R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Low and Winter Winter © Walther Semester Semester Lecture R. I - Meißner Gross Notes 2014/2015 - Institut Intro - 1 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Superconductivity Intro - 2 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Intro - 3 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Superconductivity General Further 4. 3. 2. 1. Seminars WMI 2014/2015,(WS Theory Applied Superconductivity information Remarks        of Superconductivity II I + o Josephson moved Part 2015): II (SS Part I(WS2014/2015): Superconducting Advances superconductivity n demand : : to on and in SolidStatein SS 2015, 4 SS 2015, http - Effect ( the contact Low and ://    , www.wmi.badw.de/teaching Quantum Courses Superconducting Temperature s d a for eminar D. Einzel,WMI) nnouncement hrs ownloads Low seminar Foundations experimentalists Foundations Physics lecture Circuits topics to Temperature of room + 2 + Physics the lecture Electronics, of (TUE15:30 (TUE10:15 of hrs of - ) Graduiertenkolleg Field lectures Low Superconductivity exercises I + II I + notes Temperature , - - quantum 17:00) 11:30) handouts Physics Physics circuits … This lecture and (QIP) Techniques Intro - 4 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Nobel Nobel 2003 2001 1998 1997 1996 1987 1985 1978 1973 1972 1913 year Störmer Robert B. and Robert C. Richardson M. KarlAlex Müller Johannes Pjotr Brian David Josephson Robert Schrieffer Heike name Anthony James Alexei Carl E. Cornell A. Eric Prizes William D. Phillips Kapiza Kamerlingh Abrikosov Wieman and Laughlin , Claude Claude Cohen , Daniel Daniel , , Douglas D.Douglas Leon Neil Wolfgang Leggett , Witali Onnes in , HorstLudwig Chee Physics Ginsburg Ketterle Osheroff und Tsui - Tannoudji and and and und und "for pioneering contributions the to theory of and for early fundamental studies the properties of condensates"the of "for the achievement of excitations". See "for their discovery a formnew of of quantum fluid with fractionally charged cooling "for development methods and cooltoof trap with atomslaser " See "for their discovery of materials" "for their important break "for the discovery of the "for inventions basic his and discoveries in the area low of effect barrier, in particular phenomena those arewhich generally the known as "for theoretical his predictions the properties of a of theory "for their jointly developed of theory inter alia, tothe production of "For investigations his the on properties matter of atlow which led, discovery related " " . Quantum Quantum effectHall to low Bose quantized effectHall - through in discoverythe of - Einstein condensation liquid liquid temperature in in . superconductivity helium " - " 3 superconductors " in in dilute alkaligases of atoms, supercurrent superconductivity , usually called the - temperature physics" physics and and through tunnel a superfluids in in Josephson Josephson Laser BCS ceramic - Intro " - 6 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Contents Superconductivity Superconductivity 4. 3. 2. 1. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. ( Low Quantum Superfluid Helium ( Bose Applications High Flux Microscopic Thermodynamics Phenomenological Basic Properties Introduction generation Temperature pinning - Temperature of Einstein - - - Ginzburg macroscopic London Interference Lecture and (BCS) and condensation and and equations - measurement of critical Landau Techniques theory Superconductivity Low Low Low Models Superconductors 4 He He quantum Effects and Temperature Temperature currents theory of 3 He) Superconductivity model in in of Mesoscopic low temperatures Physics Physics Conductors II I : ) Intro - 7 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Literature ...... J.F. Annett, McGraw M. Anwendungen WernerBuckel, Reinhold Kleiner, e.g. chaptere.g. 13 of lecture on http://www.wmi.badw.de/teaching/Lecturenotes/index.html WMI M. T. P. P. D.R. Tilley and J. Tilley, J. R. V.V. Schmidt, Komarek Tinkham Acquarone Sheathen Waldram Lecture - Hill, New York (1975). , Superconductivity, , Hochstromanwendungen der Supraleitung Introduction The Physics of Superconductors Notes , , , , VCH Superconductivity of Metals and Introduction to High High Temperature Superconductivity - Verlag,Weinheim (2004). Superfluidity to Superconductivity Superfluids Supraleitung - state physics T and Superconductivity c Superconductivity and Condensates (1997) , – Cuprates Grundlagen und (1996) (1995) (1994) (1996) (2004) Intro - 8 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Literature € S., 982XVIII, 2012. Festkörperphysik Rudolf 49,80 inkl. inkl. versandkostenfrei 49,80MwSt., Gross , Achim Marx Achim , gebunden, ISBN gebunden, 978 - 3 - 486 - 71294 - 0 Intro - 9 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Introduction Intro - 10 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) temperature (K) Temperature

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0 of lowest l superfluid electronic energies,chemical bonding s liquid c c organiclife liquid air liquid owest temperaturesmattercondensedof urface of sun, highestsun,urfaceof temperaturesboiling enterenergiesnuclearsun,of the enter hottestof stars Rhodium Rhodium temperature 4 He nuclei 3 He universe : ≈ in in 100 Scale nuclear pK spin system achieved on everydecade of log T scale same same amount ofnew physics by adiabatic demagnetization nuclear- electronic magnetism magnetism

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11 low temperature research R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Generation Generation of paramagnetic Low Low refrigeration Temperatures Year nuclear demagnetizationnuclear

ultra-low temperatures low temperatures Intro - 12 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Low Low 12.5.1903 1892 21. 6.1879 1873 1868 ( liquefaction verfahren“ „ patent - Lindesches 182 - 1910 ° C = 90 K) = C Temperature application beer beer AGEismaschinen foundation brewing the development Polytechnische( München Schule offer re - temperature establishment of Gegenstrom brewers of oxygen chair : of at and of „ Gesellschaft für für Gesellschaft the cooling - stabilization “ three of together professorship other machine Technology with in beer in beer co Linde’s - founders allowing now two TUM) * 11. Juni 1842 in in Berndorf, 1842Juni 11. * Oberfranken Carl † 16. November 1934 in in Munich 1934November16. † Paul Gottfried von Linde Intro - 13 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Low Low 1966 1947 1930 Temperature refrigerators Hall therefore first e.g. He e.g. alllarger turbines temperatures AG Linde Arthur D. Arthur Little commercial etal. liquefier have liquefaction uses denoted and , generation higher Neganov the Inc. ( at He first the as liquefier today efficiency machines „Collins“ cooling Walther et al. Technology of CTI) temperatures (design develop turbines machine - and Meißner therefore by 3 He/ ) for engineer - Institut down 4 the He are generation dilution to Collins, used 2 mK today of in in low Intro - 14 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Discovery Discovery • • Nobel Price in discovery Helium choice Heike Kammerlingh Onnes (1853-1926) liquefaction of infinite of name superconductivity : electrical of Physics : 1908 Superconductivity conductivity 1913 : 1911 production low "

for Widerstand (W)  temperatures his investigations superconductivity Universität (1911) of < liquid liquid Temperatur (K) which helium H. K. on led Hg the Onnes " (1911) , inter properties T , Comm c alia = - . Leiden 120b 120b Leiden . (1911) to 269 of the matter ° C Intro at - 15 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Discovery Discovery Kammerlingh Onnes and of van der Waals Superconductivity Kammerlingh Onnes (1911) and Techniker Flim Intro - 17 Robert Ochsenfeld R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Discovery (1901 – 1993) of the Naturwissenschaften 21,(1933). 787 Ein neuer Effekt bei Eintritt der Supraleitfähigkeit, W. Meißner, Ochsenfeld,R. perfect Meißner - Ochsenfeld Effect (1933) Walther Meißner (1882 – 1974) Intro - 18 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Discovery

choice Walther Meißner (1882 – 1974) Meißner of name of for the - Ochsenfeld perfect Meißner diamagnetism superconductors - Ochsenfeld Effect ideal T > T

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0 (1933) C magnetic = – superconductor 1 ( c = susceptibility Intro - 19 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Walther Walther (1882 Meißner 1946 1946 1934 1933 7.3.1925 1913 – – 1950 1934  Temperature foundation Wissenschaften president Technische( München Hochschule offer  superconductors discovery besides 3 200 ml),K, (4.2 first Reichsanstalt, laboratory building Walther Meißner liquefaction of chair Leiden and of of at - of - Meißner perfect Ochsenfeld the heading Research at the the liquefaction and the BayerischenAkademie der of rd together Physikalisch commission system He in Germanyin He Toronto diamagnetism - Institut of low Effect world with of temperature – - H Technischen for 2 Ochsenfeld 1974) - (20K) wide Low now of TUM) - † 15. November 1974 in in Munich 1974November15. † * 16. Dezember16. Berlinin * 1882 Walther Meißner Intro - 20 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Applications of Superconductivity Intro - 22 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Superconducting HTS tapes Wires , Tapes, NbTi Superconducting , Nb 3 Sn Sn in and Cu - matrix Wires Cables : Intro - 23 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Superconducting Wires Intro - 24 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Superconducting Sumitomo Supraleiter Hochtemperatur HTS elektrische Isolation LN Schutzhülle 2 cables Stahlrohr LN - 2 Intro - 26 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Fabrication of superconducting tapes Intro - 27 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Intro - 28 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) current Applications • power limiter applications of superconductivity ( of transport energy and storage (2 MJ) energy storage Intro - 29 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Fault Fault Current Limiters (Source: PhysikJournal 6, 2011) Intro - 30 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Generators (Source: PhysikJournal 6, 2011) Intro - 31 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Superconducting Magnets

(Source: Physik Journal 6, 2011) Intro - 32 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Applications • transportation 581km/h velocity:maximum (02.12.2003) systems of superconductivity and MLX01 traffic Jap. Jap. (42.8 km long testkm long (42.8 trackbetween Yamanashi and Akiyama,and Japan) MAGLEV - Sakaigawa System Intro - 33 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) MRI MRI Applications • superconducting systems of magnets superconductivity fusion high energy physics Intro - 34 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) MRI Systems Intro - 35 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Applications • information and of communication superconductivity systems Intro - 36 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Applications • microwave sensors and receivers detectors of superconductivity detectors Quantum interference Intro - 38 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) environmentalsignalsnoise Biomagnetism earth screw single magnetic IC transistor driver urban car transistor car chip @ 50m @ @ 2km @ 2m @ 2m noise 1m field , B

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-9 biomagnetic signalsbiomagnetic foetal (a) brain human eye human foetalheart muscles heart human lung particle ( human stimulated brain brain ) 1 mm Quantum Quantum a sensitivity Detector Superconducting few fT /√Hz Interference (SQUID) : PTB Berlin Intro - 40 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Biomagnetism Intro - 41 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Josephson Computer K. K. K. Likharev , SUNY , Stony Brook Intro - 42 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) From Enigma (1940) vacuum tubesvacuum ENIAC(1946) mechanical WMI superconducting to quantum Qubit 20 µm Bardeen, Brattain,Bardeen, first technology physics transistor mechanical & Shockley (1947) Intel Intel dual ( 2007) - core 45 Intro IP nm - 43 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Superconducting Flux Qubit Quantum Circuits c oplanar S S waveguide hybrid ring 31 23 resonator 1.25 1.25 GHz = = Q > 10 - - 50 50 dB 3 dB Intro - 5 44 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Quantum Information Processing Solid StateQuantum Information Processing Collaborative Research Center631: spokesman : GrossR. Intro - 45 R. Gross © Walther-Meißner-Institut (2001 - 2015) Nanosystems coordinator Nanosystems Initiative of spokesman RA I Cluster - Quantum of : J. Feldmann Excellence Nanophysics Munich (NIM) : R. Gross Intro - 46