The Diversity of Life Chapter 1 Biology is the study of living things Bio = living; logos = knowledge Introduction Biology is the study of living things. 2nd Name? Unity in Diversity – Living things = organisms display great variety in form and function, but inside all have similar basic qualities We divide them into 3 largest groupings – Domains – Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya Domain Eukarya has 4, 2nd largest groupings – Kingdoms – Protists, Plants, Fungi, and Animals Scientific Method Scientific Method: Science develops by 1) discovering new things, processes, and phenomena 2) asking right question/s 3) developing explanations = hypotheses and testing them repeatedly until all wrong ones are eliminated. Main steps include: Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Predictions, Experiment, Control – (similar to experiment but lacks variables; helps to eliminate other hypotheses), Conclusions and Theory. Conclusions result from supported or rejected hypotheses.
5 Characteristics of Living-things Reproduction – Living things produce young ones similar to them. They use genes made of DNA. Obtain Energy – living things obtain energy from their surroundings. The capture, storage and use of energy is Metabolism. It is total of chemical reactions taking place in a living body. Sense and Response to stimuli (changes in environment) Homeostasis – organisms maintain internal conditions within limits; disease is a failure to maintain homeostasis Groups can evolve – living things adapt to changes and evolve into new species
Homeostasis Homeostasis is maintenance of internal environment within suitable limits. If there is a change body has feedback mechanisms to undo the change. For example, Keeping body temperature around 98.4⁰F Keeping plasma glucose within 70-110mg/100mls of blood Recap 1 1. ------is the study of living things; bio = ------2. ------, make their food by photosynthesis using light energy . 3. Cabbage, broccoli, kale, and cauliflower are evolved varieties of ------. 4. 3 domains of living things are ------, ------, and ------. 5. In scientific method ------leads to a question and ------is possible explanation to find a general principle. 6. All living things are made of 1 or more ------. 7. ------is the capture, storage and use of energy by organisms. 8. ------is maintenance of internal conditions within limits despite of changing environment outside. 9. ------is the transference of characters from 1 generation to next generation. 10. The information about color of hair and eyes passes through genes made from fragments of ------. The Organization of Life Living things function and interact with each other on many levels The organization of life is a hierarchy of levels of increasing complexity Atom Molecule cell tissue organ organ-system organism population community ecosystem New properties emerge at higher levels Organization of Life Atoms: All things are formed of tiny compartments atoms. H, C, O are atoms that unite to form molecules.
Molecules: are stable grouping of atoms of same or different kinds. H2O, glucose C6H12O6. Molecules join to form cells. Cells are the unit of structure and function. Cells join to form tissues. Tissues are groups of similar cells specialized for 1 function. Muscles, bones, and blood are tissues. Tissues join to form organs. Organs are specialized for 1 main function, heart for pumping blood, lungs for respiration. Organs join to form organ-systems. Organ-systems are connected organs having related functions. Digestive system, Nervous system. All organ-systems join to form body or organism. Organism is individual living thing. Human, monkey, apple tree. Organization of Life - 2 Population is group of similar individuals living at one place at same time. Population is a breeding unit. All populations of similar organisms living at different places form a Species. Humans, male and female, young and old, living at 1 place form a population. Humans of world form a species. Community is all populations of different kinds living at 1 place. Ecosystem is the interaction of community (biotic component) with non-living surroundings (abiotic component) at a place. Desert, Rain forest, and lake are some examples of ecosystem. Biosphere is the largest ecosystem with land, water, atmosphere and all living things of world. Evolution by Natural Selection Natural variability: faster and slower deer Differential Reproduction: faster survive more and reproduce more Adaptation: next generation has greater number of faster deer RECAP 2 1. ------means due to natural variations faster deer survive more and reproduce more. 2. Tough teeth, long intestine, hollow hair in deers are examples of ------3. Water and carbon dioxide are examples of ------. 4. ------is the interactive grouping of all populations at 1 place. 5. Atoms molecules ------ tissues ------ organ-system ------ population 6. ------properties are present in higher levels of organization that are absent at simpler levels.