanoparticles are also useful for applications like temperature sensing and have the advantage that they can produce up‐converted fluorescence at low excitation intensities, thereby overcoming the problem of background biofluorescence in tissue. Some of our recent demonstration experiments, including our efforts to engineer new nanodiamonds and nanophosphors which are optimized for bio‐sensing applications, will be discussed.

Prof. Aleksei Zheltikov received his PhD, as well as his Doctor of Science degree from M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1990 and 1999, respectively. He became a full professor at M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University in 2000. Since 2010, he is a professor at Texas A&M University. He is also the head of Advanced Photonics international laboratory at the Russian Quantum Center since 2012 and the head of Neurophotonics Laboratory at Kurchatov Institute Russian Research Center since 2010. His research is focused on ultrafast nonlinear optics and biophotonics. Author of more than 600 publications in peer‐reviewed journals. The winner of the Russian Federation State Prize for young researchers (1997), Lamb Award for achievements in quantum electronics (2010), Shuvalov Prize for research at Moscow State University (2001), and Kurchatov Prize for achievements in neurophotonics (2014).

2:00 PM Presentation: Laser Thermogenetic Stimulation and Quantum Thermometry of Single Neurons

If extended to atmospheric air, soliton‐assisted pulse self‐compression scenarios would open unique opportunities for a long‐distance transmission of high‐peak‐power laser pulses and remote sensing of the atmosphere. For molecular gases, general causality arguments allow dispersion anomalies only near or within molecular absorption bands. For most of these bands, dispersion anomalies are too narrowband to support compression to ultrashort pulse widths. Moreover, as a universal tendency, the steepness of dispersion profiles of molecular gases dramatically increases near the edges of molecular absorption bands, giving rise to strong highorder dispersion, which is detrimental for the quality of ultrashort laser pulses. Whether or not such dispersion anomalies are suitable for pulse compression is far from clear. It will be shown in this talk, both experimentally and theoretically, that, despite all these difficulties, dispersion anomalies provided by molecular bands in air can provide, when combined with optical nonlinearity of air, a highly efficient self‐compression of high‐peak‐power pulses in the mid‐ infrared. Specfically, it will be demonstrated that this pulse self‐compression, which occurs as a part of freebeam spatiotemporal field evolution within the regions of anomalous dispersion in air, can yield few‐cycle field waveforms whose peak power is substantially higher than the peak power of the input pulses. Ultrashort high‐peak‐power 3.9‐μm laser pulses are shown to exhibit such selfcompression dynamics when exposed to the dispersion anomaly of air induced by the asymmetric‐stretch rovibrational band of carbon dioxide. Even though the group‐velocity dispersion cannot be even defined as a single constant for the entire bandwidth of mid‐IR laser pulses used in experiments, with all soliton transients shattered by high‐order dispersion, 100 – 200 GW, 100fs, 3.9μm laser pulses can be compressed in this regime to 35 fs subterawatt field waveforms. Unlike filamentation‐assisted pulse compression, the pulse self‐compression scenario identified in this work does not involve any noticeable ionization of air, enabling an ionization‐loss‐free whole‐beam self‐compression of mid‐infrared laser pulses within a broad range of peak powers.

Prof. Alexei Sokolov obtained an M. S. from Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (1994), and a Physics Ph. D. from Stanford University (2001). Currently at Texas A&M University, Sokolov holds a Professor position in Physics and Astronomy, and a Stephen Harris Professorship in Quantum Optics. His overall expertise is in the field of laser physics, nonlinear optics, ultrafast science and spectroscopy. His research interests center around applications of molecular coherence to quantum optics, ultrafast laser science and technology, including generation of sub‐cycle optical pulses with prescribed temporal shape and studies of ultrafast atomic, molecular, and nuclear processes, as well as applications of quantum coherence in biological, medical and defense‐oriented areas. Sokolov is a Fellow of OSA (2009) and APS (2015), and a Presidential Impact Fellow (Texas A&M University, 2017); his awards include the Lomb Medal (OSA, 2003), the Research Innovation Award (Research Corporation, 2003), the Hyer Award (TX section APS, 2007), and the Treat Award (Texas A&M Research Foundation, 2011).

3:00 PM Presentation: Applying Molecular Coherence to Biophotonics

Molecular coherence corresponds to a situation when all molecules in a macroscopic sample oscillate in unison, or, in the language of quantum mechanics, to a situation where a molecular ensemble is prepared in a vibrational superposition state. A high degree of coherence can lead to astonishing results. While atomic coherence has been notably used in electromagnetically induced transparency, ultraslow light propagation, and lasing without inversion, molecular coherence finds applications in coherent Raman spectroscopic detection and sensing. Coherence yields the famous N2 signal enhancement, compared to spontaneous Raman spectroscopy. Another remarkable example is a technique termed molecular modulation, which allows ultrafast laser pulse shaping and non‐sinusoidal field synthesis via coherent Raman generation. Experimentally, the molecular‐modulation light source is characterized by a bandwidth spanning infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectral regions, generating bursts of light synchronized with respect to the molecular oscillations. Controlled spectral, temporal, and spatial shaping of the resultant waveform may allow production of space‐ and time‐tailored sub‐cycle optical fields. An intriguing possibility is to use space‐tailored fields with the characteristic spatial‐structure size approaching the nanometer scale of single molecules; this can be achieved via designer nano‐antennas.

Prof. Lan Yang is the Edwin H. & Florence G. Skinner Professor at the University of Washington in St. Louis, where she runs the Laboratory of Micro/Nano Photonics Research Group in the School of Engineering & Applied Science. In 2010, she earned a National Science Foundation CAREER Award and in 2011, she was honored by President with a Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE). The early career award is the highest honor bestowed by the United States government on science and engineering professionals in the early stages of their research careers.

3:30 PM Presentation: Whispering‐gallery‐mode Microresonators and Their Applications

Light‐matter interactions are the fundamental basis for many phenomena and processes in optical devices. Ultra‐high‐quality whispering‐gallery‐mode (WGM) optical micro‐resonators provide unprecedented capability to trap light in a highly confined volume smaller than a strand of human hair; a light beam can travel around the boundary of a WGM resonator over 106 times, which significantly enhances light‐matter interactions, leading to a wealth of new scientific discoveries and technological breakthroughs difficult to achieve by other devices. In this talk, after briefly introducing the physical concepts of WGM microresonators and providing an overview of the research discoveries in the past twenty years, the recent progress in my group towards developing functional platforms using high‐Q WGM microresonators and microlasers will be reported. Specifically, ultra‐high‐Q microresonators and microlasers for ultra‐sensitive detection of nanoscale objects will be discussed and a self‐referencing sensing scheme for detection and sizing of single virion, dielectric and metallic nanoparticles will be explained. These advancements in WGM microresonators will enable a new class of ultra‐sensitive and low‐power sensors for investigating the properties and kinetic behaviors of nanomaterials, nanostructures, and nanoscale phenomena. Afterwards, our recent exploration of fundamental physics, such as parity‐time symmetry (PT‐symmetry) and light‐matter interactions around exceptional points (EPs), in high‐quality WGM resonators, which can be used to achieve a new generation of optical systems enabling unconventional control of light flow will be discussed. Examples including nonreciprocal light transmission, loss induced revival of lasing, chiral modes for directional lasing emission, and EPs enhanced sensing, will be introduced. In conclusion, a new generic and hand‐held microresonator platform that was transformed from a table‐top setup, which might help release the power of high‐Q WGM resonator technologies, will be presented.

Pres. Michael K. Young became the 25th President of Texas A&M University on May 1, 2015, bringing a proven track record of academic leadership.

As president and tenured Professor of Law at the University of Washington from 2011 to 2015, he led the nation’s top public university in competing for federal research funding, as well as its ambitious plan to double the number of new companies based on UW research. He also launched the Global Innovation Exchange, a partnership in the State of Washington between the University of Washington, a major Chinese university and European universities. The University also more than doubled its fundraising during his tenure. Prior to that, he served as President and Distinguished Professor of Law at the University of Utah. Under President Young’s leadership, Utah raised its stature nationally and internationally, including becoming the nation’s top university in the number of new companies generated from university research. The University also built over a million square feet of academic and research space under President Young’s leadership.

Before assuming the presidency at Utah, he was Dean and Lobingier Professor of Comparative Law and Jurisprudence at the George Washington University Law School, and before that he was a professor at Columbia University for more than 20 years. He also has been a visiting professor and is an eminent scholar at three universities in .

A graduate of Harvard Law School, President Young has broad experience across legal, public service, and diplomatic arenas. He served as a law clerk to the late Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist of the U.S. Supreme Court, and he has held a number of government positions, including Deputy Under Secretary for Economic and Agricultural Affairs, and Ambassador for Trade and Environmental Affairs in the Department of State during the administration of President George H.W. Bush. Among many other international agreements, President Young worked extensively on the treaties related to German unification, as well as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Uruguay Round negotiations leading to the World Trade Organization, and the U.N. Conference on Environment and Development. Subsequently, President Young served eight years on the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, which he chaired on two separate occasions. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and a fellow of the American Bar Foundation.

4:00 PM Presentation: Welcome and Comments on Bio‐Physical Engineering

Notes