"The effects could well be called unprecedented, magnificent, beautiful, stupendous and terrifying. No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever occurred before. The lighting effects beggared description. The whole country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times that of the midday sun." -Brig. Gen. Thomas lfarreH

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~ WSMR flickr whltesandsmissilerange www.wsmr.army.mil RADIATION BASICS

Radiation comes from the nucleus of heavy clothing. individual atoms. Simple atoms like oxygen The third form of nuclear radiation is are very stable. Its nucleus has eight pro­ the gamma ray. This is a type of electro­ tons and eight neutrons and holds together magnetic radiation like visible light, radio well. waves and X-rays. They travel at the speed The nucleus of a complex atom like of light. It takes at least an inch of lead or is not as stable. Uranium has eight inches of concrete to stop them. 92 protons and 146 neutrons in its core. _ Finally, neutrons are also emitted by These unstable atoms tend to break down some radioactive substances. Neutrons are into more stable, simpler forms. When this very penetrating but are not as common happens the atom emits subatomic particles in nature. Neutrons have the capability of and gamma rays. This is where the word striking the nucleus of another atom and "radiation" comes from -- the atom radiates changing a stable atom into an unstable, particles and rays. and therefore, radioactive one. Neutrons emitted in nuclear reactors are contained in A tom Emissions the reactor vessel or shielding and cause the vessel walls to become radioactive. --- Health are concerned Radioactive elements emit these radia­ with four emissions from the nucleus of tions until they have reached a stable state. these atoms. One of these radiations is the For some man-made radioactive materials alpha particle which is relatively large and this occurs in a few seconds. For other travels fairly slowly compared to other atom­ elements a small amount can emit radiation ic particles. Alpha particles are composed of for thousands of years. As they break down two protons and two neutrons. They travel they turn into other elements. about one to three inches in the air and are At ground zero, the elements emitting easily stopped by a sheet of paper. gamma rays and alpha and beta particles Another radiation is the beta particle, are Europium, Cesium, Cobalt, Strontium basically a very light electron that moves at and . less than the speed of light. These particles Sources for information about radiation are more energetic than alpha particles, but are the American Nuclear Society, www. can be stopped by a thin sheet of metal or ans.erg, and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, www.nrc.gov.

pagel RADIATION AT SITE

Radiation levels in the fenced, lirems of exposure every year compared ground zero area are very low. The maxi­ to living in a frame house. Finally, flying mum levels are only 1O times greater than coast to coast by jet gives an exposure of the region's natural background radiation. about two millirems. Many places on Earth are naturally more One source of radiation exposure radioactive than Trinity Site. not considered in old calculations is from A one-hour visit to the inner fenced radon gas. Scientists now estimate that area will result in a whole body exposure Americans average 200 millirems of expo­ of one-half to one millirem. The levels sure per year from radon. vary from place to place, depending on Trinitite, the green glassy substance the concentration of Trinitite buried at any found in the ground zero area, contains one spot. several radioactive elements and is an To put this in perspective, Americans alpha and beta particle emitter. receive an average of 620 millirems every Although radiation levels at ground year from natural and medical sourc- zero are low, some feel any extra expo­ es. For instance, the American Nuclear sure should be avoided. The decision is Society estimates we receive between yours. 20 and 70 millirems every year from the Typical radiation exposures per year sun, depending on what elevation we live. for U.S. citizens according to the Ameri­ We receive about 40 millirems every year can Nuclear Society are listed in the chart from our food. Living in a brick, stone, below. adobe or concrete house adds seven mil-

Facts albout iradnatfton * One hour at Trinity Site ground zero = one half mrem * Cosmic rays from space = 47 mrem at Denver, 28 mrem at St Louis * Radioactive minerals in rocks and soil = 63 mrems on Colorado Plateau * Radioactivity from air, water and food = about 240 mrem *A chest X-ray= 10 mrem and a CAT Scan= 700 mrem * Watching television = less than one mrem per year * Wearing a plutonium-powered pacemaker =100 mrem * Coast to coast commercial flight= two mrem page2 Trinity Site N ationail Historic Landbrnairk

Trinity Site is where the first atomic electromagnetic process plants were built to bomb was tested at 5:29:45 a.m. Mountain separate uranium 235 from its more com­ War Time on July 16, 1945. The 19-kilo­ mon form, uranium 238. Hanford, Washing­ ton explosion not only led to a quick end to ton, became the home for nuclear reactors the war in the Pacific but also ushered the which produced a new element called pluto­ world into the . All life on Earth nium. Both uranium 235 and plutonium are has been touched by the event, which took fissionable and can be used to produce an place here. atomic explosion. The 51,500-acre area was declared Los Alamos National Lab was es­ a national historic landmark in 1975. The tablished in northern with a pri­ landmark includes base camp, where the mary purpose of designing and building the scientists and support group lived; ground bomb. At Los Alamos many of the greatest zero, where the bomb was placed for the scientific minds of the day labored over the explosion; and the Schmidt/McDonald ranch theory and actual construction of the de­ house, where the plutonium core to the vice. The group was led by Dr. J. Robert bomb was assembled. Visitors to a Trinity Oppenheimer who is credited with being Site Open House are given the opportunity the driving force behind building a workable to visit ground zero and the ranch house. bomb by the end of the war. In addition, one of the old instrumentation bunkers is visible beside the road just west he theory of ground zero. T Los Alamos scientists devised two designs for an atomic bomb--one The using uranium 235 and another using plutonium. The uranium bomb was a --The story of Trinity Site begins with simple design and scientists were confi­ the formation of the Manhattan Project in dent it would work without testing. The June of 1942. The project was given overall plutonium bomb was more complex and responsibility for designing and building an worked by compressing the plutonium into atomic bomb. At the time it was a race to a to sustain a chain reaction. beat the Germans who, according to in­ The compression of the plutonium ball telligence reports, were building their own was to be accomplished by surrounding atomic bomb. it with lense-shaped charges of conven­ Under the Manhattan Project three tional explosives. They were designed to large facilities were constructed. At Oak all explode at the same instant. The force Ridge, huge gas diffusion and would be directed inward, thus smashing page3 the plutonium from all sides. could be used as a weapon of war. From a In an atomic explosion, a chain reac­ list of eight sites in , Texas, New tion picks up speed as atoms split, releas­ Mexico and Colorado, Trinity Site was cho­ ing neutrons plus great amounts of energy. sen as the test site. The area was already The escaping neutrons strike and split more controlled by the government because it atoms, thus releasing still more neutrons was part of the Alamogordo Bombing and and energy. In a this all Gunnery Range which was established in occurs in a millionth of a second with bil­ 1942. lions of atoms being split. The secluded Jornada del Muerto was perfect as it provided isolation for se­ Building the test site crecy and safety, but was still close to Los Alamos for easy commuting back and forth. _ Project leaders decided a test of In the fall of 1944 soldiers started arriving at the plutonium bomb was essential before it Trinity Site to prepare for the test. Through- • ·· Eal The bomb case was built In the late 1940s, during World War II. It was used for training air and ground crews that handled nuclear weapons. The bomb dropped on , August 9,1945. This type of bomb was tested at Trinity Site In southern New Mexico July 16, 1945. •Weight -10,800 pounds • Length-128 Inches Subcritlcal mass • Diameter - 60 Inches • !}e+1•T" equivalent to 21,000 tons · · ~ • Flsalle material - Plutonlum-239

Fat Man was a complicated Chemical plutonium weapon. One of the two explosive original bomb designs, Fat Man was named for Prime Minister Winston Fat Man1 which was designed and Churchill, the wartime British bullt at LOS Alamos, was an leader. Implosion-type bomb. It consisted of a core of plutonlum-239 surrounded by explosive chemicals. When t he explosives were detonated proper!~ the shock compressed the flsslonable m aterial at the core, Increasing Its density and m aking It supercrltlcal, or able to sustain an explosive nuclear reaction. Graphic courtHJ' of the Bradbur:r Science M•-· Los Alamos Natl-I Lllborat

p age4 A view of the east side of base camp. In the left foreground is the Dave McDonald ranch house, not to be confused with the George McDonald Ranch House where the bomb's core was assembled.

Camp engineers (from Sgt. Carl Rudder's scrap book) are labeled: 1st row: Kilmer, Frenchie, Bentley, Leary, Spry, Raub, Kemp, Stockton and Rauldolph. 2nd row; Carden, Cox, Harrison, King, Bres, Sigler, Matthews, "Weadle-Walve" and Capt. Gueary. p ages feet long, 1 O feet in diameter and weighed umbo 214 tons. Scientists were planning to sus­ The bomb design to be used at Trini­ pend the bomb in the center of this huge I ty Site actually involved two explo­ steel jug because it could contain the TNT sions. First there would be a conventional explosion if the chain reaction failed to ma­ explosion involving the TNT and then a frac­ terialize. This would prevent the plutonium tion of a second later, the nuclear explosion, from being lost. If the explosion occurred if a chain reaction was maintained. The sci­ as planned, Jumbo would be vaporized. entists were sure the TNT would explode, Jumbo was brought to Pope, New but were initially unsure of the plutonium. If Mexico, by rail and unloaded. A special­ the chain reaction failed to occur, the TNT ly-built trailer with 64 wheels was used to would blow the very rare and dangerous move Jumbo the 25 miles to Trinity Site. plutonium all over the countryside. As confidence in the plutonium Because of this possibility, Jumbo bomb design grew it was decided not to use was designed and built. Originally it was 25 Jumbo. Instead, Jumbo was placed under

Jumbo is unloaded at the railroad siding called Pope, N.M. Jumbo was

manufactured in Ohio by Babcock and Wilcox. p agc6 a steel tower about 800 yards from ground Hempelmann inserted a small amount of zero. The blast destroyed the tower, but radioactive material from Hanford into tubes Jumbo survived intact. running through the stack of crates. The Today Jumbo rests at the entrance to scientists hoped to get a feel for how the ground zero so all can see it. The ends radiation might spread in the atomic test are missing because, in 1946, the Army by analyzing this test. The explosion de­ detonated eight 500-pound bombs inside it. stroyed the platform, leaving a small crater Because Jumbo was standing on end, the with trace amounts of radiation. bombs were stacked in the bottom and the asymmetry of the explosion blew the ends Bomb assembly off. To calibrate the instruments which _ On July 12 the two hemispheres would be measuring the atomic explosion of plutonium were carried to the and to practice a countdown, the Man­ George McDonald ranch house two miles hattan Project scientists ran a simulated from ground zero. At the house, Brig. Gen. nuclear blast on May 7. They stacked 100 , deputy to Maj. Gen. Les­ tons of TNT onto a 20-foot wooden plat­ lie Groves, was asked to sign a receipt for form just southeast of ground zero. Louis the plutonium. Farrell later said, "I recall

Scientists load the plutonium core into a Chrysler Plymouth. They drove two miles to ground zero to assemble the bomb on top of the 100- foot tower.

p agc7 that I asked them if I was going to sign for ber of the assembly team, they tried to use it, shouldn't I take it and handle it. So I only tools and materials from a special kit. took this heavy ball in my hand and I felt Several of these kits existed and some were it growing warm. I got a certain sense of already on their way to , the island its hidden power. It wasn't a cold piece in the Pacific which was the base for the of metal, but it was really a piece of metal bombers. The idea was to test the proce­ that seemed to be working inside. Then, dures and tools at Trinity, as well as the maybe for the first time, I began to believe bomb itself. some of the fantastic tales the scientists At one minute past midnight on Friday, July 13, the explosive assembly left had told about this ." Los Alamos for Trinity Site. Later in the morning, assembly of the plutonium core "I recall that I asked them began. if I was going to sign for it, According to , was the advisor and Mar­ shouldn't I take it and handle shall Holloway and had it. So I took this heavy ball in overall responsibility. Louis Slatin, Boyce my hand and I felt it growing McDaniel and Cyril Smith were responsible for the mechanical assembly in the ranch warm. I got a certain sense of its house. Later Holloway was responsible for hidden power. It wasn't a cold the mechanical assembly at the tower. In the afternoon of the 13th the core was piece of metal, but it was really taken to ground zero for insertion into the a piece of metal that seemed bomb mechanism. The bomb was assembled under to be working inside. Then, the tower July 13. The plutonium core was maybe for the first time, I began inserted into the device with some difficul­ ty. On the first try it stuck. After letting the to believe some of the fantastic temperatures of the plutonium and casing tales the scientists had told equalize the core slid smoothly into place. Once the assembly was complete many about this nuclear power:' of the men took a welcome relief and went -Brig. Gen. Thomas Farrell swimming in the water tank east of the Mc­ Donald ranch house. At the McDonald ranch house the The next morning the entire bomb master bedroom had been turned into a was raised to the top of the 100-foot steel clean room for the assembly of the bomb tower and placed in a small shelter. A crew core. According to Robert Bacher, a mem- then attached all the detonators and by 5 p.m. it was complete. pages The 100-foot steel tower at ground zero. At the top is a small shelter to protect the bomb during final assembly. The bomb was not dropped from the tower but was stationary at detonation. The tower was vaporized in the blast.

This Carl Rudder photo shows what was left of the footings from the 100-foot tower after the blast.

p age9 shock wave and sound that arrived lat­ he test er. Many witnesses remember the sound bouncing off the mountains creating an Three observation points were T echoing effect. established at 10,000 yards from -- , one of the contribut­ ground zero. None of the manned bunkers ing scientists, wrote "it looked like a giant are left. magnesium flare which kept on for what These were wooden shelters pro­ seemed a whole minute but was actually tected by concrete and earth. The south one or two seconds. The white ball grew bunker served as the control center for the and after a few seconds became clouded test. The automatic firing device was trig­ with dust whipped up by the explosion gered from there as key men such as Dr. J. from the ground and rose and left behind a Robert Oppenheimer, head of Los Alamos black trail of dust particles." National Lab, watched. Joe McKibben, another scientist Many scientists and support per­ said, "We had a lot of flood lights on for' sonnel, including Maj. Gen. taking movies of the control panel. When head of the Manhattan Project, watched ' the bomb went off, the lights were drowned the explosion from base camp which was out by the big light coming in through the ten miles southwest of ground zero. All of 11 open door in the back. the buildings at base camp were removed Others were impressed by the heat after the test. Most visiting VIPs, like Ed­ they immediately felt. Military policeman ward Teller, watched from Compania Hill D~vis said, 'The heat was like opening up 20 miles northwest of ground zero. ' an oven door, even at 1O miles." Dr. Phillip The test was scheduled for 4 a.m. Morrison said, "Suddenly, not only was July 16, but rain and lightning early that there a bright light but where we were 1o morning caused it to be postponed. The miles away, there was the heat of the ~un devi~~ could not be exploded under rainy on our faces .... Then, only minutes later, cond1t1ons because rain and winds would the real sun rose_ and again you felt the increase the danger from radioactive fallout same heat to the face from the sunrise. So and interfere with observation of the test. 11 we saw two sunrises. At 4:45 a.m. the crucial weather report Visitors sometimes ask about came through announcing calm to light soldiers watching the test from trenches. winds with broken clouds for the following That took place during tests in , two hours. not at Trinity Site. Personnel were at least At 5:10 a.m. the countdown started and at 10,000 yards from ground zero and they 5:29:45 the device exploded successfully. were in bunkers. The test was conducted To most observers the brilliance to see if the bomb would work and to mea- of the light from the explosion watched through dark glasses overshadowed the sure its yield. page 10

fter the explosion 240 feet in diameter. Most eyewitnesses describe the area as more of a small de­ A Although no information on the test pression instead of a distinct crater. --- was released until after the atom­ The heat of the blast vaporized the ic bomb was used as a weapon against steel tower and melted the desert sand and Japan, turned it into a people in green glassy New Mex­ substance. It ico knew was called something Trinitite and had hap­ small pieces pened. can still be The shock seen in the wave area. At one broke time Trinitite windows covered much 120 miles of the depres­ away and sion made by was felt the explosion. by many Afterward the at least depression 160 miles was filled and away. much of the Army Trinitite was officials taken away simply by the Atomic stated Energy Com­ that a mission. munitions To the west of storage the monument area had is a low struc­ accidently ture which exploded is protecting at the Al­ an original amogordo portion of the Bombing crater area. Range. In 2004, members of the missile The explosion did not make much range's Public Affairs Office began assisting of a crater. It was about four feet deep and Los Alamos National Lab scientists Robert p age 12 Hermes and William Strickfaden in a fresh chmidt/McDonald House look at Trinitite and how it was formed. s The two published the results of their in­ vestigation in the Fall 2005 issue of "Nucle­ - The George McDonald ranch house ar Weapons Journal." sits within an 85'x85' low stone wall. The The two scientists were puzzled house was built in 1913 by Franz Schmidt, by spheroids within pieces of Trinitite. The a German immigrant. An addition on the spheroids looked like little droplets and north side was constructed in the 1930s suggested that instead of being baked by the McDonalds. A display about the below the explosion like a giant trinitite Schmidt family is in the house during each brulee, the desert sand was first scooped open house. up into the fireball. Inside the fireball, the The ranch house is a one-story, melted sand behaved just as water does in 1, 750 square-foot building. It is built of a regular cloud: tiny droplets aggregated adobe which was plastered and painted. into bigger droplets that became too heavy An ice house is located on the west side to remain suspended and fell as a rain of along with an underground cistern which molten glass. stored rain water running off the roof. At "Much of the layer was formed not one time the north addition contained a toi­ on the ground but by a rain of material let and bathtub which drained into a septic injected into the fireball that melted, fell tank northwest of the house. back, and collected on the hot sand to form There is a large, divided water the observed puddles of Trinitite, especially storage tank and a Chicago Aeromotor within the radius_of the hottest part of the windmill east of the house. The scientists event," the study concluded. "After falling and support people used the north tank as to the ground, the top surface of the Trin­ a swimming pool during the long hot sum­ itite layer was still heated somewhat by mer of 1945. South of the windmill are the the fireball and thus developed a smooth remains of a bunkhouse and a barn which surface." was part garage. Further to the east are "We calculated an average fireball corrals and holding pens. The buildings temperature of 8,430 Kelvin," they report­ and fixtures east of the house were stabi­ ed. That's 14,710 degrees Fahrenheit. lized to prevent further deterioration. The new theory explains the tiny The ranch was abandoned in 1942 spheres of glass found onsite as drops that when the Alamogordo Bombing and Gun­ cooled and hardened enough to keep their nery Range took over the land to use in shape when they hit the ground. It also training World War II bombing crews. The explains why there was Trinitite found on house stood empty until the Manhattan top of the outer edges of the asphalt used Project support personnel arrived in early 1945. around the 100-foot tower and on some page 13 Inside the house the northeast room damage. Shortly after, the Department of (the master bedroom) was designated the Energy and U.S. Army provided the funds assembly room. Workbenches and tables for the to completely were installed. To keep dust and sand out restore the house. The work was done in of instruments and tools, the windows were 1984. All efforts were directed at making covered with plastic. Tape was used to the house appear as it did on July 12, 1945 fasten the edges of the plastic and to seal when the house was used in the assembly doors and cracks in the walls. process. The explosion, only two miles away, did not significantly damage the house. fterward Most of the windows were blown out, but The story of what happened at the main structure was intact. Years of rain A Trinity Site did not come to light until water dripping through holes in the roof did --- after the second atomic bomb was exploded much more damage. The barn did not do over , Japan Aug. 6. President as well. During the Trinity test the roof was Truman made the announcement that day. bowed inward and some of the roofing was Three days later, Aug. 9, the third atomic blown away. The roof has since collapsed. bomb devastated the city of Nagasaki, and The house stood empty and de­ on Aug. 14 the Japanese surrendered. teriorating until 1982 when the U.S. Army Trinity Site became part of what was stabilized the house to prevent any further then White Sands Proving Ground. The

Soldiers and scientists relax in the McDonald water tank. p age 14 proving ground was established on July 9, with a fence and radiation warning signs 1945, as a test facility to investigate the new were posted. The site remained off limits to rocket technology emerging from World War military and civilian personnel of the proving II. The land, including Trinity Site and the ground and closed to the public. old Alamogordo Bombing Range, came un­ In 1952 the Atomic Energy Com­ der the control of the new rocket and missile mission led a contract to clean up the testing facility. site. Much of the Trinitite was scraped up Interest in Trinity Site was imme­ and buried. In September 1953 about 650 diate. In September 1945 press tours to people attended the first Trinity Site open the site · house. A started. few years One ,,.. - later a of the - small famous group from pho- Tularosa tos of visited the ground site on the zero anniversa­ shows ry of the Groves explosion and to conduct Oppen­ a religious heimer service sur­ and prayer rounded for peace. by a Similar ,./ . ~ .. small ·~ ..i' , ! ; - ~ · v1s1ts were I .# - ,,,,,.. l.. , "- . d group of Groves and J. Robert Oppenheimer stand over report- ~nanueally ers as a tower footing in the crater at ground zero, Trinity Site in recent they Sept. 11 , 1945. They led a press visit to the site of the first years on exam­ atomic bomb explosion. The bomb was exploded on top the first ine one of a 100-foot steel tower which was vaporized in the blast. satturbday in of the 0 co er. footings to the 1DO-foot tower on which the In 1967 the inner oblong fence was bomb was placed. That picture was taken added. In 1972 the corridor barbed wire Sept. 11 . The exposed footing is still visible fence which connects the outer fence to at ground zero. the inner one was completed. Jumbo was At first Trinity Site was encircled moved to the parking lot in 1979. p age 15 Trinity Site open houses are now pieces for postmortem examination. All of conducted in April and October because the test data is reduced and the customer it is generally very hot on the Jornada del receives a full report. Muerto in July. For more information on White Sands Missile Range or Trinity Site con­ white Sands Missile tact: Public Affairs Office -;.....~._R_a_n-t:>g.._e White Sands Mis­ Bldg . 1782 sile Range has developed from a simple White Sands Missile Range, NM desert testing site for the V-2 into one of 88002-5047 the most sophisticated test facilities in the world. The mission of White Sands Missile You can also email us at usarmy.wsmr­ Range begins with a customer, a service [email protected] OR call (575) 678-1134. developer, or another federal agency, which is ready to find out if engineers and scientists have built something which will perform according to job specifications. It ends when an exhaustive series of tests has been completed and a data report has been delivered to the customer. Between the beginning and the end of the test program, be it the Army Tactical Missile System or newly-designed auto­ mobiles, range employees are involved in every operation connected with the customer and the product. The range can and does provide everything from rat traps For more information or to plan your to telephones, from equipment hoists and flight safety to microsecond timing. next visit to Trinity Site visit: We shake, rattle and roll the prod­ uct, roast it, freeze it, subject it to nuclear www.wsmr.army.mil radiation, dip it in salt water and roll it in the mud. We test its paint, bend its frame and Click on the Trinity Site tab on the top find out what effect its propulsion material left hand side to see videos on various has on flora and fauna. topics and FAQs. In the end, if it's a missile, we fire it, record its performance and bring back the

p age 16 READING LIST

T he Day lhe Sun R ose Twice ~ by Ferenc Szasz, University of New Mexico Press, 1984 . ' c~ Manhattan: The Army and the Alon1ic Bomb by Vincent Jones, Center of Military History, U.S. Army

Now h Can IBe Told I I .\1\1,(::"\< . by General Leslie Groves, Da Capo Press, 1975 ll 1111 \ "j'( l.\ l It. The Making of the Atomic Bomb H :\ l B l I' \HI> by . Simon and Schuster.1986 I' 11• ll 11 s

City of Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic Age, 1943 1945 by James Kunetka, University of New Mexico Press, 1978

Day One by Peter Wyden, Simon and Schuster, 1984

LOSALHOS Day of Trinity UU · IUI by Lansing Lamont, Atheneum

Los Alamos 1943 1945: T he Beginning of an Era,_· -: .~ •.7T... Los Alamos publication (LASL-79-78) · ... _. - :-i-. Tdnity; T he JHlis1ory of An Atomic lBorinb NaHonal R-llisiork lLan dmark by Jim Eckles

Ufe Magazine T ime Magazine Aug. 20 and September August 13 and 20 , TIME LIFE 24, 1945 1945

Tdnity- by , Los Alamos publication (LA-6300-H)

Radiologkal Survey and Evaluation of the Fallout Arca from the ~[Hn i ty Test: Chupadera Mesa and \IVhile Sands M issHc Range, N .M .-LosAlamos publication (LA-10256-MS) p age17 This is an image of the patch which was issued to military personnel who participated in the Manhattan Project. The background of the patch is blue to represent the universe. A white cloud and a lightning bolt form a question mark which symbolizes the unknown results and the secrecy surrounding the project. The lightning bolt extends down to split a yellow atom, which represents atomic fission and the expected success of the test. A red and blue star in the center of the question mark is the insignia for the to which soldiers working on the Manhattan Project were assigned.

p age 18 MILEAGE CHART Son Antonio to Stallion exit 12 Historical photos along the gate Carrizozo to Stallion exit 53 Highway 380 to Stallion 5 Fotmon Bomb Cosing Stallion to Trlnity Site 17 San Antonio to Socorro 10 ~ SanAntonio to Albuq uerque 81 1 ,...o ... Remains of 100 ft. tower • z San Antonio to Los Cruces 130 1 Ground ero San Antonio to El Paso 175 Shelter Protecting Monument Carrizozo to Tularosa 46 Portion of the Carrizozo to Alamogordo 56 Carrizozo to El Paso 146 Trinity Site to Alamogordo (via caravan) 85 1/4 mile walk To Albuquerque to Ground Zero from Parking lot Socorro G!Q) Son Antonio .._ ...__ ...__...... _ Stallion Range Center

Jum bo Toilets ,...i. Parking Information Booth Park ing

McDonald Ranch Bus

Removal of Trinitite is Prohibited To El Paso